EP3233817B1 - Improved process for the preparation of a benzene compound - Google Patents
Improved process for the preparation of a benzene compound Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3233817B1 EP3233817B1 EP15839150.8A EP15839150A EP3233817B1 EP 3233817 B1 EP3233817 B1 EP 3233817B1 EP 15839150 A EP15839150 A EP 15839150A EP 3233817 B1 EP3233817 B1 EP 3233817B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- group
- process according
- hydrogen
- catalyst
- alkyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- -1 benzene compound Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 66
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 42
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 107
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 51
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005899 aromatization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005698 Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical group O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical class [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004448 alkyl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 44
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Natural products CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 11
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000006114 decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 9
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- UJMDYLWCYJJYMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1C(O)=O UJMDYLWCYJJYMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical class COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYFDQJRXFWGIBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dinitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 FYFDQJRXFWGIBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IBFJDBNISOJRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylphthalic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1C(O)=O IBFJDBNISOJRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006742 Retro-Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical class CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-oxopentanoic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC(O)=O JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBZVNWNSRNTWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C(O)C2=CC(N)=CC=C21 HBZVNWNSRNTWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001983 dialkylethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JARKCYVAAOWBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanal Chemical compound CCCCCC=O JARKCYVAAOWBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- UAYWVJHJZHQCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc iodide Chemical compound I[Zn]I UAYWVJHJZHQCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 0 *c([o]1)ccc1I Chemical compound *c([o]1)ccc1I 0.000 description 1
- HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)N)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VIOPEXJGUFDKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridin-1-ium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+]1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1 VIOPEXJGUFDKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FJSKXQVRKZTKSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylfuran Chemical compound CC=1C=COC=1C FJSKXQVRKZTKSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOYWLLHHWAMFCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(C)=O WOYWLLHHWAMFCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEPCDISQBQXOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-dimethyl-2-benzofuran-1,3-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)C2=C1C(=O)OC2=O WEPCDISQBQXOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NOEGNKMFWQHSLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-hydroxymethylfurfural Chemical compound OCC1=CC=C(C=O)O1 NOEGNKMFWQHSLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical group CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N Dimethyl sulfoxide Chemical group [2H]C([2H])([2H])S(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910003865 HfCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021577 Iron(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isothiocyanatocyclopropane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CC1 JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010084 LiAlH4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020828 NaAlH4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATTZFSUZZUNHBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperonyl sulfoxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCS(=O)C(C)CC1=CC=C2OCOC2=C1 ATTZFSUZZUNHBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003074 TiCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003172 aldehyde group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011959 amorphous silica alumina Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000032 aromatic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanoic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-cyclohexene Natural products C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012050 conventional carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- MKHFCTXNDRMIDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanoiminomethylideneazanide;1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound [N-]=C=NC#N.CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 MKHFCTXNDRMIDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YNLAOSYQHBDIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethylaluminium chloride Chemical compound CC[Al](Cl)CC YNLAOSYQHBDIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960001760 dimethyl sulfoxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940105994 ethylhexyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PDPJQWYGJJBYLF-UHFFFAOYSA-J hafnium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Hf](Cl)(Cl)Cl PDPJQWYGJJBYLF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- RJGBSYZFOCAGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxymethylfurfural Natural products COC1=CC=C(C=O)O1 RJGBSYZFOCAGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical group C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940040102 levulinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012280 lithium aluminium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043265 methyl isobutyl ketone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZWLPBLYKEWSWPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-toluic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O ZWLPBLYKEWSWPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002964 pentacenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- AOJFQRQNPXYVLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 AOJFQRQNPXYVLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BZWKPZBXAMTXNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurocyanidic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C#N BZWKPZBXAMTXNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxidane Chemical compound OOO JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CITILBVTAYEWKR-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F CITILBVTAYEWKR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
- C07D493/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
- C07D493/18—Bridged systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/31—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D307/87—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans
- C07D307/88—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 1 or 3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D307/87—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans
- C07D307/89—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans with two oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 1 and 3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
- C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D493/04—Ortho-condensed systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of a benzene compound, more in particular to a process for the preparation of a benzene compound which comprises a process step wherein a furan compound is reacted with an olefin.
- the reaction of the furan compound with the olefin may be a Diels-Alder reaction.
- Such a process is known from e.g. WO 2013/048248 .
- biomass materials such as carbohydrates, e.g. cellulose, starch, hemicelluloses, sugars, glucose and fructose.
- Dehydration of such carbohydrates may yield valuable chemicals, including levulinic acid, furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural and derivatives thereof.
- WO 2013/048248 the reaction is disclosed wherein a 2-alkoxymethyl furan is reacted with a substituted olefin to yield an unsaturated bicyclic ether.
- the bicyclic ether is subsequently dehydrated and aromatized to yield a substituted benzene compound.
- a process for the manufacture of substituted pentacenes includes a step wherein dimethylfuran is reacted with maleic anhydride via a Diels Alder reaction to yield a bicyclic unsaturated ether.
- the bicyclic unsaturated ether is then dehydrated and aromatized under aromatization conditions to yield 4,7-dimethyl-isobenzofuran-1,3-dione (see reaction scheme A, wherein step (i) is a Diels-Alder reaction and step (ii) is the aromatization).
- the yield of the bicyclic unsaturated ether can be relatively high.
- An example in WO 2013/048248 shows that the yield of the bicyclic unsaturated ether can be about 96%.
- a yield of about 72% could be obtained in the preparation of the bicyclic unsaturated ether (cf. US 2010/0127220 , Example 1).
- both documents also show that the yield of the subsequent dehydration is significantly lower.
- the desired benzene compound could be obtained in a yield of 37%, whereas the yield on the desired benzene compound in US 2010/0127220 amounted to about 41%.
- the overall yield is about 30 to 35% according to the examples in these documents.
- the overall yield of the preparation process can be increased when the dehydration step of the bicyclic unsaturated ether is preceded by a hydrogenation step, wherein the unsaturated bond of the bicyclic unsaturated ether that is obtained in the reaction of the furan compound with the olefin is hydrogenated.
- the saturated bicyclic ether thus obtained can still be dehydrated and aromatized, yielding the desired benzene compound.
- the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a benzene compound which comprises
- the first step of forming the unsaturated bicyclic ether from the furan compound of formula (I) and the olefin of formula (II) seems to occur via a Diels-Alder-type reaction. It is known that Diels-Alder reactions may be reversible. Then the so-called retro-Diels-Alder reaction takes place. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that by the hydrogenation of the double bond in the Diels-Alder adduct, i.e. the unsaturated bicyclic ether, the occurrence of the retro-Diels-Alder reaction is prevented. It is further surprising that in spite of the saturation that is introduced into the bicyclic ether, the dehydration and aromatization of the saturated ether does occur in satisfactory yields.
- Electron withdrawing groups include cyano, sulfonate, carboxylic acid, carboxylic anhydride, carboxylic ester, ketone and aldehyde groups.
- Electron donating groups include hydroxy, ether, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon groups.
- the present invention preferably employs a furan compound of formula (I), wherein R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, -CHO, -CH 2 OR 3 , wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl. More preferably, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the olefin of formula (II) suitably comprises compounds, wherein R 7 and R 8 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -CHO and -COOR 9 , wherein R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or R 7 and R 8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group. More preferably, R 7 and R 8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group. R 7 and R 8 together may also form a -C(O)-NR 10 -C(O)- group, wherein R 10 represents hydrogen, an aliphatic or an aromatic group.
- R 10 When R 10 is an aromatic or aliphatic group it may be optionally substituted. Suitable substituents include hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, amino and hydrocarbonaceous groups.
- R 10 may suitably be selected from alkyl and aromatic groups.
- the alkyl group has typically from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 10 is suitably an aromatic group, which may be a heterocyclic aromatic moiety or a hydrocarbonaceous aromatic moiety.
- R 10 is preferably a hydrocarbonaceous aromatic moiety with 6 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably a phenyl group.
- the Diels-Alder reaction of the furan derivative of formula (I) with the olefin of formula (II) can be carried out at a broad variety of reaction conditions. Although elevated pressures may be applied, e.g., from 1 to 100 bar, more preferably, from 1 to 10 bar, it is most feasible to conduct the reaction at autogenous pressure.
- the reaction temperature may also vary from far below 0 °C to elevated temperatures. Suitably, the reaction temperature varies from 0 °C to 150 °C, preferably from 20 °C to 100 °C.
- Suitable Diels-Alder catalysts may be used in the reaction.
- Suitable catalysts include Lewis acids, e.g., aluminium, boron, zinc, hafnium, lithium or iron compounds, such as AlCl 3 , Al(Et)Cl 2 , Al(Et) 2 Cl, BF 3 , B(Ac) 3 , ZnCl 2 , ZnBr 2 , Zn(Ac) 2 , HfCl 4 , FeCl 3 , Fe(Ac) 3 , FeCl 2 and Fe(Ac) 2 , Zn(OTf) 2 (zinc triflate), LiOTf, Li (bisoxalato)borate, but also halides of tin or titanium, such as SnCl 4 and TiCl 4 .
- Lewis acids e.g., aluminium, boron, zinc, hafnium, lithium or iron compounds, such as AlCl 3 , Al(Et)Cl 2 , Al(
- the amount thereof may vary within wide ranges, such as from 0.01 to 50%mol, based on the furan compound of formula (I) or the olefin of formula (II), whichever is present in the lowest molar amount.
- the amount of Diels-Alder catalyst is in the range of 0.1 to 20 %mol, more preferably from 0.2 to 15 %mol, based on the amount of the furan compound of formula (I) or the olefin of formula (II), whichever is present in the lowest molar amount.
- the reactants may be so reactive that a catalyst is not needed to make the reaction occur.
- the skilled person may decide not to use a catalyst in view of economic considerations.
- the solvent may be selected from a wide range of potential liquids.
- the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, ethers, ionic liquids and sulphoxides.
- the solvents contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- suitable alcohols include C 1 -C 4 alcohols, in particular methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol-1, butanol-2, 2-methylpropanol and tert-butanol.
- Suitable esters include the C 1 -C 10 alkyl esters of C 1 -C 8 carboxylic acids, such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate and ethylhexyl acetate.
- Suitable ketones contain 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as acetone, butanone and methyl iso-butyl ketone.
- Suitable amides include acetamide and formamide, optionally substituted by one or two alkyl groups with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as N,N-dimethyl acetamide.
- suitable ethers include dialkyl ethers wherein each alkyl moiety is selected from a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether, and also cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane.
- Suitable aldehydes include C 1 - C 6 aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal and hexanal.
- Suitable ionic liquids comprise a pyridinium or imidazolinium moiety. Examples include pyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide.
- a suitable sulphoxide is dimethylsulphoxide.
- the relative amounts of the furan derivative of formula (I) and the olefin of formula (II) may vary. Since stoichiometry shows that one mole of furan may react with one mole of olefin, the molar ratio of the amount furan derivative to the amount of olefin generally will be about 1 : 1, although the person skilled in the art may decide to provide one of the reactants in excess to promote the reaction and/or to facilitate the complete conversion of the other reactant. Therefore, the molar ratio between the amount of furan derivative to the amount of olefin suitably ranges from 0.1 : 1 to 10 : 1, preferably from 0.5 : 1 to 2 : 1, most preferably about 1 : 1.
- the reactants may be added in a batch-wise or a continuous fashion.
- a vessel e.g. an autoclave
- one of the reactants may be added in portions, over a period of time, to the other reactant, e.g. by using a syringe as described in US 2010/0127220 .
- the reaction mixture is maintained at a desired temperature for a period of time, e.g. whilst stirring to increase the yield of product.
- both a stream of furan derivative and a stream of olefin are fed to a reactor where they are contacted and from which reactor continuously a stream of product is withdrawn.
- the flow rate in a continuous reactor should be adapted such that the residence time is sufficient to allow a satisfactory conversion of the furan derivative and olefin.
- the Diels-Alder reaction is suitably carried out in a batch or continuous reactor wherein the residence time is from 0.1 to 72 hours, preferably from 0.5 to 48 hours.
- the reactor may be selected from various types of reactors, e.g. a continuous stirred tank reactor, a plug flow reactor or a trickle bed reactor when a solid catalyst is used.
- the unsaturated bicyclic ether thus obtained is subsequently hydrogenated.
- the unsaturated bicyclic ether is suitably contacted with a reducing agent.
- Possible reducing agents include hydrides, such as LiH, NaH, NaAlH 4 , LiAlH 4 , NaBH 4 and CaH 2 .
- gaseous hydrogen is preferred.
- hydrogen gas is used as hydrogenation agent the use of a hydrogenation catalyst is desired.
- the present invention preferably is conducted in a process wherein the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated using gaseous hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.
- Suitable hydrogenation catalysts comprise one or more metals or metal compounds selected from the metals in the Groups 8 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements, preferably on a carrier.
- suitable metals include Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, Ni, Co and mixtures thereof.
- the carriers for these metals may be selected from a variety of conventional carriers.
- the carrier has been selected from alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, silica-alumina, carbon, more preferably activated carbon, and mixtures thereof.
- the loading of the metal or metals on the carrier may also be varied within wide ranges.
- the content of metal on the hydrogenation catalyst may be in the range of 0.5 to 25 %wt, more suitably from 1 to 10%wt, based on the weight of the hydrogenation catalyst.
- the hydrogenation catalyst may be selected from any combination of the metals and carriers that are described herein, the most preferred hydrogenation catalyst is selected from palladium, platinum or ruthenium on activated carbon, in particular palladium on activated carbon.
- a solvent may render it easier to handle and to disperse the hydrogenation catalyst uniformly in the mixture of unsaturated bicyclic ether, gaseous hydrogen and solvent.
- the solvent may also facilitate the uptake of hydrogen, which promotes the hydrogenation reaction.
- the solvent can suitably be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, ethers, ionic liquids and sulphoxides. It is advantageous to use a solvent that is not subjected to possible hydrogenation itself. Therefore, the use of saturated hydrocarbons or ethers is more suitable.
- Such suitable solvents include C 4 - C 10 aliphatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof and saturated ethers such as dialkyl ethers, wherein each alkyl moiety is selected from a C 1 - C 6 alkyl group, or mixtures thereof, or cyclic ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran.
- saturated ethers such as dialkyl ethers, wherein each alkyl moiety is selected from a C 1 - C 6 alkyl group, or mixtures thereof, or cyclic ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran.
- the hydrogenation conditions may vary within wide ranges. The skilled person will realize that the conditions may also be varied in accordance with the nature of the substituents.
- the hydrogenation temperature is kept at a moderate level. Low temperatures were found to reduce the retro Diels-Alder reactions.
- the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated at a temperature of 0 to 150 °C, preferably from 10 to 100 °C, more preferably from 20 to 80 °C.
- the hydrogen pressure may also be selected within a broad range.
- the unsaturated bicyclic ether is suitably hydrogenated at a hydrogen pressure of 1 to 125 bar, preferably at a hydrogen pressure of 10 to 100 bar.
- the reaction is completed when no hydrogen is taken up anymore.
- the duration of the hydrogenation reaction may typically be in the range of 0.5 to 24 hrs, suitably from 2 to 16 hrs.
- the hydrogenation reaction can be substantially quantitative.
- the saturated bicyclic ether is obtained in excellent yield and purity.
- the hydrogenated saturated bicyclic ether may be purified. This may be accomplished by washing the saturated bicyclic ether and/or by recrystallization from a suitable solvent.
- solvents can be selected from alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, ethers and mixtures thereof.
- the dehydration of the unsaturated bicyclic ether can be accomplished in the presence of a catalyst.
- the catalyst may be acidic or alkaline.
- a preference is expressed for an alkaline catalyst, such as an alcoholate, hydroxide, carboxylate or carbonate.
- the saturated bicyclic ether is suitably dehydrated and aromatized in the presence of a catalyst.
- the acid catalyst can be a homogeneous or a heterogeneous catalyst.
- Suitable homogeneous catalysts that may be dissolved in the appropriate solvent to yield a homogeneous catalytic environment include organic and inorganic acids, such as alkane carboxylic acid, arene carboxylic acid, alkane sulphonic acid, such as methane sulphonic acid, arene sulphonic acid, such as p-toluene sulphonic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and nitric acid.
- organic and inorganic acids such as alkane carboxylic acid, arene carboxylic acid, alkane sulphonic acid, such as methane sulphonic acid, arene sulphonic acid, such as p-toluene sulphonic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and nitric acid.
- an arene carboxylic acid is the eventually desired product, such as phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, isophthalic acid or hemimellitic acid
- a preferred arene carboxylic acid is selected from phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, isophthalic acid and hemimellitic acid, since these acids provides catalytic activity and do not add an extraneous chemical to the reaction mixture.
- the dehydration and aromatization is carried out in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst.
- a heterogeneous catalyst When a heterogeneous catalyst is used, the reaction is conducted in a liquid reactant phase and a solid catalyst phase.
- the catalyst is preferably a solid catalyst.
- solid acidic catalysts include amorphous silica-alumina, zeolites, preferably zeolites in their H-form, phosphoric acid on a carrier, sulfonated activated carbon and acidic ion exchange resins, wherein zeolites, ion exchangers, sulfonated activated carbon and combinations thereof are preferred. Zeolites are particularly preferred.
- Zeolites are the preferred catalysts since they can withstand relatively high reaction temperatures and their acidity can be adjusted by selecting the desired level of ion exchange of metal ions by protons and/or by varying the silica-alumina ratio in the zeolite.
- the zeolite can be selected from a variety of zeolitic structures. In principle all zeolitic structures as defined in the Database of Zeolite Structures and approved by the Structure Committee of the International Zeolite Association can be used. Good results have been obtained with the zeolites selected from the group consisting of zeolite Y, zeolite X, zeolite beta, mordenite and mixtures thereof.
- Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates that contain certain alkali and alkaline earth cations, such as sodium or magnesium ions.
- the acidity of the zeolite can be adjusted.
- the zeolite has a silica/alumina molar ratio in the range of 1 to 200.
- the zeolite has been subjected to ion exchange to remove alkaline and alkaline earth cations and have these cations replaced by protons.
- An alternative preferred solid acidic catalyst is sulfonated activated carbon. This catalyst comprises sulfonic acid groups attached to activated carbon. The preparation thereof has e.g. been described in Liu et al, Molecules, 2010, 15, 7188-7196 .
- the amount of acidic catalyst can be varied within broad ranges. It has been found that it is advantageous to use the acidic catalyst in an amount in the range of 10 %wt to 50 %wt, based on the amount of substrate, i.e. the saturated bicyclic ether. When smaller amounts of catalyst are used the reaction may take longer.
- the solvent can suitably be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, ethers, ionic liquids and sulphoxides, preferably hydrocarbons, more preferably, aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is toluene, xylene or a mixture thereof.
- Dehydrogenation catalysts include metal oxides as well as metals, usually on a carrier. Suitable catalysts include chromia and iron oxide as examples of a metal oxide catalyst, and noble metals, such as Pt, Pd, Ru and Rh, on activated carbon as supported metal catalyst.
- the dehydration and aromatization step is preferably conducted in the presence of a solid acidic catalyst and in the absence of a dehydrogenation catalyst.
- a solvent is present in the dehydration and aromatization step, it is suitable to include also a dehydrogenation catalyst.
- the dehydration and aromatization occurs at a reaction temperature that is preferably in the range of 100 to 350 °C, preferably from 125 to 275 °C.
- the temperature is suitably somewhat lower, such as from 75 to 250 °C, preferably from 100 to 200 °C.
- the atmosphere is typically inert; the reaction is suitably carried out under nitrogen, helium, neon or argon.
- the pressure in the dehydration and aromatization step is preferably ranging from 0.5 to 50 bar.
- the saturated bicyclic ether is suitably dehydrated and aromatized in a batch or continuous reactor wherein the residence time is from 0.1 to 48 hours.
- the present process is excellently suited for the preparation of aromatic acids, such as methylphthalic acid or anhydride and hemimellitic acid. It is also possible to prepare other benzene compounds, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, benzoic acid, toluic acid, and similar compounds, in this way. Via this route the provision of these acids or these other benzene compounds from a sustainable source has become available.
- the furan compound of formula (I) can be prepared from the conversion of carbohydrates, as explained in WO 2013/048248 and WO 2007/104514 .
- the present invention also provides the preparation of a substituted benzene compound wherein the benzene compound produced by the dehydration and aromatization of the saturated bicyclic ether is oxidized. In this way the substituents on the benzene compound that contain a carbon atom are converted into carboxylic acid groups.
- the oxidation may be conducted in a known manner. Thereto, the oxidation is suitably accomplished by an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst comprising cobalt and manganese or by alkali metal permanganate, such as potassium permanganate, or nitric acid.
- a catalyst comprising cobalt and manganese or by alkali metal permanganate, such as potassium permanganate, or nitric acid.
- Aromatic carboxylic acids may suitably be prepared over a catalyst that contains bromine in addition to cobalt and manganese. Preparation of such a catalyst has, for instance, been described US 4138354 .
- the oxygen-containing gas may be air, oxygenenriched air or substantially pure oxygen.
- benzene compound contains an oxygen atom in its substituents
- other, more conventional and/or less expensive catalysts are also possible since such benzene compounds are more reactive and easier to oxidize than benzene compounds that do not have an oxygen atom in their substituents. Therefore, oxidation using potassium permanganate, nitric acid, or using oxygen over noble metalcontaining catalyst (e.g., Rh, Pd) is also possible.
- noble metalcontaining catalyst e.g., Rh, Pd
- the temperature and pressure of the oxidation can be selected within wide ranges.
- the pressure of the reaction mixture is preferably between 100 and 10000 kPa (1 and 100 bar) with a preference for pressures between 1000 and 8000 kPa (10 and 80 bar).
- the oxidant is an oxygen-containing gas, such as air
- the gas can be continuously fed to and removed from the reactor, or all of the gas can be supplied at the start of the reaction.
- the pressure of the system will depend on the headspace volume and the amount of gas required for converting the starting material. It is clear that in the latter case, the pressure of the system may be significantly higher than when an oxygen-containing gas is continuously fed and removed.
- the temperature of the reaction mixture at the oxidation is suitably between 60 and 300 °C, preferably between 100 and 260 °C, more preferably between 150 and 250 °C, most preferably between 160 and 220 °C.
- molar ratios of cobalt to manganese are typically 1/1000 - 100/1, preferably 1/100 - 10/1 and more preferably 1/10 - 4/1.
- molar ratios of bromine to metals are typically from 0.001 to 5.00, preferably 0.01 to 2.00 and more preferably 0.1 to 0.9.
- Catalyst concentration (calculated on the metal, e.g., Co + Mn) is preferably between 0.1 and 10 mol % relative to the starting material, with a preference for loads between 2 and 6 mol %. Good results will be obtained in general with catalyst loads of around 4 mol % relative to the starting benzene compound.
- Reaction times suitably range from 0.1 to 48 hours, preferably from 0.5 to 24 hrs.
- the skilled person will realize that the number of carboxylic groups on the benzene ring may be varied. He may vary this number by selecting the appropriate starting materials.
- he may want to decarboxylate the products, using a method similar to the one described in US 2729674 for the mono-decarboxylation of trimellitic acid. Such decarboxylation involves the application of a relatively high temperature, such as from 200 to 400 °C.
- decarboxylation may occur at temperatures of about 200 °C, some decarboxylation may already occur when the aromatization of the saturated bicyclic ether is carried out at temperatures of at least 200 °C and when the saturated bicyclic ether contains carboxylic groups as substituents.
- decarboxylation may be used to arrive at the desired benzene compound. By applying longer reaction times and/or higher reaction temperatures, the rate of decarboxylation can be influenced. It was also found that the decarboxylation readily occurs at temperatures from 200 °C when the aromatization is carried out in the absence of a solvent. When a solvent is present in the aromatization step, significantly higher temperatures are required to accomplish significant decarboxylation.
- Another known decarboxylation process uses a diazabicyclo alkene at elevated temperatures as shown in US 4262157 .
- the invention enables the provision of certain novel intermediate compounds.
- the present invention therefore also provides a lactone compound of formula (V) wherein Y is hydrogen and X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, -CHO, - CH 2 OR 3 , -CH(OR 4 )(OR 5 ), -COOR 6 , wherein R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbonyl, or wherein R 4 and R 5 together form an alkylene group, and wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl.
- Y is hydrogen and X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, -CHO, or -CH 2 OR 3 , wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl.
- the alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl groups suitably have at most 10 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl groups may preferably have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- a pressure reactor was charged with 100 parts by weight (pbw) of crude adduct obtained in Example 1 (see Table 2), 2 pbw of catalyst Pd/C (containing 10 %wt Pd, based on the catalyst), and THF in a quantity of 5mL per gram adduct.
- the reactor was purged 3 times with nitrogen of 400-500 kPa (4 to 5 bar). and then pressurized with hydrogen to 8000 kPa (80 bar).
- the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature at 300 rpm. During the progress of the reaction the hydrogen pressure dropped, but the reactor was subsequently re-pressurized to 8000 kPa (80 bar). When the consumption of hydrogen gas stopped, the reaction was completed. The reaction time is indicated in Table 2. Excess hydrogen pressure was cautiously vented off and the reactor was flushed 3 times with nitrogen of 400-500 kPa (4-5 bar). The mixture was filtered yielding a pale yellow clear solution, which was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator.
- a pressure reactor was charged with 100 parts by weight (pbw) of crude adduct obtained in Example 3 (see Table 4), 2 pbw of catalyst Pd/C (containing 10 %wt Pd, based on the catalyst), and THF in a quantity of 5mL per gram adduct.
- the reactor was purged 3 times with nitrogen 400-500 kPa (4-5 bar), and then pressurized with hydrogen to 8000 kPa (80 bar).
- the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature at 300 rpm. During the progress of the reaction the hydrogen pressure dropped, but the reactor was subsequently re-pressurized to 8000 kPa (80 bar). When the consumption of hydrogen gas stopped, the reaction was completed.
- the reaction time is indicated in Table 4. Excess hydrogen pressure was cautiously vented off and the reactor was flushed 3 times with nitrogen of 400-500 kPa (4-5 bar).
- a stainless steel pressure reactor was charged with the products obtained in experiments 7 and 8 of Example 2 (see Table 2) (1.0 mmol), an acid zeolite Y catalyst in an amount of 50 pbw per 100 pbw of the product of experiments 7 and 8 of Example 2, respectively, 3 pbw of Pd/C (10 wt% of Pd based on the weight of the catalyst) and toluene (20 mL/g product).
- the reactor was purged 3 times with nitrogen of 10 bar, and the reaction mixture was stirred (750 rpm) at 150 - 200 °C for 24 h. During the course of reaction, the pressure rose to a maximum of 6-8 bar.
- a round-bottom flask was charged with a product obtained in Example 2 (1.0 mmol) and solid acid catalyst (100 pbw per 100 pbw of product).
- the acid catalyst was selected from an acid zeolite Y with a silica-alumina ratio of 5.2 ("H-Y"), such zeolite Y catalyst that contained 1%wt Pd (“Pd/H-Y”), such zeolite Y catalyst that contained 0.25 %wt Pt and 0.25%wt Pd (“Pt/Pd/H-Y”).
- H-Y acid zeolite Y with a silica-alumina ratio of 5.2
- Pd/H-Y zeolite Y catalyst that contained 1%wt Pd
- Pt/Pd/H-Y zeolite Y catalyst that contained 0.25 %wt Pt and 0.25%wt Pd
- a round-bottom flask was charged with a product obtained in Example 2 (1.0 mmol) and solid acid catalyst (50 pbw or 100 pbw per 100 pbw of product).
- the acid catalysts used were the same as those used in Example 7.
- the flask was purged 3 times with nitrogen and inserted into a glass oven at a fixed temperature.
- the reaction flask was rotated at 25 rpm for a fixed amount of time under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, the glass oven was cooled down to room temperature.
Description
- The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of a benzene compound, more in particular to a process for the preparation of a benzene compound which comprises a process step wherein a furan compound is reacted with an olefin. The reaction of the furan compound with the olefin may be a Diels-Alder reaction.
- Such a process is known from e.g.
WO 2013/048248 . In this application it is described that there is an increasing tendency to create chemicals from renewable sources. Research has been undertaken to prepare chemicals from biomass materials, such as carbohydrates, e.g. cellulose, starch, hemicelluloses, sugars, glucose and fructose. Dehydration of such carbohydrates may yield valuable chemicals, including levulinic acid, furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural and derivatives thereof. InWO 2013/048248 the reaction is disclosed wherein a 2-alkoxymethyl furan is reacted with a substituted olefin to yield an unsaturated bicyclic ether. The bicyclic ether is subsequently dehydrated and aromatized to yield a substituted benzene compound. Via this process substituents on the 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,2,3-positions of the benzene ring are obtained. The thus obtained products may elegantly be converted by oxidation into phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and hemimellitic acid. - In
US 2010/0127220 a process for the manufacture of substituted pentacenes is described. The process includes a step wherein dimethylfuran is reacted with maleic anhydride via a Diels Alder reaction to yield a bicyclic unsaturated ether. The bicyclic unsaturated ether is then dehydrated and aromatized under aromatization conditions to yield 4,7-dimethyl-isobenzofuran-1,3-dione (see reaction scheme A, wherein step (i) is a Diels-Alder reaction and step (ii) is the aromatization). - It appears that the yield of the bicyclic unsaturated ether can be relatively high. An example in
WO 2013/048248 shows that the yield of the bicyclic unsaturated ether can be about 96%. According to an example inUS 2010/0127220 a yield of about 72% could be obtained in the preparation of the bicyclic unsaturated ether (cf.US 2010/0127220 , Example 1). However, both documents also show that the yield of the subsequent dehydration is significantly lower. According to Example 2 inWO 2013/048248 the desired benzene compound could be obtained in a yield of 37%, whereas the yield on the desired benzene compound inUS 2010/0127220 amounted to about 41%. When the yields are calculated on the basis of the starting furan compound the overall yield is about 30 to 35% according to the examples in these documents. - It has now been found that the overall yield of the preparation process can be increased when the dehydration step of the bicyclic unsaturated ether is preceded by a hydrogenation step, wherein the unsaturated bond of the bicyclic unsaturated ether that is obtained in the reaction of the furan compound with the olefin is hydrogenated. Surprisingly, the saturated bicyclic ether thus obtained can still be dehydrated and aromatized, yielding the desired benzene compound.
- Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a benzene compound which comprises
- (i) reacting a furan compound of formula (I):
with an olefin of the formula (II)
R7-CH=CH-R8 (II),
wherein R7 and R8 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sulfonate, -CN, -CHO, and -COOR9, wherein R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and an alkyl group, or R7 and R8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group or a -C(O)-NR10-C(O)- group, wherein R10 represents hydrogen, an aliphatic or an aromatic group,
to produce an unsaturated bicyclic ether having an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond; - (ii) hydrogenating the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether to produce a saturated bicyclic ether; and
- (iii) dehydrating and aromatizing the saturated bicyclic ether to produce the benzene compound.
- The first step of forming the unsaturated bicyclic ether from the furan compound of formula (I) and the olefin of formula (II) seems to occur via a Diels-Alder-type reaction. It is known that Diels-Alder reactions may be reversible. Then the so-called retro-Diels-Alder reaction takes place. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that by the hydrogenation of the double bond in the Diels-Alder adduct, i.e. the unsaturated bicyclic ether, the occurrence of the retro-Diels-Alder reaction is prevented. It is further surprising that in spite of the saturation that is introduced into the bicyclic ether, the dehydration and aromatization of the saturated ether does occur in satisfactory yields.
- It is known that in Diels-Alder reactions the reaction rate is expedited by providing electron withdrawing groups on the olefin, i.e. the dienophile, and electron donating groups on the furan compound, i.e. the diene. Electron withdrawing groups include cyano, sulfonate, carboxylic acid, carboxylic anhydride, carboxylic ester, ketone and aldehyde groups. Electron donating groups include hydroxy, ether, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon groups. Accordingly, the present invention preferably employs a furan compound of formula (I), wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, -CHO, -CH2OR3, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl. More preferably, R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- The olefin of formula (II) suitably comprises compounds, wherein R7 and R8 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -CHO and -COOR9, wherein R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or R7 and R8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group. More preferably, R7 and R8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group. R7 and R8 together may also form a -C(O)-NR10-C(O)- group, wherein R10 represents hydrogen, an aliphatic or an aromatic group. When R10 is an aromatic or aliphatic group it may be optionally substituted. Suitable substituents include hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, amino and hydrocarbonaceous groups. R10 may suitably be selected from alkyl and aromatic groups. The alkyl group has typically from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. R10 is suitably an aromatic group, which may be a heterocyclic aromatic moiety or a hydrocarbonaceous aromatic moiety. R10 is preferably a hydrocarbonaceous aromatic moiety with 6 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably a phenyl group.
- The Diels-Alder reaction of the furan derivative of formula (I) with the olefin of formula (II) can be carried out at a broad variety of reaction conditions. Although elevated pressures may be applied, e.g., from 1 to 100 bar, more preferably, from 1 to 10 bar, it is most feasible to conduct the reaction at autogenous pressure. The reaction temperature may also vary from far below 0 °C to elevated temperatures. Suitably, the reaction temperature varies from 0 °C to 150 °C, preferably from 20 °C to 100 °C.
- Known Diels-Alder catalysts may be used in the reaction. Suitable catalysts include Lewis acids, e.g., aluminium, boron, zinc, hafnium, lithium or iron compounds, such as AlCl3, Al(Et)Cl2, Al(Et)2Cl, BF3, B(Ac)3, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, Zn(Ac)2, HfCl4, FeCl3, Fe(Ac)3, FeCl2 and Fe(Ac)2, Zn(OTf)2 (zinc triflate), LiOTf, Li (bisoxalato)borate, but also halides of tin or titanium, such as SnCl4 and TiCl4. When a catalyst is used, the amount thereof may vary within wide ranges, such as from 0.01 to 50%mol, based on the furan compound of formula (I) or the olefin of formula (II), whichever is present in the lowest molar amount. Preferably, the amount of Diels-Alder catalyst is in the range of 0.1 to 20 %mol, more preferably from 0.2 to 15 %mol, based on the amount of the furan compound of formula (I) or the olefin of formula (II), whichever is present in the lowest molar amount. However, dependent on the electron donating behavior of the substituents on the furan compound and the electron withdrawing nature of the substituents on the olefin, the reactants may be so reactive that a catalyst is not needed to make the reaction occur. Evidently, in such a case the skilled person may decide not to use a catalyst in view of economic considerations.
- Although it is possible to conduct the present reaction between the furan derivative and the olefin in the presence of a solvent, it is preferred to refrain from employing a solvent. Nevertheless, in certain cases the use thereof may be convenient. The use of a solvent is convenient if the furan derivative and/or the unsaturated bicylic ether that is being produced is solid under the reaction conditions. The liquid phase thus obtained makes it easier to handle the reactant and/or the reaction products. Thereto, the solvent may be selected from a wide range of potential liquids. Suitably, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, ethers, ionic liquids and sulphoxides. Advantageously, the solvents contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable alcohols include C1-C4 alcohols, in particular methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol-1, butanol-2, 2-methylpropanol and tert-butanol. Suitable esters include the C1-C10 alkyl esters of C1-C8 carboxylic acids, such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate and ethylhexyl acetate. Suitable ketones contain 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as acetone, butanone and methyl iso-butyl ketone. Suitable amides include acetamide and formamide, optionally substituted by one or two alkyl groups with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as N,N-dimethyl acetamide. Examples of suitable ethers include dialkyl ethers wherein each alkyl moiety is selected from a C1-C6 alkyl group, such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether, and also cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane. Suitable aldehydes include C1- C6 aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal and hexanal. Suitable ionic liquids comprise a pyridinium or imidazolinium moiety. Examples include pyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide. A suitable sulphoxide is dimethylsulphoxide.
- The relative amounts of the furan derivative of formula (I) and the olefin of formula (II) may vary. Since stoichiometry shows that one mole of furan may react with one mole of olefin, the molar ratio of the amount furan derivative to the amount of olefin generally will be about 1 : 1, although the person skilled in the art may decide to provide one of the reactants in excess to promote the reaction and/or to facilitate the complete conversion of the other reactant. Therefore, the molar ratio between the amount of furan derivative to the amount of olefin suitably ranges from 0.1 : 1 to 10 : 1, preferably from 0.5 : 1 to 2 : 1, most preferably about 1 : 1.
- For the Diels-Alder reaction, the reactants may be added in a batch-wise or a continuous fashion. In a batch-wise fashion both the furan derivative and olefin are charged to a vessel, e.g. an autoclave, and made to react with each other. Typically one of the reactants may be added in portions, over a period of time, to the other reactant, e.g. by using a syringe as described in
US 2010/0127220 . If desired, the reaction mixture is maintained at a desired temperature for a period of time, e.g. whilst stirring to increase the yield of product. In a continuous fashion both a stream of furan derivative and a stream of olefin are fed to a reactor where they are contacted and from which reactor continuously a stream of product is withdrawn. The flow rate in a continuous reactor should be adapted such that the residence time is sufficient to allow a satisfactory conversion of the furan derivative and olefin. The Diels-Alder reaction is suitably carried out in a batch or continuous reactor wherein the residence time is from 0.1 to 72 hours, preferably from 0.5 to 48 hours. - When the process is conducted in a continuous mode, the reactor may be selected from various types of reactors, e.g. a continuous stirred tank reactor, a plug flow reactor or a trickle bed reactor when a solid catalyst is used.
- The unsaturated bicyclic ether thus obtained is subsequently hydrogenated. Thereto the unsaturated bicyclic ether is suitably contacted with a reducing agent. Possible reducing agents include hydrides, such as LiH, NaH, NaAlH4, LiAlH4, NaBH4 and CaH2. However, the use of gaseous hydrogen is preferred. When hydrogen gas is used as hydrogenation agent the use of a hydrogenation catalyst is desired. Accordingly, the present invention preferably is conducted in a process wherein the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated using gaseous hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. Suitable hydrogenation catalysts comprise one or more metals or metal compounds selected from the metals in the Groups 8 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements, preferably on a carrier. Such suitable metals include Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, Ni, Co and mixtures thereof.
- The carriers for these metals may be selected from a variety of conventional carriers. Preferably, the carrier has been selected from alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, silica-alumina, carbon, more preferably activated carbon, and mixtures thereof. The loading of the metal or metals on the carrier may also be varied within wide ranges. The content of metal on the hydrogenation catalyst may be in the range of 0.5 to 25 %wt, more suitably from 1 to 10%wt, based on the weight of the hydrogenation catalyst.
- Although the hydrogenation catalyst may be selected from any combination of the metals and carriers that are described herein, the most preferred hydrogenation catalyst is selected from palladium, platinum or ruthenium on activated carbon, in particular palladium on activated carbon.
- It may be convenient to hydrogenate the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether in the presence of a solvent. The use of a solvent may render it easier to handle and to disperse the hydrogenation catalyst uniformly in the mixture of unsaturated bicyclic ether, gaseous hydrogen and solvent. The solvent may also facilitate the uptake of hydrogen, which promotes the hydrogenation reaction. When a solvent is used the solvent can suitably be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, ethers, ionic liquids and sulphoxides. It is advantageous to use a solvent that is not subjected to possible hydrogenation itself. Therefore, the use of saturated hydrocarbons or ethers is more suitable. Such suitable solvents, therefore, include C4- C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof and saturated ethers such as dialkyl ethers, wherein each alkyl moiety is selected from a C1- C6 alkyl group, or mixtures thereof, or cyclic ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran. Good results have been obtained by using a solvent that has been selected from the group consisting of saturated hydrocarbons and ethers, in particular cyclic ethers.
- The hydrogenation conditions may vary within wide ranges. The skilled person will realize that the conditions may also be varied in accordance with the nature of the substituents. In order to selectively hydrogenate the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether, the hydrogenation temperature is kept at a moderate level. Low temperatures were found to reduce the retro Diels-Alder reactions. Suitably, the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated at a temperature of 0 to 150 °C, preferably from 10 to 100 °C, more preferably from 20 to 80 °C.
- The hydrogen pressure may also be selected within a broad range. The unsaturated bicyclic ether is suitably hydrogenated at a hydrogen pressure of 1 to 125 bar, preferably at a hydrogen pressure of 10 to 100 bar. The reaction is completed when no hydrogen is taken up anymore. The duration of the hydrogenation reaction may typically be in the range of 0.5 to 24 hrs, suitably from 2 to 16 hrs.
- Surprisingly the hydrogenation reaction can be substantially quantitative. Thus the saturated bicyclic ether is obtained in excellent yield and purity. If desired, the hydrogenated saturated bicyclic ether may be purified. This may be accomplished by washing the saturated bicyclic ether and/or by recrystallization from a suitable solvent. Such solvents can be selected from alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, ethers and mixtures thereof.
- The saturated bicyclic ether is then subjected to dehydration and aromatization. Since in the dehydration also hydrogen is liberated, the process according to the present invention does not require net hydrogen addition. (?)
- According to
WO 2013/048248 the dehydration of the unsaturated bicyclic ether can be accomplished in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst may be acidic or alkaline. A preference is expressed for an alkaline catalyst, such as an alcoholate, hydroxide, carboxylate or carbonate. Also in the process according to the present invention the saturated bicyclic ether is suitably dehydrated and aromatized in the presence of a catalyst. Different from the preference inWO 2013/048248 , it has now surprisingly been found that the dehydration and aromatization of the saturated bicyclic ether is suitably performed in the presence of an acid catalyst. The acid catalyst can be a homogeneous or a heterogeneous catalyst. The use of a homogeneous catalyst boils down to a process wherein the reaction is carried out in a homogeneous liquid phase and the catalyst is comprised in that liquid phase. Suitable homogeneous catalysts that may be dissolved in the appropriate solvent to yield a homogeneous catalytic environment include organic and inorganic acids, such as alkane carboxylic acid, arene carboxylic acid, alkane sulphonic acid, such as methane sulphonic acid, arene sulphonic acid, such as p-toluene sulphonic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and nitric acid. When an arene carboxylic acid is the eventually desired product, such as phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, isophthalic acid or hemimellitic acid, a preferred arene carboxylic acid is selected from phthalic acid, methylphthalic acid, isophthalic acid and hemimellitic acid, since these acids provides catalytic activity and do not add an extraneous chemical to the reaction mixture. - Preferably, the dehydration and aromatization is carried out in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. When a heterogeneous catalyst is used, the reaction is conducted in a liquid reactant phase and a solid catalyst phase. Hence, the catalyst is preferably a solid catalyst. Examples of solid acidic catalysts include amorphous silica-alumina, zeolites, preferably zeolites in their H-form, phosphoric acid on a carrier, sulfonated activated carbon and acidic ion exchange resins, wherein zeolites, ion exchangers, sulfonated activated carbon and combinations thereof are preferred. Zeolites are particularly preferred. Zeolites are the preferred catalysts since they can withstand relatively high reaction temperatures and their acidity can be adjusted by selecting the desired level of ion exchange of metal ions by protons and/or by varying the silica-alumina ratio in the zeolite. The zeolite can be selected from a variety of zeolitic structures. In principle all zeolitic structures as defined in the Database of Zeolite Structures and approved by the Structure Committee of the International Zeolite Association can be used. Good results have been obtained with the zeolites selected from the group consisting of zeolite Y, zeolite X, zeolite beta, mordenite and mixtures thereof. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates that contain certain alkali and alkaline earth cations, such as sodium or magnesium ions. By varying the silica/alumina ratio and by varying the removal of the alkali and alkaline earth metal cations and replacing them by protons, the acidity of the zeolite can be adjusted. Typically, the zeolite has a silica/alumina molar ratio in the range of 1 to 200. Suitably the zeolite has been subjected to ion exchange to remove alkaline and alkaline earth cations and have these cations replaced by protons. An alternative preferred solid acidic catalyst is sulfonated activated carbon. This catalyst comprises sulfonic acid groups attached to activated carbon. The preparation thereof has e.g. been described in Liu et al, Molecules, 2010, 15, 7188-7196.
- The skilled person will realize that the amount of acidic catalyst can be varied within broad ranges. It has been found that it is advantageous to use the acidic catalyst in an amount in the range of 10 %wt to 50 %wt, based on the amount of substrate, i.e. the saturated bicyclic ether. When smaller amounts of catalyst are used the reaction may take longer.
- It is advantageous to dehydrate and aromatize the saturated bicyclic ether neat. This promotes the contact of the saturated bicyclic ether with the catalyst. In other embodiments it is desirable to conduct the dehydration and aromatization in the presence of a solvent. The dispersion of the solid catalyst is then facilitated. If a solvent is used, the nature of the solvent is not critical, and the solvent can suitably be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, ethers, ionic liquids and sulphoxides, preferably hydrocarbons, more preferably, aromatic hydrocarbons. The use of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents is preferred since the solubility of the eventual benzene compound tends to be high in the aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. Preferably, the aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is toluene, xylene or a mixture thereof.
- In the dehydration and aromatization reaction not only water is split off from the saturated bicyclic ether, but also one molecule of hydrogen per molecule of saturated bicyclic ether is removed during the dehydration and aromatization. It has therefore been considered to employ a dehydrogenation catalyst, in addition to an acidic catalyst that promotes the dehydration. Dehydrogenation catalysts include metal oxides as well as metals, usually on a carrier. Suitable catalysts include chromia and iron oxide as examples of a metal oxide catalyst, and noble metals, such as Pt, Pd, Ru and Rh, on activated carbon as supported metal catalyst.
- Although the use of such catalysts allow for more modest reaction conditions, such as a relatively low temperature, it has been found that the catalyst also promotes the formation of saturated by-products. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that hydrogen that is split off from the saturated bicyclic ether to form a benzene compound, is subsequently used to hydrogenate another molecule to form a cyclohexene compound. This reaction is believed to be promoted by a dehydrogenation catalyst.
- When the dehydration and aromatization is carried out in the absence of a solvent, the dehydration and aromatization step is preferably conducted in the presence of a solid acidic catalyst and in the absence of a dehydrogenation catalyst. When a solvent is present in the dehydration and aromatization step, it is suitable to include also a dehydrogenation catalyst.
- The dehydration and aromatization occurs at a reaction temperature that is preferably in the range of 100 to 350 °C, preferably from 125 to 275 °C. When also a dehydrogenation catalyst and a solvent are present in the reaction mixture, the temperature is suitably somewhat lower, such as from 75 to 250 °C, preferably from 100 to 200 °C. The atmosphere is typically inert; the reaction is suitably carried out under nitrogen, helium, neon or argon. The pressure in the dehydration and aromatization step is preferably ranging from 0.5 to 50 bar. The saturated bicyclic ether is suitably dehydrated and aromatized in a batch or continuous reactor wherein the residence time is from 0.1 to 48 hours.
- The present process is excellently suited for the preparation of aromatic acids, such as methylphthalic acid or anhydride and hemimellitic acid. It is also possible to prepare other benzene compounds, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, benzoic acid, toluic acid, and similar compounds, in this way. Via this route the provision of these acids or these other benzene compounds from a sustainable source has become available. The furan compound of formula (I) can be prepared from the conversion of carbohydrates, as explained in
WO 2013/048248 andWO 2007/104514 . Therefore, the present invention also provides the preparation of a substituted benzene compound wherein the benzene compound produced by the dehydration and aromatization of the saturated bicyclic ether is oxidized. In this way the substituents on the benzene compound that contain a carbon atom are converted into carboxylic acid groups. - The oxidation may be conducted in a known manner. Thereto, the oxidation is suitably accomplished by an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst comprising cobalt and manganese or by alkali metal permanganate, such as potassium permanganate, or nitric acid. Aromatic carboxylic acids may suitably be prepared over a catalyst that contains bromine in addition to cobalt and manganese. Preparation of such a catalyst has, for instance, been described
US 4138354 . The oxygen-containing gas may be air, oxygenenriched air or substantially pure oxygen. When the benzene compound contains an oxygen atom in its substituents, other, more conventional and/or less expensive catalysts are also possible since such benzene compounds are more reactive and easier to oxidize than benzene compounds that do not have an oxygen atom in their substituents. Therefore, oxidation using potassium permanganate, nitric acid, or using oxygen over noble metalcontaining catalyst (e.g., Rh, Pd) is also possible. - The temperature and pressure of the oxidation can be selected within wide ranges. The pressure of the reaction mixture is preferably between 100 and 10000 kPa (1 and 100 bar) with a preference for pressures between 1000 and 8000 kPa (10 and 80 bar). In case the oxidant is an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, the gas can be continuously fed to and removed from the reactor, or all of the gas can be supplied at the start of the reaction. In the latter case, the pressure of the system will depend on the headspace volume and the amount of gas required for converting the starting material. It is clear that in the latter case, the pressure of the system may be significantly higher than when an oxygen-containing gas is continuously fed and removed.
- The temperature of the reaction mixture at the oxidation is suitably between 60 and 300 °C, preferably between 100 and 260 °C, more preferably between 150 and 250 °C, most preferably between 160 and 220 °C.
- In the preferred oxidation catalysts that comprise Co and Mn, molar ratios of cobalt to manganese (Co/Mn) are typically 1/1000 - 100/1, preferably 1/100 - 10/1 and more preferably 1/10 - 4/1.
- Likewise, in these preferred oxidation catalysts, comprising also bromine, molar ratios of bromine to metals (i.e. Br/(Co+Mn)) are typically from 0.001 to 5.00, preferably 0.01 to 2.00 and more preferably 0.1 to 0.9.
- Catalyst concentration (calculated on the metal, e.g., Co + Mn) is preferably between 0.1 and 10 mol % relative to the starting material, with a preference for loads between 2 and 6 mol %. Good results will be obtained in general with catalyst loads of around 4 mol % relative to the starting benzene compound.
- Reaction times suitably range from 0.1 to 48 hours, preferably from 0.5 to 24 hrs. The skilled person will realize that the number of carboxylic groups on the benzene ring may be varied. He may vary this number by selecting the appropriate starting materials. Alternatively, he may want to decarboxylate the products, using a method similar to the one described in
US 2729674 for the mono-decarboxylation of trimellitic acid. Such decarboxylation involves the application of a relatively high temperature, such as from 200 to 400 °C. Since decarboxylation may occur at temperatures of about 200 °C, some decarboxylation may already occur when the aromatization of the saturated bicyclic ether is carried out at temperatures of at least 200 °C and when the saturated bicyclic ether contains carboxylic groups as substituents. In the process of the present invention decarboxylation may be used to arrive at the desired benzene compound. By applying longer reaction times and/or higher reaction temperatures, the rate of decarboxylation can be influenced. It was also found that the decarboxylation readily occurs at temperatures from 200 °C when the aromatization is carried out in the absence of a solvent. When a solvent is present in the aromatization step, significantly higher temperatures are required to accomplish significant decarboxylation. Another known decarboxylation process uses a diazabicyclo alkene at elevated temperatures as shown inUS 4262157 . - The invention enables the provision of certain novel intermediate compounds.
- It has been found that the dehydration and aromatization reaction of the saturated bicyclic ether yields a lactone. It is believed that this lactone is an intermediate product in the formation of the eventual benzene compound. This benzene compound can therefore be prepared by subjecting such a lactone to the same reaction conditions as the desired for the formation of the benzene compound from the saturated bicyclic ether. The present invention therefore also provides a lactone compound of formula (V)
- More preferably, Y is hydrogen and X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, -CHO, or -CH2OR3, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl. The alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl groups suitably have at most 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl groups may preferably have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- The invention will be illustrated by means of the following examples.
-
- A round-bottom flask equipped with water-cooled condenser and mechanical overhead stirrer was charged with a furan compound as indicated in Table 1 (1.2 mmol) and maleic anhydride (1.0 mmol). The suspension was stirred at 15-20 °C using a water bath. During the course of the reaction, the mixture turned to a clear homogeneous liquid after a reaction time as indicated in Table 1. Pale-yellow colored crystalline material crystallized from the liquid. The yield was as indicated in Table 1, relative to the molar amount of maleic anhydride. 1H NMR spectroscopy further revealed the purities of the adducts, as shown in Table 1. Percentages are molar percentages, based on the number of moles of maleic anhydride.
- The results and conditions are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Exp. No. X Y Reaction time, hr Yield, % Purity, % 1 -H -H 3 98 94 2 -CH3 -H 4 >95 93 3 -CH3 -CH3 3 96 94 4 -CH2-O-CH3 -H 18 >85 80 5 -CH2-O-C2H5 -H 26 >85 80 -
- A pressure reactor was charged with 100 parts by weight (pbw) of crude adduct obtained in Example 1 (see Table 2), 2 pbw of catalyst Pd/C (containing 10 %wt Pd, based on the catalyst), and THF in a quantity of 5mL per gram adduct. The reactor was purged 3 times with nitrogen of 400-500 kPa (4 to 5 bar). and then pressurized with hydrogen to 8000 kPa (80 bar).
- The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature at 300 rpm. During the progress of the reaction the hydrogen pressure dropped, but the reactor was subsequently re-pressurized to 8000 kPa (80 bar). When the consumption of hydrogen gas stopped, the reaction was completed. The reaction time is indicated in Table 2. Excess hydrogen pressure was cautiously vented off and the reactor was flushed 3 times with nitrogen of 400-500 kPa (4-5 bar). The mixture was filtered yielding a pale yellow clear solution, which was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. The crude product was further purified by recrystallization from methanol or ethyl acetate which resulted in hydrogenated Diels-Alder adduct as colorless solid in a yield and with a purity, as determined by NMR and GC analysis and indicated in Table 2. Percentages are molar percentages, based on starting material (yield) or on product.
Table 2 Exp. No. X Y Reaction time t, hrs Yield, % Purity, % 6 -H -H 3-5 ∼ 100 96 7 -CH3 -H 3-5 ∼ 100 95 8 -CH3 -CH3 3-5 ∼ 100 98 9 -CH2-O-CH3 -H 5 89 90 10 -CH2-O-C2H5 -H 5 85 89 -
- A round-bottom flask equipped with water-cooled condenser and mechanical overhead stirrer was charged with a furan compound as indicated in Table 3 (1.2 mmol), methyl acrylate (1.0 mmol) and zinc iodide (0.3 mmol). The suspension was stirred at 40 °C for 48 h. After the completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with 0.1M aqueous solution of Na2S2O3, dried and concentrated to afford pale-yellow colored liquid. The yield was as indicated in Table 3.
Table 3 Exp. No. X Y Reaction Time (h) Yield (%) 11 CH3 H 48 43 12 CH3 CH3 48 45 -
- A pressure reactor was charged with 100 parts by weight (pbw) of crude adduct obtained in Example 3 (see Table 4), 2 pbw of catalyst Pd/C (containing 10 %wt Pd, based on the catalyst), and THF in a quantity of 5mL per gram adduct. The reactor was purged 3 times with nitrogen 400-500 kPa (4-5 bar), and then pressurized with hydrogen to 8000 kPa (80 bar). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature at 300 rpm. During the progress of the reaction the hydrogen pressure dropped, but the reactor was subsequently re-pressurized to 8000 kPa (80 bar). When the consumption of hydrogen gas stopped, the reaction was completed. The reaction time is indicated in Table 4. Excess hydrogen pressure was cautiously vented off and the reactor was flushed 3 times with nitrogen of 400-500 kPa (4-5 bar).
- The mixture was filtered yielding a pale yellow clear solution, which was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. The crude product was further purified by a short filtration through silica gel affording hydrogenated Diels-Alder adduct, an oxa-bicyloheptane compound with a methylcarboxylate substituent on the 2- or 3-position, as pale-yellow coloured liquid.
Table 4 Exp. No. X Y Reaction Time (h) Yield (%) 13 CH3 H 12 90 14 CH3 CH3 12 92 -
- A stainless steel pressure reactor was charged with the products obtained in experiments 7 and 8 of Example 2 (see Table 2) (1.0 mmol), an acid zeolite Y catalyst in an amount of 50 pbw per 100 pbw of the product of experiments 7 and 8 of Example 2, respectively, 3 pbw of Pd/C (10 wt% of Pd based on the weight of the catalyst) and toluene (20 mL/g product). Next, the reactor was purged 3 times with nitrogen of 10 bar, and the reaction mixture was stirred (750 rpm) at 150 - 200 °C for 24 h. During the course of reaction, the pressure rose to a maximum of 6-8 bar. After completion of the reaction, the reactor was cooled down to room temperature and the excess pressure was carefully vented off. The crude reaction mixture was filtered using a filter aid and washed 5 times with 10 mL toluene, giving a pale yellow clear solution, which was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to give yellow colored crystalline material. The analysis of crude product using 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of desired aromatic compound, viz. optionally substituted phthalic anhydride together with up to four different by-products (based on the catalyst used). The products distribution was calculated by NMR analyses, using 1,4-dinitrobenzene as internal standard.
- The yields of the respective products are shown in Table 5. Percentages are molar percentages, based on starting material.
Table 5 Exp. No. X Y Acid catalyst Dehydrog. Catalyst Yield of Product, % 1 2 3 4&5 6 15 -CH3 -CH3 H-Y Pd/C 67 - - 12* - 16 CH3 -H H-Y Pd/C 59 0 0 21 -+ * in this case, it is para-xylene.
+ any toluene formed was not detectable as the reaction was performed in toluene as solvent - In experiment Nos. 17 and 18 a round-bottom flask was charged with each of the products obtained in Example 4 (1.0 mmol) and solid acid catalyst (100 pbw per 100 pbw of product). The acid catalyst was selected from an acid zeolite Y with a silica-alumina ratio of 5.2 ("H-Y"). Next, the flask was purged 3 times with nitrogen and inserted into a glass oven at 200 °C. The reaction flask was rotated at 25 rpm for about 2.0 hr under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion of the reaction, the glass oven was cooled down to room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was dissolved in chloroform (CDCl3) and filtered and washed 3 times with 10 mL CDCl3, giving a pale yellow clear solution, which was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. A yellow colored crystalline material was thus obtained. The analysis of crude product using 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of desired benzene compound, i.e. the benzene compound with a carboxylate moiety on the 2- or 3-positon, and the calculated product yield about was 20 - 30%molar.
-
- A round-bottom flask was charged with a product obtained in Example 2 (1.0 mmol) and solid acid catalyst (100 pbw per 100 pbw of product). The acid catalyst was selected from an acid zeolite Y with a silica-alumina ratio of 5.2 ("H-Y"), such zeolite Y catalyst that contained 1%wt Pd ("Pd/H-Y"), such zeolite Y catalyst that contained 0.25 %wt Pt and 0.25%wt Pd ("Pt/Pd/H-Y"). Next, the flask was purged 3 times with nitrogen and inserted into a glass oven at 200 °C. The reaction flask was rotated at 25 rpm for about 2 to 3 hr under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion of the reaction, the glass oven was cooled down to room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was dissolved in chloroform (CDCl3) and filtered and washed 3 times with 10 mL CDCl3, giving a pale yellow clear solution, which was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. A yellow colored crystalline material was thus obtained. The analysis of crude product using 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of desired aromatic compound, viz. optionally substituted phthalic anhydride together with up to three different by-products (dependent on the catalyst used). The product distribution in the crude mixture was calculated by NMR analyses using 1,4-dinitrobenzene as internal standard.
- The compounds, the catalyst used, and the yields of the respective products are shown in Table 7. Percentages are molar percentages, based on starting material.
Table 7 Exp. No. X Y Acid catalyst Yield of Product, % 1 2 3&4 5 19 -H -H H-Y 41 - 26 23 20 -CH3 -H H-Y 76 - 13 - 21 -CH3 -CH3 H-Y 72 - 11 17 22 -CH3 -H Pd/H-Y 80 - 7 * 23 -CH3 -H Pt/Pd/H-Y 62 - 17 ** * Experiment 22 also yielded 5 % of 3-methyl-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride-cyclohexene-1.
** Experiment 23 also yielded 10 % of 3-methyl-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride-cyclohexene-1. -
- A round-bottom flask was charged with a product obtained in Example 2 (1.0 mmol) and solid acid catalyst (50 pbw or 100 pbw per 100 pbw of product). The acid catalysts used were the same as those used in Example 7. Next, the flask was purged 3 times with nitrogen and inserted into a glass oven at a fixed temperature. The reaction flask was rotated at 25 rpm for a fixed amount of time under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, the glass oven was cooled down to room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was dissolved in chloroform (CDCl3) and filtered and washed 3 times with 10 mL CDCl3, giving a pale yellow clear solution, which was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. A yellow colored crystalline material was thus obtained. The analysis of crude product using 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of desired aromatic compound, viz. optionally substituted phthalic anhydride together with up to three different by-products (dependent on the catalyst used). The product distribution in the crude mixture was calculated by NMR analyses using 1,4-dinitrobenzene as internal standard.
- The compounds, the catalyst used, and the yields of the respective products are shown in Table 8. Percentages are molar percentages, based on starting material.
Table 8 Exp. No. X Y Temp. (°C) Time (hrs) Acid catalyst Conv. (%) Yield of Product, % 1 2 3&4 5 24 -CH3 -H 150 2 H-Y (50%) 89 12 77 0 0 25 -CH3 -H 150 15 H-Y (50%) 100 34 66 0 0 26 -CH3 -H 160 2 H-Y (50%) 100 24 76 0 0 27 -CH3 -H 175 2 H-Y (50%) 100 37 63 0 0 28 -CH3 -H 160 2 H-Y (100%) 100 43 54 0 0 29 -CH3 -H 175 2 H-Y (100%) 100 81 9 6 0 30 -CH3 -H 200 2 H-Y (100%) 100 76 0 6 13 31 -CH3 -H 225 2 H-Y (100%) 100 45 0 0 55 32 -CH3 -H 250 5 H-Y (100%) 100 0 0 0 100 33 -H -H 160 15 H-Y (100%) 43 15 28 0 0 34 -H -H 200 2 H-Y (100%) 100 41 0 26 23 35 -CH3 -CH3 200 2 H-Y (100%) 100 72 0 11 17
Claims (26)
- Process for the preparation of a benzene compound which comprises(i) reacting a furan compound of formula (I):
with an olefin of the formula (II)
R7-CH=CH-R8 (II),
wherein R7 and R8 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sulfonate, -CN, -CHO, and -COOR9, wherein R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and an alkyl group, or R7 and R8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group or a -C(O)-NR10-C(O)- group, wherein R10 represents hydrogen, an aliphatic or an aromatic group,
to produce an unsaturated bicyclic ether having an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond;(ii) hydrogenating the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether to produce a saturated bicyclic ether; and(iii) dehydrating and aromatizing the saturated bicyclic ether to produce the benzene compound. - Process according to claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, -CHO, -CH2OR3, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.
- Process according to claim 2, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R7 and R8 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -CHO and -COOR9, wherein R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or R7 and R8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group.
- Process according to claim 4, wherein R7 and R8 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C-group.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the furan compound of formula (I) is reacted with the olefin of formula (II) at a temperature in the range of 0 to 150 °C, preferably from 20 to 100 °C.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the furan compound of formula (I) is reacted with the olefin of formula (II) in the presence of a Diels-Alder catalyst.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated using gaseous hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.
- Process according to claim 8, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst comprises one or more metals or metal compounds selected from the metals in the Groups 8 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements on a carrier.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond in the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated in the presence of a solvent.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated at a temperature of 0 to 150 °C, preferably from 10 to 100°C.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the unsaturated bicyclic ether is hydrogenated at a pressure of 1 to 125 bar.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the saturated bicyclic ether is dehydrated and aromatized in the presence of a catalyst.
- Process according to claim 13, wherein the catalyst is an acidic catalyst.
- Process according to claim 14, wherein the acidic catalyst is a solid catalyst, preferably selected from zeolites, ion exchange resins, sulfonated activated carbon and combinations thereof.
- Process according to claim 15, wherein the acidic catalyst is a zeolite.
- Process according to claim 16, wherein the zeolite has been selected from the group consisting of zeolite Y, zeolite X, zeolite beta, mordenite and mixtures thereof.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the saturated bicyclic ether is dehydrated and aromatized at a temperature of 100 to 350 °C.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the saturated bicyclic ether is dehydrated and aromatized in the presence of a solvent.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the saturated bicyclic ether is dehydrated and aromatized at a pressure ranging from 0.5 to 50 bar.
- Process according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the benzene compound produced by the dehydration and aromatization of the saturated bicyclic ether, is oxidized.
- Process according to claim 21, wherein the oxidation is effected by an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst comprising cobalt and manganese or by potassium permanganate or nitric acid.
- Process according to claim 22, wherein the catalyst comprises cobalt and manganese, and further comprises bromine.
- Process according to any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the oxidation is carried out at a temperature of from 60 to 220 °C, at a pressure of from 5 to 100 bar and at a residence time of from 0.1 to 48 hours.
- Lactone compound of formula (V)
- Lactone compound according to claim 25, wherein Y is hydrogen and X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, -CHO ,or -CH2OR3, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and aryl.
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US4262157A (en) | 1980-03-27 | 1981-04-14 | Abbott Laboratories | Decarboxylation process |
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JOANNA BAJSA ET AL: "The antiplasmodial activity of norcantharidin analogs", BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS, vol. 20, no. 22, 1 November 2010 (2010-11-01), AMSTERDAM, NL, pages 6688 - 6695, XP055478686, ISSN: 0960-894X, DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.004 * |
YOSHIYASU BABA ET AL: "Structure-Based Design of a Highly Selective Catalytic Site-Directed Inhibitor of Ser/Thr Protein Phosphatase 2B (Calcineurin)", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 125, no. 32, 1 August 2003 (2003-08-01), US, pages 9740 - 9749, XP055261896, ISSN: 0002-7863, DOI: 10.1021/ja034694y * |
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US20170355710A1 (en) | 2017-12-14 |
US10550128B2 (en) | 2020-02-04 |
WO2016099274A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
EP3233817A1 (en) | 2017-10-25 |
US20190194221A1 (en) | 2019-06-27 |
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