EP3244707B1 - Poleinsatz für zyklotron - Google Patents

Poleinsatz für zyklotron Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3244707B1
EP3244707B1 EP16169489.8A EP16169489A EP3244707B1 EP 3244707 B1 EP3244707 B1 EP 3244707B1 EP 16169489 A EP16169489 A EP 16169489A EP 3244707 B1 EP3244707 B1 EP 3244707B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
edge
hill
insert
recess
sector
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EP16169489.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3244707A1 (de
Inventor
Michel Abs
Szymon Zaremba
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Ion Beam Applications SA
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Ion Beam Applications SA
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Priority to EP16169489.8A priority Critical patent/EP3244707B1/de
Priority to CA2965642A priority patent/CA2965642C/en
Priority to CN201710320773.1A priority patent/CN107371318B/zh
Priority to CN201720510693.8U priority patent/CN207201061U/zh
Priority to JP2017094426A priority patent/JP6227823B1/ja
Priority to US15/594,538 priority patent/US9907153B2/en
Priority to US15/594,527 priority patent/US9961757B2/en
Priority to US15/594,525 priority patent/US10064264B2/en
Priority to US15/594,534 priority patent/US10278277B2/en
Publication of EP3244707A1 publication Critical patent/EP3244707A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H13/00—Magnetic resonance accelerators; Cyclotrons
    • H05H13/005—Cyclotrons
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/04—Magnet systems, e.g. undulators, wigglers; Energisation thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns cyclotrons.
  • it concerns isochronous sector-focused cyclotrons having enhanced fine tuning control of the magnetic field generated between two opposite hill sectors of two magnet poles.
  • a cyclotron is a type of circular particle accelerator in which negatively or positively charged particles are accelerated outwards from the centre of the cyclotron along a spiral path up to energies of several MeV.
  • cyclotron is used in the following to refer to isochronous cyclotrons. Cyclotrons are used in various fields, for example in nuclear physics, in medical treatment such as proton-therapy, or in radio-pharmacy.
  • cyclotrons can be used for producing short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging (positron emitting tomography) or for producing gamma-emitting isotopes, for example, Tc99m, for SPECT imaging (single photon emission computed tomography).
  • a cyclotron comprises several elements including an injection system, a radiofrequency (RF) accelerating system for accelerating the charged particles, a magnetic system for guiding the accelerated particles along a precise path, an extraction system for collecting the thus accelerated particles, and a vacuum system for creating and maintaining a vacuum in the cyclotron.
  • RF radiofrequency
  • a particle beam constituted of charged ions is introduced into a gap at or near the center of the cyclotron by the injection system with a relatively low initial velocity. As illustrated in Fig. 3 , this particle beam is sequentially and repetitively accelerated by the RF accelerating system and guided outwards along a spiral path comprised within the gap by the magnetic field generated by the magnetic system.
  • the particle beam reaches its target energy, it can be extracted from the cyclotron by the extraction system provided at a point of extraction, PE.
  • This extraction system can comprise, for example, a stripper consisting of a thin sheet of graphite. For example, H - ions passing through the stripper lose two electrons and become positive. Consequently, the curvature of their path in the magnetic field changes its sign, and the particle beam is thus led out of the cyclotron towards a target.
  • Other extracting systems exist which are well known to the persons skilled in the art.
  • the magnetic system generates a magnetic field that guides and focuses the beam of charged particles along the spiral path until it is accelerated to its target energy.
  • particles charged particles
  • ions used indifferently as synonyms.
  • the magnetic field is generated in the gap defined between two magnet poles by two solenoid coils, 14, wound around these poles. Magnet poles of cyclotrons are often divided into alternating hill sectors and valley sectors distributed around a central axis. The gap between two magnet poles is smaller at the hill sectors and the larger at the valley sectors. A strong magnetic field is thus created in the hill gap portions within the hill sectors and a weaker magnetic field is created in the valley gap portions within the valley sectors.
  • a hill sector has a geometry of a circular sector similar to a slice of cake with a first and second lateral surfaces extending substantially radially towards the central axis, a generally curved peripheral surface, a central surface adjacent to the central axis, and an upper surface defining one side of a hill gap portion.
  • the upper surface is delimited by a first and second lateral edges, a peripheral edge, and a central edge.
  • JP11238599 discloses a magnet pole for a cyclotron with a radial spiralling grove.
  • GB1485329 discloses spiral hill sectors for a cyclotron with tuners.
  • the present invention concerns a magnet pole for a cyclotron comprising at least 3 hill sectors and a same number of valley sectors alternatively distributed around a central axis, Z, each hill sector comprising: an upper surface defined by:
  • the recess preferably extends to the upper central edge and / or to the upper peripheral edge.
  • the shape of the pole insert is important.
  • the pole insert preferably comprises a portion having a prismatic or parallelepiped geometry.
  • the cross section normal to the longitudinal axis of the prismatic portion of the pole insert is trapezoidal with lateral surfaces converging from the upper surface.
  • the pole insert can have a proximal portion converging towards the central axis, said proximal portion comprising the whole upper central edge and being flushed with the first and second lateral edges.
  • the pole insert has a length measured parallel to the longitudinal axis, and a width measured normal to said longitudinal axis, and comprises an insert upper and a first and second lateral surfaces, at least one surface being structured with a succession of recesses and protrusions. These structures allow correcting the magnetic field to obtain the target properties predicted numerically.
  • These recesses and protrusions are grooves and/or holes, said grooves being either transverse, or parallel to the longitudinal axis and extending along a straight, curved or broken line, said holes being blind holes or through holes.
  • the recesses and protrusions can extend normal to the longitudinal axis over the whole width of the pole insert.
  • the hill sector of a magnet pole has a height, Hh, measured parallel to the central axis, Z, between the upper surface and the valley sector, and wherein the pole insert has a height measured parallel to the central axis, Z, and comprised between 20 and 80 % of the height of a hill sector, Hh, more preferably between 30 and 70 %, most preferably between 40 and 60 % of the height of a hill sector.
  • the hill sector has an azimuthal length, Ah, measured between the first and a second upper distal ends, and wherein the width of the pole insert is not more than 15 %, preferably not more than 10 %, more preferably not more than 5 % of the azimuthal length of the hill sector.
  • each valley sectors comprise a bottom surface
  • each hill sector comprises first and second lateral surfaces, defined as surfaces extending transversally from the first and second upper lateral edges, to the bottom surfaces of the corresponding valley sectors located on either sides of a hill sector, and forming a chamfer at the first and second lateral edges, respectively.
  • the first and second lateral edges of a hill sector of a magnet pole are straight lines.
  • the longitudinal axis can intersect the upper peripheral edge at a point of the upper peripheral edge located at equal distance +/- 10% from the first and second upper distal ends, preferably at equal distance.
  • the invention also relates to a cyclotron comprising first and second magnet poles such as described above, wherein the first and second magnet poles are positioned with their respective upper surfaces facing each other and symmetrically with respect to a median plane normal to the central axes of the first and second magnet poles, said central axes being coaxial.
  • the present invention concerns isochronous sector-focused cyclotrons, hereafter referred to as cyclotron of the type discussed in the technical background section supra.
  • a cyclotron according to the present invention accelerates charged particles outwards from a central area of the cyclotron along a spiral path 12 until they are extracted at energies of several MeV.
  • the charged particles thus extracted can be protons, H + , or deuteron, D + .
  • the energy reached by the extracted particles is comprised between 5 and 30 MeV, more preferably between 15 and 21 MeV, most preferably 18 MeV.
  • Cyclotrons of such energies are used, for example, for producing short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for use in PET imaging (positron emitting tomography) or for producing gamma-emitting isotopes, for example, Tc99m, for SPECT imaging (single photon emission computed tomography).
  • a cyclotron 1 comprises two base plates 5 and flux return yokes 6 which, together, form a yoke.
  • the flux return yokes form the outer walls of the cyclotron and control the magnetic field outside of the coils 14 by containing it within the cyclotron.
  • It further comprises first and second magnet poles 2 located in a vacuum chamber, facing each other symmetrically with respect to a median plane MP normal to a central axis, Z, and separated from one another by a gap 7.
  • the yoke and the magnet poles are all made of a magnetic material, preferably a low carbon steel and form a part of the magnetic system.
  • the magnetic system is completed by a first and second coils 14 made of electrically conductive wires wounded around the first and second magnet poles and fitting within an annular space defined between the magnet poles and the flux return yokes.
  • Each hill sector 3 represented in Fig. 1(b) as light shaded areas, has an upper surface 3U extending over a hill azimuthal angle, ⁇ h .
  • Each of the first and second magnet poles 2 further comprises the same number, N, of valley sectors 4, represented in Fig. 1(b) as dark shaded areas, distributed radially around the central axis Z.
  • the hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4 of the first magnet pole 2 face the opposite hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4, respectively, of the second magnet pole 2.
  • the path 12 followed by the particle beam illustrated in Fig. 3 is comprised within the gap 7 separating the first and second magnet poles.
  • the gap 7 between the first and second magnet poles thus comprises hill gap portions 7h defined between the upper surfaces 3U of two opposite hill sectors 3 and valley gap portions 7v defined between the bottom surfaces 4B of two opposite valley sectors 4.
  • the hill gap portions 7h have an average gap height, Gh, defined as the average height of the hill gap portions over the areas of two opposite upper surfaces 3U .
  • Average hill and valley gap heights are measured as the average of the gap heights over the whole upper surface and lower surface of a hill sector and a valley sector, respectively.
  • the average of the valley gap height ignores any opening on the bottom surfaces.
  • the upper surface 3U is defined by (see Fig. 2 ):
  • a hill sector 3 further comprises (see Fig. 2 ):
  • the average height of a hill, Hh, sector is the average distance measured parallel to the central axis between lower and upper lateral edges.
  • An end of an edge is defined as one of the two extremities bounding a segment defining the edge.
  • a proximal end is the end of an edge located closest from the central axis, Z.
  • a distal end is the end of an edge located furthest from the central axis, Z.
  • An end can be a corner point which is defined as a point where two or more lines meet.
  • a corner point can also be defined as a point where the tangent of a curve changes sign or presents a discontinuity.
  • An edge is a line segment where two surfaces meet.
  • An edge is bounded by two ends, as defined supra, and defines one side of each of the two meeting surfaces.
  • R radius of curvature
  • the edge is defined as the geometric line intersecting the two surfaces extrapolated so as to intersect each other with and infinite curvature (1/R).
  • An upper edge is an edge intersecting the upper surface 3U of a hill sector, and a lower edge is an edge intersecting the bottom surface 4B of a valley sector.
  • a peripheral edge is defined as the edge of a surface comprising the point located the furthest from the central axis, Z. If the furthest point is a corner point shared by two edges, the peripheral edge is also the edge of a surface which average distance to the central axis, Z, is the largest.
  • the upper peripheral edge is the edge of the upper surface comprising the point located the furthest to the central axis. If a hill sector is compared to a slice of tart, the peripheral edge would be the peripheral crust of the tart.
  • a central edge is defined as the edge of a surface comprising the point located the closest to the central axis, Z.
  • the upper central edge is the edge of the upper surface comprising the point located the closest to the central axis, Z.
  • a lateral edge is defined as the edge joining a central edge at a proximal end to a peripheral edge at a distal end.
  • the proximal end of a lateral edge is therefore the end of said lateral edge intersecting a central edge, and the distal end of said lateral edge is the end of said lateral edge intersecting a peripheral edge.
  • the upper / lower central edge may have different geometries.
  • the most common geometry is a concave line (or concave curve), often circular, of finite length ( ⁇ 0), with respect to the central axis, which is bounded by a first and second upper / lower proximal ends, separated from one another.
  • This configuration is useful as it clears space for the introduction into the gap of the particle beam and other elements.
  • the first and second proximal central ends are merged into a single proximal central point, forming a summit of the upper surface 3U , which comprises three edges only, the central edge having a zero-length.
  • the transition from the first to the second lateral edges can be a curve convex with respect to the central axis, Z, leading to a smooth transition devoid of any corner point.
  • the central edge is also reduced to a single point defined as the point wherein the tangent changes sign.
  • a hill sector does not extend all the way to the central axis, the central area directly surrounding the central axis is cleared to allow insertion of the particle beam or installation of other elements.
  • the first and second lateral surfaces 3L are preferably chamfered forming a chamfer 3ec at the first and second upper lateral edges, respectively.
  • a chamfer is defined as an intermediate surface between two surfaces obtained by cutting off the edge which would have been formed by the two surfaces absent a chamfer.
  • a chamfer reduces the angle formed at an edge between two surfaces.
  • Chamfers are often used in mechanics for reducing stress concentrations. In cyclotrons, however, a chamfered lateral surface at the level of the upper surface of a hill sector enhances the focusing of the particle beam as it reaches a hill gap portion 7h.
  • the peripheral surface 3P of a hill sector can also form a chamfer at the upper peripheral edge, which improves the homogeneity of the magnetic field near the peripheral edge.
  • the hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4 must be distributed about the central axis with a symmetry of N.
  • the first and second magnet poles 2 are positioned with their respective upper surfaces 3U facing each other and symmetrically with respect to the median plane MP normal to the respective central axes Z of the first and second magnet poles 2, which are coaxial.
  • the shape of the hill sectors is often wedge shaped like a slice of tart (often, as discussed supra, with a missing tip) with the first and second lateral surfaces 3L converging from the peripheral surface towards the central axis Z (usually without reaching it).
  • the hill azimuthal angle, ⁇ h corresponds to the converging angle, measured at the level of the intersection point of the (extrapolated) upper lateral edges of the lateral surfaces at, or adjacent to, the central axis Z.
  • the hill azimuthal angle, ⁇ h is preferably comprised between 360° / 2N ⁇ 10°, more preferably between 360° / 2N ⁇ 5°, most preferably between 360° / 2N ⁇ 2°.
  • the valley azimuthal angle ⁇ v measured at the level of the central axis Z is preferably comprised between 360° / 2N ⁇ 10°, more preferably between 360° / 2N ⁇ 5°, most preferably between 360° / 2N ⁇ 2°.
  • the valley azimuthal angle ⁇ v can be equal to the hill azimuthal angle, ⁇ h .
  • the largest distance, Lh, between the central axis and a peripheral edge is preferably comprised between 200 and 2000 mm, more preferably between 400 and 1000 mm, most preferably between 500 and 800 mm.
  • the longest distance, Lh is usually less than 750 mm, and can be of the order of 500 to 750 mm, typically 520 to 550 mm.
  • the magnet poles are divided into alternating hill sectors and valley sectors distributed around the central axis, Z. A strong magnetic field is thus created in the hill gap portions 7h of average height Gh within the hill sectors and a weaker magnetic field is created in the valley gap portions 7v of average height Gv > Gh, within the valley sectors thus creating vertical focusing of the particle beam.
  • a particle beam When a particle beam is introduced into a cyclotron, it is accelerated by an electric field created between high voltage electrodes called dees (not shown), and ground voltage electrodes attached to the lateral edges of the poles, positioned in the valley sectors, where the magnetic field is weaker.
  • dees high voltage electrodes
  • ground voltage electrodes attached to the lateral edges of the poles, positioned in the valley sectors, where the magnetic field is weaker.
  • energetic protons H +
  • H + can be extracted by driving a beam of accelerated H - ions through a stripper consisting of a thin foil sheet of graphite.
  • a H - ion passing through the stripper loses two electrons to become a positive, H + .
  • the curvature of its path in the magnetic field changes sign, and the particle beam is thus led out of the cyclotron towards a target (not shown).
  • Other extracting systems are known by the persons skilled in the art and the type and details of the extraction system used is not essential to the present invention.
  • a point of extraction is located in a hill gap portion 7h.
  • a cyclotron can comprise several points of extraction in a same hill portion.
  • more than one hill sector comprises an extraction point.
  • all N hill sectors comprise the same number of points of extraction.
  • the points of extraction can be used individually (one only at a time) or simultaneously (several at a time).
  • Fig. 2 and 4 show one hill sector of such magnet pole wherein each hill sector 3 comprises an upper surface 3U such as defined above, bounded by an upper peripheral edge 3up, an upper central edge 3uc, and a first and second upper lateral edges 3ul.
  • the upper surface of at least one hill sector further comprises:
  • fitting means that the pole insert has a general shape able to be precisely inserted into and nested in the recess.
  • each hill sector preferably, comprises a similar recess and pole insert.
  • pole inserts were positioned in a recess machined off a lateral edge of the upper surface of the hill sectors. Access to such pole inserts is, however, rendered difficult by part of the RF accelerating system overlapping the upper lateral edge area. Access to such pole inserts requires removing the overlapping part of the RF system first. Pole inserts were usually located at an edge of the upper surface because it was believed that there, it would least disrupt the overall magnetic field in a hill gap portion.
  • the magnetic field in a hill gap portion could be controlled as efficiently by positioning a pole insert on the upper surface of a hill sector substantially away from the lateral edges, and away from the ground voltage electrode.
  • a pole insert on the upper surface it can be accessed easily and directly for removal, machining and re-insertion into the recess.
  • it is thus much easier and efficient to reach the optimal pole insert topography yielding the predicted magnetic field and particle path.
  • all pole inserts have the same shape and are made of the same material.
  • the pole insert is made of the same material as the corresponding hill sector.
  • a cyclotron When a cyclotron is out of the production line, it is tested and the actual properties thus tested are compared with the target properties predicted numerically. The geometry of the pole insert is then modified according to the results of computer analyses until the actual properties of the cyclotron match the predicted target properties. After each measurement of the properties of the cyclotron, the pole inserts are removed from the cyclotron and machined as determined by computer analyses. The machined pole inserts are nested into their respective recesses, and the cyclotron is tested again. This process can be repeated in an iterative sequence until the actual properties of the cyclotron are as desired.
  • the recess extends along a longitudinal axis intersecting the central axis.
  • the proximal end of the recess can extend to and open at the upper central edge and/or the distal end of the recess can extend to and open at the upper peripheral edge.
  • the recess is preferably open ended at both ends and extends from the upper central edge all the way to the upper peripheral edge.
  • the longitudinal axis intersects the upper peripheral edge at a point located at equal distance from the first and second upper distal ends, and wherein the first and second upper distal ends are preferably symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis.
  • the pole insert has a general parallelepiped geometry, as illustrated in Fig. 6(a) .
  • the proximal end of the pole insert comprises the upper central edge.
  • This portion of the hill sector is the narrowest portion of the hill sector, especially, of course, in case the proximal edge is reduced to a single point.
  • the proximal end of the pole insert thus comprises an upper proximal edge that replaces all or portion of the upper central edge of the hill sector, and a first and second proximal lateral surfaces of not more than 20% of the pole insert length measured along the longitudinal axis, that replaces a small portion of the first and second lateral surfaces of the hill sector. Because the first and second lateral surfaces converge towards the central axis, the first and second proximal lateral surfaces of the pole insert therefore form a converging portion.
  • the distal end of the pole insert 9dc forms a portion of the upper peripheral edge.
  • the portion of the upper peripheral edge formed by the pole insert is preferably not more than 10%, more preferably not more than 5% of the length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge.
  • this distal end forms a chamfer at the peripheral surface.
  • the pole insert, 9, is nested in the recess and is reversibly fastened to the corresponding hill sector.
  • it can be coupled to the hill sector with screws 9S.
  • the pole insert 9 has a length L9 measured parallel to the longitudinal axis, a width W9 measured normal to said longitudinal axis and a height H9 measured normal to both longitudinal axis and width.
  • the length of the pole insert L9 is equal to the length of the recess L8.
  • the width W9 of the pole insert is not more than 15%, preferably not more than 10%, most preferably not more than 5% of the length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge.
  • the height H9 of the pole insert is measured parallel to the central axis and is less than or equal to the height of a hill sector, Hh, H9 ⁇ Hh.
  • the height H9 is comprised between 20 and 80 % of the height of a hill sector, Hh, more preferably between 30 and 70 %, most preferably between 40 and 60 % of the height of a hill sector, Hh.
  • the pole insert has an insert upper surface 9U .
  • This insert upper surface is preferably at least partially parallel to the upper surface of the hill sector comprising the recess and, for example, can be at least partially flush with the upper surface.
  • the pole insert also comprises a first and second insert lateral surfaces 9L, extending transverse form the insert upper surface.
  • the pole insert preferably matches the geometry of the channel in which it fits snugly, with the insert upper surface being flush with the upper surface of the hill sector.
  • the insert lateral surfaces, as well as the lateral walls of the recess may be parallel to one another and extend normal to the insert upper surface.
  • the first and second insert lateral surfaces are slightly tapered converging from the insert upper surface. With matching tapered lateral walls of the recess, this allows an easier removal and insertion of the pole insert out of and into the recess.
  • the pole insert preferably has a prismatic geometry along the longitudinal axis over at least 80% of its length, L9, excluding the converging proximal portion 9p, of length L9p.
  • the cross-section C9, normal to the longitudinal axis of the prismatic portion is preferably trapezoidal with lateral surfaces converging from the upper surface.
  • the proximal portion of the pole insert, forming up to 20% of the length L9 preferably comprises first and second lateral surfaces converging towards the pole insert proximal edge 9pe and being flush and continuous with the hill lateral surfaces 3L. If the ridges between the hill upper surface 3U and the hill lateral surfaces are chamfered, then the corresponding ridges of the proximal portion of the recess can be chamfered too.
  • the width, W9 , of the prismatic portion of the pole insert is comprised between 15 and 150 mm
  • the length, L9, of the pole insert can be comprised between 400 and 800 mm
  • the height, H9, of the pole insert can be comprised between 15 and 150 mm.
  • the upper and/or lateral insert surfaces can be machined to apply thereon a structure with a succession of recesses and protrusions in order to calibrate the magnetic field and thus matching the actual magnetic field to the target field.
  • the optimal geometry of the structures (recesses and protrusions) of the insert surfaces is determined by an iteration of testing and numerical computations.
  • the topography of the surfaces of the pole inserts is modified.
  • the topography of the insert upper surface 9U and/or first and second lateral surfaces 9L can be machined to form grooves 9gu, 9gl either transverse, or parallel to the longitudinal axis, of the upper surface or of a lateral surface.
  • the grooves may extend along a straight, curved or broken line.
  • holes 9hu, 9hl can be drilled through the surfaces.
  • the holes can be blind holes (i.e., of finite depth) or can be through holes.
  • each hill sector comprises a pole insert for symmetry reasons, all pole inserts of a magnet pole must have the same final topography.
  • the pole inserts can be machined individually or aligned side by side and all machined together. The resulting aspect of the machined pole insert may differ considerably from its aspect before machining (cf. Fig. 6 and 7 ).
  • the present invention is highly advantageous over prior art solutions because the pole inserts can be removed and re-inserted much more easily than hitherto possible. It follows that more iterations can be carried out in a given time yielding cost effective cyclotrons performing more closely to their targets than prior art cyclotrons.
  • Fig. 8 shows an example of a preferred embodiment of a magnet pole for a cyclotron according to the present invention.
  • the upper peripheral edge 3up is bounded by a first and a second upper distal ends
  • the upper peripheral edge of a hill sector comprises an arc of circle 3ac which centre is offset with respect to the central axis, and which radius, Rh, is not more than 85% of a distance, Lh, from the central axis to a midpoint of the upper peripheral edge, which is equidistant to the first and second upper distal ends (Rh / Lh ⁇ 85%).
  • the ratio Rh / Lh of the radius, Rh, to the distance Lh is not more than 75% (Rh / Lh ⁇ 75%), more preferably not more than 65% (Rh / Lh ⁇ 65%).
  • homothetically approximate the orbit is meant that the arc of circle portion of the upper peripheral edge and the last orbit of particle adjacent to the point of extraction are both arcs of circle sharing the same centre with different radii. The arc of circle is thus approximately parallel to the portion of said last orbit directly adjacent to and upstream from the extraction point.
  • the length of the path of the extracted orbit and the angle between the orbit and the upper peripheral edge becomes independent of the azimuthal position of the extracting system (for example a stripper).
  • the characteristics of the extracted beam are (nearly) independent of the position of the point of extraction.
  • the arc of circle extends from the first upper distal end to the second upper distal end of the upper peripheral edge, thus defining the whole peripheral edge of a hill sector and the centre of the arc of circle lies on the bisector of the upper surface, said bisector being defined as the straight line, joining the central axis to the midpoint of the upper peripheral edge.
  • the peripheral surface forms a chamfer adjacent to the upper peripheral edge.
  • a cyclotron accelerates the particle beam over a given path until a first point of extraction whence the particle beam can be driven out of the cyclotron with a given energy.
  • a hill sector may comprise more than one point of extraction, for example, two.
  • the arc of circle portion of the upper peripheral edges of two opposite hill sectors with respect to the median plan MP, of two magnet poles are parallel to and reproduce homothetically a portion of the given path directly upstream of the first point of extraction.
  • the arc of circle shares the same centre as, and is parallel to a portion of the given path over the whole peripheral edge.
  • upstream and "downstream" are defined with respect to the direction of the particle beam.
  • the particle beam When the particle beam has reached its target energy, it is extracted at a point of extraction and, it then follows an extraction path downstream of the point of extraction. A part of this extraction path lies between the first and second magnet poles and is thus still comprised within the hill gap portion and subjected to the magnetic field. If the pair of opposite hill sectors comprises a first and a second points of extraction, the particle beam can be extracted either at the first or at the second point of extraction or at both. The particle beam then follows either a first or a second extraction path downstream of the first or second point of extraction.
  • the length of the extraction path comprised within the gap downstream of the first point of extraction, L1 , and the length of the extraction path comprised within the gap downstream of the second point of extraction, L2, are substantially equal.
  • the main advantage of having the same length of extraction paths downstream of the first and second points of extraction is to ensure that the particle beam extracted from one point of extraction has similar optical properties as the one extracted from the second point of extraction.
  • each hill sector further comprises a first and second lateral surfaces 3L, a peripheral surface 3P such as defined above.
  • the upper peripheral edge 3up of the upper surface of at least one hill sector comprises 2 convex portions separated by a concave portion with respect to the central axis defining a recess 10 extending partially over the peripheral surface of the corresponding hill sector.
  • concave means curving in or hollowed inward.
  • the concave portion with respect to the central axis of an edge is a portion of the edge curving towards the central axis. This term is opposed to the term “convex” that means curving out of or extending outward from the central axis.
  • the upper peripheral edge 3up comprises a first and a second recess distal points 10rdp, defining the boundaries of a recess, and which are defined as the points where the tangent of the upper peripheral edge changes sign or presents a discontinuity.
  • the first and second recess distal points are separated from one another by a distance L10.
  • the recess also comprises a recess proximal point 10rpp defined as the point of the recess located closest to the central axis, Z.
  • the first and second recess distal points 10rdp join the recess proximal point 10rpp by a first and second recess converging edges 10rc .
  • the recess depth, H10 is defined as the average height of the triangle formed by the first and second recess distal points 10rdp and the recess proximal point 10rpp, and passing by the recess proximal point 10rpp.
  • the distance L10 between first and second recess distal points ranges between 5% and 50%, more preferably, between 10% and 30%, most preferably, between 15% and 20% of the azimuthal length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge.
  • the depth of the recess, H10 is comprised between 3% and 30%, preferably, between 5% and 20%, more preferably, between 8% and 15% of the azimuthal length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge.
  • the recess also extends parallel to the central axis, Z, over the peripheral surface 3P from the upper peripheral edge 3up towards the lower peripheral line 3lp.
  • the recess thus extends over the peripheral surface over a fraction, ⁇ , of a height of the peripheral surface measured parallel to the central axis between the upper peripheral edge and lower peripheral line.
  • the fraction, ⁇ is preferably, comprised between 25% and 100%, preferably between 40% and 75%, most preferably between 45% and 55%.
  • Protruding gradient correctors have several drawbacks:
  • recessed gradient correctors instead of protruding gradient correctors has several advantages.
  • the position of the recesses can be precisely manufactured and positioned by numerically controlled machining allowing the optimization of the angle at which the particle beam crosses the peripheral edge of the hill sector.
  • the magnetic field is deviated inwards by recessed gradient correctors resulting in an inwards shift of the last cycles of the particles path, further away from the peripheral edge of the hill sector, where the magnetic field is more uniform than close to the peripheral edge. It is therefore easier and more predictable to control the properties of the extracted particle beam, and particularly the focusing thereof. This deviation towards the acceleration area also allows the power fed to the coils to be decreased.
  • the recess is generally wedge shaped with the first and second recess converging edges being straight (or slightly curved inwards or outwards) lines.
  • the tip of the wedge corresponds to the recess proximal point and points in the general direction of the central axis.
  • the converging angle, ⁇ , at the tip of the wedge is preferably comprised between 70° and 130°, more preferably between 80° and 110°, most preferably 90° ⁇ 5°.
  • the expressions "inwards” and “outwards” used herein are to be understood as “towards” or “away from” the central axis, respectively.
  • a hill sector comprises at least one recess separated from the lateral edges.
  • the converging portion of the wedge-shaped recess can have one of the following geometries:
  • a point of extraction is located within a hill gap portion adjacent to the peripheral edges of a pair of opposed hill sectors.
  • a recess is located downstream from said first point of extraction wherein downstream is defined with respect to the direction of the particle beam.
  • the recess is precisely machined with respect to the point of extraction and to the extraction path such that the particle beam intersects a first converging recess edge with an angle of 90° ⁇ 15°, said first converging recess edge being defined as the edge joining the first recess distal points 10rdp, to the recess proximal point 10rpp.
  • the particle beam thus leaves the hill sector substantially normal to the magnetic field in order to improve the focusing of the exit particle beam.
  • the position and the geometry of the recess are determined by numerical computation and/or testing.
  • the present invention offers the advantage that the pole insert are accessed easily and directly for removal, machining and re-insertion into the recess. With the present invention, it is thus much easier and efficient to reach the optimal insert topography yielding the predicted magnetic field and particle path.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Magnetpol (2) für ein Zyklotron (1), umfassend mindestens 3 Hügelsektoren (3) und eine gleiche Anzahl Talsektoren (4), die wechselweise um eine zentrale Achse, Z, herum verteilt sind, jeder Hügelsektor Folgendes umfassend: eine obere Oberfläche (3U), die durch Folgendes definiert ist:
    - einen oberen peripheren Rand (3up), wobei der obere periphere Rand durch ein erstes und ein zweites oberes distales Ende (3ude) begrenzt ist und als der Rand der oberen Oberfläche definiert ist, die am weitesten von der zentralen Achse angeordnet ist;
    - einen oberen zentralen Rand (3uc), wobei der obere zentrale Rand durch ein erstes und ein zweites oberes proximales Ende (3upe) begrenzt ist und als der Rand der oberen Oberfläche definiert ist, die am nächsten von der zentralen Achse angeordnet ist;
    - einen ersten oberen lateralen Rand (3ul), der das erste obere distale Ende und das erste obere proximale Ende verbindet;
    - einen zweiten oberen lateralen Rand (3ul), der das zweite obere distale Ende und das zweite obere proximale Ende verbindet;
    wobei die obere Oberfläche mindestens eines Hügelsektors Folgendes umfasst:
    - eine Vertiefung (8), die sich über einer Länge (L8) zwischen einem proximalen Ende (8rpe) und einem distalen Ende (8rde) entlang einer Längsachse (8rl) erstreckt, die den oberen peripheren Rand und den oberen zentralen Rand schneidet; wobei die Vertiefung von dem ersten und dem zweiten oberen lateralen Rand über mindestens 80 % ihrer Länge getrennt ist, und
    dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die obere Oberfläche des mindestens einen Hügelsektors weiterhin Folgendes umfasst:
    - einen Poleinsatz (9), der eine Geometrie aufweist, die in die Vertiefung passt und darin angeordnet ist, und reversibel mit der Vertiefung verbunden ist.
  2. Magnetpol nach Anspruch 1, wobei sich die Vertiefung an den oberen peripheren Rand erstreckt.
  3. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei sich die Vertiefung an den oberen zentralen Rand erstreckt.
  4. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Poleinsatz einen Abschnitt mit einer prismenförmigen Geometrie umfasst.
  5. Magnetpol nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, wobei der Querschnitt senkrecht zu der Längsachse (8rl) des prismenförmigen Abschnitts des Poleinsatzes trapezförmig mit lateralen Oberflächen ist, die aus der oberen Oberfläche zusammenlaufen.
  6. Magnetpol nach den Ansprüchen 4 oder 5, wobei der Poleinsatz einen proximalen Abschnitt (9p) benachbart zu dem prismenförmigen Abschnitt aufweist, wobei sich die Fläche des Querschnitts senkrecht zu der Längsachse (8rl) des proximalen Abschnitts in Richtung auf das proximale Ende des Poleinsatzes verkleinert, den ganzen oberen zentralen Rand umfasst und bündig mit dem ersten und dem zweiten lateralen Rand des entsprechenden Hügelsektors ist.
  7. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Poleinsatz eine Länge (L9), die parallel zu der Längsachse (8rl) gemessen wird, und eine Breite (W9) aufweist, die senkrecht zu der Längsachse gemessen wird, und eine obere Einsatzoberfläche und eine erste und eine zweite laterale Einsatzoberfläche umfasst, von denen mindestens eine mit einer Folge von Vertiefungen und Vorsprüngen (9gu, 9gl, 9hu, 9hl) strukturiert ist.
  8. Magnetpol nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, wobei die Vertiefungen und Vorsprünge Rillen (9gu, 9gl) und/oder Löcher (9hu, 9hl) sind, wobei die Rillen entweder transversal oder parallel zu der Längsachse sind und sich entlang einer geraden, gekrümmten oder unterbrochenen Linie erstrecken, wobei die Löcher Blindlöcher oder Durchgangslöcher sind.
  9. Magnetpol nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, wobei sich die Vertiefungen und Vorsprünge senkrecht zu der Längsachse über die ganze Breite des Poleinsatzes erstrecken.
  10. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei jeder Hügelsektor eine durchschnittliche Höhe, Hh, aufweist, die parallel zu der zentralen Achse, Z, zwischen der oberen Oberfläche und dem Talsektor gemessen wird, und wobei der Poleinsatz eine Höhe (H9) aufweist, die parallel zu der zentralen Achse, Z, gemessen wird und zwischen 20 und 80 % der Höhe eines Hügelsektors, Hh, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 30 und 70 %, ganz besonders bevorzugt zwischen 40 und 60 % der Höhe eines Hügelsektors umfasst.
  11. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Hügelsektor eine Azimutallänge, Ah, aufweist, die zwischen dem ersten und einem zweiten oberen distalen Ende gemessen wird, und wobei die Breite des Poleinsatzes nicht mehr als 15 %, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 10 %, besonders bevorzugt nicht mehr als 5 % der Azimutallänge des Hügelsektors beträgt.
  12. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei jeder Talsektor eine Bodenfläche umfasst und jeder Hügelsektor eine erste und eine zweite laterale Oberfläche (3L) umfasst, die als Oberflächen definiert sind, die sich transversal von dem ersten und dem zweiten oberen lateralen Rand an die Bodenflächen der entsprechenden Talsektoren erstrecken, die auf beiden Seiten eines Hügelsektors angeordnet sind, wobei der erste und der zweite obere laterale Rand vorzugsweise eine Anfasung auf der Ebene des ersten bzw. des zweiten lateralen Rands ausbilden.
  13. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der erste und der zweite laterale Rand gerade Linien sind.
  14. Magnetpol nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Längsachse den oberen peripheren Rand in einem Punkt des oberen peripheren Rands schneidet, der in gleicher Entfernung ±10 % von dem ersten und dem zweiten oberen distalen Ende, vorzugsweise in gleicher Entfernung angeordnet ist.
  15. Zyklotron, umfassend erste und zweite Magnetpole nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der erste und der zweite Magnetpol mit ihren jeweiligen oberen Oberflächen einander gegenüberstehend und symmetrisch hinsichtlich einer Medianebene senkrecht zu den zentralen Achsen des ersten und des zweiten Magnetpols angeordnet sind, wobei die zentralen Achsen koaxial sind.
EP16169489.8A 2016-05-13 2016-05-13 Poleinsatz für zyklotron Active EP3244707B1 (de)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16169489.8A EP3244707B1 (de) 2016-05-13 2016-05-13 Poleinsatz für zyklotron
CA2965642A CA2965642C (en) 2016-05-13 2017-05-01 Pole insert for cyclotron
CN201720510693.8U CN207201061U (zh) 2016-05-13 2017-05-09 回旋加速器和用于回旋加速器的磁极
CN201710320773.1A CN107371318B (zh) 2016-05-13 2017-05-09 用于回旋加速器的极插入件
JP2017094426A JP6227823B1 (ja) 2016-05-13 2017-05-11 サイクロトロン用の磁極およびサイクロトロン
US15/594,538 US9907153B2 (en) 2016-05-13 2017-05-12 Compact cyclotron
US15/594,527 US9961757B2 (en) 2016-05-13 2017-05-12 Peripheral hill sector design for cyclotron
US15/594,525 US10064264B2 (en) 2016-05-13 2017-05-12 Pole insert for cyclotron
US15/594,534 US10278277B2 (en) 2016-05-13 2017-05-12 Gradient corrector for cyclotron

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16169489.8A EP3244707B1 (de) 2016-05-13 2016-05-13 Poleinsatz für zyklotron

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EP3244707B1 true EP3244707B1 (de) 2018-09-05

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1008125A (en) * 1975-03-07 1977-04-05 Her Majesty In Right Of Canada As Represented By Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Method and apparatus for magnetic field shimming in an isochronous cyclotron
JPH09115698A (ja) * 1995-10-17 1997-05-02 Rikagaku Kenkyusho サイクロトロンの磁場調整用中心棒
JP3456139B2 (ja) * 1998-02-23 2003-10-14 三菱電機株式会社 サイクロトロン装置
JP3464196B2 (ja) * 2000-07-13 2003-11-05 住友重機械工業株式会社 磁場強度可変型電磁石、及び、これを用いたエネルギ可変型加速器
RU2373673C1 (ru) * 2008-06-09 2009-11-20 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Научно-исследовательский институт электрофизической аппаратуры им. Д.В. Ефремова" Изохронный циклотрон для ускорения нескольких типов заряженных частиц
US8106570B2 (en) * 2009-05-05 2012-01-31 General Electric Company Isotope production system and cyclotron having reduced magnetic stray fields
BE1019411A4 (fr) * 2010-07-09 2012-07-03 Ion Beam Applic Sa Moyen de modification du profil de champ magnetique dans un cyclotron.
EP3244707B1 (de) * 2016-05-13 2018-09-05 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Poleinsatz für zyklotron

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CA2965642C (en) 2018-05-01
EP3244707A1 (de) 2017-11-15
JP2017204471A (ja) 2017-11-16
CA2965642A1 (en) 2017-07-13
JP6227823B1 (ja) 2017-11-08
CN107371318B (zh) 2019-07-02
CN207201061U (zh) 2018-04-06
CN107371318A (zh) 2017-11-21

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