Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
  • G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B08—CLEANING
  • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
  • B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
  • B08B3/04—Cleaning involving contact with liquid
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
  • G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
  • G01N2021/155—Monitoring cleanness of window, lens, or other parts
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
  • G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
  • G01N2021/155—Monitoring cleanness of window, lens, or other parts
  • G01N2021/157—Monitoring by optical means

Definitions

• boiler liquids are deaerated liquids that have unique features.
• Some unique features of boiler liquids include having very low levels of dissolved oxygen (e.g. , less than about 10 ppb dissolved oxygen in conventional boiler feedwater) and having a pH of from about 9 to about 11.
• dissolved oxygen e.g. , less than about 10 ppb dissolved oxygen in conventional boiler feedwater
• pH e.g. 10.1. 10
• some amount of corrosion will occur over time and deposit in the form of particulate matter onto a light transference medium, thereby causing some amount of optical obstruction of the light transference medium.
• a method of obtaining, or of maintaining, optical transference into deaerated liquid in contact with a light transference medium comprises applying ultrasonic energy at a wavelength ( ⁇ ) into deaerated liquid in contact with a light transference medium.
• the ultrasonic energy at wavelength ( ⁇ ) originates at a distance (d) from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium such that optical transference into the deaerated liquid via the light transference medium is obtained or maintained.
• a clean-in-place method of maintaining optical transference through a light transference medium operably connected to a boiler system comprises contacting a stream of boiler water with a wetted surface of a light transference medium in optical communication with an optical sensor.
• Data related to a parameter of the boiler liquid measured by the optical sensor is input to a control scheme of a boiler system.
• the optical sensor is electronically isolated from the control scheme, which maintains control of the boiler system based on the input data related to the parameter of the boiler liquid.
• a liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium for a period of time and at a concentration sufficient to clean the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the liquid chemical agent is selected from an acid, a chelant, a reducing agent, and combinations thereof.
• the liquid chemical agent is removed from the wetted surface of the light transference medium, and the optical sensor is electronically de-isolated from the control scheme.
• a clean-in-place method of maintaining optical transference through a light transference medium operably connected to a boiler system comprises flowing a stream of boiler liquid to contact a wetted surface of a light transference medium in optical communication with an optical sensor. Data related to a parameter of the boiler liquid measured by the optical sensor is input to a control scheme of a boiler system. The flow of the stream of boiler liquid to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium is discontinued. The optical sensor is electronically isolated from the control scheme, which maintains control of the boiler system based on the input data related to the parameter of the boiler liquid.
• a liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium for a period of time and at a concentration sufficient to clean the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the liquid chemical agent is selected from an acid, a chelant, a reducing agent, and combinations thereof.
• the liquid chemical agent is removed from the wetted surface of the light transference medium, the flow of the stream of boiler liquid to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium is resumed, and the optical sensor is electronically de-isolated from the control scheme.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a system capable of performing at least one inventive method described herein;
• FIG. 2 illustrates a variation of the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a system capable of performing at least one inventive method described herein;
• FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a system capable of performing at least one inventive method described herein;
• FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of a system incorporating a sleeve as described herein;
• FIG. 5B illustrates an embodiment of a system incorporating a lossy surface
• FIG. 6 is a plot of experimental data collected during the execution of Example l
• FIG. 7 is a plot of experimental data collected during the execution of Example 2.
• FIG. 8 is a plot of experimental data collected during the execution of Example 3.
• FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a system that may be used to carry out the methods disclosed herein;
• FIG. 10 is a plot of results of Example 4 related to treatment using urea hydrochloride
• FIG. 11 is a plot of results of Example 5 related to treatment using oxalic acid.
• FIG. 12 is a plot of results of Example 6 related to treatment using sodium hydrosulfite.
• a method of maintaining optical transference into deaerated (e.g. , degassed) liquid in contact with a light transference medium includes applying ultrasonic energy into the deaerated liquid so as to contact the light transference medium at a particular locus of points suitable for obtaining, or for maintaining, reliability in a system comprising an optical sensor.
• liquid is deaerated prior to being utilized in a heating application (e.g. , a boiler).
• Liquid is generally deaerated in an attempt to minimize corrosion of metals that come in contact with the steam and/or liquid.
• Illustrative deaerated liquids include, but are not limited to, deaerated boiler make-up feedwater and boiler liquid, which further includes boiler blowdown liquid and boiler condensate liquid.
• deaeratedboiler make-up feedwater is used to describe the boiler make-up feedwater that has undergone a deaeration process. The term is not used to describe the various boiler liquids, as it is understood by those skilled in the art that boiler liquids have already undergone a deaeration process prior to becoming boiler liquid.
• controller refers to an electronic device having components such as a processor, memory device, digital storage medium, cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, plasma display, touch screen, or other monitor, and/or other components. Controllers include, for example, an interactive interface that guides a user, provides prompts to the user, or provides information to the user regarding any portion of the method of the invention. Such information may include, for example, building of calibration models, data collection of one or more parameters, measurement location(s), management of resulting data sets, etc.
• the controller is preferably operable for integration and/or communication with one or more application-specific integrated circuits, programs, computer-executable instructions or algorithms, one or more hard-wired devices, wireless devices, and/or one or more mechanical devices such as liquid handlers, hydraulic arms, servos, or other devices. Moreover, the controller is operable to integrate feedback, feed- forward, or predictive loop(s) resulting from, inter alia, the parameters measured by practicing the method(s) of the present disclosure. Some or all of the controller system functions may be at a central location, such as a network server, for communication over a local area network, wide area network, wireless network, extranet, the Internet, microwave link, infrared link, and the like, and any combinations of such links or other suitable links. In addition, other components such as a signal conditioner or system monitor may be included to facilitate signal transmission and signal-processing algorithms.
• the controller is operable to implement the method of the invention in a semi- automated or fully- automated fashion.
• the controller is operable to implement the method in a manual or semi-manual fashion.
• Data transmission of any of the measured parameters or signals to a user, chemical pumps, alarms, or other system components is accomplished using any suitable device, such as a wired or wireless network, cable, digital subscriber line, internet, etc.
• Any suitable interface standard(s) such as an ethernet interface, wireless interface (e.g. , IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.16, Bluetooth, optical, infrared, other radiofrequency, any other suitable wireless data transmission method, and any combinations of the foregoing), universal serial bus, telephone network, the like, and combinations of such
• interfaces/connections may be used.
• the term "network” encompasses all of these data transmission methods. Any of the components, devices, sensors, etc., herein described may be connected to one another and/or the controller using the above-described or other suitable interface or connection.
• information (collectively referring to all of the inputs or outputs generated by the method of the invention) is received from the system and archived. In another embodiment, such information is processed according to a timetable or schedule. In a further embodiment, such information is processed in real-time. Such real-time reception may also include, for example, "streaming data" over a computer network.
• control scheme refers to providing output based on input from a controller as defined herein.
• a method of obtaining, or of maintaining, optical transference into deaerated liquid in contact with a light transference medium comprises applying ultrasonic energy at a wavelength ( ⁇ ) into deaerated liquid in contact with a light transference medium.
• the ultrasonic energy at wavelength ( ⁇ ) originates at a distance (d) from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium so as to obtain or maintain optical transference into the deaerated liquid via the light transference medium.
• Ultrasonic energy follows the laws of acoustics. If the speed (v) of the ultrasonic energy is known, or approximately known, wavelength ( ⁇ ) can be defined by frequency (f) according to Formula 2 below:
• the speed (v) of the ultrasonic energy will be known or approximately known based on the medium of travel of the ultrasonic energy. For example, ultrasonic energy travels through deaerated water at a speed (v) of approximately 4800 ft/s at 68 °F (approximately 1480 m/s at 20°C). Assuming a constant medium of travel, and therefore a constant speed (v), the frequency (f) and wavelength ( ⁇ ) of the ultrasonic energy are proportionally related to one another.
• optical and “light” are used interchangeably herein.
• Utilization of the phrase “into deaerated liquid” is intended to cover light transmission in any direction between the deaerated liquid, the light transference medium, a light source, and/or a light detector.
• the optical signal may originate from within the deaerated liquid and be transferred to a sensor via the light transference medium (e.g. , fluorometric emission), or from a light source through the light transference medium and into the deaerated liquid (e.g. , fluorometric excitation).
• Illustrative embodiments of optical sensors that perform optical measurements using optical signals include, but are not limited to, devices capable of detecting or sensing absorbance, colorimetric,
• the optical signal comprises a fluorometric excitation and/or emission.
• the method is directed to obtaining or maintaining optical transference into deaerated liquid in contact with a light transference medium.
• the method can be utilized to remove obstructions that may be present on the light transference medium. Removal of obstruction from the light transference medium sufficient to allow for optical transference, thereby allowing for performance of an optical measurement of the deaerated liquid, is also achieved by the method of the present invention.
• An advantage of the present invention is that the preferred method can be performed without interrupting the process responsible for supplying the deaerated liquid. For example, a boiler and its related treatment processes can continue to operate during performance of the preferred method described herein.
• Ultrasonic energy is applied into deaerated liquid in contact with a light transference medium.
• the ultrasonic energy is applied to effectuate removal of optical obstruction that may be present on the light transference medium, particularly at a location of the light transference medium where an optical signal passes through, or should pass through.
• the deaerated liquid in contact with the light transference medium is flowing across the light transference medium as defined herein. In other embodiments, the deaerated liquid in contact with the light transference medium is not flowing across the light transference medium, i.e. , is static.
• the liquid may do so under conditions described as laminar, turbulent, and/or transitional flow, though the deaerated liquid may be static while in contact with the light transference medium.
• the deaerated liquid may have a Reynolds number of from about 0 to about 4000, including from about 400 to about 3000, and including about 800 to about 2300.
• the ultrasonic energy may originate upstream or downstream from a location of a light transference medium where an optical signal passes through, or should pass through.
• the ultrasonic energy originates upstream from a location of a light transference medium where an optical signal passes through, or should pass through.
• the ultrasonic energy may have a frequency of from about 20 kHz to about 200 kHz.
• the ultrasonic energy may have a frequency of from about 20 kHz, or from about 25 kHz, or from about 30 kHz, or from about 40 kHz, to about 200 kHz, or to about
• 150 kHz or to about 100 kHz, or to about 80 kHz, or to about 70 kHz, or to about 60 kHz.
• the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of from about 20 kHz to about 80 kHz. In further embodiments, the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of from about 30 kHz to about 60 kHz, which includes about 40 kHz. In even further embodiments, the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of from about 20 kHz to about 80 kHz. In further embodiments, the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of from about 30 kHz to about 60 kHz, which includes about 40 kHz. In even further
• the ultrasonic energy has a frequency of from about 25 kHz to about
• the ultrasonic energy is applied at a rate of from about 1 W/cm 2 /sec to about 400 W/cm 2 /sec.
• the ultrasonic energy may be applied at a rate of from about 1 W/cm 2 /sec, or from about 10 W/cm 2 /sec, or from about 50 W/cm 2 /sec, or from about 100 W/cm 2 /sec, to about 400 W/cm 2 /sec, or to about 300 W/cm 2 /sec, or to about 200 W/cm 2 /sec.
• the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy is dependent upon the frequency and the velocity of the ultrasonic energy, which is essentially constant.
• the frequency, and therefore the wavelength is chosen so as to provide enough energy to prevent or remove particulate matter that may become deposited onto a light transference medium in contact with deaerated liquid.
• the frequency of the ultrasonic energy will be sufficient to remove such particulate matter, or prevent the particulate matter from depositing onto the light transference medium, while not damaging the light transference medium.
• a user may attempt to minimize or prevent damage to the light transference medium by utilizing one or more of several modifications discussed herein.
• the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance (d) from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium, which is preferably set to optimize the energy applied into the deaerated liquid at a point relative to the light transference medium, to effectively obtain or maintain light transference.
• the distance (d) is defined by Formula 1 herein.
• the tip of the ultrasonic probe is located at a distance (d) such that particulate matter deposited onto the light transference medium becomes dislodged, thereby maintaining optical transference into the deaerated liquid in contact with the light transference medium.
• the distance (d) within certain ranges defined herein, thereby causing the ultrasonic energy to "originate" from the distance (d).
• the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance of from about 30% to about 70%, or from about 35% to about 65%, or from about 40% to about 60%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy. In other embodiments, the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium of from about 80% to about 120%, or from about 85% to about 115%, or from about 90% to about 110%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy. In certain embodiments, the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance of from about 130% to about 170%, or from about 135% to about 165%, or from about 140% to about 160%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy.
• the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium of from about 180% to about 220%, or from about 185% to about 215%, or from about 190% to about 210%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy. In certain embodiments, the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance of from about 230% to about 270%, or from about 235% to about 265%, or from about 240% to about 260%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy. In other embodiments, the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium of from about 280% to about 320%, or from about 285% to about 315%, or from about 290% to about 310%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy.
• the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance of from about 330% to about 370%, or from about 335% to about 365%, or from about 340% to about 360%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy. In other embodiments, the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium of from about 380% to about 420%, or from about 385% to about 415%, or from about 390% to about 410%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy. In certain embodiments, the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance of from about 430% to about 470%, or from about 435% to about 465%, or from about 440% to about 460%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy.
• the ultrasonic energy originates at a distance from an optical signal transmitted into the light transference medium of from about 480% to about 520%, or from about 485% to about 515%, or from about 490% to about 510%, of the wavelength of the ultrasonic energy.
• a parameter of the deaerated liquid in contact with the light transference medium is measured by transmitting the optical signal into the deaerated liquid via the light transference medium, and detecting a response.
• the parameter comprises fluorescence, light absorbance, temperature, chemiluminescence, optical scattering (e.g. , Rayleigh, Mie, and Raman scatter), imaging, transmittance, particle size, particle count, or turbidity, or any combination thereof.
• optical scattering e.g. , Rayleigh, Mie, and Raman scatter
• imaging transmittance, particle size, particle count, or turbidity, or any combination thereof.
• the method is a clean-in-place method.
• a clean-in- place method does not require disassembly of the system in order to conduct the method.
• the light transference medium is not removed from the system, and the system is not disconnected for the purpose of accessing the light transference medium.
• treatment of the deaerated liquid is controlled by utilizing the measured parameter in a control scheme.
• Treatment of the deaerated liquid may include, but is not limited to, at least one of physical treatment and chemical treatment.
• Non-limiting examples of physical treatment include adjustment of any of the following parameters of the deaerated liquid: temperature, pressure, physical phase, flow rate (e.g. , circulation, blowdown, and/or make-up), flow path, and mixing.
• Non- limiting examples of chemical treatment include adjustment of any of the following parameters, all related to a treatment chemical: chemical species selection, chemical species
• the measured parameter is inputted into a control scheme.
• the control scheme is generally an automated method that inputs a plurality of several measured parameters and operates several process devices, e.g. , pumps, valves, etc.
• a certain measured parameter may indicate that treatment chemical concentration has fallen outside a lower tolerance limit.
• the measured parameter may trigger the control scheme to operate a feed pump, which in turn adds treatment chemical to the process.
• the optical transference through the light transference medium is at least partially obstructed by particulate matter or scaling.
• the particulate matter may comprise a metal oxide.
• the light transference medium is obstructed by deposition of a chemical species comprising iron, copper, manganese, titanium, chromium, nickel, calcium, magnesium, oxide, phosphate, carbonate, or silicate, or any combination thereof.
• the light transference medium is obstructed by scale comprising calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, or silicate, or any combination thereof.
• the particulate deposition may comprise particulate matter found in raw water, e.g. , mud, sand, silt, etc.
• the deaerated liquid may be conditioned prior to contacting the light transference medium.
• the deaerated liquid may be "enthalpy-rich.”
• elevated temperature and pressure e.g. , 300-1500°F and
• the deaerated liquid may be conditioned such that a portion of the enthalpy (measured in the form of temperature and pressure) are removed prior to the deaerated liquid contacting the light transference medium.
• the deaerated liquid in contact with the light transference medium has a temperature of from about 20°F to about 200°F, including from about 40°F to about 150°F, and including from about 60°F to about 130°F.
• the deaerated liquid in contact with the light transference medium has a pressure of from about 5 psig to about 100 psig, including from about 10 psig to about 70 psig, and including from about 15 psig to about 50 psig.
• the timing of the application of the ultrasonic energy to the deaerated liquid may take any one or more of several forms.
• the ultrasonic energy is continuously streamed into the deaerated liquid, which preferably includes while the system utilizing the deaerated liquid is operational.
• the ultrasonic energy is applied intermittently, e.g. , for a timed duration at timed intervals.
• the ultrasonic energy is applied on an as-needed basis, which can be determined, e.g. , by comparing historical data related to the relevant sensor and light transference medium. For example, if obstruction of the light transference medium grows to an unacceptable value, e.g. , a setpoint of from about 1 to about 5% obstruction, ultrasonic energy is then applied to the wetted surface of the light transference medium as described herein.
• Examples of light transference media include a flow cell, an optical window, a reflective surface, a refractive surface, a dispersive element, a filtering element, and an optical fiber sensor head.
• the light transference medium is generally constructed of a material that is transparent or nearly transparent and having a hardness of at least about 7 on the Mohs scale.
• transparent or nearly transparent refers to the ability of light to pass through a substance sufficient to use light for detection and/or measurement purposes as discussed herein, which includes transparency as defined by ASTM D1746.
• the light transference medium is constructed of quartz, sapphire, diamond, or boron nitride.
• the light transference medium is constructed of any suitable transparent or nearly transparent composition, and is coated with a transparent or nearly transparent substance having a hardness of at least about 7 on the Mohs scale.
• the light transference medium may be constructed of a substance having a Mohs scale hardness of at least about 7 (e.g. , quartz), and then coated with a substance having an even higher Mohs scale rating.
• the coating substance has a Mohs scale rating of from about 8 to 10, or from about 9 to 10, or 10.
• substances suitable for coating a light transference medium include, but are not limited to, diamond, titanium diboride, boron nitride, and sapphire.
• the light transference medium takes the form of a reflective surface.
• an optical window may be utilized in concert with the reflective surface to provide observation from outside the deaerated liquid.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a system capable of performing the inventive method.
• a deaerated liquid 10 which flows in a direction 12, contacts a light transference medium 20.
• Light transference medium 20 is a flow cell, and deaerated liquid 10 flows through the flow cell via direction 12.
• a light source 25 and a detector 26 are located so as to transmit an optical signal 27 through light transference medium 20 and deaerated liquid 10, and detect the resulting behavior caused by the transmitted optical signal 27, which may include fluorescence, light absorbance, temperature, chemiluminescence, optical scattering (e.g. , Rayleigh, Mie, and Raman scatter), imaging, transmittance, particle size, particle count, turbidity, and combinations thereof.
• optical scattering e.g. , Rayleigh, Mie, and Raman scatter
• An ultrasonic transducer 30 is operably attached to an ultrasonic probe 31 having a tip 32 that emits ultrasonic energy 33 at a wavelength ( ⁇ ), with tip 32 being located at a distance (d) from the optical signal 27, with distance (d) being defined by Formula 1 presented herein.
• the ultrasonic probe 31 may be positioned such that tip 32 emits ultrasonic energy 33 at an angle a of from 0 to about 45 degrees, or to about 35 degrees, or to about 25 degrees, or to about 15 degrees, or to about 5 degrees, as illustrated.
• the ultrasonic probe 31 is positioned such that tip 32 projects ultrasonic energy 33 substantially in the direction of flow 12 of deaerated liquid 10 across light transference medium 20.
• seal 36 is constructed of an elastomer.
• elastomers include, but are not limited to, nitrile -butadiene rubber ("nitrile”),
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• silicone silicone
• fluoroelastomer fluoroelastomer
• polychloroprene polychloroprene
• FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment, wherein the tip 32 of the ultrasonic probe 31 is positioned so as to create an offset X from light transference medium 20.
• Utilization of offset X can be of particular importance to allow sufficient ultrasonic energy at wavelength ( ⁇ ) into the light transference medium when a relatively soft material (e.g. , seal 36) is present in the direction of the ultrasonic energy.
• the ultrasonic energy will be less likely to be dampened by the relatively soft material due to the low energy level at the location of the relatively soft material.
• the distance (d) should be measured from a point beyond the relatively soft material to light transference medium 20, as illustrated in FIG. 2.
• FIG. 3 illustrates yet another embodiment of a system capable of performing the inventive method.
• Light transference medium 20 takes the form of an optical window of a combination light source/detector 25/26, and deaerated liquid 10 flows across the optical window.
• Combination light source/detector 25/26 is located so as to transmit an optical signal 27 through light transference medium 20 (the optical window) and into the deaerated liquid 10, and detect the resulting behavior caused by optical signal 27, which may include fluorescence, light absorbance, temperature, chemiluminescence, optical scattering (e.g.
• FIG. 3 shows an embodiment utilizing a combination light source/detector 25/26, a person skilled in the art will readily recognize that the light source and the detector may be separate units operably connected to a control unit (not shown).
• An ultrasonic transducer 30 is operably attached to an ultrasonic probe 31 having a tip 32 that emits ultrasonic energy 33, with tip 32 being located at a distance (d) from the optical signal 27, with distance (d) defined by Formula 1 presented herein.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a further embodiment of a system capable of performing the inventive method is illustrated.
• Light transference medium 20 includes a transparent portion 20a and an optional reflective portion 20b, and deaerated liquid 10 contacts each of transparent portion 20a and reflective portion 20b.
• a combination light source/detector 25/26 is located so as to transmit an optical signal 27 through transparent portion 20a and into deaerated liquid 10, and detect the resulting behavior caused by optical signal 27, which may include fluorescence, light absorbance, temperature, chemiluminescence, optical scattering (e.g.
• Optical signal 27 may be transmitted from combination light source/detector 25/26 via optical fibers capable of receiving and transmitting fluorescent emission to the combination light source/detector 25/26.
• the system may be configured to utilize a light source 25 and detector 26 in addition to or in place of the combination light source/detector 25/26, wherein light source 25 and detector 26 are not aligned opposite one another. While a combination light source/detector 25/26 is illustrated in this particular embodiment, a person of skill in the art will readily recognize that the light source and the detector may be separate units connected to a control unit (not shown).
• An ultrasonic transducer 30 is operably attached to an ultrasonic probe 31 having a tip 32 that emits ultrasonic energy 33, with tip 32 located at a distance (d) from optical signal 27, with distance (d) being defined by Formula 1 presented herein.
• an enhancer is utilized to assist in performing the methods described herein.
• the enhancer allows ultrasonic energy to be applied in a manner that provides beneficial removal of obstruction while protecting the light transference medium from damage that may be caused by the application of ultrasonic energy. Particularly when applied at sharp angles (e.g. , perpendicular) toward the light transference medium, ultrasonic energy can damage the light transference medium.
• the utilization of one or more enhancers can limit or prevent the occurrence of such damage.
• the enhancer may comprise at least one of a sleeve and a lossy surface. It is important to note that these particular enhancers may be used individually or in combination, or in some embodiments of the methods, not used at all.
• the sleeve is generally positioned so as to protect a portion of the light transference medium located near the source of ultrasonic energy.
• the sleeve is constructed and positioned so as to prevent dampening of the ultrasonic energy in the vicinity of the transmission of the optical signal into the light transference medium.
• the sleeve should protect the light transference medium from damage that may be caused by ultrasonic energy traveling perpendicular or nearly perpendicular from the ultrasonic energy source toward the light transference medium.
• the sleeve should be constructed of a material suitable for providing protection to the light transference medium.
• the sleeve may be constructed of stainless steel.
• the sleeve is constructed of a substance that is not completely rigid, but is not so soft as to absorb an undesired amount of the ultrasonic energy.
• the sleeve may be constructed of a substance compatible with contacting liquid(s).
• the sleeve may be constructed of a substance having a Shore "A" hardness of from about 60 to about 90.
• the sleeve is constructed of an elastomer as defined herein.
• FIG. 5A demonstrates an illustrative embodiment of a system that incorporates sleeve 70a into its design.
• Example 3 provides further information related to an embodiment of a sleeve utilized to prevent over-dampening.
• the lossy surface is generally positioned so as to protect a portion of the light transference medium located near the source of ultrasonic energy.
• the lossy surface is positioned so as to dampen a portion of the ultrasonic energy traveling toward the light transference medium, and particularly the ultrasonic energy traveling perpendicular or nearly perpendicular from the ultrasonic energy source toward the light transference medium.
• the lossy surface is a surface that is generally rough, such as, e.g. , a grooved, threaded, or jagged surface.
• a lossy surface is rough such that at least a portion of the ultrasonic energy is scattered away when coming in contact with the lossy surface.
• FIG. 5B demonstrates an illustrative embodiment of a system that incorporates lossy surface 70b into its design.
• a clean-in-place method of maintaining optical transference through a light transference medium operably connected to a boiler system comprises contacting a stream of boiler water with a wetted surface of a light transference medium in optical communication with an optical sensor.
• Data related to a parameter of the boiler liquid measured by the optical sensor is input to a control scheme of a boiler system.
• the optical sensor is electronically isolated from the control scheme, which maintains control of the boiler system based on the input data related to the parameter of the boiler liquid.
• a liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium for a period of time and at a concentration sufficient to clean the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the liquid chemical agent is selected from an acid, a chelant, a reducing agent, and combinations thereof.
• the liquid chemical agent is removed from the wetted surface of the light transference medium, and the optical sensor is electronically de-isolated from the control scheme.
• a clean-in-place method of maintaining optical transference through a light transference medium operably connected to a boiler system comprises flowing a stream of boiler liquid to contact a wetted surface of a light transference medium in optical communication with an optical sensor. Data related to a parameter of the boiler liquid measured by the optical sensor is input to a control scheme of a boiler system. The flow of the stream of boiler liquid to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium is discontinued. The optical sensor is electronically isolated from the control scheme, which maintains control of the boiler system based on the input data related to the parameter of the boiler liquid.
• a liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium for a period of time and at a concentration sufficient to clean the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the liquid chemical agent is selected from an acid, a chelant, a reducing agent, and combinations thereof.
• the liquid chemical agent is removed from the wetted surface of the light transference medium, the flow of the stream of boiler liquid to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium is resumed, and the optical sensor is electronically de-isolated from the control scheme.
• optical and “light” are used interchangeably herein.
• Utilization of the phrase “into boiler liquid” is intended to cover light transmission in any direction between the boiler liquid, the light transference medium, a light source, and/or a light detector.
• the optical signal may originate from within the boiler liquid and be transferred to a sensor via the light transference medium (e.g. , fluorometric emission), or from a light source through the light transference medium and into the boiler liquid (e.g. , fluorometric excitation).
• the optical signal comprises a fluorometric excitation and/or emission.
• the method is directed to obtaining or maintaining optical transference into boiler liquid in contact with a light transference medium.
• the method can be utilized to remove obstructions that may be present on the light transference medium. Removal of obstruction from the light transference medium sufficient to allow for optical transference, thereby allowing for performance of an optical measurement of the boiler liquid, is also achieved by the methods of the present invention.
• the term "clean-in-place" is utilized herein to describe a method that is performed without disassembly of the system.
• the light transference medium is not removed from the system, and the system is not disconnected to gain physical access to the light transference medium (e.g., to be manually wiped), to carry out a clean-in-place method.
• the light transference medium remains operably connected to a boiler system, though the stream of boiler liquid may be diverted so as to not contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium during performance of the disclosed methods.
• the optical transference through the light transference medium may be at least partially obstructed by particulate matter.
• the particulate matter may comprise particulate matter typically found in raw water, e.g. , mud, sand, silt, etc.
• the particulate matter may comprise a metal oxide.
• the oxide may be of a metal selected iron, copper, manganese, titanium, chromium, or nickel, or any combination thereof.
• Metal oxide deposition is of particular concern for boiler liquid, particularly boiler blowdown liquid.
• the particulate matter comprises at least one of silica, a calcium oxide, a calcium salt, a magnesium oxide, and a magnesium salt.
• the timing of the contacting of the liquid chemical agent to the wetted surface of the light transference medium may take any one or more of several forms.
• the liquid chemical agent is added continuously to the boiler liquid, which preferably includes during operation of the system utilizing the liquid chemical agent.
• the liquid chemical agent is added intermittently to the boiler liquid, e.g. , for a timed duration at timed intervals.
• the liquid chemical agent is added on an as-needed basis, which can be determined, e.g. , by comparing historical data related to the relevant sensor and light transference medium. For embodiments where the flow of the stream the boiler liquid is discontinued, the liquid chemical agent may be contacted intermittently or on an as-needed basis.
• the light transference medium is in optical communication with an optical sensor, which allows the optical sensor to be utilized to monitor a substance using optical detection methods.
• an optical sensor which allows the optical sensor to be utilized to monitor a substance using optical detection methods.
• a flow cell is generally used to allow for fluorometric detection of a component of a liquid flowing through a conduit.
• the flow cell allows for light to pass between a fluorometer and the flowing liquid via the wall of the flow cell, thereby allowing the fluorometer to carry out its monitoring without physically contacting the flowing liquid.
• the fluorometer is said to be in optical communication with the flow cell.
• Examples of light transference media include, but are not limited to, a flow cell, an optical window, a reflective surface, a refractive surface, a dispersive element, a filtering element, and an optical fiber sensor head.
• the light transference medium may be constructed of a material that is transparent or nearly transparent.
• the light transference medium may have a hardness of at least about 7 on the Mohs scale.
• transparent or nearly transparent refers to the ability of light to pass through a substance sufficient to use light for detection and/or measurement purposes as discussed herein, which includes transparency as defined by ASTM D1746.
• the hardness of the light transference medium becomes increasingly important when ultrasonic energy is utilized to supplement the general clean-in-place methods disclosed herein.
• the light transference medium is constructed of quartz, sapphire, or diamond.
• the light transference medium is constructed of any suitable transparent or nearly transparent composition, and is coated with a transparent or nearly transparent substance having a hardness of at least about 7 on the Mohs scale.
• the light transference medium may be constructed of a substance having a Mohs scale hardness of at least about 7 (e.g. , quartz), and then coated with a substance having an even higher Mohs scale rating.
• the coating substance has a Mohs scale rating of from about 8 to 10, or from about 9 to 10, or 10.
• Illustrative embodiments of substances suitable for coating a light transference medium include, but are not limited to, diamond, titanium diboride, boron nitride, and sapphire.
• the light transference medium takes the form of a reflective surface. In embodiments utilizing a reflective surface, an optical window may be utilized in concert with the reflective surface to provide observation from outside the boiler liquid.
• treatment of the boiler liquid is controlled by utilizing the measured parameter in a control scheme.
• Treatment of the boiler liquid may include, but is not limited to, at least one of physical treatment and chemical treatment.
• physical treatment include adjustment of any of the following parameters of the boiler liquid: temperature, pressure, physical phase, flow rate (e.g. , circulation, blowdown, and/or make-up), flow path, and mixing.
• chemical treatment include adjustment of any of the following parameters, all related to a treatment chemical: chemical species selection, chemical species concentration, chemical species dosage rate, chemical species dosage location, and deaeration completeness.
• the measured parameter is inputted into a control scheme.
• the control scheme is generally an automated method that inputs a plurality of several measured parameters and operates several process devices, e.g. , pumps, valves, etc.
• a certain measured parameter may indicate that treatment chemical concentration has fallen outside a lower tolerance limit.
• the measured parameter may trigger the control scheme to operate a feed pump, which in turn adds treatment chemical to the process.
• the optical sensor is electronically isolated from the control scheme.
• a sensor is said to be electronically isolated if it generates data that is intentionally ignored or otherwise intentionally not acted upon by a controller, or provides no data because of an action of the controller (e.g. , automatically shut down) or the user (e.g. , unplugged).
• a sensor that is electronically isolated in the exemplary manner may allow for the sensor to be cleaned, e.g. , via liquid chemical treatment, without providing false or misleading data acquired during said liquid chemical treatment.
• An electronically isolated sensor would not need to be physically isolated from the stream of boiler liquid, but isolated only from the control scheme.
• the term "meaningful data” as used herein refers to data that describes a parameter of a substance and may be input into and reliably acted upon by a control scheme.
• flow of the stream of boiler liquid in contact with the wetted surface of the light transference medium is discontinued in order to carry out the contacting the liquid chemical agent step.
• a light transference medium can be said to undergo “system isolation” when the flow of the stream of boiler liquid is discontinued to carry out a clean-in-place method such as, e.g. , those disclosed herein. System isolation allows for the liquid chemical agent to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium for an extended period of time, as opposed to dosing the liquid chemical treatment into the flowing stream of boiler liquid.
• the liquid chemical agent After the liquid chemical agent has contacted the wetted surface for a period of time and at a concentration sufficient to clean the wetted surface, the liquid chemical agent is removed from the wetted surface and flow of the stream of boiler liquid is resumed. In certain embodiments, the liquid chemical agent is removed by resuming the flow of the stream of boiler liquid to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the liquid chemical agent may be brought into contact with the wetted surface and remain static for a period of time.
• a further liquid chemical agent whether it be the same species of liquid chemical agent or a different species of liquid chemical agent, may be brought into contact with the wetted surface and remain static for a period of time, prior to resuming the flow of the stream of boiler liquid to contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the liquid chemical agent may contact the wetted surface by being passed across the wetted surface for a period of time, e.g. , in a liquid chemical treatment loop, or the liquid chemical agent may be pass across the wetted surface only once.
• cleaning via liquid chemical agent contact requires that the liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface for a period of time and at a concentration sufficient to clean the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the period of time and the concentration generally depend on each other, with a shorter period of contact time generally necessary to achieve cleaning using higher liquid chemical agent concentrations, and a longer period of contact time for lower liquid chemical agent concentration, assuming that all other factors remain constant
• a period of time sufficient to clean the wetted surface may be nearly instantaneous, e.g. , 1 second or less, for a given liquid chemical agent dosed to a slightly-obstructed light transference medium at a reasonably high concentration and otherwise under preferential conditions. Cleaning a heavily-obstructed light transference medium may require a significantly longer contact time, e.g. , 20 minutes or greater, depending on inter alia liquid chemical agent selection and concentration.
• the period of time is from about 30 seconds to about 20 minutes, including from about 1 minute to about 10 minutes.
• the liquid chemical agent should be selected and dosed so as to provide cleaning of the wetted surface without corroding or otherwise damaging the surfaces contacted by the liquid chemical agent. With few exceptions, a higher concentration of liquid chemical agent will generally provide better cleaning activity when contacting the wetted surface.
• One notable exception is sulfuric acid, which may perform better when fully-protonated. In embodiments that utilize sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid may have a concentration of from about 5 weight percent to about 98 weight percent in aqueous solution. In a preferred embodiment that utilizes sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid has a concentration of from about 5 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, including about 10 weight percent, in aqueous solution.
• the citric acid may have a concentration of from about 5 weight percent to about 30 weight percent in aqueous solution. In a preferred embodiment that utilizes citric acid, the citric acid has a concentration of from about 5 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, including about 10 weight percent, in aqueous solution.
• the liquid chemical agent may contact the wetted surface of the light transference medium at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min to about 40 mL/min at a concentration of about 0.1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, depending on, inter alia, the liquid chemical agent utilized.
• the liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min to about 40 mL/min at a concentration of about 1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent chelant in aqueous solution.
• the liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min to about 40 mL/min at a concentration of about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent reducing agent in aqueous solution. In yet another preferred embodiment, the liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min to about 40 mL/min at a concentration of about 30 weight percent to about 60 weight percent acid in aqueous solution.
• a flow rate of about 1 mL/min to about 40 mL/min at a concentration of about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent reducing agent in aqueous solution.
• the liquid chemical agent contacts the wetted surface of the light transference medium at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min to about 40 mL/min at a concentration of about 30 weight percent to about 60 weight percent acid in aqueous solution.
• control of the boiler system may be maintained based on data input into the control scheme prior to the electronic or system isolation.
• Control of the boiler system may be maintained based on data gathered from a period of time previous to the electronic or system isolation.
• the period of time previous to the electronic or system isolation may be, e.g. , the last recorded value(s) prior to the electronic or system isolation, or e.g. , one minute, or five minutes, or one hour, or five hours, etc.
• the gathered data may be manipulated as is known in the art to implement the maintenance of boiler system control. Averaging data over a period of time is an example of manipulating data.
• the boiler system may be maintained based on the last recorded value prior to the electronic or system isolation.
• the optical sensor may input a data point related to a parameter of the boiler liquid, and the optical sensor and its corresponding light transference medium may be electronically or systemically isolated immediately following the input of the data point.
• the control scheme continues to maintain control of the boiler system as if the optical sensor continues to input the same data that was input immediately prior to the electronic or system isolation.
• further exemplary embodiments may utilize, for example, several prior data points, a mean of several data points, a median of several data points, a mode of several data points, or a statistical trend of several data points.
• the liquid chemical agent comprises a component selected from an acid, a chelant, a reducing agent, and combinations thereof.
• Single component liquid chemical agents can be used to successfully clean a light transference medium according to the inventive methods disclosed herein.
• the liquid chemical agent comprises an acid of one chemical species and a chelant of a second chemical species.
• the liquid chemical agent comprises a reducing agent of one chemical species and a chelant of a second chemical species.
• the phrase "of one chemical species...of a second chemical species" is used to describe the utilization of distinct chemicals for each named genus.
• a liquid chemical agent comprising a reducing agent of one chemical species and a chelant of a second chemical species may be a liquid chemical agent comprising sodium hyposulfite (a reducing agent of one chemical species) and oxalic acid (a chelant of a second chemical species).
• An exemplary embodiment of a liquid chemical agent comprising an acid of one chemical species and a chelant of a second chemical species is a liquid chemical species comprising urea hydrochloride (an acid of one chemical species) and oxalic acid (a chelant of a second chemical species).
• the component of the liquid chemical agent is an acid selected from urea hydrochloride, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, carbonic acid, bicarbonic acid, sulfamic acid, or any combination thereof.
• the acid in the liquid chemical agent is urea hydrochloride.
• the acid may be present in the liquid chemical agent at a concentration of from about 5 weight percent to about 98 weight percent in aqueous solution, including from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent acid in aqueous solution, and further including at least about 20 weight percent, or at least about 30 weight percent, or about 40 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, to about 60 weight percent, to about 70 weight percent, to about 80 weight percent acid in aqueous solution.
• the acid is present in the liquid chemical agent at a concentration of about 30 weight percent to about 60 weight percent.
• the component of the liquid chemical agent is a chelant selected from: citric acid, oxalic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, an organic phosphonate, salts thereof, or any combination thereof.
• the chelant in the liquid chemical agent is oxalic acid.
• the chelant may be present in the liquid chemical agent at a concentration of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent chelant in aqueous solution, including at least about 0.1 weight percent, or at least about 0.5 weight percent or at least about 1 weight percent, to about 3 weight percent, or about 5 weight percent, or about 10 weight percent, or about 20 weight percent chelant in aqueous solution.
• the chelant is present in the liquid chemical agent at a concentration of from about 1 weight percent to about 3 weight percent chelant in aqueous solution.
• the component of the liquid chemical agent is a reducing agent selected from an acid sulfite, an acid bisulfite, an acid hydrosulfite, an acid phosphite, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, ascorbic acid, or erythorbic acid, salts thereof, or any combination thereof.
• the reducing agent in the liquid chemical agent is sodium hydrosulfite.
• the reducing agent may be present in the liquid chemical agent at a concentration of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent reducing agent in aqueous solution, including from about 0.1 weight percent, or about 0.3 weight percent, or about 0.5 weight percent, to about 3 weight percent, or to about 7 weight percent, or to about 10 weight percent reducing agent in aqueous solution.
• the reducing agent is present in the liquid chemical agent at a concentration of from about 0.5 weight percent to about 3 weight percent reducing agent in aqueous solution.
• citric acid and oxalic acid can be considered both an acid and a chelant.
• acids including oxalic acid and phosphoric acid, can be considered to be reducing agents in addition to acids and/or chelants.
• FIG. 9 operation of a boiler treatment system generally involves boiler liquid 1010 flows through solenoid valve 1012a and continues through light transference medium (e.g. , flow cell) 1020, contacting wetted surface 1021 , and usually out to auxiliary operations via valve 1012b or to treatment or a drain via valve 1012c.
• a parameter of boiler liquid 1010 is measured using optical sensor 1022 (e.g. , fluorometer), which is in operable
• Optical sensor 1022 is electronically isolated from the control scheme, which maintains control of the boiler system based upon the previously input data.
• a liquid chemical agent e.g. , present in container 1050, is brought into contact with wetted surface 1021 via pump 1054, flowing through valve 1052 and check valve 1056 and on to wetted surface 1021.
• boiler liquid 1010 can be diverted to bypass line 1070 by closing valve 1012a and opening valve 1012d.
• valves 1012a and 1012d can be replaced by a single three-way valve (not shown), which could be operably configured to divert boiler liquid 1010 from wetted surface 1021 of light transference medium 1020 and to bypass line 1070.
• valves 1012a, 1012b, 1012c, and 1012d can be operably actuated to provide system isolation of light transference medium 1020.
• the liquid chemical agent may continuously or intermittently contact wetted surface 1021, or may be periodically contacted and removed from wetted surface via system isolation as described herein.
• ultrasonic energy may be applied as described herein into the liquid chemical agent during at least a portion of the contacting of the liquid chemical agent to the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the ultrasonic energy further effectuates cleaning of the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the ultrasonic energy may be applied prior to, simultaneously, and/or subsequent to contacting the liquid chemical agent to the wetted surface of the light transference medium.
• the ultrasonic energy may be applied via an ultrasonic probe and ultrasonic transducer in a manner disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
• FIG. 9 includes optional ultrasonic probe 1201 operably attached to optional ultrasonic transducer 1202, which may be configured as described herein, and more particularly as in FIGs. 1-5B presented herewith.
• FIG. 6 is a plot of obstruction of light transference media in the form of particulate deposition onto flow cells.
• Two light transference media (flow cells for this Example) were used to perform the experiment: ultrasonic energy was applied to the test flow cell, and no cleaning method was implemented for the control flow cell.
• the flow cells were initially clean and of the same type.
• the flow cells were exposed to the same blowdown stream of a 1500 psi recovery boiler of a paper mill.
• the flow cells were quartz glass tubes, each having an outer diameter of 0.312" (7.9 mm), an inner diameter of 0.236" (6 mm), and a length of 4.69" (11.9 cm).
• the blowdown of the recovery boiler flowed through the flow cells after being conditioned from saturated, e.g. , 1515 psig at 597°F, to less than 40 psig and less than 120°F.
• the conditioned blowdown is expected to flow through the flow cells under laminar flow, as the flow rate is approximately 500 mL/min and having a Reynolds Number of approximately 1800.
• the experiment was carried out over 20 days for the control flow cell, which continued to accumulate particulate deposition up to about 75% obstruction.
• the experiment was carried out over 14 days for the test flow cell, which accumulated virtually no obstruction over the 14-day trial. Obstruction of the light transference medium was virtually eliminated by the application of ultrasonic energy at a frequency of 40 kHz.
• FIG. 7 is a plot of particulate deposition being removed from a light transference medium, in this instance a flow cell, over time by the application of ultrasonic energy to the flow cell.
• the flow cell was exposed to a blowdown stream of a powerhouse boiler.
• the flow cell was approximately 100% obstructed at the beginning of the experiment.
• FIG. 8 is a plot of the effect of the utilization of an enhancer in combination with an EPDM washer used to seal the ultrasonic energy source to a light transference medium, for this Example flow cells as described in Examples 1 and 2 herein.
• each of the two flow cells were initially 100% obstructed by particulate deposition and were exposed to the same conditioned blowdown stream as in Examples 1 and 2, except that the preconditioned blowdown stream was initially saturated at 700 psig and 503 °F.
• the conditioned blowdown stream (less than 40 psig and less than 120°F) flowed through the flow cells at approximately 300 niL/min.
• the sleeve was constructed of 316-stainless steel "thin wall" tubing, having an outer diameter slightly less than the 0.236" inner diameter of the test flow cell.
• the ultrasonic energy was applied to each flow cell at 20 kHz, which was intermittently applied at 50% duty.
• the control sample showed little removal of obstruction at 20 kHz at 50% duty for the 2000-minute test.
• utilization of a sleeve covering the EPDM washer and a portion of the test flow cell allowed for nearly complete removal of the obstruction after about 1000 minutes of 20 kHz ultrasonic energy at 50% duty.
• Urea hydrochloride available as DC-14 from Nalco Company, 1601 West Diehl Road, Naperville, IL 60563, was tested as a liquid cleaning agent to clean a wetted surface of a flow cell used to monitor a boiler blowdown stream of a power house boiler. A control flow cell was continuously exposed to the same boiler blowdown stream and was not cleaned. The duration of the test was approximately 28 days.
• the urea hydrochloride had a concentration of 30-60% by weight in aqueous solution, having a pH of 1.5. Aqueous urea hydrochloride at this concentration generally vaporizes at normal operational conditions.
• the urea hydrochloride was dosed once per day at full concentration, i.e. , not further diluted, and allowed to contact the wetted surface of the test flow cell for 3 minutes under system isolation.
• FIG. 10 illustrates the results of testing.
• the spikes in cell obstruction represent the periods of time during which the urea hydrochloride was dosed to the wetted surface of the flow cell. Notice the measured increase in cell obstruction of the control flow cell versus the significantly lower cell obstruction of the test flow cell during non- treatment time periods. For example, at Day 15, the control flow cell is nearly 40% obstructed while the test flow cell is less than 10% obstructed, which is believed to be unobstructed. While not wishing to be bound by theory, any amount of measured obstruction that is less than 10% is believed to be caused by light absorbance of water or LED decay of the optical sensor.
• Oxalic acid was tested as a liquid cleaning agent to clean a wetted surface of a flow cell used to monitor a boiler blowdown stream of a power house boiler. A control flow cell was continuously exposed to the same boiler blowdown stream and was not cleaned. The duration of the test was approximately 25 days.
• the oxalic acid had a concentration of 12,000 ppm by weight in aqueous solution, having a pH of 2, which was stable at 50°C. A higher pH would be expected at a lower concentration.
• the oxalic acid was dosed at full concentration, i.e., not further diluted, and allowed to contact the wetted surface of the test flow cell for 10 minutes under system isolation.
• FIG. 11 illustrates the results of testing, with the spikes in cell obstruction represent the periods of time during which the oxalic acid was dosed to the wetted surface of the flow cell. Notice the measured increase in cell obstruction of the control flow cell versus the significantly lower cell obstruction of the test flow cell during non-treatment time periods. For example, at Day 11, the control flow cell is approximately 10% obstructed while the test flow cell is almost completely unobstructed. Furthermore, when oxalic acid is not dosed to the test flow cell (e.g., Days 16-20), obstruction of the test flow cell generally tracks the obstruction of the control flow cell. However, obstruction of the test flow cell decreases dramatically after oxalic acid contacts the test flow cell's wetted surface.
• Sodium hydrosulfite was tested as a liquid cleaning agent to clean a wetted surface of a flow cell used to monitor a boiler blowdown stream of a power house boiler. A control flow cell was continuously exposed to the same boiler blowdown stream and was not cleaned. The duration of the test was approximately 38 days.
• the sodium hydrosulfite had a concentration of 0.8-2.4 weight percent in aqueous solution, which decomposes to sulfur dioxide at above 50°C.
• the sodium hydrosulfite was dosed at full concentration, i.e. , not further diluted, and allowed to contact the wetted surface of the test flow cell for 10 minutes under system isolation.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the results of testing.
• the spikes in cell obstruction represent the periods of time during which the sodium hydrosulfite was dosed to the wetted surface of the test flow cell under system isolation. Notice the measured increase in cell obstruction of the control flow cell versus the significantly lower cell obstruction of the test flow cell, particularly beginning at approximately Day 28.

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