EP3209762B1 - Dishwasher detergent containing metal complexes - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a machine dishwashing detergent which exhibits an improved cleaning performance in the removal of baked stains, the use of this dishwashing detergent and a method of automatic dishwashing using this dishwashing detergent.

The most important criterion in automatic dishwashing is the cleaning performance on a wide variety of soiling, which are introduced into the dishwasher in the form of food residues. Especially with stubborn stains, such as those that occur in the preparation of protein and starch-containing foods at high temperatures (frying, baking, frying, gratinating, etc.), so-called baked-in dirt, the cleaning performance of available dishwashing detergent is still not satisfactory. Such insufficient cleaning performance leads to dissatisfaction with the consumer. Therefore, there is a general need for automatic dishwashing detergents, which still have a good cleaning performance even with baked stains.

It has now surprisingly been found that the metal complexes used according to the invention, when used in customary dishwashing detergent formulations, bring about improved cleaning performance on baked stains.

• M ein Metallkation ist, ausgewählt aus Kationen von Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, insbesondere aus Kationen von Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, und Bi, noch bevorzugter Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Co³⁺, und Bi³⁺, am bevorzugtesten Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, oder Bi³⁺, äußerst bevorzugt Cu²⁺ oder Zn²⁺, am meisten bevorzugt Zn²⁺;
• A ein beliebiges Anion ist;
• n und m ganze Zahlen sind ausgewählt aus 1 - 6; und
• L ein Neutralligand der Formel (II) ist
  

wobei

• jedes X unabhängig O oder NR ist; und
• jedes R unabhängig ausgewählt wird aus H, unsubstituiertem oder substituiertem, linearen oder verzweigtem C_1-20 Alkyl, unsubstituiertem oder substituiertem, linearen oder verzweigtem C_1-20 Heteroalkyl, unsubstituiertem oder substituiertem, linearen oder verzweigtem C_2-20 Alkenyl, unsubstituiertem oder substituiertem, linearen oder verzweigtem C_2-20 Heteroalkenyl und unsubstituiertem oder substituiertem, linearen oder verzweigtem C_2-20 Alkinyl.

In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist jedes R unabhängig ausgewählt aus H, -(CH₂)_o-CH₃, wobei o eine ganze Zahl ist ausgewählt aus 3-13, -(CH₂)_p-COOH und -(CH₂)_p-OH, wobei p jeweils eine ganze Zahl ist ausgewählt aus 1-6.A first aspect of the present invention therefore relates to a dishwashing detergent, in particular a dishwasher detergent, containing, based on the total weight of the dishwashing detergent, from 0.001 to 10.0 wt .-%, in particular 0.01 to 1.0 wt .-% of at least one metal complex of the formula (I)

M ^{n +} L (A ^m- ) _{n / m} (I)

in which

• M is a metal cation selected from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, in particular from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Bi, more preferably Cu ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Co ³⁺ , and Bi ³⁺ , most preferably Cu ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , or Bi ³⁺ , most preferably Cu ²⁺ or Zn ²⁺ , most preferably Zn ²⁺ ;
• A is any anion;
• n and m are integers selected from 1 to 6; and
• L is a neutral ligand of formula (II)
  

in which

• each X is independently O or NR; and
• each R is independently selected from H, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _1-20 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _1-20 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _2-20 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted , linear or branched C _2-20 heteroalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _2-20 alkynyl.

In a preferred embodiment, each R is independently selected from H, - (CH ₂ ) _o -CH ₃ , where o is an integer selected from 3-13, - (CH ₂ ) _p -COOH and - (CH ₂ ) _p - OH, where p is an integer selected from 1-6.

Likewise provided by the present invention is the use of a dishwashing agent according to the invention in a machine dishwashing process, in particular the use for improving the cleaning performance in an automatic dishwashing machine.

Yet another object of the invention is a machine dishwashing process in which a dishwasher detergent according to the invention is used, in particular for the purpose of improving the cleaning performance.

Finally, the use of the metal complexes used according to the invention to improve the cleaning performance of a dishwasher detergent is also the subject of the present invention.

These and other aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a study of the following detailed description and claims. Any feature of one aspect of the invention may be employed in any other aspect of the invention. Further, it is to be understood that the examples contained herein are intended to describe and illustrate the invention, but not to limit it, and in particular that the invention is not limited to these examples. All percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. Numeric ranges indicated in the format "from x to y" include the above values. If multiple preferred numeric ranges are specified in this format, it is understood that all ranges resulting from the combination of the various endpoints are also captured.

"At least one" as used herein means 1 or more, ie 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or more. With respect to an ingredient, the indication refers to the type of ingredient, not the absolute number of molecules. Thus, "at least one metal complex" means, for example, at least one type of metal complex, ie, one type of metal complex or a mixture of several different metal complexes. Together with weights this specification refers to all compounds of the specified type which are contained in the composition / mixture, ie that the composition contains no further compounds of this type beyond the specified amount of the corresponding compounds.

All percentages given in connection with the compositions described herein, unless explicitly stated otherwise, relate to% by weight, in each case based on the mixture in question.

In the context of the present invention are fatty acids or fatty alcohols or their derivatives - unless otherwise stated - representative of branched or unbranched carboxylic acids or alcohols or their derivatives having preferably 6 to 22 carbon atoms. In particular, the oxo alcohols or their derivatives which are obtainable, for example, by the ROELEN's oxo synthesis can also be used correspondingly.

Whenever alkaline earth metals are referred to below as counterions for monovalent anions, this means that the alkaline earth metal is present only in half - as sufficient to charge balance - amount of substance as the anion.

The metal complexes used in the agents of the invention are those of the formula (I)

M ^{n +} L (A ^m- ) _{n / m} (I).

In these metal complexes, M is a metal cation selected from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, in particular cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Bi, more preferably Cu 2+, Zn 2+, Co2 +, Co3 +, and Bi3 +, most preferably Cu2 +, Zn2 +, or Bi3 +, most preferably Cu2 + or Zn2 +, most preferably Zn2 +;
n denotes the valence of the metal cation and is an integer from 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 5, preferably 2 or 3.

A is any anion, in particular selected from the group consisting of inorganic anions such as F ^- , Cl ^- , Br ^- , I ^- , OH ^- , HSO ₃ ^- , SO ₃ ^2- , SO ₄ ^2- , HSO ₄ ^- , NO ₂ ^- , NO ₃ ^- , PO ₄ ^3- , HPO ₄ ^2- , H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , BF ₄ ^- , PF ₆ ^- and ClO ₄ ^- , or organic anions such as acetate, citrate, formate, glutarate, lactate, malate, malonate, oxalate, pyruvate, tartrate, methanesulfonate (mesilate), methyl sulfate, tosylate and succinate.

wobei
X O oder NR ist.L is a neutral ligand of the formula (II)

in which
X is O or NR.

In various embodiments, all X 0 or all X are NR.

Each R is independently selected from H, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _1-20 alkyl, preferably linear C _8-18 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _1-20 heteroalkyl, in particular an alkyl radical having a substituted (poly) oxyalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _2-20 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _2-20 heteroalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C _2-20 alkynyl.
Preferably, each R is independently selected from H, - (CH ₂ ) _o -CH ₃ , where o is an integer selected from 3-13, - (CH ₂ ) _p -COOH and - (CH ₂ ) _p -OH, where p is an integer selected from 1-6.
In various embodiments of the invention, at least one R is - (CH ₂ ) _o -CH ₃ , where o is an integer selected from 5-9, especially 7.
In various embodiments of the invention, at least one X, preferably all X, NR. In such embodiments, at least one RH, preferably 2-3 RH, and at least one R, preferably exactly one R, is a - (CH ₂ ) _o -CH ₃ , where o is an integer selected from 5-9, in particular is o 7.
In one embodiment, the ligand of the formula (II) is an N-substituted cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, in particular an N-mono-C _4-14 -alkyl cycle, preferably N-mono-C _6-10 - Alkylcycles, more preferably N-mono-octylcycles In such embodiments, the metal cation is preferably Zn ²⁺ and the anion is preferably SO ₄ ^2- .

In various embodiments of the invention, at least one X, preferably all X, NR. In such embodiments, at least one RH, preferably 2-3 RH, and at least one R, preferably exactly one R, is an alkyl radical as defined above, such as an octyl decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl or hexadecyl radical. In one embodiment, the ligand of formula (II) is an N-substituted cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), in particular an N-mono-alkylcyclene, preferably N-mono-octylcycles, N-mono-decylcycles, N-mono-dodecylcycles, N-mono-tetradecylcycles or N-mono-hexadecylcycles. In such embodiments, the metal cation is preferably Cu ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ or Bi ³⁺ , more preferably Cu ²⁺ or Zn ²⁺ , in particular Zn ²⁺ . In such embodiments, the anion may further be a sulfate anion.

The compositions of the invention contain the above-described metal complexes in amounts of 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 1% by weight, and more preferably about 0.1 to 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the dishwashing detergent. Absolute amounts are typically in the range of 0.01 to 0.2 g / job, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 g / job,

"Approximately" or "approximately" as used herein in connection with a numerical value refers to the numerical value ± 10%, preferably ± 5%.

The compositions according to the invention may contain at least one, preferably at least two further constituents, preferably selected from the group consisting of surfactants, in particular nonionic surfactants and / or anionic surfactants, builders, enzymes, thickeners, sequestering agents, electrolytes, corrosion inhibitors, in particular silver protectants, Glass corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, dyes, fragrances, bitter substances, antimicrobial agents and disintegration aids.

The agents described herein preferably contain at least one nonionic surfactant. As nonionic surfactants, it is possible to use all nonionic surfactants known to the person skilled in the art.

Suitable nonionic surfactants are, for example, alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) _x in which R is a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular 2-methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and G is the symbol which is a glycose unit having 5 or 6 C atoms, preferably glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; preferably x is 1.2 to 1.4.

Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-cocoalkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallowalkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides may also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, especially not more than half thereof.

Further suitable surfactants are the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides known as PHFA.

However, low-foaming nonionic surfactants are preferably used, in particular alkoxylated, especially ethoxylated, low-foaming nonionic surfactants. With particular preference, the automatic dishwashing detergents contain nonionic surfactants from the group of the alkoxylated alcohols.

A class of useful nonionic surfactants which can be used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants are accordingly alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain.

Preferably used surfactants come from the groups of ethoxylated primary alcohols and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally complicated surfactants such as polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene ((PO / EO / PO) surfactants). Such (PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are characterized by good foam control.

bevorzugt, in der R¹ für einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten, gesättigten oder ein- bzw. mehrfach ungesättigten C_6-24-Alkyl- oder -Alkenylrest steht; jede Gruppe R² bzw. R³ unabhängig voneinander ausgewählt ist aus -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -CH₂CH₂-CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂ und die Indizes w, x, y, z unabhängig voneinander für ganze Zahlen von 1 bis 6 stehen.Nonionic surfactants having alternating ethylene oxide and alkylene oxide units may be preferred. Among these, in turn, surfactants with EO-AO-EO-AO blocks are preferred, wherein in each case one to ten EO or AO groups are bonded to each other before a block of the other groups follows. Here are nonionic surfactants of the general formula

in which R ^{1 is} a straight-chain or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated C _6-24 alkyl or alkenyl radical; each group R ² or R ^{3 is} independently selected from -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -CH ₃ , CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and the indices w, x, y, z independently stand for integers from 1 to 6.

Thus, particularly preferred are nonionic surfactants having a C _9-15 alkyl group having 1 to 4 ethylene oxide units followed by 1 to 4 propylene oxide units followed by 1 to 4 ethylene oxide units followed by 1 to 4 propylene oxide units.

• R¹ für einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten, gesättigten oder ein- bzw. mehrfach ungesättigten C_6-24-Alkyl- oder -Alkenylrest steht;
• R² für H oder einen linearen oder verzweigten Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 2 bis 26 Kohlenstoffatomen steht;
• A, A', A" und A'" unabhängig voneinander für einen Rest aus der Gruppe -CH₂CH₂, -CH₂CH₂-CH₂, -CH₂-CH(CH₃), -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂, -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-,-CH₂-CH(CH₂-CH₃) stehen,
• w, x, y und z für Werte zwischen 0,5 und 120 stehen, wobei x, y und/oder z auch 0 sein können.

Preferred nonionic surfactants here are those of the general formula

R ^{1 is} -CH (OH) CH ₂ O- (AO) _w - (A'O) _x - (A "O) _y - (A"'O) _z -R ² ,

in the

• R ^{1 is} a straight-chain or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated C _6-24 alkyl or alkenyl radical;
• R ^{2 is} H or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms;
• A, A ', A "and A'" independently represent a radical from the group -CH ₂ CH ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -CH ₂ , -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ), -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ , -CH ₂ -CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -, - CH ₂ -CH (CH ₂ -CH ₃ ),
• w, x, y and z are values between 0.5 and 120, where x, y and / or z can also be 0.

Preference is given in particular to those end-capped, poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants which, in accordance with the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² , in addition to a radical R ¹ , which is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably having 4 to 22 carbon atoms, furthermore having a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical R ² having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, where x is from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and 90, preferably for values between 30 and 80 and in particular for values between 30 and 60.

Particularly preferred are surfactants of the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) O] _x [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² , in which R ^{1 is} a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 4 R ^{2 is} a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof and x is values between 0.5 and 1.5 and y is a value of at least 15.

The group of these nonionic surfactants includes, for example, the C _2-26 fatty alcohol (PO) ₁ - (EO) _15-40 -2-hydroxyalkyl ethers, in particular also the C _8-10 fatty alcohol (PO) ₁ - (EO) ₂₂ -2 -hydroxydecylether. Particular preference is furthermore given to those end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _x [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _y CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² , in which R ¹ and R ² independently of one another is a linear or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms, R ^{3 is} independently selected from -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -CH ₃ , -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ , but preferably -CH ₃ , and x and y are independently from each other values between 1 and 32, wherein nonionic surfactants with R ³ = -CH ₃ and values of x from 15 to 32 and y of 0.5 and 1.5 are very particularly preferred.

Other preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ² in which R ¹ and R ^{2 are} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 is} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, 2 Butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x are values between 1 and 30, k and j are values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. When the value x ≥ 2, each R ³ in the above formula R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ^{2 may be} different. R ¹ and R ² are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, with radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. For the radical R ³ , H, -CH ₃ or -CH ₂ CH _{3 are} particularly preferred. Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.

As described above, each R ³ in the above formula may be different if x ≥ 2. As a result, the alkylene oxide unit in the square bracket can be varied. For example, when x is 3, the radical R ³ can be selected to form ethylene oxide (R ³ = H) or propylene oxide (R ³ = CH ₃ ) units which may be joined in any order, for example (EO) ( PO) (EO), (EO) (EO) (PO), (EO) (EO) (EO), (PO) (EO) (PO), (PO) (PO) (EO) and (PO) ( PO) (PO). The value 3 for x has been selected here by way of example and may well be greater, with the variation width increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) groups combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,

Particularly preferred end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohols of the above formula have values of k = 1 and j = 1 such that the above formula is R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH ) CH ₂ OR ² simplified. In the latter formula, R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 are} as defined above and x is from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 has} 9 to 14 C atoms, R ^{3 is} H and x assumes values of 6 to 15.

• R¹ für einen geradkettigen oder verzweigten, gesättigten oder ein- bzw. mehrfach ungesättigten C_6-24-Alkyl- oder-Alkenylrest steht;
• R² für einen linearen oder verzweigten Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit 2 bis 26 Kohlenstoffatomen steht;
• A für einen Rest aus der Gruppe CH₂CH₂, CH₂CH₂CH₂, CH₂CH(CH₃), vorzugsweise für CH₂CH₂ steht, und
• w für Werte zwischen 1 und 120, vorzugsweise 10 bis 80, insbesondere 20 bis 40 steht

Finally, the nonionic surfactants of the general formula R ¹ -CH (OH) CH ₂ O- (AO) _w -R ^{2 have} proven to be particularly effective, in which

• R ^{1 is} a straight-chain or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated C _6-24 alkyl or alkenyl radical;
• R ^{2 is} a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms;
• A is a radical from the group CH ₂ CH ₂ , CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ , CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ), preferably CH ₂ CH ₂ , and
• w stands for values between 1 and 120, preferably 10 to 80, in particular 20 to 40

The group of these nonionic surfactants include, for example, the C _4-22 fatty alcohol (EO) _10-80 -2-hydroxyalkyl ethers, in particular also the C _8-12 fatty alcohol (EO) ₂₂ -2-hydroxydecyl ethers and the C _4-22 fatty alcohol (EO) _40-80 -2-hydroxyalkyl ether.

In various embodiments of the invention, instead of the above-defined end-capped hydroxy mixed ethers, it is also possible to use the corresponding non-end-capped hydroxy mixed ethers. These may satisfy the above formulas, but R ² is hydrogen and R ¹ , R ³ , A, A ', A ", A"', w, x, y and z are as defined above.

The compositions described herein, which comprise at least one nonionic surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant from the group of hydroxy mixed ethers, contain the surfactant in various embodiments in an amount based on the total weight of the composition of at least 2 wt.%, Preferably at least 5 wt. %. For example, the amounts used per application may be in the range of 0.5-10 g / job, preferably in the range of 1-5 g / job.

Suitable anionic surfactants in dishwashing detergents are all anionic surfactants. These are characterized by a water-solubilizing, anionic group such as. As a carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate or phosphate group and a lipophilic alkyl group having about 8 to 30 carbon atoms. In addition, glycol or polyglycol ether groups, ester, ether and amide groups and hydroxyl groups may be present in the molecule. Suitable anionic surfactants are preferably present in the form of the sodium, potassium and ammonium as well as the mono-, di- and trialkanolammonium salts having 2 to 4 C atoms in the alkanol group.

Preferred anionic surfactants are alkyl sulfates, alkyl polyglycol ether sulfates and ether carboxylic acids having 10 to 18 C atoms in the alkyl group and up to 12 glycol ether groups in the molecule.

Therefore, the dishwashing detergents contain in various embodiments, at least one surfactant of the formula R ¹ -O- (AO) _n -SO ₃ ^- X ^+.

In this formula, R ^{4 is} a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical, preferably a linear, unsubstituted alkyl radical, more preferably a fatty alcohol radical. Preferred radicals R ¹ are selected from decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl radicals and mixtures thereof, where the representatives with even number of carbon atoms Atoms are preferred. Particularly preferred radicals R ¹ are derived from C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or C ₁₀ -C ₂₀ oxo alcohols.

AO represents an ethylene oxide (EO) or propylene oxide (PO) moiety, preferably an ethylene oxide moiety. The index n stands for an integer from 1 to 50, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 2 to 10. Most preferably, n stands for the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. X is a monovalent cation or the nth part of an n-valent cation, the alkali metal ions are preferred, and Na ⁺ or K ^{+ are} preferred, Na ^{+ being} extremely preferred. Other cations X ⁺ may be selected from NH ₄ ⁺ , ½Zn ²⁺ , ½Mg ²⁺ , ½Ca ²⁺ , ½Mn ²⁺ , and mixtures thereof.

mit k = 11 bis 19, n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 oder 8. Ganz besonders bevorzugte Vertreter sind Na-C_12-14 Fettalkoholethersulfate mit 2 EO (k = 11-13, n = 2 in Formel A-1).Particularly preferred anionic surfactants are selected from fatty alcohol ether sulfates of the formula A-1

with k = 11 to 19, n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. Very particularly preferred representatives are Na-C _12-14 fatty alcohol _ether sulfates with 2 EO (k = 11-13, n = 2 in formula A-1).

The agents may additionally or alternatively contain at least one surfactant of the formula R ⁵ -A-SO ₃ ^- Y ⁺ .

In this formula, R ^{5 is} a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical and the grouping -A- for -O- or a chemical bond. In other words, sulfate (A = O) or sulfonate (A = chemical bond) surfactants can be described by the above formula. Depending on the choice of the group A, certain radicals R ^{5 are} preferred. In the case of the sulfate surfactants (A = O), R ⁵ preferably represents a linear, unsubstituted alkyl radical, more preferably a fatty alcohol radical. Preferred radicals R ⁵ are selected from decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl radicals and mixtures thereof, where the representatives with even number of carbon atoms Atoms are preferred. Particularly preferred radicals R ⁵ are derived from C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or C ₁₀ -C ₂₀ oxo alcohols. Y stands for a monovalent cation or the n-th part of an n-valent cation, the alkali metal ions being preferred, and Na ⁺ or K ⁺ being preferred, Na ^{+ being} extremely preferred. Other cations Y + may be selected from NH ₄ ⁺ , ½Zn ²⁺ , ½Mg ²⁺ , ½Ca ²⁺ , ½Mn ²⁺ , and mixtures thereof.

mit k = 11 bis 19. Ganz besonders bevorzugte Vertreter sind Na-C_12-14 Fettalkoholsulfate (k = 11-13).Such particularly preferred surfactants are selected from fatty alcohol sulfates of the formula

with k = 11 to 19. Very particularly preferred representatives are Na-C _12-14 fatty alcohol sulfates (k = 11-13).

In the case of the sulfonate surfactants (A = chemical bond) R ⁵ preferably represents a linear or branched unsubstituted alkylaryl radical. Here, too, X is a monovalent cation or the nth part of an n-valent cation, the alkali metal ions being preferred, and Na ⁺ or K ⁺ being preferred, Na ^{+ being} extremely preferred. Other cations X + may be selected from NH ₄ ⁺ , ½Zn ²⁺ , ½Mg ²⁺ , ½Ca ²⁺ , ½Mn ²⁺ , and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants may be selected from linear or branched alkyl benzene sulfonates.

Instead of or in combination with the surfactants mentioned, it is also possible to use cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants, such as betaines or quaternary ammonium compounds. However, it is preferred that no cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants are used.

As builders, which may be contained in the dishwashing detergent, in particular silicates, aluminum silicates (especially zeolites), carbonates, organic di- and polycarboxylic acids and aminocarboxylic acids or their salts, and - where there are no ecological prejudices against their use - also the phosphates. Of course, mixtures of these substances can also be used.

It is possible, for example, to use crystalline layer-form silicates of the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .yH ₂ O, in which M represents sodium or hydrogen, x a number from 1.9 to 22, preferably from 1.9 to 4, where especially preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4, and y is a number from 0 to 33, preferably from 0 to 20. The crystalline layer-form silicates of the formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .yH ₂ O are sold, for example, by the company Clariant GmbH (Germany) under the trade name Na-SKS. Examples of these silicates are Na-SKS-1 (Na ₂ Si ₂₂ O ₄₅ .xH ₂ O, Kenyaite), Na-SKS-2 (Na ₂ Si ₁₄ O ₂₉ .xH ₂ O, magadiite), Na-SKS -3 (Na ₂ Si ₈ O ₁₇ .xH ₂ O) or Na-SKS-4 (Na ₂ Si ₄ O ₉ .xH ₂ O, Makatite). Particularly suitable for the purposes of the present invention are crystalline phyllosilicates of the formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .yH ₂ O, in which x is 2. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium are Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ .yH ₂ O and furthermore especially Na-SKS-5 (α-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ), Na-SKS-7 (β-Na ₂ Si ₂ O _5, natrosilite), Na-SKS-9 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ · H ₂ O), Na-SKS-10 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ · 3 H ₂ O, kanemite), Na-SKS-11 ( t-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ) and Na-SKS-13 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ ), but especially Na-SKS-6 (δ-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ).

Machine dishwashing detergents typically contain a weight fraction of the crystalline layered silicate of the formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .yH ₂ O of from 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.2 to 15% by weight and in particular from 0, 4 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of these agents.

It is also possible to use amorphous sodium silicates with a Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ modulus of from 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, which preferably delayed release and have secondary washing properties. The dissolution delay compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compaction / densification or by over-drying. In the context of this invention, the term "amorphous" is understood to mean that the silicates do not yield sharp X-ray reflections typical of crystalline substances in X-ray diffraction experiments, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays having a width of several degrees of diffraction angle , cause.

In the context of the present invention, it is preferred that these silicate (s), preferably alkali metal silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous Alkalidisilikate, in the compositions in amounts of 1 to 40 wt .-%, preferably from 2 to 35 wt. -% in each case based on the weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent are included.

Of course, a use of the well-known phosphates as builders is possible, unless such use should not be avoided for environmental reasons. Among the large number of commercially available phosphates, the alkali metal phosphates, with particular preference of pentasodium or pentakalium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate) in the washing or dishwashing industry have the greatest importance.

Alkali metal phosphates is the summary term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: they act as alkali carriers, prevent lime deposits on machine parts or lime incrustations in fabrics and also contribute to the cleaning performance.

Technically particularly important phosphates are the pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate) and the corresponding potassium salt pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate) and corresponding mixed salts (Natriumkaliumtripolyphosphate). Preferably, however, the agents are phosphate-free.

If, in the context of the present application, phosphates are used as cleaning-active substances in dishwashing detergent, preferred agents comprise this phosphate (s), preferably alkali metal phosphate (s), particularly preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate) Amounts from 5 to 80 wt .-%, preferably from 10 to 60 wt .-% and in particular from 18 to 45 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent.

The dishwashing detergents can in particular also contain phosphonates as further builder. As the phosphonate compound is preferably a hydroxyalkane and / or aminoalkane phosphonate used. Among the hydroxyalkane phosphonates, 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance. Preferred aminoalkanephosphonates are ethylenediamine tetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologs. Phosphonates are contained in the compositions preferably in amounts of 0.1 to 10 wt .-%, in particular in amounts of 0.5 to 8 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the dishwashing detergent.

Further builders are the alkali carriers. Suitable alkali carriers are, for example, alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogencarbonates, alkali metal sesquicarbonates, the alkali silicates, alkali metal silicates and mixtures of the abovementioned substances, it being possible to use the alkali metal carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium sesquicarbonate, for the purposes of this invention. Particularly preferred is a builder system comprising a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate. Also particularly preferred is a builder system comprising a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate and sodium disilicate. Because of their low chemical compatibility with the other ingredients of dishwasher detergents in comparison with other builders, the optional alkali metal hydroxides are preferably only in small amounts, preferably in amounts below 10 wt .-%, preferably below 6 wt .-%, more preferably below 4 % By weight and in particular below 2% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent. Particularly preferred are agents which, based on their total weight, contain less than 0.5% by weight and in particular no alkali metal hydroxides.

Particularly preferred is the use of carbonate (s) and / or bicarbonate (s), preferably alkali metal carbonate (s), more preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 2 to 50 wt .-%, preferably from 5 to 40 wt .-% and in particular from 7.5 to 30 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent. Particularly preferred are agents which, based on the weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent, contain less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 17% by weight, preferably less than 13% by weight and in particular less than 9% by weight of carbonate (e ) and / or bicarbonate (s), preferably alkali metal carbonate (s), particularly preferably sodium carbonate.

Particularly suitable organic builders are polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders and the phosphonates already mentioned above as builders. These classes of substances are described below.

Useful organic builder substances are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of the free acid and / or their sodium salts, those of polycarboxylic acids being those Carboxylic acids are understood to carry more than one acid function. For example, these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), if such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures thereof. In addition to their builder effect, the free acids also typically have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of the automatic dishwashing detergents. In particular, citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any desired mixtures of these can be mentioned here.

The use of citric acid and / or citrates in these compositions has proven particularly advantageous for the cleaning and rinsing performance of the agents described herein. Preference is therefore given to automatic dishwasher detergents, characterized in that the automatic dishwashing agent contains citric acid or a salt of citric acid.

Another important class of phosphate-free builders are aminocarboxylic acids and / or their salts. Particularly preferred members of this class are methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) or its salts, and glutamic diacetic acid (GLDA) or its salts or ethylenediaminediacetic acid or its salts (EDDS). The content of these aminocarboxylic acids or their salts may for example be between 0.1 and 30% by weight, preferably between 1 and 25% by weight and in particular between 5 and 20% by weight. Aminocarboxylic acids and their salts can be used together with the abovementioned builders, in particular also with the phosphate-free builders.

The dishwashing compositions of the invention may further comprise a sulfopolymer. The proportion by weight of the sulfopolymer in the total weight of the dishwashing agent according to the invention is preferably from 0.1 to 20 wt .-%, in particular from 0.5 to 18 wt .-%, particularly preferably 1.0 to 15 wt .-%, in particular from 4 to 14 wt .-%, especially from 6 to 12 wt .-%. The sulfopolymer is typically employed in the form of an aqueous solution, the aqueous solutions typically containing from 20 to 70 weight percent, more preferably from 30 to 50 weight percent, preferably from about 35 to 40 weight percent sulfopolymers.

The sulfopolymer used is preferably a copolymeric polysulfonate, preferably a hydrophobically modified copolymeric polysulfonate.

The copolymers may have two, three, four or more different monomer units. Preferred copolymeric polysulfonates contain not only sulfonic acid group-containing monomer (s) but also at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of unsaturated carboxylic acids.

Unsaturated carboxylic acid (s) used are, with particular preference, unsaturated carboxylic acids of the formula R ¹ (R ² ) C =C (R ³ ) COOH, in which R ¹ to R ³ independently of one another are -H, -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, alkyl or alkenyl radicals substituted by -NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH as defined above or -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , wherein R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

Particularly preferred unsaturated carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, α-chloroacrylic acid, α-cyanoacrylic acid, crotonic acid, α-phenyl-acrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, sorbic acid, cinnamic acid or mixtures thereof. It goes without saying that it is also possible to use the unsaturated dicarboxylic acids.

In the sulfonic acid-containing monomers are those of the formula

R ⁵ (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H

in which R ⁵ to R ⁷ independently of one another are -H, -CH ₃ , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, NH ₂ , -OH or -COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals or -COOH or -COOR ⁴ , wherein R ^{4 is} a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and X is an optional spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ - , -C (O) -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ -CH ₂ - and -C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -.

Preferred among these monomers are those of the formulas

H ₂ C = CH-X-SO ₃ H

H ₂ C = C (CH ₃ ) -X-SO ₃ H

HO ₃ SX- (R ⁶ ) C = C (R ⁷ ) -X-SO ₃ H,

in which R ⁶ and R ^{7 are} independently selected from -H, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ and -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and X is an optional spacer group which is selected from - (CH ₂ ) _n - with n = 0 to 4, -COO- (CH ₂ ) _k - with k = 1 to 6, -C (O) -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ -, - C (O) -NH-C (CH ₃ ) ₂ -CH ₂ - and -C (O) -NH-CH (CH ₃ ) -CH ₂ -.

Particularly preferred monomers containing sulfonic acid groups are 1-acrylamido-1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 3 Methacrylamido-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid, methallyloxybenzenesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-3- (2-propenyloxy) propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, sulfomethacrylamide , Sulfomethylmethacrylamid and mixtures of said acids or their water-soluble salts.

In the polymers, the sulfonic acid groups may be wholly or partially in neutralized form, i. the acidic acid of the sulfonic acid group in some or all sulfonic acid groups can be exchanged for metal ions, preferably alkali metal ions and in particular for sodium ions. The use of partially or fully neutralized sulfonic acid-containing copolymers is preferred according to the invention.

The monomer distribution of the copolymers preferably used in the case of copolymers containing only monomers containing carboxylic acid groups and monomers containing sulfonic acid groups is preferably from 5 to 95% by weight, more preferably the proportion of the sulfonic acid group-containing monomer is from 50 to 90% by weight. and the proportion of the carboxylic acid group-containing monomer 10 to 50 wt .-%, the monomers are hereby preferably selected from the aforementioned.

The molecular weight of the sulfo copolymers preferably used can be varied in order to adapt the properties of the polymers to the desired end use. Preferred dishwashing detergents are characterized in that the copolymers have molar masses of from 2000 to 200,000 gmol ^-1 , preferably from 4000 to 25,000 gmol ^-1 and in particular from 5000 to 15,000 gmol ^-1 .

The dishwashing agents may further contain other polymers. Suitable polymers include, in particular, the cleaning-active polymers, for example the rinse-aid polymers and / or polymers which act as softeners.

Preferred polymers which can be used are from the group of the alkylacrylamide / acrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methacrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methylmethacrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / acrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) -acrylic acid copolymers which cationically derivatized alkylacrylamide / methylmethacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers, the alkylacrylamide / alkymethacrylate / alkylaminoethylmethacrylate / alkylmethacrylate copolymers and the copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids unsaturated carboxylic acids and optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers.

Other usable polymers come from the group of acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts, the acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali metal and ammonium salts and the methacroylethylbetaine / methacrylate copolymers.

Useful cationic polymers come from the groups of the quaternized cellulose derivatives, the polysiloxanes with quaternary groups, the cationic guar derivatives, the polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and their esters and amides, the copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylaminoacrylate and methacrylates, the vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers, the quaternized polyvinyl alcohols or the polymers specified under the INCI names Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquaternium 18 and Polyquaternium 27.

The amounts given above for the described surfactants and builders usually refer to the amounts that are used when the particular surfactant or the respective builders used alone, unless explicitly stated otherwise. It is therefore natural that when using multiple surfactants or builders, the quantities are adjusted accordingly.

Preferably, the agents of the present invention contain at least one enzyme preparation or enzyme composition containing one or more enzymes. Suitable enzymes include, but are not limited to, proteases, amylases, lipases, hemicellulases, cellulases, perhydrolases or oxidoreductases, and preferably mixtures thereof. These enzymes are basically of natural origin; Based on the natural molecules, improved variants are available for use in dishwashing detergents, which are preferably used accordingly. The agents contain enzymes preferably in total amounts of 1 × 10 ^-6 to 5 wt .-% based on active protein. The protein concentration can be determined by known methods, for example the BCA method or the biuret method.

Proteases are among the most technically important enzymes of all. They cause the degradation of protein-containing stains on the items to be cleaned. Of these, in turn, proteases of the subtilisin type (subtilases, subtilopeptidases, EC 3.4.21.62) are particularly important, which are due to the catalytically active amino acids serine proteases. They act as nonspecific endopeptidases and hydrolyze any acid amide linkages that are internal to peptides or proteins. Their pH optimum is usually in the clearly alkaline range. Be subtilases naturally formed by microorganisms. Of these, in particular, the subtilisins formed and secreted by Bacillus species are to be mentioned as the most important group within the subtilases.

Examples of the subtilisin type proteases preferably used in washing and dishwashing detergents are the subtilisins BPN 'and Carlsberg, the protease PB92, the subtilisins 147 and 309, the protease from Bacillus lentus, in particular from Bacillus lentus DSM 5483, subtilisin DY and the the subtilases, but not the subtilisins in the narrower sense attributable enzyme thermitase, proteinase K and the proteases TW3 and TW7, as well as variants of said proteases, which have a relation to the parent protease modified amino acid sequence. Proteases are selectively or randomly modified by methods known from the prior art and thus optimized, for example, for use in detergents and dishwashing detergents. These include point mutagenesis, deletion or insertion mutagenesis or fusion with other proteins or protein parts. Thus, correspondingly optimized variants are known for most proteases known from the prior art.

Examples of usable amylases are the α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis, from B. amyloliquefaciens, from B. stearothermophilus, from Aspergillus niger and A. oryzae as well as the further developments of the aforementioned amylases which are improved for use in dishwashing detergents. Furthermore, for this purpose, the α-amylase from Bacillus sp. A 7-7 (DSM 12368) and the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from B. agaradherens (DSM 9948).

It is also possible to use lipases or cutinases, in particular because of their triglyceride-splitting activities, but also in order to generate in situ peracids from suitable precursors. These include, for example, the lipases originally obtainable from Humicola lanuginosa ( Thermomyces lanuginosus ) or further developed, in particular those with the amino acid exchange D96L.

Furthermore, enzymes can be used, which are summarized by the term hemicellulases. These include, for example, mannanases, xanthan lyases, pectin lyases (= pectinases), pectin esterases, pectate lyases, xyloglucanases (= xylanases), pullulanases and β-glucanases.

Oxidoreductases, for example oxidases, oxygenases, catalases, peroxidases, such as halo, chloro, bromo, lignin, glucose or manganese peroxidases, dioxygenases or laccases (phenol oxidases, polyphenol oxidases) can be used to increase the bleaching effect. Advantageously, it is additionally preferable to add organic, particularly preferably aromatic, compounds which interact with the enzymes, in order to enhance the activity of the relevant oxidoreductases (enhancers) or in the case of strongly different ones Redox potentials between the oxidizing enzymes and the soiling to ensure the flow of electrons (mediators).

An enzyme can be particularly protected during storage against damage such as inactivation, denaturation or disintegration such as by physical influences, oxidation or proteolytic cleavage. In microbial recovery of proteins and / or enzymes, inhibition of proteolysis is particularly preferred, especially if the agents also contain proteases. Dishwashing agents may contain stabilizers for this purpose; the provision of such means constitutes a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Cleaning-active proteases and amylases are generally not provided in the form of the pure protein but rather in the form of stabilized, storage and transportable preparations. Such prefabricated preparations include, for example, the solid preparations obtained by granulation, extrusion or lyophilization or, especially in the case of liquid or gel-form detergents, solutions of the enzymes, advantageously as concentrated as possible, low in water and / or added with stabilizers or further auxiliaries.

Alternatively, the enzymes may be encapsulated for both the solid and liquid dosage forms, for example by spray-drying or extruding the enzyme solution together with a preferably natural polymer or in the form of capsules, for example those in which the enzymes are entrapped as in a solidified gel or in those of the core-shell type, in which an enzyme-containing core is coated with a water, air and / or chemical impermeable protective layer. In deposited layers, further active ingredients, for example stabilizers, emulsifiers, pigments, bleaches or dyes, may additionally be applied. Such capsules are applied by methods known per se, for example by shaking or rolling granulation or in fluid-bed processes. Advantageously, such granules, for example by applying polymeric film-forming agent, low in dust and storage stable due to the coating.

Furthermore, it is possible to assemble two or more enzymes together so that a single granule has several enzyme activities.

As can be seen from the previous comments, the enzyme protein forms only a fraction of the total weight of conventional enzyme preparations. Preferably used protease and amylase preparations contain between 0.1 and 40 wt .-%, preferably between 0.2 and 30 wt .-%, particularly preferably between 0.4 and 20 wt .-% and in particular between 0.8 and 10% by weight of the enzyme protein.

Preference is given in particular to dishwashing detergents which, based in each case on their total weight, contain 0.1 to 12% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 10% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 8% by weight, of enzyme preparations.

The compositions described herein may also include enzyme stabilizers. One group of stabilizers are reversible protease inhibitors. Benzamidine hydrochloride, borax, boric acids, boronic acids or their salts or esters are frequently used for this purpose, including, in particular, derivatives with aromatic groups, for example ortho, meta or para-substituted phenylboronic acids, in particular 4-formylphenylboronic acid, or the salts or Esters of the compounds mentioned. Also, peptide aldehydes, that is oligopeptides with a reduced C-terminus, especially those of 2 to 50 monomers are used for this purpose. Among the peptidic reversible protease inhibitors include ovomucoid and leupeptin. Also, specific, reversible peptide inhibitors for the protease subtilisin and fusion proteins from proteases and specific peptide inhibitors are suitable.

Other enzyme stabilizers are amino alcohols such as mono-, di-, triethanol- and -propanolamine and mixtures thereof, aliphatic carboxylic acids up to C ₁₂ , such as succinic acid, other dicarboxylic acids or salts of said acids. End-capped fatty acid amide alkoxylates are also suitable for this purpose. Other enzyme stabilizers are known to those skilled in the art.

Bleaching agents are cleaning-active substances. Among the compounds serving as bleaches in water H ₂ O ₂ , sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance. Other useful bleaching agents are, for example, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O ₂ -forming peracidic salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid. It is also possible to use all other inorganic or organic peroxy bleaches known to the person skilled in the art. As a bleaching agent, the percarbonates and in particular sodium percarbonate are particularly preferred.

The dishwashing agents can, in various embodiments, 1 to 35 wt .-%, preferably 2.5 to 30 wt .-%, particularly preferably 3.5 to 20 wt .-% and in particular 5 to 15 wt .-% bleaching agent, preferably Sodium percarbonate, included.

In various embodiments of the invention, the automatic dishwashing agents additionally contain at least one bleach activator. As bleach activators, it is possible to use compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxycarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Of all those skilled in the art known from the prior art Bleach activators are polyacylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl or Isononanoyloxybenzolsulfonat (n- or iso-NOBS) is particularly preferably used. Combinations of conventional bleach activators can also be used. As a bleach activator, TAED, especially in combination with a percarbonate bleach, preferably sodium percarbonate, is most preferred.

These bleach activators are preferably used in amounts of up to 10% by weight, in particular from 0.1% by weight to 8% by weight, especially from 2 to 8% by weight and more preferably from 2 to 6% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the funds used.

In general, the pH of the dishwashing detergent can be adjusted by means of customary pH regulators, the pH value being chosen as a function of the desired intended use. In various embodiments, the pH is in a range of 5.5 to 10.5, preferably 5.5 to 9.5, more preferably 7 to 9, especially greater than 7, especially in the range 7.5 to 8.5 , The pH adjusting agents are acids and / or alkalis, preferably alkalis. Suitable acids are in particular organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and gluconic acid or amidosulfonic acid. In addition, however, it is also possible to use the mineral acids hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid or mixtures thereof. Suitable bases are selected from the group of alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides and carbonates, in particular the alkali metal hydroxides, of which potassium hydroxide and especially sodium hydroxide is preferred. However, particularly preferred is volatile alkali, for example in the form of ammonia and / or alkanolamines, which may contain up to 9 carbon atoms in the molecule. The alkanolamine here is preferably selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, triethanol- and -propanolamine and mixtures thereof.

To adjust and / or stabilize the pH, the composition according to the invention may also contain one or more buffer substances (INCI Buffering Agents), usually in amounts of 0.001 to 5 wt .-%. Preference is given to buffer substances which are at the same time complexing agents or even chelating agents (chelating agents, INCI chelating agents). Particularly preferred buffer substances are the citric acid or the citrates, in particular the sodium and potassium citrates, for example trisodium citrate.2H ₂ O and tripotassium citrate H ₂ O.

Glass corrosion inhibitors prevent the occurrence of haze, streaks and scratches, but also iridescence of the glass surface of machine cleaned glasses. Preferred glass corrosion inhibitors originate from the group of the magnesium and zinc salts as well as the magnesium and zinc complexes. In the context of the present invention, the content of zinc salt in dishwashing detergents is preferably between 0.1 and 5 wt.%, Preferably between 0.2 and 4 wt.% And in particular between 0.4 and 3 wt. the content of zinc in oxidized form (calculated as Zn ²⁺ ) is between 0.01 and 1% by weight, preferably between 0.02 and 0.5% by weight and in particular between 0.04 and 0.2% by weight. -%, in each case based on the total weight of the glass corrosion inhibitor-containing agent.

As perfume oils or perfumes, within the scope of the present invention, individual fragrance compounds, e.g. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type are used. Preferably, however, mixtures of different fragrances are used, which together produce an attractive fragrance. Such perfume oils may also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are available from vegetable sources, e.g. Pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouli, rose or ylang-ylang oil.

Furthermore, preservatives may be included in the compositions. Suitable examples are preservatives from the groups of alcohols, aldehydes, antimicrobial acids and / or their salts, carboxylic acid esters, acid amides, phenols, phenol derivatives, diphenyls, diphenylalkanes, urea derivatives, oxygen, nitrogen acetals and formals, benzamidines, isothiazoles and derivatives thereof such as isothiazolines and isothiazolinones, phthalimide derivatives, pyridine derivatives, antimicrobial surface active compounds, guanidines, antimicrobial amphoteric compounds, quinolines, 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane, iodo-2-propynyl-butyl-carbamate, iodine, iodophores and peroxides. Preferred antimicrobial agents are preferably selected from the group comprising ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, 1,3-butanediol, phenoxyethanol, 1,2-propylene glycol, glycerol, undecylenic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thymol, 2 Benzyl 4-chlorophenol, 2,2'-methylenebis (6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether, N- (4-chlorophenyl) -N- ( 3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea, N, N '- (1,10-decanediyldi-1-pyridinyl-4-ylidene) bis (1-octanamine) dihydrochloride, N, N'-bis (4- Chlorophenyl) -3,12-diimino-2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecandiimidamide, antimicrobial quaternary surface active compounds, guanidines. However, particularly preferred preservatives are selected from the group comprising salicylic acid, quaternary surfactants, in particular benzalkonium chloride and isothiazoles and their derivatives such as isothiazolines and isothiazolinones.

In general, the formulation of automatic dishwashing agents described herein can be carried out in different ways. The agents may be in solid or liquid form as well as in a combination of solid and liquid forms. Powder, granules, extrudates, compacts, in particular tablets, are particularly suitable as firm supply forms. The liquid supply forms based on water and / or organic solvents may be thickened, in the form of gels. The agents can be formulated in the form of single-phase or multi-phase products. The individual phases of multiphase agents may have the same or different states of matter.

The dishwashing detergents can be present as shaped bodies. In order to facilitate the disintegration of such prefabricated shaped bodies, it is possible to incorporate disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, into these compositions in order to shorten the disintegration times. By tablet disintegrants or disintegrants are meant excipients which ensure the rapid disintegration of tablets in water or other media and for the rapid release of the active ingredients. Desintegration aids may preferably be used in amounts of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the disintegration assistant-containing agent.

The automatic dishwashing agents described herein are preferably prefabricated into dosage units. These metering units preferably comprise the amount of cleaning-active substances necessary for a cleaning cycle. Preferred metering units have a weight between 12 and 30 g, preferably between 14 and 26 g and in particular between 16 and 22 g. The volume of the aforementioned metering units and their spatial form are selected with particular preference so that a metering of the prefabricated units is ensured via the metering chamber of a dishwasher. The volume of the dosing unit is therefore preferably between 10 and 35 ml, preferably between 12 and 30 ml.

The automatic dishwashing agents, in particular the prefabricated metering units, have a water-soluble coating, with particular preference.

The water-soluble coating is preferably formed from a water-soluble film material selected from the group consisting of polymers or polymer blends. The wrapper may be formed of one or two or more layers of the water-soluble film material. The water-soluble film material of the first layer and the further layers, if present, may be the same or different. Particularly preferred are films which, for example, can be glued and / or sealed to packages such as hoses or cushions after being filled with an agent.

The water soluble package may have one or more chambers. The agent may be contained in one or more chambers, if any, of the water soluble envelope. The amount of agent preferably corresponds to the full or half dose needed for a rinse.

It is preferable that the water-soluble coating contains polyvinyl alcohol or a polyvinyl alcohol copolymer. Water-soluble coatings containing polyvinyl alcohol or a Containing polyvinyl alcohol copolymer, have a good stability with a sufficiently high water solubility, in particular cold water solubility on.

Suitable water-soluble films for producing the water-soluble coating are preferably based on a polyvinyl alcohol or a polyvinyl alcohol copolymer whose molecular weight is in the range of 10,000 to 1,000,000 gmol ^-1 , preferably 20,000 to 500,000 gmol ^-1 , more preferably 30,000 to 100,000 gmol ^-1 and especially from 40,000 to 80,000 gmol ^-1 .

The production of polyvinyl alcohol is usually carried out by hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate, since the direct synthesis route is not possible. The same applies to polyvinyl alcohol copolymers which are prepared from correspondingly polyvinyl acetate copolymers. It is preferred if at least one layer of the water-soluble coating comprises a polyvinyl alcohol whose degree of hydrolysis makes up 70 to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 81 to 89 mol% and in particular 82 to 88 mol%.

In addition, a polymer selected from the group consisting of (meth) acrylic acid-containing (co) polymers, polyacrylamides, oxazoline polymers, polystyrenesulfonates, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyethers, polylactic acid, or mixtures of the above may be additionally used in a polyvinyl alcohol-containing film material suitable for producing the water-soluble coating Be added polymers. A preferred additional polymer is polylactic acids.

Preferred polyvinyl alcohol copolymers include, in addition to vinyl alcohol, dicarboxylic acids as further monomers. Suitable dicarboxylic acids are itaconic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and mixtures thereof, with itaconic acid being preferred.

Likewise preferred polyvinyl alcohol copolymers include, in addition to vinyl alcohol, an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, its salt or its esters. Such polyvinyl alcohol copolymers particularly preferably contain, in addition to vinyl alcohol, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylates, methacrylates or mixtures thereof.

It may be preferred that the film material contains further additives. The film material may contain, for example, plasticizers such as dipropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol or mixtures thereof. Further additives include, for example, release aids, fillers, crosslinking agents, surfactants, antioxidants, UV absorbers, antiblocking agents, anti-sticking agents or mixtures thereof.

Suitable water-soluble films for use in the water-soluble casings of the water-soluble packaging according to the invention are films sold by the company MonoSol LLC, for example under the designation M8630, C8400 or M8900. Other suitable films include films named Solublon® PT, Solublon® GA, Solublon® KC or Solublon® KL from Aicello Chemical Europe GmbH or the films VF-HP from Kuraray. Exemplary formulations of the agents of the invention include both phosphate-containing and phosphate-free dishwashing detergents. Exemplary formulations in which the metal complexes described herein can be used in the stated amounts as an additional constituent are the following: Table 1: Phosphate-containing, solid dishwashing detergent formulation (Tab): raw material Amount (wt%) Phosphate (eg TPP) 18.00 to 45.00 Sodium citrate / citric acid 0.00 to 10.00 Phosphonate (eg HEDP) 0.00 to 2.00 silicate 0.00 to 6.00 soda 12.00 to 20.00 Na Percarbonate 10.00 to 16.00 bleach catalyst 0.01-0.10 TAED 1.00 to 2.70 nonionic surfactant 2.00 to 8.00 polyacrylate 0.00 to 5.00 sulfopolymer 5.00 to 10.00 Cationic acrylate copolymer 0.00 to 5.00 PEG 4000 powder 0.00 to 2.00 protease 0.50 to 7.00 amylase 0.10 to 2.50 Benzotriazole (silver protection) from 0.20 to 0.50 Perfume 0.05-0.20 dye 0.50 to 2.00 Zn acetate anhydrous 0.15-0.35 Na sulfate 0.00 to 10.00 raw material Amount (wt%) g / job Na citrate 10.00 to 20.00 3.00-4.00 Phosphonate (eg HEDP) 0.00 to 7.50 0.00 to 1.50 MGDA / GLDA 5.00 to 35.00 1.00 to 5.00 silicate 5.00 to 35.00 2.00 to 7.00 soda 12.50 to 35.00 2.50 to 5.00 Na Percarbonate 10.00 to 15.00 2.00-3.00 bleach catalyst 0.02-0.50 0.003 to 0.10 TAED 2.00-3.00 0.40-0.60 nonionic surfactant 2.50 to 10.00 0.50 to 2.00 polycarboxylate 5.00 to 10.00 1.00-2.00 Cationic acrylate copolymer 0.25-0.75 0.05-0.15 PVP (cross-linked) 0.00 to 1.50 0.00 to 0.30 protease 1.50 to 5.00 0.30-1.00 amylase 0.50 to 3.00 0.10-0.60 Benzotriazole (silver protection) 0.00 to 0.50 0.00-0.10 Perfume 0.05-0.15 0.01-0.03 dye 0.00-1.00 0.00-0.20 Zn acetate anhydrous 0.10-0.30 0.02-0.06 Na sulfate 0.00 to 25.00 0.00 to 5.00 water 0.00 to 1.50 0.00 to 0.30 pH adjusters 1.00-1.50 0.20-0.30 processing aids 0.00 to 5.00 0.00-1.00

Preferably, tablets of 17-20 g are prepared, with 20 g tablets being preferred.

The corresponding use of the automatic dishwasher detergents according to the invention is likewise an object of the invention. The invention likewise relates to a dishwashing process, in particular a machine dishwashing process, in which a dishwashing detergent according to the invention is used. The subject matter of the present application is therefore furthermore a process for the cleaning of dishes in a dishwashing machine, in which the agent according to the invention is metered into the interior of a dishwasher during the passage of a dishwashing program before the main wash cycle or during the main wash cycle. The metering or the entry of the agent according to the invention into the interior of the dishwasher can be done manually, but preferably the agent is metered by means of the metering chamber into the interior of the dishwasher.

The embodiments described in context with the agents according to the invention are readily transferable to the methods and uses of the invention and vice versa.

Examples Example 1: Synthesis of N-mono-dodecylcycles

1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane (1g, 5.80 mmol) and triethylamine (0.24 mL, 1.74 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL of freshly distilled chloroform. To the solution was added 1-bromododecane (0.35 mL, 1.45 mmol) in one portion, and the reaction solution was stirred at reflux for 15 hours. Subsequently, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and washed 3 times with 7 mL NaOH solution (1M). The organic phase was washed three times with 10 mL each of distilled water, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The product N-mono-dodecylcycles was obtained as a colorless oil (0.49 g, 1.44 mmol, yield 99%).
Analogous to this C ₁₂ -cycling, further, for example Cs-cyclene or C ₁₆ -cyclen, are synthesized by using the corresponding bromoalkanes.

Example 2: Synthesis of the zinc complex of N-mono-dodecylcycles

C8-Cyclen-Zink

C12-Cyclen-Zink

C16-Cyclen-ZinkN-mono-dodecylcycles (0.5 g, 1.47 mmol) were dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water and heated to 65 ° C. To the milky white solution was slowly added dropwise zinc sulfate (422 mg, 1.47 mmol) dissolved in 4 mL of distilled water. The clear, colorless reaction solution was stirred for 20 h at 65 ° C, then filtered hot and cooled to room temperature. The cooled solution was freeze-dried to obtain the zinc complex of N-mono-dodecylcene (0.51 g, 1.02 mmol, yield 70%).
In an analogous manner, the other zinc complexes Cs-cyclen-zinc and C ₁₆ -cyclen-zinc were prepared in addition to C ₁₂ -cyclen-zinc.
The cyclen compounds mentioned are shown below with their structural formulas:

C8-Cyclen Zinc

C12-Cyclen Zinc

C16-Cyclen Zinc

Example 3: Synthesis of the copper complex of N-mono-dodecylcycles

N-mono-dodecylcycles (0.49 g, 1.44 mmol) were dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water and heated to 65 ° C. To the milky white solution was slowly added dropwise copper (II) sulfate (230 mg, 1.44 mmol) dissolved in 4 mL of distilled water. The clear, dark blue reaction solution was stirred for 20 h at 65 ° C, then filtered hot and cooled to room temperature. The cooled solution was freeze-dried to obtain the copper complex of N-mono-dodecyl cyclic (0.71 g, 1.42 mmol, yield 99%).

Example 4: Cleaning Performance

In addition to a phosphate-free frame formulation according to Table 2, the following additional agents were formulated: Table 3: Phosphate-containing dishwashing detergent tablet Tab formulation Tripolyphosphate (% by weight) 35.9 Sodium carbonate (% by weight) 12.2 Phosphonate (wt%) 2.4 Sulfonic acid group-containing polymer (% by weight) 7.0 Polyacrylate (% by weight) 4.6 Nonionic surfactants (% by weight) 6.1 Percarbonate (wt%) 14.6 TAED (% by weight) 2.3 Bleach catalyst (wt%) 0.01 PVP (wt%) 1.5 Sodium silicate (wt.%) 3.0 Protease (wt%) 3.0 Amylase (% by weight) 1.0 Zinc acetate (wt%) 0.2 Residues (perfume, dyes, etc) (wt%) ad 100 % AS GLDA tetrasodium salt 18,80 glycerin 2.50 sulfopolymer 5.50 polyacrylate 2.70 citric acid 5.00 HEDP 0.60 Monoethanolamine 3.60 Nonionic surfactant 3.00 Cationic rinse aid polymer 0.19 Amylase (wt% active enzyme) 0.0125 Protease (wt% active enzyme) 0.2 Auxiliaries, eg perfume, dye, bittering agent, 1.25 Preservative, thickener water Ad 100 100.00

The cleaning performance was determined in Miele dishwashers in the 50 ° C program. Water hardness 21 ° dH. 20 g of the phosphate-containing solid formulation (Tab) shown in Table 3 in combination with 0.1 g of C ₁₂ -cyclen-zinc (E1) or 20 g of the phosphate-free liquid formulation (Pouch) shown in Table 4 in combination with 0.1 g of the copper complex of Example 3 (E2) used. In comparative experiments, 0.1 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (V3), 0.1 g of copper (II) sulfate (V4) or 0.1 g of N-mono-dodecylcycles (V2) in combination with 20 g of the above dishwashing detergent formulations were used or the recipe without any addition (V1)

After completion of the rinse cycle, the dishes were visually peeled off on a scale of 1-10. The higher the value, the better the cleaning performance. It can be seen that the formulations according to the invention show a better cleaning performance on baked cream brûlée soils compared to the comparison formulations (Table 2). Table 5: Cleaning performance ADW product Creme brulee Test series zinc complexes V1 2.8 V2 2.0 V3 1.8 E1 3.8 Test series copper complexes V1 5.5 V2 6.2 V3 6.4 E2 6.8

In further experiments, 0.1 g of one of the metal complexes zinc complexes C ₈ -cyclen-zinc, C ₁₂ -cyclen-zinc and C ₁₆ -cyclen-zinc shown in Example 2 were added in addition to 20 g of the formulation from Table 2 (phosphate-free tab) (E3 to E5). The cleaning performance was again determined in Miele household machines in the 50 ° program (water hardness 21 ° dH). As before, that became Dishes visually scrapped after rinsing on a scale of 1-10. The higher the value, the better the cleaning performance. Table 6 product Tea (Assam) Minced meat (130 ° C) Egg yolk 1.5 g spaghetti Strength Creme brulee V4 Tab P-free (Table 2) 4.5 4.3 4.3 3.4 7.9 6.2 E3 Tab P-free + 0.1 g C ₈ -Cycene-Zn 5.3 5.0 5.2 4.7 8.6 7.2 E4 Tab P-free + 0.1 g of C ₁₂ -cyclen-Zn 4.5 4.8 4.6 3.3 7.5 6.4 E5 Tab P-free + 0.1 g C ₁₆ -Cycene-Zn 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.2 7.1 6.4

It can be seen that E3 improves tea (Assam), minced meat (130 ° C), egg yolk, spaghetti, starch and creme brulee soiling compared to standard V4 and E4 and E5. The purification performance decreases from C ₈ -cyclen-Zn via C ₁₂ -cyclen-Zn to C ₁₆ -cyclen-Zn, ie the longer the alkyl chain on the cycle, the worse the performance. E3 is also better than the standard at the tested soils.

Claims (13)

1. A dishwashing detergent, in particular automatic dishwashing detergent, containing, based on the total weight of the dishwashing detergent, from 0.001 to 10.0 wt.%, in particular 0.01 to 1.0 wt.%, of at least one metal complex of formula (I)
   
           Mⁿ⁺L(A^m-)_n/m     (I)
   
   where

   M is a metal cation, selected from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, in particular from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Bi, more preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Co³⁺ and Bi³⁺, most preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Bi³⁺, extremely preferably Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺, most preferred Zn²⁺;

   A is any anion;

   n and m are integers selected from 1-6; and

   L is a neutral ligand of formula (II)

   

   where

   each X is independently O or NR; and

   each R is independently selected from H, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_1-20 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_1-20 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_2-20 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_2-20 heteroalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_2-20 alkinyl.
2. The dishwashing detergent according to claim 1,
   in particular automatic dishwashing detergent, containing, based on the total weight of the dishwashing detergent, from 0.001 to 10.0 wt.%, in particular 0.01 to 1.0 wt.%, of at least one metal complex of formula (I)
   
           Mⁿ⁺L(A^m-)_n/m     (I)
   
   where

   M is a metal cation, selected from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, in particular from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Bi, more preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Co³⁺ and Bi³⁺, most preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Bi³⁺, extremely preferably Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺, most preferred Zn²⁺;

   A is any anion;

   n and m are integers selected from 1-5; and

   L is a neutral ligand of formula (II)

   

   where

   each X is independently O or NR; and

   each R is independently selected from H, -(CH₂)_o-CH₃, where o is an integer selected from 3-13, -(CH₂)_p-COOH and -(CH₂)_p-OH, where p is in each case an integer selected from 1-6.
3. The dishwashing detergent according one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that A is selected from the group consisting of F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, OH^-, HSO₃ ^-, SO₃ ^2-, SO₄ ^2-, HSO₄ ^-, NO₂ ^-, NO₃ ^-, PO₄ ^3-, HPO₄ ^2-, H₂PO₄ ^-, BF₄ ^-, PF₆ ^-, ClO₄ ^-, acetate, citrate, formate, glutarate, lactate, malate, malonate, oxalate, pyruvate, tartrate, methanesulfonate (mesilate), methyl sulfate, tosylate and succinate.
4. The dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that R in formula (II) is selected from H, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_1-20 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_1-20 heteroalkyl, in particular from H and linear C_8-18 alkyl.
5. The dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that

   (i) at least one X, preferably all X, is/are NR; and/or

   (ii) at least one R, preferably 2-3 R, is/are H, and at least one R, preferably precisely one R, is a linear C_8-18 alkyl functional group or C_2-18 heteroalkyl functional group.
6. The dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that

   (i) at least one X, preferably all X, is/are NR; and/or

   (ii) at least one R, preferably 2-3 R, is/are H, and at least one R, preferably precisely one R, is -(CH₂)_o-CH₃, o being an integer selected from 5-9, in particular 7.
7. The dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the ligand of formula (II) is an N-substituted cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), in particular an N-mono-alkylcyclen, preferably N-mono-octylcyclen, N-mono-decylcyclen, N-mono-dodecylcyclen, N-mono-tetradecylcyclen or N-mono-hexadecylcyclen, and the metal cation is Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Bi³⁺.
8. The dishwashing detergent according to claim 7, characterized in that the ligand in formula (II) is an N-substituted cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), in particular an N-mono-C_6-10-alkylcyclen, preferably N-mono-octylcyclen, the metal cation is Zn²⁺ and the anion is SO₄ ^2-.
9. The dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the dishwashing detergent contains at least one additional component, preferably at least two additional components, selected from the group consisting of surfactants, in particular non-ionic and/or anionic surfactants, builders, enzymes, thickeners, sequestering agents, electrolytes, corrosion inhibitors, in particular silver protecting agents, glass corrosion inhibitors, suds suppressors, dyes, fragrances, bitterns, antimicrobial active ingredients and disintegration agents.
10. The use of a dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 9 in an automatic dishwashing method.
11. An automatic dishwashing method characterized in that a dishwashing detergent according to one of claims 1 to 9 is used.
12. The use of a metal complex of formula (I) for improving the cleaning power of an automatic dishwashing detergent
    
            Mⁿ⁺L(A^m-)_n/m     (I)
    
    where

    M is a metal cation, selected from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, in particular from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Bi, more preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Co³⁺ and Bi³⁺, most preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Bi³⁺, extremely preferably Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺, most preferred Zn²⁺;

    A is any anion;

    n and m are integers selected from 1-6; and

    L is a neutral ligand of formula (II)

    

    where

    each X is independently O or NR; and

    each R is independently selected from H, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_1-20 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_1-20 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_2-20 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_2-20 heteroalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched C_2-20 alkinyl.
13. The use of a metal complex of formula (I) according to claim 12 for improving the cleaning power of an automatic dishwashing detergent
    
            Mⁿ⁺L(A^m-)_n/m     (I)
    
    where

    M is a metal cation, selected from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh, Bi, in particular from cations of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Bi, more preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Co³⁺ and Bi³⁺, most preferably Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Bi³⁺, extremely preferably Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺, most preferred Zn²⁺;

    A is any anion;

    n and m are integers selected from 1-5; and

    L is a neutral ligand of formula (II)

    

    where

    each X is independently O or NR; and

    each R is independently selected from H, -(CH₂)_o-CH₃, where o is an integer selected from 3-13, -(CH₂)_p-COOH and -(CH₂)_p-OH, where p is in each case an integer selected from 1-6.