EP3249129A1 - Method for making a composite element and composite element - Google Patents
Method for making a composite element and composite element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3249129A1 EP3249129A1 EP17166211.7A EP17166211A EP3249129A1 EP 3249129 A1 EP3249129 A1 EP 3249129A1 EP 17166211 A EP17166211 A EP 17166211A EP 3249129 A1 EP3249129 A1 EP 3249129A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- recess
- composite
- reinforcement
- composite element
- building
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011178 precast concrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011151 fibre-reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
- E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
- E04B5/36—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor
- E04B5/38—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor with slab-shaped form units acting simultaneously as reinforcement; Form slabs with reinforcements extending laterally outside the element
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
- E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
- E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
- E04B2005/232—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated with special provisions for connecting wooden stiffening ribs or other wooden beam-like formations to the concrete slab
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
- E04B5/12—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with wooden beams
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
- E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
- E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
- E04C3/122—Laminated
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a composite element.
- the invention relates to a composite element, comprising a first element with a recess and at least one second element connected to the first element, which has a hardened material and a reinforcement.
- Such composite elements are used for example in the construction of buildings to connect elements of different materials, such as elements of wood with concrete elements.
- a disadvantage of such composite elements is that they always require concreting on a construction site, which on the one hand, an industrial manufacturing as a prefabricated house is not possible. On the other hand, concreting on site is also associated with high time and cost.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned, which is particularly efficient implemented.
- the first object is achieved by a method of the type mentioned, in which a first element is provided with a recess, after which in the recess a partially protruding from the recess reinforcement is positioned, after which the recess filled with hardenable material, in particular concrete is, after which the curable material in the recess cures to form a second element, so that the reinforcement on the cured material is positively connected to the first element.
- a connection between the first element and the second element can also be made in advance, for example in a precast plant, so that an industrial production of the composite element is possible.
- a Connection of the composite element with other components of a building on a construction site can be done via the protruding from the recess reinforcement.
- a composite element produced according to the invention thus has a first element with a recess and a second element, which has a hardened material and a reinforcement which is usually made of steel, wherein the first element and the second element are positively connected via the recess.
- the recess is filled with a shrinkage-compensated, hardenable material, in particular shrinkage-compensated concrete. As a result, a form fit for power transmission remains even when curing.
- a displacement body preferably a filling material, a hollow body and / or a formwork
- curable material in particular fiber concrete, preferably micro fiber concrete, projecting onto the recess projecting from the recess Part of the reinforcement is applied so that the reinforcement is substantially enclosed in the curable material.
- a component for a building with a cavity can be formed in a simple manner, which is enclosed between hardened material and the first element.
- the cavity can be used, for example, to receive lines and the like.
- the VedrlindungsISE also be a heat-insulating material, so that a thermally insulating and stable component is achieved.
- the displacement body itself may be a load-bearing component, for example a reinforced concrete element. In the case, by means of the method according to the invention a stable connection of the reinforced concrete element with the composite element in a simple manner.
- the curable material is applied in such a way that the displacement body is fixed after hardening of the curable material by this material relative to the first element. This allows a particularly advantageous combination of a prefabricated composite element with a variety of displacement bodies, so that diverse components can be formed.
- the material with which the recess is filled may correspond to the material in which the reinforcement is enclosed; However, it can also be used different materials, such as concrete of different quality. Furthermore, the material in which the reinforcement is included can be applied immediately after filling the recess or at a later time, for example on a construction site as in-situ concrete.
- the first element has a plurality of parallel recesses, in each of which a reinforcement is connected in a form-locking manner via a curable material to the first element.
- a composite element is achieved in a simple manner, which has a high strength over the usually formed of concrete cured material, even if the first element consists of no high-strength material.
- the first element may also consist of a lower strength material, such as wood, plastic or the like.
- building components can be formed with the method according to the invention which, on the one hand, can have an attractive appearance due to the first element and, on the other hand, also ensure high strength and stability due to the hardened material, which is usually made of concrete.
- it can be formed in a simple manner, a ceiling of a building, which consists of a visible underside exclusively made of wood, or the like and which is positively connected to a formed by the reinforcement and the cured material as a reinforced concrete beam second element.
- a wood-concrete ceiling can be completely pre-fabricated, so that a construction of a formwork on a construction site is no longer required.
- An inventively designed composite element can be used in a variety of ways.
- a use of the composite element formed by the method according to the invention in particular as a ceiling in a building is possible in a particularly favorable manner, when a first element is used with a recess having a cross section, which cross section is formed such that a form-fitting Connection of the cured material with the first element with a tensile force perpendicular to a surface of the first element is loadable, in which surface the recess is arranged.
- wooden ceiling can be achieved in a simple manner, designed as a wooden ceiling and arranged on an underside of the composite element first element formed by a cross-sectional fit formed as a reinforced concrete beam and positioned on a non-visible top second element will be carried.
- This stability is ensured even if the cured material shrinks slightly when curing.
- Such a cross section of the recess can be achieved in various ways. As a rule, a so-called dovetail-shaped cross-section is used.
- the first element is formed by providing at least two sub-elements which are connected to the first element, wherein a connection of the sub-elements in particular via a connecting element, preferably a mandrel or a connecting plate, takes place, which at a first end with a first sub-element and at a second end is connected to a second sub-element and extends through the recess.
- a reinforcement is positioned in the recess, usually adjacent to the mandrel, and filled the recess with the curable material.
- the curable material encloses the mandrel and thus forms on curing a connection with the first element via the mandrel, which has a high shear resistance.
- a suitable for transmitting high forces connection between the mandrel and the first element or the first elements forming the sub-elements can be done by a positive connection, for example by holes are introduced into the sub-elements, in which the mandrel protrudes.
- the sub-elements can also be connected only via the mandrel, so that the sub-elements are spaced by the recess.
- the mandrel which can also be referred to as a thrust mandrel, while a viable connection between the first element and the cured material is ensured, both in a longitudinal direction and vertically or perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the recess.
- the connecting element is preferably formed as a mandrel with approximately circular cross section and a diameter of about 10 mm to 20 mm, of course, the connecting element may also have other shapes and cross sections to a multi-directional connection between the first element and the cured material to form.
- the connecting element protrudes partially into the recess, is fixed in the first element and consists of a material with higher strength than the material of the first element or a higher strength than wood.
- the connecting element consists of a metal or a fiber composite material.
- the connecting element is plate-shaped and inserted in slots in the first element, preferably approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the recess.
- the plate-shaped connecting element can then be connected to the first element, for example, by inserting the connecting element into slots which are introduced into the first element, for example milled in, and preferably extend in a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the recess.
- a good adhesion in the longitudinal direction is ensured because a plate-shaped or planar element can form a large contact surface both with the cured material and in the slots with the first element.
- the plate-shaped connecting element then has a reinforcement recess on the bottom side for a reinforcement arranged in the recess and completely fills the cross-section of the recess, with the exception of the bottom-side recess, in order to ensure a particularly good fit in the longitudinal direction.
- a power transmission in the vertical direction can then, for example, form-fitting manner via a corresponding cross-section of the recess, for example, a dovetail cross-section, take place.
- the inventive method can be implemented with a high degree of automation industrially, for example in a precast plant. It is therefore advantageous in a method for producing a building, when a composite element produced in a method according to the invention is used in order to achieve an advantageous and process-reliable production.
- a compound of the composite element with other components of a housing can be prepared in various ways.
- a high degree of flexibility with regard to different connection possibilities is achieved in a simple manner if the recess in a precast plant is filled in a first step with hardenable material which cures in the recess, after which the composite element is transported to a construction site and on adjacent components is arranged adjacent, after which further curable material is applied to a protruding from the recess part of the reinforcement in a second step, so that the composite element is cured on curing of this curable material on the second curable material with the other components.
- concrete is used as a hardenable material.
- a concrete applied to the construction site is also referred to as cast-in-place concrete or also as an aggregate when the concrete is applied in the second step to a concrete introduced in the recess in the first step.
- factory or pre-curable material for connection of the reinforcement with the first element is introduced into the recess and site-side connected the protruding from the recess reinforcement over other cured material with other components of the building.
- the curable material which is incorporated into the recess in the factory, may correspond to that which is used on the construction site. However, different curing materials may be used.
- a connection with other components on the site can be done on the one hand via a reinforcement, which is connected via introduced at the site curable material, usually in-situ concrete, with the reinforcement of the second element.
- the connection can be made by means of a positive connection on the in-situ concrete or concrete.
- the building may be manufactured without concreting on the construction site, if all curable material is applied in advance, for example in a precast plant, after which the composite element is transported to a construction site on which the composite element is connected to other components of the building substantially without the use of a hydrated building material is connected.
- This allows the production of a building in which, for example, as composite wood-concrete composite elements according to the invention formed composite elements are provided in a drywall process, which is thus particularly fast and independent of weather conditions feasible.
- the further object is achieved by a composite element of the type mentioned, in which the at least one second element at least partially protrudes from a recess of the first element and is positively connected in the recess with the first element, wherein the composite element produced in particular in a method according to the invention is.
- the recess Due to the positive connection between the first element and the hardened material having a second element, a cost-effective and reliable pre-processing of the composite element, for example, in a precast plant is possible. At the same time results in a high strength of the composite element with an attractive appearance, even if the first element is made of no material of high strength. As a rule, the recess has a constant cross section extending in the first element along a straight line.
- a cross section of the recess is formed such that a positive connection of the cured material with the first element with a tensile force perpendicular to a surface of the first element is resilient, in which surface the recess is arranged.
- the composite element can be advantageously used to form ceilings of a building when the composite element has a visually appealing first element of low strength and a supporting second element with high strength.
- a wooden ceiling supported by one or more reinforced concrete beams can be formed particularly simply.
- Such a cross section may be formed in various ways.
- a loadable with a tensile force cross section can be achieved in a simple manner, if a distance between side surfaces of a cross section of the recess at least partially increases with increasing distance from a surface in which the recess is arranged.
- a positive power transmission is ensured even if the cured material shrinks slightly, for example when curing.
- the recess has a dovetail cross-section. If the first element consists for example of wood, a plastic or the like, the recess can then be automated in a simple manner by means of milling and formed with high accuracy.
- the first element consists essentially of wood, in particular of several cross-laminated single-layer boards. Wood has proved to be advantageous in buildings, as with this material on the one hand an attractive appearance and on the other hand, a pleasant indoor climate can be achieved. So far, the formation of a wooden ceiling in a building with load-bearing reinforced concrete beams was possible only with great effort by subsequently applied or suspended on a concrete ceiling, a false ceiling made of wood.
- a wooden ceiling can be formed simultaneously with the formation of a load-bearing part of the building, in that the composite elements according to the invention are designed with a first element designed as a wooden ceiling and second elements designed as reinforced concrete beams.
- the second elements are elongated or in the form of a carrier and formed along a longitudinal extent of approximately constant cross-section.
- the first element Due to the positive connection between the wooden ceiling and reinforced concrete beam while the wooden ceiling can assume a supporting function, so that a strength of the reinforced concrete beam can be reduced accordingly.
- a site-applied applied in-situ concrete bearing and contribute to a strength of the building. This in turn achieves a reduced weight and thus lower material costs.
- the first element has a plurality of cross-laminated single-layer panels or is designed as a so-called cross-laminated board, the first element both an appealing appearance and a certain contribution to an overall load capacity of the composite element can be achieved.
- the reinforcement is designed as a lattice girder, wherein two lower chords and a top chord are provided and the lower chords are positioned in the recess. This can be up a simple way, a high area moment of inertia and thus a high strength and rigidity of the second element or of the entire composite element can be achieved.
- the recess extends over a majority of a length of the composite element, preferably over more than 70%, in particular more than 80%, of a length of the composite element.
- the recess extends substantially over the entire length of the composite element. Normally, the recess runs approximately along a straight line.
- a connecting element in particular a mandrel, is rigidly connected to the first element, which protrudes partially into the recess, wherein the connecting element preferably connected on two sides with the first element and in the recess of the cured Material is surrounded.
- the connecting element embodied as a mandrel is positively connected both to the first element and to the hardened material. The cured material is thus positively connected via the mandrel with the first element, both in the longitudinal direction for the transmission of shear forces and in the vertical direction.
- the first element is designed as a wooden element and the hardened material as a concrete carrier above the wooden element, this results on the one hand a viable connection in the vertical direction, wherein the wood element is supported by the mandrel on the mandrel, and on the other hand, a composite element with high shear resistance and flexural rigidity because both the wood element and the concrete beam contribute to the rigidity.
- the composite element is particularly well suited for large spans or as a cantilevered component.
- the mandrel extends through the recess and is connected at the end on opposite sides of the recess with the first element, usually a positive fit.
- the reinforcement can basically be designed in various ways, for example as a metal element, in particular as a steel element.
- the reinforcement is designed as a textile reinforcement, in particular with glass or carbon fibers.
- the reinforcement as a lattice-shaped textile reinforcement be formed to achieve high strength with low weight.
- Such a textile reinforcement is usually thin and flexible, so that even small and / or coiled composite elements can be produced with a narrow recess.
- the cured material can basically be formed in various ways.
- the cured material consists essentially of concrete, especially fiber concrete, preferably micro-fiber concrete.
- the first element may be formed as a low-strength optically-responsive element, such as a wooden ceiling or the like.
- the recesses are approximately parallel and preferably regularly spaced. As a result, uneven deformations are easily avoided.
- a composite element according to the invention can be manufactured industrially and thus cost-effectively and with high process reliability. It is therefore advantageous in a building with a composite element, when the composite element is formed according to the invention.
- the composite element according to the invention can be designed in a simple manner such that the first element is designed to be visually appealing and low-strength, while a required strength and rigidity is formed by the second element, which substantially supports the first element. It is therefore advantageous if the first element forms a ceiling of an inner space, which is essentially supported by at least one second element.
- the first element is then formed by wood, preferably by cross laminated timber, in particular by crosswise glued single-layer boards. In that case, the cross-laminated single-layer boards may also contribute to the stability of the building, although this is not required.
- the second element is positioned above the first element.
- the second element is usually formed as a supporting element, which usually consists of reinforced concrete.
- the first element is thus carried over the positive connection by the second element or hangs on a carrier formed by the second element of the building.
- the at least one second element is formed approximately in the form of an I-beam. It can thus be formed in a simple manner, a building in which load-bearing elements are formed by reinforced concrete components such as reinforced concrete beams, wherein on reinforced concrete girders of a ceiling at a lower end hangs a wooden ceiling, which forms a first element of a composite element according to the invention.
- the at least one second element may contain a steel beam.
- a reinforcement such as a lattice girder may be sufficient, which is included in the concrete of the second element.
- the second element is connected at a lower end to the first element and at an upper end to a bottom of a floor arranged above it.
- the second element usually forms a reinforced concrete beam, on which a ceiling of an underlying space depends or is connected via the positive connection and on which a bottom of an overlying space is positioned on the top.
- a space may be used between the second member for a heat-insulating material or a wiring of, for example, wiring lines.
- second elements perpendicular to a longitudinal extent of the same openings may be attached, through which lines can be performed.
- the second element is usually connected to the floor via an elastic adhesive.
- pipes are positioned in the second element in order to allow heating or cooling of the building by the composite element.
- the tubes can be arranged in advance in the second element in the manufacture of the composite element, so that the formation of a floor heating and / or cooling at very low cost and high process reliability is possible.
- a stable construction of the building is achieved in a simple manner when the second element is designed as a carrier, which is supported on the end, preferably by side walls.
- the side walls can in principle be formed from a wide variety of materials, for example from bricks or concrete. However, it can also be provided that the composite element is mounted on side walls, which consist essentially of wood, in particular of several cross-laminated single-layer boards. With a use of wood or cross-laminated timber panels can be easily achieved a building with wooden walls and a wooden ceiling and walls, which has a high stability due to the use of reinforced concrete and at the same time inexpensive and reliable to produce and has an attractive appearance.
- Fig. 1 shows a composite element 1 according to the invention in a sectional view.
- a first element 2 is formed by a cross-laminated board 14 having five cross-laminated single-layer wood panels.
- a recess 5 is provided in the plate-shaped first element 2, wherein a cross-section of the recess 5 has in an upper region side surfaces 19, which have an increasing distance from each other with increasing distance from a surface 10 in which the recess 5 is arranged.
- Such a cross section is also called a dovetail cross section and as a rule is introduced into the first element 2 by means of milling.
- the recess 5 is fixed by means of concrete 4 as a curable material protruding from the recess 5 lattice girder 6, which has two lower straps 12 and a top flange 11.
- This in Fig. 1 illustrated composite element 1 can be completely factory or in a precast plant automated and manufactured with high process reliability.
- a corresponding recess 5 is milled into the cross-laminated board 14 and the first element 2, after which the lattice girder 6 is positioned in the recess 5 and the recess 5 is filled with concrete 4 to fix the lattice girder 6 in the recess 5.
- Due to the dovetail-shaped cross-section of the recess 5, a positive connection between the formed by the concrete 4 and the lattice girder 6 second element 3 and the first element 2, which is also by a tensile force perpendicular to the surface 10 is resilient.
- the composite element 1 according to the invention for example, to form a ceiling 13th be used when the second element 3 is supported at the end, so that the first element 2 depends on the second element 3.
- Fig. 2 shows a section of a ceiling 13 of a building, which with a in Fig. 1 formed composite element 1 is formed.
- the cross-laminated board 14 thereby forms a wooden ceiling, in which a plurality of approximately parallel and regularly spaced dovetail-shaped recesses 5 are positioned.
- a lattice girder 6 is arranged in each case and connected via concrete 4 positively to the cross-laminated board 14.
- the lattice girders 6 with the arranged in the recesses 5 concrete 4 thus form carrier to which the cross-laminated board 14 is attached via the dovetail cross-section.
- U-shaped displacement bodies 30 designed as precast concrete elements 9 are positioned in a cross-section.
- the displacement body 30 serve as a support surface for a bottom 16 of a space arranged above.
- the displacement body 30 form a formwork, so that on site construction site concrete or concrete can be poured 27 on protruding from the recess 5 parts of the lattice girder 6 to the cross-laminated board 14 on the concrete 4, the lattice girder 6 and the in-situ concrete or concrete 27th to connect with the precast concrete 9, so that a stable ceiling 13 is formed.
- Fig. 2 shows ceiling 13 with very little Betonierierwand on a construction site to produce because only concrete 27 must be applied to the protruding from the recess 5 parts of the lattice girder 6, while all other parts can be prefabricated. This makes it possible to produce a building with a very high degree of prefabrication.
- a self-supporting ceiling 13 is achieved in a simple manner, which has a visually appealing, consisting of wood bottom view and reinforced concrete beams.
- Fig. 3 shows a further inventive composite element 1, which is usually made completely in advance in a precast plant by a formwork is positioned above and the side of the recess 5, after which the lattice girder 6 entirely in Concrete 4 is poured.
- a composite element 1 formed in this way concreting on a construction site is no longer necessary, for which reason, for example, a ceiling 13 can be completely manufactured in a dry construction method.
- Such a ceiling 13 is for example in Fig. 4 shown.
- a cavity 21 between an upper side of a floor 16 of a floor of a building and an underside of a ceiling 13 of an underlying floor is achieved even in such a ceiling 13, in which cavity 21, for example, piping 18 may be positioned.
- tubes 20 are arranged on or in a fiber mat 22 in order to be able to heat or cool an interior space.
- the second elements 3 of concrete 4 or reinforced concrete designed as carriers have recesses 24 here, so that lines 29 can also be laid transversely or perpendicularly to a direction in which the carriers run.
- the first element 2 is designed as a wooden ceiling, which consists of cross-laminated single-layer plates and has a thickness of about 100 mm.
- a connection between a above the second elements 3 positioned bottom 16 and the second elements 3 takes place here via an elastic adhesive 17, whereby vibrations are reduced. As a result, a favorable sound insulation is achieved.
- Fig. 5 shows a further embodiment of a composite element 1 according to the invention, wherein between the first element 2 and the second element 3, a thermal insulation 8 is arranged.
- a composite element 1 is usually produced by, in a first step, a composite element 1 according to Fig. 1 is formed, after which the thermal insulation 8 adjacent to the recess 5 positioned on the here formed as a cross-laminated board 14 first element 2 After which concrete 27 is applied, which covers the lattice girder 6 formed as reinforcement and the thermal insulation 8.
- the thermal insulation 8 is positively fixed by the hardened concrete 27 and thus connected to the cross-laminated board 14 and formed by concrete 4 and lattice girder 6 second element 3.
- Such a wood-concrete composite panel thus formed can be advantageously used as a heat-insulating ceiling 13 in a building, without an on-site concreting is required.
- Fig. 6 shows a composite element 1 according to Fig. 5 , wherein a displacement body 30 is positioned only on one side adjacent to the recess 5 and spaced on an opposite side of the recess 5, so that installation tubes between the recess 5 and the insulating material can be arranged, which are also included in the concrete 27, which in the second step is applied after positioning of the displacement body 30.
- the displacement body 30 can of course be designed in various ways, for example, to achieve certain physical properties such as sound insulation, thermal insulation 8 or a particularly high stability.
- Fig. 7 shows a further inventive composite element 1, in which an area above the also formed here as a cross-laminated board 14 first element 2 is completely filled with concrete 27. Next, a transverse reinforcement 28 is also provided in this case in order to achieve a particularly high strength of the composite element 1 and a ceiling 13 of a building.
- the reinforcement may also be designed as a steel girder 15.
- a ceiling 13 of a building is in Fig. 8 shown.
- the concrete 4 is usually designed as a micro-fiber concrete, so that a high strength and a low shrinkage are achieved in a curing.
- Fig. 9 shows a further embodiment of a ceiling 13 of a building with a composite element 1 according to the invention Fig. 3 in section.
- a bulk material 31 usually a bulk material 31 available under the name Liapor Ground, arranged so that the ceiling 13 can be used for heating or cooling purposes.
- the bulk material 31 is in this case arranged between the precast slabs 23 and the first element 2 designed as a cross-laminated board 14 in order to achieve favorable physical properties.
- Fig. 10 shows a section of another ceiling 13 with a composite element according to the invention 1.
- the in Fig. 10 shown ceiling 13 includes a second element 3 with a reinforcement, which has four lower straps 12 and three upper straps 11, which are connected by steel elements, not shown, of the truss girder 6.
- a very high strength is achieved, so that even at low ceiling thickness, a large span can be achieved.
- precast panel 23 formed floor elements on which a floor covering 32 is positioned.
- a connection is also made here via an elastic adhesive 17 to reduce vibrations.
- FIG. 11 Another embodiment is in Fig. 11 shown. Notwithstanding the in Fig. 10 shown ceiling 13 is formed in this ceiling 13 of the bottom 16 by cross-laminated single-layer boards or a cross-laminated board 14 and a floor covering 32.
- Fig. 12 shows a portion of a ceiling 13 with a composite element 1 according to the invention, in which the composite element 1 is mounted on a side wall 7 formed by a cross-laminated board 14 in a sectional view through a trained as a second carrier element 3.
- the second element 3 partially protrudes into the Sidewall 7, so that forces of the ceiling 13 and the bottom 16 can be transmitted to the side wall 7 and derived via the trained as a carrier second element 3.
- the first element which is also designed here as a wooden ceiling, is supported by the second element 3 or hangs on the second element 3.
- Fig. 13 shows a further section through the in Fig. 12 shown ceiling 13 in a region between two second elements 3 and between two second elements. 3
- the first element 2 designed as a wooden ceiling projects into the side wall 7 in this area.
- Fig. 14 shows a further ceiling 13 of a building with a composite element according to the invention 1.
- pipes 20 are arranged for heating or cooling above the second elements 3 in concrete slabs 33 to ensure efficient heat transfer.
- Fig. 15 shows an area in which a ceiling 13 of a building rests on side walls 7, wherein the side walls 7 are thereby formed masonry 25 or brick.
- the first element 2 designed as a wooden ceiling projects into the side wall 7 here as well.
- a connection between the ceiling 13 and the side wall 7 furthermore takes place via the second elements 3 designed as reinforced concrete beams.
- Between the ceiling 13 and the masonry 25 there is an elastic Material arranged to achieve a shell decoupling.
- a space between masonry 25 and composite element 1 is filled with a grouting concrete 26.
- FIGS. 16 and 17 show further composite elements 1 according to the invention in a sectional view.
- a positive connection between the first element 2 and the concrete 4 is not achieved via a cross section of the recess 5 with tapered side surfaces 19, but via a trained as a mandrel connecting element, which is also referred to as a thrust mandrel 34.
- the thrust mandrel 34 which usually consists of a high-strength material such as metal, in particular steel, or a fiber material such as glass fiber or a fiber composite material, is positively connected to the first element 2 by the thrust mandrel 34, which may have a diameter of 16 mm, for example, in bores 40 is positioned in the first element 2.
- the concrete 4 encloses the thrust mandrel 34, so that a viable connection between the concrete 4 and the first element 2 is achieved both in the longitudinal direction 39 and perpendicular to a surface 10 of the first element 2 and in the vertical direction.
- a reinforcement is provided in the concrete 4, which in the example shown lower straps 12 and a top flange 11 and is connected to a transverse reinforcement 28.
- This in Fig. 17 illustrated composite element 1 substantially corresponds to the in Fig. 16 shown composite element 1, however, here is the first element 2 itself divided into two and consists of a first part element 35 and a second part element 36, which are connected via the thrust mandrel 34.
- the thrust mandrel 34 is positioned in a bore 40 in the first sub-element 35, after which the second sub-element 36 is moved to the first sub-element 35, wherein the thrust mandrel 34 is inserted into a bore 40 in the second sub-element 36.
- the first sub-element 35 is connected to the second sub-element 36.
- the thrust mandrel 34 is positively connected in all directions with the first sub-element 35 and the second sub-element 36.
- the reinforcement in the recess 5 are placed, the recess 5 filled with concrete 4 and the sub-elements 35, 36 connected. This results in a viable connection in all directions between the first element 2 and the cured material.
- the cross section of the recess 5 is rectangular.
- a dovetail-shaped cross section is not required here for the transmission of forces in the vertical direction, since vertical forces can also be transmitted via the connecting element formed as a thrust mandrel 34.
- the cross section of the recess 5 in principle arbitrarily, in particular also dovetail-shaped, be formed.
- the first sub-element 35 adjacent to the bottom side of the second sub-element 36 is formed.
- the recess 5 in the first element 2 which is filled with concrete 4, bounded both on side surfaces 19 and the bottom side by the first element 2.
- first sub-element 35 and the second sub-element 36 do not touch.
- first sub-element 35 and the second sub-element 36 are then positioned on a formwork.
- the thus limited in this embodiment by the formwork recess 5 in the first element 35 formed by the first sub-element 35, second sub-element 36 and thrust pin 34 first element 2 is filled after placing the reinforcement in the recess 5 with concrete 4.
- any visual element can be applied, for example a wooden element.
- FIGS. 18 and 19 show a further embodiment of a composite element according to the invention 1.
- This shows Fig. 18 the composite element 1 in a plan view, while Fig. 19 a cut through the in Fig. 18 shown composite element 1 along the line XVIII-XVIII shows.
- the connecting element is plate-shaped or formed as a connecting plate 41, lies approximately in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 39 of the recess 5 positioned imaginary plane and is connected to the first element 2 via slots 42 which adjoin the recess 5.
- the connecting element here extends essentially over an entire cross section of the recess 5 and has on the bottom side a reinforcement recess 43, through which lower straps 12 run.
- the recess 5 has as in Fig. 19 represented by a dashed line here an approximately dovetailed cross-section with upwardly tapering side surfaces 19, so that forces between the concrete 4 and the first element 2 in the vertical direction can be transmitted via the dovetailed cross-section.
- the connecting element is inserted positively in the slots 42 in the first element 2, so that a transfer of forces in the longitudinal direction 39 is ensured with the connecting element, so that a high flexural rigidity and high bending strength can be achieved.
- the connecting element is usually formed of a high-strength material such as sheet metal, a fiber-reinforced plastic or a wood with appropriate strength, for example Baubuche. In this embodiment, there is thus a transfer of forces in the longitudinal direction 39 via the plate-shaped and on both sides of the recess 5 positively in the first element 2 inserted connecting element and in the vertical direction over the dovetail cross-section of the recess 5 of the first element 2, in which concrete 4 with corresponding Cross section is arranged.
- the plate-shaped connecting element can also be arranged in the recess 5 mandrel made of metal or a thrust mandrel 34 may be provided, which abuts as shown on one side of the connecting plate 41 and is enclosed by hardened material.
- a thrust mandrel 34 may be provided, which abuts as shown on one side of the connecting plate 41 and is enclosed by hardened material.
- the shear pin 34 does not extend into the first element 2, but is positively connected via the connecting plate 41 with the first element 2 here.
- first element 2 which Usually consists of wood
- a recess 5 is milled with a dovetailed cross-section, after which approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal direction 39 of the recess 5 slots 42 are introduced into the first element 2, which extend with advantage up to a lower edge of the recess 5.
- a reinforcement with bottom-side lower chords 12 is positioned in the recess 5, after which a connecting element 41 designed as a connecting element is inserted into the slots 42, so that the connecting plate 41 extends over the recess 5 and the lower chords 12 in a bottom-side recess 24 of the connecting plate 41st run.
- the recess 5 is filled with concrete 4.
- composite elements 1 can be partially or completely produced in a precast plant or even completely on site and can be used in combination with piping 18, insulating materials, displacement bodies 30 and precast slabs 23 to form buildings of various kinds. When using inventive composite elements therefore a high flexibility is given.
- a wooden ceiling in a building can be formed in a particularly cost-effective and process-reliable manner.
- visually appealing ceilings 13 can be formed at low cost and without concreting on the construction site.
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Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundelementes (1). Um ein Verbundelement (1) mit hoher Tragfähigkeit effizient herzustellen, ist erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen, dass ein erstes Element (2) mit einer Ausnehmung (5) bereitgestellt wird, wonach in der Ausnehmung (5) eine teilweise aus der Ausnehmung (5) ragende Bewehrung positioniert wird, wonach die Ausnehmung (5) mit aushärtbarem Material, insbesondere Beton (4), befüllt wird, wonach das aushärtbare Material in der Ausnehmung (5) unter Bildung eines zweiten Elementes (3) aushärtet, sodass die Bewehrung über das ausgehärtete Material formschlüssig mit dem ersten Element (2) verbunden ist. Weiter betrifft die Erfindung ein Verbundelement (1), aufweisend ein erstes Element (2) mit einer Ausnehmung (5) und zumindest ein mit dem ersten Element (2) verbundenes zweites Element (3), welches ein ausgehärtetes Material und eine Bewehrung aufweist.The invention relates to a method for producing a composite element (1). In order to produce a composite element (1) with high load-bearing capacity efficiently, it is provided according to the invention that a first element (2) is provided with a recess (5), after which a reinforcement partially protruding from the recess (5) is positioned in the recess (5) is, after which the recess (5) with hardenable material, in particular concrete (4), is filled, after which the curable material in the recess (5) to form a second element (3) hardens, so that the reinforcement on the cured material with a positive fit the first element (2) is connected. The invention further relates to a composite element (1), comprising a first element (2) with a recess (5) and at least one second element (3) connected to the first element (2), which has a hardened material and a reinforcement.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundelementes.The invention relates to a method for producing a composite element.
Weiter betrifft die Erfindung ein Verbundelement, aufweisend ein erstes Element mit einer Ausnehmung und zumindest ein mit dem ersten Element verbundenes zweites Element, welches ein ausgehärtetes Material und eine Bewehrung aufweist.Furthermore, the invention relates to a composite element, comprising a first element with a recess and at least one second element connected to the first element, which has a hardened material and a reinforcement.
Aus dem Stand der Technik sind verschiedene Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundelementes sowie Verbundelemente der eingangs genannten Art bekannt geworden. Derartige Verbundelemente werden beispielsweise beim Bau von Gebäuden eingesetzt, um Elemente unterschiedlicher Materialien zu verbinden, beispielsweise Elemente aus Holz mit Elementen aus Beton. Nachteilig bei derartigen Verbundelementen ist, dass diese stets ein Betonieren auf einer Baustelle erfordern, wodurch einerseits eine industrielle Fertigung wie bei einem Fertigteilbauhaus nicht möglich ist. Andererseits ist ein Betonieren vor Ort auch mit hohem Zeit- und Kostenaufwand verbunden.Various methods for producing a composite element and composite elements of the type mentioned are known from the prior art. Such composite elements are used for example in the construction of buildings to connect elements of different materials, such as elements of wood with concrete elements. A disadvantage of such composite elements is that they always require concreting on a construction site, which on the one hand, an industrial manufacturing as a prefabricated house is not possible. On the other hand, concreting on site is also associated with high time and cost.
Hier setzt die Erfindung an. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, welches besonders effizient umsetzbar ist.This is where the invention starts. The object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned, which is particularly efficient implemented.
Weiter soll ein effizient herstellbares Verbundelement der eingangs genannten Art angegeben werden, welches eine hohe Tragfähigkeit aufweist.Next is to be given an efficiently producible composite element of the type mentioned, which has a high load capacity.
Die erste Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art gelöst, bei welchem ein erstes Element mit einer Ausnehmung bereitgestellt wird, wonach in der Ausnehmung eine teilweise aus der Ausnehmung ragende Bewehrung positioniert wird, wonach die Ausnehmung mit aushärtbarem Material, insbesondere Beton, befüllt wird, wonach das aushärtbare Material in der Ausnehmung unter Bildung eines zweiten Elementes aushärtet, sodass die Bewehrung über das ausgehärtete Material formschlüssig mit dem ersten Element verbunden ist.The first object is achieved by a method of the type mentioned, in which a first element is provided with a recess, after which in the recess a partially protruding from the recess reinforcement is positioned, after which the recess filled with hardenable material, in particular concrete is, after which the curable material in the recess cures to form a second element, so that the reinforcement on the cured material is positively connected to the first element.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren kann eine Verbindung zwischen dem ersten Element und dem zweiten Element auch vorab, beispielsweise in einem Fertigteilwerk erfolgen, sodass eine industrielle Herstellung des Verbundelementes möglich ist. Eine Verbindung des Verbundelementes mit weiteren Bauteilen eines Gebäudes auf einer Baustelle kann über die aus der Ausnehmung ragende Bewehrung erfolgen. Ein erfindungsgemäß hergestelltes Verbundelement weist somit ein erstes Element mit einer Ausnehmung und ein zweites Element auf, welches ein ausgehärtetes Material und eine üblicherweise aus Stahl bestehende Bewehrung aufweist, wobei das erste Element und das zweite Element über die Ausnehmung formschlüssig verbunden sind.With the method according to the invention, a connection between the first element and the second element can also be made in advance, for example in a precast plant, so that an industrial production of the composite element is possible. A Connection of the composite element with other components of a building on a construction site can be done via the protruding from the recess reinforcement. A composite element produced according to the invention thus has a first element with a recess and a second element, which has a hardened material and a reinforcement which is usually made of steel, wherein the first element and the second element are positively connected via the recess.
Zur Gewährleistung einer guten Kraftübertragung ist es von Vorteil, wenn ein Befüllen der Ausnehmung mit einem schwindkompensierten, aushärtbaren Material erfolgt, insbesondere schwindkompensiertem Beton. Dadurch bleibt ein Formschluss zur Kraftübertragung auch bei einem Aushärten bestehen.To ensure a good power transmission, it is advantageous if the recess is filled with a shrinkage-compensated, hardenable material, in particular shrinkage-compensated concrete. As a result, a form fit for power transmission remains even when curing.
Es hat sich bewährt, dass auf dem ersten Element angrenzend an die Ausnehmung ein Verdrängungskörper, bevorzugt ein Füllmaterial, ein Hohlkörper und/oder eine Schalung, positioniert wird, wonach aushärtbares Material, insbesondere Faserbeton, vorzugsweise Micro-Faserbeton, auf den aus der Ausnehmung ragenden Teil der Bewehrung aufgebracht wird, sodass die Bewehrung im Wesentlichen im aushärtbaren Material eingeschlossen ist. Dadurch kann auf einfache Weise ein Bauelement für ein Gebäude mit einem Hohlraum gebildet werden, welcher zwischen ausgehärtetem Material und dem ersten Element eingeschlossen ist. Der Hohlraum kann beispielsweise genutzt werden, um Leitungen und dergleichen aufzunehmen. Alternativ kann der Vedrängungskörper auch ein wärmedämmendes Material sein, sodass ein wärmedämmendes und gleichzeitig stabiles Bauelement erreicht wird. Ferner kann der Verdrängungskörper selbst ein tragendes Bauelement sein, beispielsweise ein Stahlbetonelement. In dem Fall erfolgt mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eine stabile Verbindung des Stahlbetonelementes mit dem Verbundelement auf einfache Weise.It has been proven that a displacement body, preferably a filling material, a hollow body and / or a formwork, is positioned on the first element adjacent to the recess, after which curable material, in particular fiber concrete, preferably micro fiber concrete, projecting onto the recess projecting from the recess Part of the reinforcement is applied so that the reinforcement is substantially enclosed in the curable material. As a result, a component for a building with a cavity can be formed in a simple manner, which is enclosed between hardened material and the first element. The cavity can be used, for example, to receive lines and the like. Alternatively, the Vedrängungskörper also be a heat-insulating material, so that a thermally insulating and stable component is achieved. Furthermore, the displacement body itself may be a load-bearing component, for example a reinforced concrete element. In the case, by means of the method according to the invention a stable connection of the reinforced concrete element with the composite element in a simple manner.
Günstig ist es, wenn das aushärtbare Material derart aufgebracht wird, dass der Verdrängungskörper nach Aushärten des aushärtbaren Materials durch dieses Material relativ zum ersten Element fixiert ist. Dies ermöglicht eine besonders vorteilhafte Kombination eines vorgefertigten Verbundelementes mit unterschiedlichsten Verdrängungskörpern, sodass vielfältigste Bauteile gebildet werden können.It is advantageous if the curable material is applied in such a way that the displacement body is fixed after hardening of the curable material by this material relative to the first element. This allows a particularly advantageous combination of a prefabricated composite element with a variety of displacement bodies, so that diverse components can be formed.
Das Material, mit welchem die Ausnehmung befüllt wird, kann dem Material entsprechen, in welchem die Bewehrung eingeschlossen wird; es können allerdings auch unterschiedliche Materialien eingesetzt werden, beispielsweise Beton unterschiedlicher Güte. Des Weiteren kann das Material, in welchem die Bewehrung eingeschlossen wird, unmittelbar nach Befüllen der Ausnehmung oder zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt, beispielsweise auf einer Baustelle als Ortbeton, aufgebracht werden.The material with which the recess is filled may correspond to the material in which the reinforcement is enclosed; However, it can also be used different materials, such as concrete of different quality. Furthermore, the material in which the reinforcement is included can be applied immediately after filling the recess or at a later time, for example on a construction site as in-situ concrete.
Günstig ist es, wenn das erste Element mehrere parallele Ausnehmungen aufweist, in welchen jeweils eine Bewehrung über ein aushärtbares Material formschlüssig mit dem ersten Element verbunden wird. Dadurch wird auf einfache Weise ein Verbundelement erreicht, welches über das üblicherweise aus Beton ausgebildete ausgehärtete Material eine hohe Festigkeit aufweist, selbst wenn das erste Element aus keinem hochfesten Material besteht. Weil dabei eine Stabilität bzw. Festigkeit des Verbundelementes über das ausgehärtete Material erreicht werden kann, kann das erste Element auch aus einem Material geringerer Festigkeit bestehen, beispielsweise aus Holz, Kunststoff oder dergleichen. Dadurch können mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren tragende Bauteile für Gebäude gebildet werden, welche einerseits aufgrund des ersten Elementes ein ansprechendes Äußeres aufweisen können und andererseits durch das in der Regel aus Beton ausgebildete ausgehärtete Material auch eine hohe Festigkeit und Stabilität gewährleisten. Beispielsweise kann dadurch auf einfache Weise eine Decke eines Gebäudes gebildet werden, welche an einer sichtbaren Unterseite ausschließlich aus Holz, oder dergleichen besteht und welche formschlüssig mit einem durch die Bewehrung und das ausgehärtete Material als Stahlbetonträger ausgebildete zweite Element verbunden ist. Eine derartige Holz-Beton-Decke kann vollständig vorab gefertigt werden, sodass ein Bau einer Schalung auf einer Baustelle nicht mehr erforderlich ist. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird somit ein Holz-Beton-Verbundelement gebildet, welches wesentlich kostengünstiger, prozesssicherer und schneller als mit Verfahren des Standes der Technik herstellbar ist.It is advantageous if the first element has a plurality of parallel recesses, in each of which a reinforcement is connected in a form-locking manner via a curable material to the first element. As a result, a composite element is achieved in a simple manner, which has a high strength over the usually formed of concrete cured material, even if the first element consists of no high-strength material. Because a stability or strength of the composite element on the cured material can be achieved, the first element may also consist of a lower strength material, such as wood, plastic or the like. As a result, building components can be formed with the method according to the invention which, on the one hand, can have an attractive appearance due to the first element and, on the other hand, also ensure high strength and stability due to the hardened material, which is usually made of concrete. For example, it can be formed in a simple manner, a ceiling of a building, which consists of a visible underside exclusively made of wood, or the like and which is positively connected to a formed by the reinforcement and the cured material as a reinforced concrete beam second element. Such a wood-concrete ceiling can be completely pre-fabricated, so that a construction of a formwork on a construction site is no longer required. With the method according to the invention thus a wood-concrete composite element is formed, which is much cheaper, more reliable and faster to produce than with methods of the prior art.
Ein erfindungsgemäß ausgebildetes Verbundelement kann auf verschiedenste Weise eingesetzt werden. Ein Einsatz des mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren gebildeten Verbundelementes insbesondere als Decke in einem Gebäude ist auf besonders günstige Weise möglich, wenn ein erstes Element mit einer Ausnehmung mit einem Querschnitt eingesetzt wird, welcher Querschnitt derart ausgebildet ist, dass eine formschlüssige Verbindung des ausgehärteten Materials mit dem ersten Element mit einer Zugkraft senkrecht zu einer Oberfläche des ersten Elementes belastbar ist, in welcher Oberfläche die Ausnehmung angeordnet ist. Auf diese Weise kann beispielsweise eine durch Stahlbetonträger getragene Holzdecke auf einfache Weise erreicht werden, wobei das als Holzdecke ausgebildete und an einer Unterseite des Verbundelementes angeordnete erste Element über einen durch den Querschnitt gebildeten Formschluss vom als Stahlbetonträger ausgebildeten und an einer nicht sichtbaren Oberseite positionierten zweiten Element getragen wird. Dabei ist eine Stabilität auch dann gewährleistet, wenn das ausgehärtete Material bei einem Aushärten geringfügig schwindet. Ein derartiger Querschnitt der Ausnehmung kann auf verschiedenste Weise erreicht werden. In der Regel wird ein sogenannter schwalbenschwanzförmiger Querschnitt eingesetzt.An inventively designed composite element can be used in a variety of ways. A use of the composite element formed by the method according to the invention in particular as a ceiling in a building is possible in a particularly favorable manner, when a first element is used with a recess having a cross section, which cross section is formed such that a form-fitting Connection of the cured material with the first element with a tensile force perpendicular to a surface of the first element is loadable, in which surface the recess is arranged. In this way, for example, carried by reinforced concrete beams wooden ceiling can be achieved in a simple manner, designed as a wooden ceiling and arranged on an underside of the composite element first element formed by a cross-sectional fit formed as a reinforced concrete beam and positioned on a non-visible top second element will be carried. This stability is ensured even if the cured material shrinks slightly when curing. Such a cross section of the recess can be achieved in various ways. As a rule, a so-called dovetail-shaped cross-section is used.
Günstig ist es, wenn das erste Element gebildet wird, indem zumindest zwei Teilelemente bereitgestellt werden, welche zum ersten Element verbunden werden, wobei eine Verbindung der Teilelemente insbesondere über ein Verbindungselement, vorzugsweise einen Dorn oder eine Verbindungsplatte, erfolgt, welches an einem ersten Ende mit einem ersten Teilelement und an einem zweiten Ende mit einem zweiten Teilelement verbunden ist und sich durch die Ausnehmung erstreckt. Nach einer derartigen Bildung des ersten Elementes wird dann eine Bewehrung in der Ausnehmung positioniert, üblicherweise an den Dorn angrenzend, und die Ausnehmung mit dem aushärtbaren Material befüllt. Das aushärtbare Material umschließt dabei den Dorn und bildet somit bei Aushärtung eine Verbindung mit dem ersten Element über den Dorn, welche eine hohe Schubfestigkeit aufweist. Eine zur Übertragung hoher Kräfte geeignete Verbindung zwischen Dorn und erstem Element bzw. den das erste Elemente bildenden Teilelementen kann durch eine formschlüssige Verbindung erfolgen, beispielsweise indem in die Teilelemente Bohrungen eingebracht werden, in welche der Dorn ragt. Die Teilelemente können dabei auch nur über den Dorn verbunden sein, sodass die Teilelemente durch die Ausnehmung beabstandet sind.It is advantageous if the first element is formed by providing at least two sub-elements which are connected to the first element, wherein a connection of the sub-elements in particular via a connecting element, preferably a mandrel or a connecting plate, takes place, which at a first end with a first sub-element and at a second end is connected to a second sub-element and extends through the recess. After such a formation of the first element then a reinforcement is positioned in the recess, usually adjacent to the mandrel, and filled the recess with the curable material. The curable material encloses the mandrel and thus forms on curing a connection with the first element via the mandrel, which has a high shear resistance. A suitable for transmitting high forces connection between the mandrel and the first element or the first elements forming the sub-elements can be done by a positive connection, for example by holes are introduced into the sub-elements, in which the mandrel protrudes. The sub-elements can also be connected only via the mandrel, so that the sub-elements are spaced by the recess.
Durch den Dorn, welcher auch als Schubdorn bezeichnet werden kann, ist dabei eine tragfähige Verbindung zwischen dem ersten Element und dem ausgehärteten Material gewährleistet, und zwar sowohl in einer Längsrichtung als auch vertikal bzw. senkrecht zur Längsrichtung der Ausnehmung.By the mandrel, which can also be referred to as a thrust mandrel, while a viable connection between the first element and the cured material is ensured, both in a longitudinal direction and vertically or perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the recess.
Wenngleich das Verbindungselement vorzugsweise als Dorn mit etwa kreisrundem Querschnitt und einem Durchmesser von etwa 10 mm bis 20 mm ausgebildet ist, kann das Verbindungselement natürlich auch weitere Formen und Querschnitte aufweisen, um eine in mehreren Richtungen tragfähige Verbindung zwischen dem ersten Element und dem ausgehärteten Material zu bilden. Üblicherweise ragt das Verbindungselement teilweise in die Ausnehmung, ist im erste Element fixiert und besteht aus einem Material mit höherer Festigkeit als das Material des ersten Elementes bzw. einer höheren Festigkeit als Holz. Vorzugsweise besteht das Verbindungselement aus einem Metall oder einem Faserverbundwerkstoff.Although the connecting element is preferably formed as a mandrel with approximately circular cross section and a diameter of about 10 mm to 20 mm, of course, the connecting element may also have other shapes and cross sections to a multi-directional connection between the first element and the cured material to form. Usually, the connecting element protrudes partially into the recess, is fixed in the first element and consists of a material with higher strength than the material of the first element or a higher strength than wood. Preferably, the connecting element consists of a metal or a fiber composite material.
Eine einfache Herstellung ist insbesondere dann möglich, wenn das Verbindungselement plattenförmig ausgebildet und in Schlitze im ersten Element eingesetzt ist, vorzugsweise etwa senkrecht zu einer Längsrichtung der Ausnehmung. Das plattenförmige Verbindungselement kann dann mit dem ersten Element beispielsweise verbunden werden, indem das Verbindungselement in Schlitze eingesetzt bzw. eingeschoben wird, welche in das erste Element eingebracht sind, beispielsweise eingefräst, und sich bevorzugt in einer Ebene senkrecht zu einer Längsrichtung der Ausnehmung erstrecken. Dadurch ist ein guter Kraftschluss in Längsrichtung gewährleistet, weil ein plattenförmiges bzw. flächiges Element eine große Kontaktfläche sowohl mit dem ausgehärteten Material als auch in den Schlitzen mit dem ersten Element bilden kann. Üblicherweise weist das plattenförmige Verbindungelement dann bodenseitig eine Bewehrungsaussparung für eine in der Ausnehmung angeordnete Bewehrung auf und füllt den Querschnitt der Ausnehmung mit Ausnahme der bodenseitigen Aussparung gänzlich aus, um einen besonders guten Formschluss in Längsrichtung zu gewährleisten. Eine Kraftübertragung in vertikaler Richtung kann dann beispielsweise formschlüssig über einen entsprechenden Querschnitt der Ausnehmung, beispielsweise ein Schwalbenschwanzquerschnitt, erfolgen.A simple production is particularly possible if the connecting element is plate-shaped and inserted in slots in the first element, preferably approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the recess. The plate-shaped connecting element can then be connected to the first element, for example, by inserting the connecting element into slots which are introduced into the first element, for example milled in, and preferably extend in a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the recess. As a result, a good adhesion in the longitudinal direction is ensured because a plate-shaped or planar element can form a large contact surface both with the cured material and in the slots with the first element. Usually, the plate-shaped connecting element then has a reinforcement recess on the bottom side for a reinforcement arranged in the recess and completely fills the cross-section of the recess, with the exception of the bottom-side recess, in order to ensure a particularly good fit in the longitudinal direction. A power transmission in the vertical direction can then, for example, form-fitting manner via a corresponding cross-section of the recess, for example, a dovetail cross-section, take place.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann mit hohem Automatisierungsgrad industriell beispielsweise in einem Fertigteilwerk umgesetzt werden. Es ist daher bei einem Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gebäudes günstig, wenn ein in einem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestelltes Verbundelement eingesetzt wird, um eine vorteilhafte und prozesssichere Herstellung zu erreichen.The inventive method can be implemented with a high degree of automation industrially, for example in a precast plant. It is therefore advantageous in a method for producing a building, when a composite element produced in a method according to the invention is used in order to achieve an advantageous and process-reliable production.
Eine Verbindung des Verbundelementes mit weiteren Bauteilen eines Gehäuses kann auf unterschiedlichste Weise hergestellt werden. Eine hohe Flexibilität in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Einsatz- bzw. Verbindungsmöglichkeiten wird auf einfache Weise erreicht, wenn dass die Ausnehmung in einem Fertigteilwerk in einem ersten Schritt mit aushärtbarem Material befüllt wird, welches in der Ausnehmung aushärtet, wonach das Verbundelement auf eine Baustelle transportiert und an weitere Bauteile angrenzend angeordnet wird, wonach in einem zweiten Schritt weiteres aushärtbares Material auf einen aus der Ausnehmung ragenden Teil der Bewehrung aufgebracht wird, sodass das Verbundelement bei Aushärten dieses aushärtbaren Materials über das zweite aushärtbare Material mit den weiteren Bauteilen verbunden wird. In der Regel wird Beton als aushärtbares Material eingesetzt. Ein auf der Baustelle aufgebrachter Beton wird auch als Ortbeton bzw. auch als Aufbeton bezeichnet, wenn der Beton im zweiten Schritt auf einen in der Ausnehmung im ersten Schritt eingebrachten Beton aufgebracht wird.A compound of the composite element with other components of a housing can be prepared in various ways. A high degree of flexibility with regard to different connection possibilities is achieved in a simple manner if the recess in a precast plant is filled in a first step with hardenable material which cures in the recess, after which the composite element is transported to a construction site and on adjacent components is arranged adjacent, after which further curable material is applied to a protruding from the recess part of the reinforcement in a second step, so that the composite element is cured on curing of this curable material on the second curable material with the other components. As a rule, concrete is used as a hardenable material. A concrete applied to the construction site is also referred to as cast-in-place concrete or also as an aggregate when the concrete is applied in the second step to a concrete introduced in the recess in the first step.
Bei diesem Verfahren wird somit einerseits werkseitig bzw. vorab aushärtbares Material zur Verbindung der Bewehrung mit dem ersten Element in die Ausnehmung eingebracht und baustellenseitig die aus der Ausnehmung ragende Bewehrung über weiteres ausgehärtetes Material mit weiteren Bauteilen des Gebäudes verbunden. Das aushärtbare Material, welches werkseitig in die Ausnehmung eingebracht wird, kann jenem entsprechen, welches auf der Baustelle eingesetzt wird. Es können jedoch auch unterschiedliche aushärtende Materialien verwendet werden. Eine Verbindung mit weiteren Bauteilen auf der Baustelle kann dabei einerseits über eine Bewehrung erfolgen, welche über an der Baustelle eingebrachtes aushärtbares Material, üblicherweise Ortbeton, mit der Bewehrung des zweiten Elementes verbunden wird. Weiter kann die Verbindung mittels eines Formschlusses über den Ortbeton bzw. Aufbeton erfolgen.In this method, on the one hand factory or pre-curable material for connection of the reinforcement with the first element is introduced into the recess and site-side connected the protruding from the recess reinforcement over other cured material with other components of the building. The curable material, which is incorporated into the recess in the factory, may correspond to that which is used on the construction site. However, different curing materials may be used. A connection with other components on the site can be done on the one hand via a reinforcement, which is connected via introduced at the site curable material, usually in-situ concrete, with the reinforcement of the second element. Next, the connection can be made by means of a positive connection on the in-situ concrete or concrete.
Alternativ kann eine Herstellung des Gebäudes ohne einem Betonieren auf der Baustelle erfolgen, wenn sämtliches aushärtbare Material vorab aufgebracht wird, beispielsweise in einem Fertigteilwerk, wonach das Verbundelement zu einer Baustelle transportiert wird, auf welcher das Verbundelement mit weiteren Bauteilen des Gebäudes im Wesentlichen ohne Einsatz eines wasserhaltigen Baustoffes verbunden wird. Dies ermöglicht die Herstellung eines Gebäudes, bei welchem beispielsweise als Holz-Beton-Verbundelemente erfindungsgemäß ausgebildete Verbundelemente vorgesehen sind, in einem Trockenbauverfahren, welches somit besonders rasch und unabhängig von einer Witterung umsetzbar ist.Alternatively, the building may be manufactured without concreting on the construction site, if all curable material is applied in advance, for example in a precast plant, after which the composite element is transported to a construction site on which the composite element is connected to other components of the building substantially without the use of a hydrated building material is connected. This allows the production of a building in which, for example, as composite wood-concrete composite elements according to the invention formed composite elements are provided in a drywall process, which is thus particularly fast and independent of weather conditions feasible.
Die weitere Aufgabe wird durch ein Verbundelement der eingangs genannten Art gelöst, bei welchem das zumindest eine zweite Element zumindest teilweise aus einer Ausnehmung des ersten Elementes ragt und in der Ausnehmung formschlüssig mit dem ersten Element verbunden ist, wobei das Verbundelement insbesondere in einem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellt ist.The further object is achieved by a composite element of the type mentioned, in which the at least one second element at least partially protrudes from a recess of the first element and is positively connected in the recess with the first element, wherein the composite element produced in particular in a method according to the invention is.
Durch die formschlüssige Verbindung zwischen dem ersten Element und dem ein ausgehärtetes Material aufweisenden zweiten Element ist eine kostengünstig und prozesssichere Vorabfertigung des Verbundelementes beispielsweise in einem Fertigteilwerk möglich. Gleichzeitig ergibt sich eine hohe Festigkeit des Verbundelementes bei ansprechendem Erscheinungsbild, auch wenn das erste Element aus keinem Material hoher Festigkeit besteht. Die Ausnehmung weist in der Regel einen sich entlang einer Geraden erstreckenden konstanten Querschnitt im ersten Element auf.Due to the positive connection between the first element and the hardened material having a second element, a cost-effective and reliable pre-processing of the composite element, for example, in a precast plant is possible. At the same time results in a high strength of the composite element with an attractive appearance, even if the first element is made of no material of high strength. As a rule, the recess has a constant cross section extending in the first element along a straight line.
Üblicherweise ist ein Querschnitt der Ausnehmung derart ausgebildet, dass eine formschlüssige Verbindung des ausgehärteten Materials mit dem ersten Element mit einer Zugkraft senkrecht zu einer Oberfläche des ersten Elementes belastbar ist, in welcher Oberfläche die Ausnehmung angeordnet ist. Beispielsweise kann das Verbundelement vorteilhaft zur Bildung von Decken eines Gebäudes genutzt werden, wenn das Verbundelement ein optisch ansprechendes erstes Element geringer Festigkeit und ein tragendes zweites Element mit hoher Festigkeit aufweist. Dadurch kann insbesondere eine durch einen oder mehrere Stahlbetonträger getragene Holzdecke besonders einfach gebildet werden.Usually, a cross section of the recess is formed such that a positive connection of the cured material with the first element with a tensile force perpendicular to a surface of the first element is resilient, in which surface the recess is arranged. For example, the composite element can be advantageously used to form ceilings of a building when the composite element has a visually appealing first element of low strength and a supporting second element with high strength. As a result, in particular, a wooden ceiling supported by one or more reinforced concrete beams can be formed particularly simply.
Ein derartiger Querschnitt kann auf verschiedenste Weise ausgebildet sein. Üblicherweise kann ein mit einer Zugkraft belastbarer Querschnitt auf einfache Weise erreicht werden, wenn ein Abstand zwischen Seitenflächen eines Querschnittes der Ausnehmung zumindest bereichsweise mit zunehmendem Abstand von einer Oberfläche, in welcher die Ausnehmung angeordnet ist, zunimmt. Dadurch ist eine formschlüssige Kraftübertragung auch dann gewährleistet, wenn das ausgehärtete Material beispielsweise bei einem Aushärten geringfügig schwindet.Such a cross section may be formed in various ways. Usually, a loadable with a tensile force cross section can be achieved in a simple manner, if a distance between side surfaces of a cross section of the recess at least partially increases with increasing distance from a surface in which the recess is arranged. As a result, a positive power transmission is ensured even if the cured material shrinks slightly, for example when curing.
Eine einfache und prozesssichere Herstellung der Ausnehmung ist möglich, wenn die Ausnehmung einen Schwalbenschwanzquerschnitt aufweist. Wenn das erste Element beispielsweise aus Holz, einem Kunststoff oder dergleichen besteht, kann die Ausnehmung dann auf einfache Weise mittels Fräsen automatisiert und mit hoher Genauigkeit gebildet werden.A simple and process-reliable production of the recess is possible if the recess has a dovetail cross-section. If the first element consists for example of wood, a plastic or the like, the recess can then be automated in a simple manner by means of milling and formed with high accuracy.
Es hat sich bewährt, dass das erste Element im Wesentlichen aus Holz besteht, insbesondere aus mehreren kreuzweise verleimten Einschichtplatten. Holz hat sich bei Gebäuden als vorteilhaft erwiesen, da mit diesem Material einerseits ein ansprechendes Erscheinungsbild und andererseits auch ein angenehmes Raumklima erreicht werden können. Bislang war die Bildung einer Holzdecke bei einem Gebäude mit tragenden Stahlbetonträgern nur mit großem Aufwand möglich, indem nachträglich auf eine Betondecke eine Zwischendecke aus Holz aufgebracht bzw. aufgehängt wurde. Mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelement kann eine Holzdecke im Unterschied dazu gleichzeitig mit der Bildung eines tragenden Teiles des Gebäudes gebildet werden, indem die erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelemente mit einem als Holzdecke ausgebildeten ersten Element und als Stahlbetonträgern ausgebildeten zweiten Elementen ausgeführt sind. Üblicherweise sind die zweiten Elemente dabei länglich bzw. in Form eine Trägers und mit entlang einer Längserstreckung etwa konstantem Querschnitt ausgebildet.It has been proven that the first element consists essentially of wood, in particular of several cross-laminated single-layer boards. Wood has proved to be advantageous in buildings, as with this material on the one hand an attractive appearance and on the other hand, a pleasant indoor climate can be achieved. So far, the formation of a wooden ceiling in a building with load-bearing reinforced concrete beams was possible only with great effort by subsequently applied or suspended on a concrete ceiling, a false ceiling made of wood. By contrast, with a composite element according to the invention, a wooden ceiling can be formed simultaneously with the formation of a load-bearing part of the building, in that the composite elements according to the invention are designed with a first element designed as a wooden ceiling and second elements designed as reinforced concrete beams. Usually, the second elements are elongated or in the form of a carrier and formed along a longitudinal extent of approximately constant cross-section.
Aufgrund der formschlüssigen Verbindung zwischen Holzdecke und Stahlbetonträger kann dabei auch die Holzdecke eine tragende Funktion übernehmen, sodass eine Festigkeit des Stahlbetonträgers entsprechend reduziert sein kann. Weiter kann natürlich auch ein erst bauseitig aufgebrachter Ortbeton tragend wirken und zu einer Festigkeit des Gebäudes beitragen. Dadurch werden wiederum ein reduziertes Gewicht und somit geringere Materialkosten erreicht. Insbesondere wenn das erste Element mehrere kreuzweise verleimte Einschichtplatten aufweist bzw. als sogenannte Brettsperrholzplatte ausgebildet ist, kann mit dem ersten Element sowohl ein ansprechendes Äußeres als auch ein gewisser Beitrag zu einer gesamten Tragfähigkeit des Verbundelementes erreicht werden.Due to the positive connection between the wooden ceiling and reinforced concrete beam while the wooden ceiling can assume a supporting function, so that a strength of the reinforced concrete beam can be reduced accordingly. Next, of course, also a site-applied applied in-situ concrete bearing and contribute to a strength of the building. This in turn achieves a reduced weight and thus lower material costs. In particular, if the first element has a plurality of cross-laminated single-layer panels or is designed as a so-called cross-laminated board, the first element both an appealing appearance and a certain contribution to an overall load capacity of the composite element can be achieved.
Zur Erreichung einer hohen Festigkeit und Stabilität hat es sich als günstig erwiesen, dass die Bewehrung als Gitterträger ausgebildet ist, wobei zwei Untergurte und ein Obergurt vorgesehen und die Untergurte in der Ausnehmung positioniert sind. Dadurch kann auf einfache Weise ein hohes Flächenträgheitsmoment und somit eine hohe Festigkeit und Steifigkeit des zweiten Elementes bzw. des gesamten Verbundelementes erreicht werden.To achieve a high strength and stability, it has proven to be favorable that the reinforcement is designed as a lattice girder, wherein two lower chords and a top chord are provided and the lower chords are positioned in the recess. This can be up a simple way, a high area moment of inertia and thus a high strength and rigidity of the second element or of the entire composite element can be achieved.
Mit Vorteil erstreckt sich die Ausnehmung über einen Großteil einer Länge des Verbundelementes, vorzugsweise über mehr als 70 %, insbesondere mehr als 80 %, einer Länge des Verbundelementes. Üblicherweise erstreckt sich die Ausnehmung im Wesentlichen über die gesamte Länge des Verbundelementes. Normalerweise verläuft die Ausnehmung etwa entlang einer Geraden.Advantageously, the recess extends over a majority of a length of the composite element, preferably over more than 70%, in particular more than 80%, of a length of the composite element. Usually, the recess extends substantially over the entire length of the composite element. Normally, the recess runs approximately along a straight line.
Zur Erreichung einer hohen Schubfestigkeit ist es günstig, wenn mit dem ersten Element ein Verbindungselement, insbesondere ein Dorn, starr verbunden ist, welches teilweise in die Ausnehmung ragt, wobei das Verbindungselement vorzugsweise an zwei Seiten mit dem ersten Element verbunden und in der Ausnehmung vom ausgehärteten Material umgeben ist. In der Regel ist das als Dorn ausgebildete Verbindungselement sowohl mit dem ersten Element als auch mit dem ausgehärteten Material formschlüssig verbunden. Das ausgehärtete Material ist somit über den Dorn formschlüssig mit dem ersten Element verbunden, und zwar sowohl in Längsrichtung zur Übertragung von Schubkräften als auch in vertikaler Richtung. Wenn beispielsweise das erste Element als Holzelement und das ausgehärtete Material als Betonträger oberhalb des Holzelementes ausgebildet ist, ergibt sich somit einerseits eine tragfähige Verbindung in vertikaler Richtung, wobei das Holzelement über den Dorn vom Betonträger getragen wird, und andererseits ein Verbundelement mit hoher Schubfestigkeit und Biegesteifigkeit, da sowohl das Holzelement als auch der Betonträger zur Steifigkeit beitragen. Dadurch ist das Verbundelement auch für große Spannweiten bzw. als freitragendes Bauteil besonders gut geeignet. Üblicherweise erstreckt sich der Dorn durch die Ausnehmung und ist endseitig an gegenüberliegenden Seiten der Ausnehmung mit dem ersten Element verbunden, in der Regel formschlüssig.To achieve a high shear strength, it is advantageous if a connecting element, in particular a mandrel, is rigidly connected to the first element, which protrudes partially into the recess, wherein the connecting element preferably connected on two sides with the first element and in the recess of the cured Material is surrounded. As a rule, the connecting element embodied as a mandrel is positively connected both to the first element and to the hardened material. The cured material is thus positively connected via the mandrel with the first element, both in the longitudinal direction for the transmission of shear forces and in the vertical direction. If, for example, the first element is designed as a wooden element and the hardened material as a concrete carrier above the wooden element, this results on the one hand a viable connection in the vertical direction, wherein the wood element is supported by the mandrel on the mandrel, and on the other hand, a composite element with high shear resistance and flexural rigidity because both the wood element and the concrete beam contribute to the rigidity. As a result, the composite element is particularly well suited for large spans or as a cantilevered component. Usually, the mandrel extends through the recess and is connected at the end on opposite sides of the recess with the first element, usually a positive fit.
Die Bewehrung kann grundsätzlich auf verschiedenste Weisen ausgebildet sein, beispielsweise als Metallelement, insbesondere als Stahlelement. Um leichtgewichtige Bauteile sowie Bauteile in unterschiedlichsten Formen auszubilden, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die Bewehrung als Textilbewehrung, insbesondere mit Glas- oder Carbonfasern, ausgebildet ist. Insbesondere kann die Bewehrung als gitterförmige Textilbewehrung ausgebildet sein, um bei geringem Gewicht eine hohe Festigkeit zu erreichen. Eine derartige textile Bewehrung ist in aller Regel dünn und flexible ausgebildet, sodass auch kleine und/oder gewundene Verbundelemente mit einer schmalen Ausnehmung hergestellt werden können.The reinforcement can basically be designed in various ways, for example as a metal element, in particular as a steel element. In order to form lightweight components and components in various forms, it is advantageous if the reinforcement is designed as a textile reinforcement, in particular with glass or carbon fibers. In particular, the reinforcement as a lattice-shaped textile reinforcement be formed to achieve high strength with low weight. Such a textile reinforcement is usually thin and flexible, so that even small and / or coiled composite elements can be produced with a narrow recess.
Das ausgehärtete Material kann grundsätzlich auf verschiedenste Weise ausgebildet sein. Für einen Einsatz des Verbundelementes bei Gebäuden hat es sich zur Erreichung einer hohen Stabilität besonders bewährt, dass das ausgehärtete Material im Wesentlichen aus Beton, insbesondere Faserbeton, vorzugsweise Micro-Faserbeton, besteht.The cured material can basically be formed in various ways. For use of the composite element in buildings, it has proven to achieve high stability particularly that the cured material consists essentially of concrete, especially fiber concrete, preferably micro-fiber concrete.
Um bei einem Bau eines Gebäudes ein flächiges Element als erfindungsgemäßes Verbundelement auszubilden, hat es sich als günstig erwiesen, dass mit dem ersten Element mehrere zweite Elemente verbunden sind, wobei die zweiten Elemente mit dem ersten Element über mehrere Ausnehmungen verbunden sind. Es wird dann durch die mehreren zweiten Elemente eine hohe Steifigkeit und Festigkeit des Verbundelementes erreicht. Das erste Element kann als optisch ansprechendes Element mit geringer Festigkeit ausgebildet sein, beispielsweise als eine Holzdecke oder dergleichen.In order to form a planar element as a composite element according to the invention in a construction of a building, it has proved to be favorable that several second elements are connected to the first element, wherein the second elements are connected to the first element via a plurality of recesses. It is then achieved by the plurality of second elements high rigidity and strength of the composite element. The first element may be formed as a low-strength optically-responsive element, such as a wooden ceiling or the like.
Zur Erreichung einer möglichst gleichmäßigen Spannungsverteilung im Verbundelement ist es günstig, wenn die Ausnehmungen etwa parallel und vorzugsweise regelmäßig beabstandet sind. Dadurch werden ungleichmäßige Verformungen auf einfache Weise vermieden.To achieve the most uniform possible stress distribution in the composite element, it is advantageous if the recesses are approximately parallel and preferably regularly spaced. As a result, uneven deformations are easily avoided.
Ein erfindungsgemäßes Verbundelement kann industriell und somit kostengünstig und mit hoher Prozesssicherheit gefertigt werden. Es ist daher bei einem Gebäude mit einem Verbundelement vorteilhaft, wenn das Verbundelement erfindungsgemäß ausgebildet ist.A composite element according to the invention can be manufactured industrially and thus cost-effectively and with high process reliability. It is therefore advantageous in a building with a composite element, when the composite element is formed according to the invention.
Wie ausgeführt kann das erfindungsgemäße Verbundelement auf einfache Weise derart ausgeführt sein, dass das erste Element optisch ansprechend und mit geringer Festigkeit ausgeführt ist, während eine erforderliche Festigkeit und Steifigkeit durch das zweite Element gebildet wird, welches das erste Element im Wesentlichen trägt. Es ist daher günstig, wenn das erste Element eine Decke eines Innenraumes bildet, welche im Wesentlichen durch zumindest ein zweites Element getragen ist. Üblicherweise ist das erste Element dann durch Holz, vorzugsweise durch Brettsperrholz, gebildet, insbesondere durch kreuzweise verleimte Einschichtplatten. In dem Fall können auch die kreuzweise verleimten Einschichtplatten einen Teil zur Stabilität des Gebäudes beitragen, wenngleich dies nicht erforderlich ist.As stated, the composite element according to the invention can be designed in a simple manner such that the first element is designed to be visually appealing and low-strength, while a required strength and rigidity is formed by the second element, which substantially supports the first element. It is therefore advantageous if the first element forms a ceiling of an inner space, which is essentially supported by at least one second element. Usually, the first element is then formed by wood, preferably by cross laminated timber, in particular by crosswise glued single-layer boards. In that case, the cross-laminated single-layer boards may also contribute to the stability of the building, although this is not required.
Normalerweise ist das zweite Element oberhalb des ersten Elementes positioniert. Das zweite Element ist in der Regel als tragendes Element ausgebildet, welches üblicherweise aus Stahlbeton besteht. Das erste Element wird somit über den Formschluss durch das zweite Element getragen bzw. hängt an einem durch das zweite Element gebildeten Träger des Gebäudes.Normally, the second element is positioned above the first element. The second element is usually formed as a supporting element, which usually consists of reinforced concrete. The first element is thus carried over the positive connection by the second element or hangs on a carrier formed by the second element of the building.
Eine kostengünstige und stabile Bauweise ist möglich, wenn das zumindest eine zweite Element etwa in Form eines I-Trägers ausgebildet ist. Es kann somit auf einfache Weise ein Gebäude gebildet werden, bei welchem tragende Elemente durch Stahlbetonbauteile wie Stahlbetonträger gebildet sind, wobei an Stahlbetonträgern einer Decke an einem unteren Ende eine Holzdecke hängt, welche ein erstes Element eines erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelementes bildet.An inexpensive and stable construction is possible if the at least one second element is formed approximately in the form of an I-beam. It can thus be formed in a simple manner, a building in which load-bearing elements are formed by reinforced concrete components such as reinforced concrete beams, wherein on reinforced concrete girders of a ceiling at a lower end hangs a wooden ceiling, which forms a first element of a composite element according to the invention.
Um eine besonders hohe Festigkeit und Stabilität zu erreichen, kann das zumindest eine zweite Element einen Stahlträger enthalten. Abhängig von einer erforderlichen Festigkeit kann auch eine Bewehrung wie ein Gitterträger ausreichend sein, welcher im Beton des zweiten Elementes eingeschlossen ist.In order to achieve a particularly high strength and stability, the at least one second element may contain a steel beam. Depending on a required strength and a reinforcement such as a lattice girder may be sufficient, which is included in the concrete of the second element.
Es hat sich bewährt, dass das zweite Element an einem unteren Ende mit dem ersten Element und an einem oberen Ende mit einem Boden eines darüber angeordneten Stockwerkes verbunden ist. Das zweite Element bildet dabei üblicherweise einen Stahlbetonträger, an welchem eine Decke eines darunter liegenden Raumes hängt bzw. über den Formschluss verbunden ist und auf welchem an der Oberseite ein Boden eines darüber liegenden Raumes positioniert ist. Wenn das zweite Element beispielsweise als I-förmiger Träger ausgebildet ist, kann ein Raum zwischen dem zweiten Element für ein wärmedämmendes Material oder für eine Leitungsführung von beispielsweise Installationsleitungen verwendet werden. Weiter können in den vorzugsweise länglichen und als Träger ausgebildeten zweiten Elementen senkrecht zu einer Längserstreckung derselben Öffnungen angebracht sein, durch welche Leitungen geführt werden können. Im Unterschied zu einem herkömmlich eingesetzten Estrich ist es mit einer derartigen Bauweise möglich, auch nachträglich Leitungen einzubringen bzw. Auslässe in einem Boden vorzusehen. Bei Einsatz eines herkömmlichen Estrich ist dies nicht möglich. Vielmehr muss dabei vorab Positionen endgültig festgelegt werden, an welchen Leitungen und dergleichen aus einem Boden austreten, sodass auch eine Leitungsführung bereits vorab festgelegt werden muss. Es wird daher mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Bauweise eine erhöhte Flexibilität insbesondere nach Fertigstellung eines Gebäudes erreicht.It has been found that the second element is connected at a lower end to the first element and at an upper end to a bottom of a floor arranged above it. The second element usually forms a reinforced concrete beam, on which a ceiling of an underlying space depends or is connected via the positive connection and on which a bottom of an overlying space is positioned on the top. For example, when the second member is formed as an I-shaped beam, a space may be used between the second member for a heat-insulating material or a wiring of, for example, wiring lines. Further, in the preferably elongate and formed as a carrier second elements perpendicular to a longitudinal extent of the same openings may be attached, through which lines can be performed. In contrast to a conventionally used screed, it is with such Construction possible, even later to introduce lines or provide outlets in a floor. When using a conventional screed this is not possible. Rather, it must be determined in advance positions on which lines and the like emerge from a floor, so that a cable routing must be determined in advance. It is therefore achieved with a construction according to the invention increased flexibility, especially after completion of a building.
Um Schwingungen zu dämpfen und eine Schallübertragung zwischen Stockwerken zu verringern, ist das zweite Element mit dem Boden üblicherweise über einen elastischen Kleber verbunden.To dampen vibrations and reduce sound transmission between floors, the second element is usually connected to the floor via an elastic adhesive.
Günstig ist es, wenn im zweiten Element Rohre positioniert sind, um ein Heizen bzw. Kühlen des Gebäudes durch das Verbundelement zu ermöglichen. Auch die Rohre können bei Herstellung des Verbundelementes vorab im zweiten Element angeordnet werden, sodass auch die Bildung einer Fußbodenheizung und/oder -kühlung bei sehr geringen Kosten und hoher Prozesssicherheit möglich ist.It is advantageous if pipes are positioned in the second element in order to allow heating or cooling of the building by the composite element. Also, the tubes can be arranged in advance in the second element in the manufacture of the composite element, so that the formation of a floor heating and / or cooling at very low cost and high process reliability is possible.
Eine stabile Bauweise des Gebäudes wird auf einfache Weise erreicht, wenn das zweite Element als Träger ausgebildet ist, welcher endseitig abgestützt ist, vorzugsweise durch Seitenwände.A stable construction of the building is achieved in a simple manner when the second element is designed as a carrier, which is supported on the end, preferably by side walls.
Die Seitenwände können grundsätzlich aus verschiedensten Materialien ausgebildet sein, beispielsweise aus Ziegeln oder Beton. Es kann jedoch auch vorgesehen sein, dass das Verbundelement auf Seitenwänden gelagert ist, welche im Wesentlichen aus Holz bestehen, insbesondere aus mehreren kreuzweise verleimten Einschichtplatten. Mit einem Einsatz von Holz bzw. von Brettsperrholzplatten kann auf einfache Weise ein Gebäude mit Holzwänden und einer Holzdecke und Holzwänden erreicht werden, welches aufgrund des Einsatzes von Stahlbeton eine hohe Stabilität aufweist und gleichzeitig kostengünstig und prozesssicher herstellbar ist sowie ein ansprechendes Erscheinungsbild aufweist.The side walls can in principle be formed from a wide variety of materials, for example from bricks or concrete. However, it can also be provided that the composite element is mounted on side walls, which consist essentially of wood, in particular of several cross-laminated single-layer boards. With a use of wood or cross-laminated timber panels can be easily achieved a building with wooden walls and a wooden ceiling and walls, which has a high stability due to the use of reinforced concrete and at the same time inexpensive and reliable to produce and has an attractive appearance.
Weitere Merkmale, Vorteile und Wirkungen der Erfindung ergeben sich anhand des nachfolgend dargestellten Ausführungsbeispieles. In den Zeichnungen, auf welche dabei Bezug genommen wird, zeigen:
-
Fig. 1 eine erste Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelementes; -
Fig. 2 einen Teil einer Decke eines Gebäudes mit einem Verbundelement gemäßFig. 1 ; -
Fig. 3 ein weiteres erfindungsgemäßes Verbundelement; -
Fig. 4 . eine Decke eines Gebäudes mit einem Verbundelement gemäßFig. 3 ; -
Fig. 5 weitere erfindungsgemäße Verbundelemente;bis 8 -
Fig. 9 Ausschnitte aus Decken von Gebäuden mit erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelementen;bis 11 -
Fig. 12 verschiedene Schnitte durch Auflagebereiche von Gebäudedecken mit erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelementen;bis 15 -
Fig. 16 weitere erfindungsgemäße Verbundelemente.bis 19
-
Fig. 1 a first embodiment of a composite element according to the invention; -
Fig. 2 a part of a ceiling of a building with a composite element according toFig. 1 ; -
Fig. 3 another composite element according to the invention; -
Fig. 4 , a ceiling of a building with a composite element according toFig. 3 ; -
Fig. 5 to 8 further composite elements according to the invention; -
Fig. 9 to 11 Cutouts of ceilings of buildings with composite elements according to the invention; -
Fig. 12 to 15 various sections through contact areas of building ceilings with composite elements according to the invention; -
Fig. 16 to 19 further composite elements according to the invention.
Das in
Hohlräume in den Betonfertigteilen 9 werden hier für Verrohrungen 18 genutzt, um Leitungen 29 wie Installationsleitungen zu führen. Verglichen mit Betondecken des Standes der Technik ist eine in
Eine derartige Decke 13 ist beispielsweise in
Eine Verbindung zwischen einem oberhalb der zweiten Elemente 3 positionierten Boden 16 und den zweiten Elementen 3 erfolgt hierbei über einen elastischen Kleber 17, wodurch Schwingungen reduziert sind. Dadurch wird eine günstige Schalldämmung erreicht.A connection between a above the
Zur Erreichung einer sehr hohen Festigkeit einer Decke 13 kann anstatt eines Gitterträgers 6 die Bewehrung auch als Stahlträger 15 ausgebildet sein. Eine derartige Decke 13 eines Gebäudes ist in
Ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel ist in
Wie ersichtlich ragt in diesem Bereich das als Holzdecke ausgebildete erste Element 2 in die Seitenwand 7.As can be seen, the
Das in
Bei dem in
Es versteht sich, dass auch Ausführungen der Erfindung möglich sind, wobei sich das erste Teilelement 35 und das zweite Teilelement 36 nicht berühren. Zur Herstellung werden das erste Teilelement 35 und das zweite Teilelement 36 dann auf einer Schalung positioniert. Die somit bodenseitig bei dieser Ausführungsform durch die Schalung begrenzte Ausnehmung 5 in dem durch erstes Teilelement 35, zweites Teilelement 36 und Schubdorn 34 gebildeten ersten Element 2 wird nach Anordnung der Bewehrung in der Ausnehmung 5 mit Beton 4 aufgefüllt. In weiterer Folge kann bodenseitig ein beliebiges Sichtelement aufgebracht werden, beispielsweise ein Holzelement.It is understood that embodiments of the invention are possible, wherein the
Das Verbindungselement ist in die Schlitze 42 im ersten Element 2 formschlüssig eingesteckt, sodass mit dem Verbindungselement ein Übertragen von Kräften in Längsrichtung 39 gewährleistet ist, sodass eine hohe Biegesteifigkeit und hohe Biegefestigkeit erreicht werden. Das Verbindungselement ist üblicherweise aus einem hochfesten Material wie Blech, einem Faserverstärkten Kunststoff oder einem Holz mit entsprechender Festigkeit, beispielsweise Baubuche, ausgebildet. Bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel erfolgt somit ein Übertragen von Kräften in Längsrichtung 39 über das plattenförmige und beidseitig der Ausnehmung 5 formschlüssig in das erste Element 2 eingesteckte Verbindungselement und in vertikaler Richtung über den schwalbenschwanzförmigen Querschnitt der Ausnehmung 5 des ersten Elementes 2, in welchem Beton 4 mit entsprechenden Querschnitt angeordnet ist. Zur besonders gleichmäßigen Krafteinleitung in das plattenförmige Verbindungselement kann ferner ein in der Ausnehmung 5 angeordneter Dorn aus Metall bzw. ein Schubdorn 34 vorgesehen sein, welcher wie dargestellt an einer Seite an der Verbindungsplatte 41 anliegt und von ausgehärteten Material eingeschlossen ist. Im Unterschied zu den in den
Sämtliche dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele von Verbundelementen 1 können teilweise oder vollständig in einem Fertigteilwerk oder auch vollständig vor Ort hergestellt werden und sind im Kombination mit Verrohrungen 18, Dämmmaterialien, Verdrängungskörpern 30 und Fertigteilplatten 23 einsetzbar, um Bauwerke unterschiedlichster Weise zu bilden. Bei Einsatz erfindungsgemäßer Verbundelemente ist daher eine hohe Flexibilität gegeben.All illustrated embodiments of
Mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Verbundelement 1 kann eine Holzdecke in einem Gebäude auf besonders kostengünstige und prozesssichere Weise gebildet werden. Dadurch können auch bei Gebäuden, welche Stahlbetonelemente als tragende Teile aufweisen, optisch ansprechende Decken 13 mit geringem Kostenaufwand und ohne einem Betonieren auf der Baustelle gebildet werden.With a
Claims (15)
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ATA50322/2016A AT518496B1 (en) | 2016-04-13 | 2016-04-13 | Process for producing a composite element and composite element |
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Cited By (3)
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CN108760223A (en) * | 2018-08-23 | 2018-11-06 | 上海佐竹冷热控制技术有限公司 | Runner fixing device |
WO2022150224A1 (en) * | 2021-01-07 | 2022-07-14 | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Llp | Modular composite action panel and structural systems using same |
WO2022232851A1 (en) * | 2021-05-07 | 2022-11-10 | Terkl Hans Ulrich | Method for producing a composite element, and composite element |
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DE4420175A1 (en) * | 1994-06-09 | 1995-12-14 | Karl Moser | Concrete roof slab, for binding with internal cladding |
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AT518496A1 (en) | 2017-10-15 |
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