EP3180157B1 - Systèmes et procédés pour des alliages de soudage à faible teneur en manganèse - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés pour des alliages de soudage à faible teneur en manganèse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3180157B1
EP3180157B1 EP15745620.3A EP15745620A EP3180157B1 EP 3180157 B1 EP3180157 B1 EP 3180157B1 EP 15745620 A EP15745620 A EP 15745620A EP 3180157 B1 EP3180157 B1 EP 3180157B1
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Prior art keywords
welding
approximately
less
consumable
manganese
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3180157A1 (fr
Inventor
Steven Edward BARHORST
Kevin M. KRIEGER
Joseph C. Bundy
Mario Anthony Amata
Daryl L. Duncan
Susan Renata Fiore
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Hobart Brothers LLC
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Hobart Brothers LLC
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Priority claimed from US14/457,599 external-priority patent/US9844838B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
    • B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/3066—Fe as the principal constituent with Ni as next major constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/38—Selection of media, e.g. special atmospheres for surrounding the working area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/38—Selection of media, e.g. special atmospheres for surrounding the working area
    • B23K35/383—Selection of media, e.g. special atmospheres for surrounding the working area mainly containing noble gases or nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/16—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to welding alloys and, more specifically, to arc welding consumables that form a weld deposit on a steel workpiece during an arc welding operation.
  • a welding consumable comprising less than 1% manganese, strengthening agents and grain control agents Ti, Nb and Zr in a total amount of less than 0,6% and a carbon equivalent of around 0,1.
  • US 2014/083 981 A1 discloses a tubular welding wire for arc welding which is configured to form a weld deposit on a steel workpiece wherein the weld deposit includes less than approximately 2,5% manganese by weight.
  • Welding is a process that has become ubiquitous in various industries for a variety of applications. For example, welding is often used in applications such as shipbuilding, offshore platform, construction, pipe mills, and so forth.
  • Certain welding techniques e.g., Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas-shielded Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW-G), Self-shielded Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW-S), and Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
  • GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding
  • FCAW-G Gas-shielded Flux Core Arc Welding
  • FCAW-S Self-shielded Flux Core Arc Welding
  • SAW Submerged Arc Welding
  • SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding
  • GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
  • an arc welding consumable that forms a weld deposit on a steel workpiece during an arc welding operation comprises between 0,65 wt% and 0,85 wt% silicon as strengthening agent; one or more grain control agents selected from the group: niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and boron, wherein the grain control agents comprise greater than 0,06 wt% and less than 0.6 wt% of the welding consumable; between 0,65 wt% and 0,85 wt% nickel; less than 0,4 wt% manganese; and iron as balance to 100%.
  • a carbon equivalence (CE) of the welding consumable is less than 0.23, according to the Ito and Bessyo carbon equivalence equation; and the welding consumable provides a manganese fume generation rate less than 0.01 grams per minute during a welding operation.
  • the present invention further discloses a method of forming a weld deposit during a welding operation including advancing a welding consumable as defined above toward a steel workpiece, establishing an arc between a welding electrode and the ssteel workpiece; and melting a portion of the welding consumable and a portion of the structural steel workpiece to form the weld deposit, wherein the welding operation generates less than approximately 0.01 grams of manganese fumes per minute.
  • tubular welding electrode or tubular welding wire
  • tubular welding wire may refer to any welding wire or electrode having a metal sheath and a granular or powdered core, such as metal-cored or flux-cored welding electrodes.
  • tubular as used herein, may include various shapes of welding wire, including round, elliptical, square, polygonal, or any other suitable shape.
  • the phrase "substantially free from/of' with respect to a particular component may refer to the particular component being present in only trace concentrations (e.g., less than approximately 0.01%, less than approximately 0.001%, or less than approximately 0.0001%) or being completely absent (e.g., 0 wt% or below a detection limit).
  • Present embodiments are directed toward alloys for use in welding applications (e.g., as welding consumables).
  • presently disclosed welding alloys may, in certain embodiments, be formed into solid welding wires (e.g., for use in GMAW or SAW applications).
  • the disclosed welding alloys may be formed into wire, cut into lengths, and then coated with a flux to form stick electrodes (e.g., for SMAW applications).
  • the presently disclosed alloy may be formed into a sheath of a tubular welding wire and filled with a granular core material to yield a flux-cored or metal-cored welding wire (e.g., for FCAW-G or FCAW-S applications).
  • the disclosed welding alloys may be formed into wires and cut into lengths of rod for use in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) applications.
  • GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
  • the presently disclosed welding alloys have a low manganese content. More specifically, the disclosed welding alloy embodiments include less than approximately 2 wt% manganese, such as less than approximately 1.5 wt% manganese, less than approximately 1 wt% manganese, less than approximately 0.9 wt% manganese, or even only including trace manganese content. Accordingly, as set forth in detail below, the disclosed welding alloys enable the production of welding consumables (e.g., welding wires and rods) that have between approximately 5% and approximately 95% less manganese content than other welding consumables, and these welding consumables enable the production of low-manganese weld deposits and low-manganese welding fumes.
  • welding consumables e.g., welding wires and rods
  • the presently disclosed welding alloys are useful for welding structural steel (e.g., mild steel, low-alloy steels, carbon steel, or other suitable structural steel) and non-structural steel (e.g., chrome-moly steel).
  • the presently disclosed welding alloys provide weld deposit properties (e.g., tensile strength, yield strength, etc.) that match or exceed the properties of weld deposits formed using welding consumables having substantially higher manganese content.
  • present embodiments enable the formation of a weld deposit having a manganese content less than approximately 2 wt% that provides a suitable tensile strength (e.g., at least 482.6 GPa, i.e.
  • a suitable toughness e.g., a Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness at least 2.76 m.kg, i.e. 20 ft-lbs at -28.9 °C, i.e. -20 °F), despite the low-manganese content of the weld deposit.
  • CVN Charpy V-notch
  • welding alloy may be used in the production of several different types of welding consumables (e.g., filler rods, stick electrodes, flux-cored wires, metal-cored wires, or solid electrodes), certain present embodiments are particularly suited for forming solid welding wires. It may be appreciated that, in general, solid welding wires produce less welding fumes than flux-cored welding wires, and generally provide a clean weld deposit that has little or no slag. In contrast, flux-cored welding wires generally form a weld deposit that includes a slag layer that is typically removed after the welding operation is complete.
  • welding consumables e.g., filler rods, stick electrodes, flux-cored wires, metal-cored wires, or solid electrodes
  • certain present embodiments are particularly suited for forming solid welding wires. It may be appreciated that, in general, solid welding wires produce less welding fumes than flux-cored welding wires, and generally provide a clean weld deposit that has little or no slag
  • this slag layer may advantageously serve to remove or reduce the concentration of undesirable elements from the weld pool during welding, which may provide greater control over the chemistry of the resulting weld deposit.
  • these weld deposit properties are achieved despite the low manganese content through the inclusion of one or more strengthening agents (e.g., nickel, cobalt, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and/or boron) and one or more grain control agents (e.g., niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and/or boron) in the welding alloy.
  • one or more strengthening agents e.g., nickel, cobalt, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and/or boron
  • grain control agents e.g., niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and/or boron
  • including one or more grain control agents e.g., niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and/or boron
  • grain control agents e.g., niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and/or boron
  • the components e.g., the one or more strengthening agents
  • the welding alloy has a carbon equivalence value (CE) that is generally less than approximately 0.23 (e.g., between approximately 0.07 and approximately 0.12).
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) system 10 that utilizes a welding electrode (e.g., welding wire or a welding stick or rod) manufactured from a welding alloy in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • GMAW gas metal arc welding
  • the welding system 10 includes a welding power source 12, a welding wire feeder 14, a gas supply system 16, and a welding torch 18.
  • the welding power source 12 generally supplies power to the welding system 10 and may be coupled to the welding wire feeder 14 via a cable bundle 20.
  • the welding power source 12 may also be coupled to a workpiece 22 using a lead cable 24 having a clamp 26.
  • the welding wire feeder 14 is coupled to the welding torch 18 via a cable bundle 28 in order to supply consumable welding wire (e.g., the welding electrode) and power to the welding torch 18 during operation of the welding system 10.
  • the welding power source 12 may couple and directly supply power to the welding torch 18.
  • the welding power source 12 may generally include power conversion circuitry that receives input power from an alternating current power source 30 (e.g., an AC power grid, an engine/generator set, or a combination thereof), conditions the input power, and provides DC or AC output power via the cable 20.
  • the power source 30 may be a constant voltage (CV) power source 30.
  • the welding power source 12 may power the welding wire feeder 14 that, in turn, powers the welding torch 18, in accordance with demands of the welding system 10.
  • the lead cable 24 terminating in the clamp 26 couples the welding power source 12 to the workpiece 22 to close the circuit between the welding power source 12, the workpiece 22, and the welding torch 18.
  • the welding power source 12 may include circuit elements (e.g., transformers, rectifiers, switches, and so forth) capable of converting the AC input power to a direct current electrode positive (DCEP) output, direct current electrode negative (DCEN) output, DC variable polarity, pulsed DC, or a variable balance (e.g., balanced or unbalanced) AC output, as dictated by the demands of the welding system 10.
  • circuit elements e.g., transformers, rectifiers, switches, and so forth
  • DCEP direct current electrode positive
  • DCEN direct current electrode negative
  • DC variable polarity e.g., pulsed DC
  • a variable balance e.g., balanced or unbalanced
  • the illustrated welding system 10 includes a gas supply system 16 that supplies a shielding gas or shielding gas mixtures from one or more shielding gas sources 17 to the welding torch 18.
  • a shielding gas may refer to any gas or mixture of gases (e.g., inert or active gasses) that may be provided to the arc and/or weld pool in order to provide a particular local atmosphere (e.g., to shield the arc, improve arc stability, limit the formation of metal oxides, improve wetting of the metal surfaces, alter the chemistry of the weld deposit, and so forth).
  • the gas supply system 16 is directly coupled to the welding torch 18 via a gas conduit 32.
  • the gas supply system 16 may instead be coupled to the wire feeder 14, and the wire feeder 14 may regulate the flow of gas from the gas supply system 16 to the welding torch 18.
  • the welding system 10 may not include the gas supply system 16.
  • the welding electrode may include flux (e.g., a flux core or a flux coating) that at least partially decomposes near the surface of the workpiece 22 during a welding operation to provide a localized shielding atmosphere.
  • the shielding gas flow may be a shielding gas or shielding gas mixture (e.g., argon (Ar), helium (He), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), hydrogen (H 2 ), similar suitable shielding gases, or any mixtures thereof).
  • a shielding gas flow e.g., delivered via the gas conduit 32
  • certain shielding gases may reduce a total amount of welding fumes that may be generated during the welding operation.
  • the shielding gas flow may include between approximately 0% and 100% CO 2 , with the remainder of the shielding gas flow being argon, helium, or another suitable gas.
  • shielding gas flows including three or more gases are also presently contemplated.
  • the shielding gas mixture may be provided to the arc at a rate of approximately 991 litres/hour (35 cubic feet per hour (cfh)) to approximately 1557 litres/hour (55cfh) (e.g., approximately 1133 litres/hour (40 cfh)).
  • the illustrated welding torch 18 generally receives the welding wire from the welding wire feeder 14, power from the welding power source 12, and a shielding gas flow from the gas supply system 16 in order to perform GMAW of the workpiece 22.
  • the welding wire feeder 14 may be a constant speed welding wire feeder 14.
  • the welding torch 18 may be brought near the workpiece 22 so that an arc 34 may be formed between the consumable welding electrode (i.e., the welding wire exiting a contact tip of the welding torch 18) and the workpiece 22.
  • the composition of the welding wire by controlling the composition of the welding wire, the chemical and mechanical properties of the resulting weld may be varied.
  • the welding wire may include alloying components to contribute species (e.g., nickel, molybdenum, silicon, carbon, or other suitable alloying components) to the weld pool, affecting the mechanical properties (e.g., strength and toughness) of the weld.
  • species e.g., nickel, molybdenum, silicon, carbon, or other suitable alloying components
  • mechanical properties e.g., strength and toughness
  • certain components of the welding wire may also provide additional shielding atmosphere near the arc, affect the transfer properties of the arc, clean the surface of the workpiece, and so forth.
  • the presently disclosed welding alloys may include a number of components. While these components may be grouped into various categories (e.g., alloying agents, strengthening agents, grain control agents, deoxidizing agents, and so forth), it should be appreciated that certain components may serve multiple roles during the welding process. As such, it may be appreciated that a disclosure herein of a particular component serving a particular role does not preclude that component from serving other roles or performing other functions during the welding process.
  • the disclosed welding alloy may include strengthening agents (i.e., nickel, cobalt, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, boron, or combinations thereof) and/or grain control agents (i.e., niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, boron, or combinations thereof) in order to produce a weld deposit having suitable mechanical properties (e.g., suitable tensile strength and toughness for structural steel applications).
  • strengthening agents i.e., nickel, cobalt, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, boron, or combinations thereof
  • grain control agents i.e., niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, boron, or combinations thereof
  • suitable mechanical properties e.g., suitable tensile strength and toughness for structural steel applications.
  • Table 1 presents chemical compositions (i.e., ranges in weight percent) for three classes of welding alloys, A1, A2, and A3, in accordance with embodiments of the present approach.
  • the welding alloy A1 defines the broadest ranges for the various components and, accordingly, represents the broadest class of the presently disclosed welding alloy embodiments.
  • welding alloys A2 and A3 represent two subclasses or genuses that generally fall within the A1 class and, accordingly, define more narrow ranges for each of the components of the presently disclosed welding alloy embodiments. While ranges are listed for the components of the welding alloy classes A1, A2, and A3 in Table 1, it should be appreciated that the disclosed ranges are not limited to that particular class, subclass, or embodiment.
  • any disclosed component may be included in a welding alloy embodiment of the present approach in any disclosed range, or any subranges thereof, in any combination, not just the combinations indicated for classes A1, A2, and A3 of Table 1.
  • a welding alloy embodiment of the present approach may include approximately 0 wt% (or only trace amounts) nickel (as set forth for A1 in Table 1), include aluminum in a range between approximately 0.05 wt% and approximately 0.1 wt% (as set forth for A2 in Table 1), and include carbon in a range between approximately 0.04 wt% and approximately 0.06 wt% (as set forth for A3 in Table 1).
  • each of the elements of Table 1 that are present in the welding alloy may only be substantially present in metallic or elemental form, meaning that the welding alloy may be substantially free from salts or compounds (e.g., oxides, hydroxides, chlorides, etc.) or may only include a small amount of oxides about the outer surface of the welding alloy.
  • Table 2 lists the components of two example solid welding wires, E1 and E2, manufactured from embodiments of the presently disclosed welding alloy. As indicated in Table 2, particular components of the solid welding wire embodiments E1 and E2 are listed in weight percentage values that generally fall within the ranges defined by one or more of the classes A1, A2, and A3 set forth in Table 1. Table 2.
  • the presently disclosed welding alloy may include between approximately 0.05 wt% and approximately 2 wt% manganese. It may be appreciated that the presence of manganese may generally strengthen the welding alloy.
  • the term "strengthening agent" is not meant to encompass manganese, but rather encompasses other components (e.g., nickel, cobalt, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and/or boron) that are incorporated into the weld deposit formed using embodiments the disclosed welding alloy and improve the mechanical properties of the weld deposit, despite the low manganese content. It may be noted, however, that the manganese content is considered when calculating the carbon equivalence (CE) of a particular welding alloy embodiment, as discussed below.
  • CE carbon equivalence
  • the welding alloy may include less than approximately 2 wt% manganese (e.g., less than approximately 1.8 wt%, less than approximately 1.6 wt%, less than approximately 1.4 wt%, or less than approximately 1.2 wt% manganese). In certain embodiments, the welding alloy may include less than approximately 1 wt% manganese (e.g., less than approximately 0.9 wt%, less than approximately 0.8 wt%, less than approximately 0.7 wt%, less than approximately 0.6 wt%, less than approximately 0.5 wt%, or less than approximately 0.4 wt% manganese).
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.30 wt% and approximately 0.40 wt% manganese (e.g., approximately 0.38 wt% manganese or approximately 0.39 wt% manganese, as presented in Table 2) or between approximately 0.2 wt% and approximately 0.5 wt% manganese.
  • the manganese content of the welding alloy may be further reduced, for example, to less than approximately 0.30 wt%, less than approximately 0.25 wt%, less than approximately 0.20 wt%, less than approximately 0.15 wt%, less than approximately 0.10 wt%, less than approximately 0.05 wt%, or to only trace levels.
  • the manganese content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.1 wt%, greater than approximately 0.2 wt%, or greater than approximately 0.3 wt%.
  • the welding alloy may be manufactured according to a particular target manganese content (e.g., 0.35 wt%), and the resulting welding alloy may have a manganese content that is approximately equal to the particular target, within a tolerance (e.g., ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 10%, or ⁇ 5%).
  • the manganese content within the welding alloy may be defined based on the desired tensile strength of a weld deposit formed using the welding alloy.
  • the welding alloy may include less than or equal to 0.9 wt% manganese and may be capable of forming a weld deposit having a tensile strength between approximately 482.6 GPa (70 ksi) and 620.5 GPa (90 ksi).
  • the welding alloy may include less than or equal to 1.4 wt% manganese and may be capable of forming a weld deposit having a tensile strength between approximately 620.5 GPa (90 ksi) and 827.4 GPa (120 ksi).
  • the disclosed welding alloy may include one or more strengthening agents to provide a weld deposit having suitable mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength, toughness), despite the lower manganese content of the welding alloy.
  • the one or more strengthening agents may include austenite stabilizers (e.g., nickel, carbon, copper, cobalt, etc.), which typically lower the temperature of the solid phase transition from austenite to ferrite and/or raise the transition temperature from delta ferrite to austenite (e.g., retard the ferrite phase) during formation of the weld deposit.
  • the strengthening agents may, additionally or alternatively, include one or more of molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and boron, which are not generally considered to be austenite stabilizers, but may still improve mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength, toughness) of the resulting weld deposit, in accordance with the present technique. It may be appreciated that the total, combined amount of strengthening agents present in welding alloy embodiments may also be adjusted to provide a particular carbon equivalency (CE) value or range, as discussed in detail below.
  • CE carbon equivalency
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 5 wt% nickel as a strengthening agent that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 5 wt%, between approximately 0.2 wt% and approximately 4 wt%, between approximately 0.3 wt% and approximately 3 wt%, between approximately 0.4 wt% and approximately 2 wt%, or between approximately 0.5 wt% and approximately 1 wt% nickel.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.65 wt% and 0.85 wt% nickel (e.g., approximately 0.76 wt% nickel or approximately 0.77 wt% nickel, as presented in Table 2). Further, certain embodiments, the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.35 wt% and approximately 0.45 wt% or between approximately 1.75 wt% and approximately 2.75 wt% nickel. In certain embodiments, a nickel content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, greater than approximately 0.1 wt%, greater than approximately 0.15 wt%, greater than approximately 0.2 wt%, less than approximately 5 wt%, less than approximately 0.01 wt%, or less than approximately 0.001 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 2 wt% cobalt as a strengthening agent that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 2 wt%, between approximately 0.02 wt% and approximately 1.5 wt%, between approximately 0.03 wt% and approximately 1.0 wt%, between approximately 0.04 wt% and approximately 0.8 wt%, or between approximately 0.05 wt% and approximately 0.7 wt% cobalt.
  • a cobalt content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, greater than approximately 0.05 wt%, less than approximately 2 wt%, less than approximately 0.7 wt%, less than approximately 0.01 wt%, or less than approximately 0.001 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0.001 wt% and approximately 2 wt% copper as a strengthening agent that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.001 wt% and approximately 0.7 wt%, between approximately 0.005 wt% and approximately 0.4 wt%, or between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.2 wt% copper (e.g., approximately 0.15 wt% copper or less than approximately 0.01 wt% copper, as presented in Table 2).
  • a copper content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.05 wt%, less than approximately 2 wt%, less than approximately 0.7 wt%, less than approximately 0.2 wt%, or less than approximately 0.01 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between 0.001 wt% and approximately 0.12 wt% carbon as a strengthening agent that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.04 wt% and approximately 0.07 wt%, or between approximately 0.05 wt% and approximately 0.06 wt% carbon (e.g., approximately 0.05 wt% carbon or approximately 0.052 wt% carbon, as presented in Table 2).
  • a carbon content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.001 wt%, greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, greater than approximately 0.04 wt%, less than approximately 0.12 wt%, less than approximately 0.07 wt%, or less than approximately 0.06 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 1.5 wt% molybdenum as a strengthening agent (i.e., a non-austenite strengthening agent) that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.001 wt% and approximately 1 wt% or between approximately 0.005 wt% and approximately 0.5 wt% molybdenum (e.g., approximately 0.01 wt% molybdenum, as presented in Table 2).
  • the molybdenum content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.001 wt%, greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, less than approximately 0.1 wt%, or less than approximately 1.5 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 0.8 wt% chromium as a strengthening agent (i.e., a non-austenite strengthening agent) that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.8 wt% or between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.2 wt% chromium (e.g., 0.01 wt% or 0.04 wt% chromium).
  • the chromium content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.001 wt%, greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, less than approximately 0.8 wt%, less than approximately 0.2 wt%, or less than approximately 0.1 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 0.1 wt% vanadium as a strengthening agent (i.e., a non-austenite strengthening agent) that may improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.0005 wt% and approximately 0.09 wt% or between approximately 0.001 wt% and approximately 0.025 wt% vanadium (e.g., approximately 0.006 wt% vanadium).
  • a vanadium content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.001 wt%, less than approximately 0.1 wt%, less than approximately 0.03 wt%, or less than approximately 0.001 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0.1 wt% and approximately 1.2 wt% silicon.
  • silicon may play more than one role in the formulation of embodiments of the presently disclosed welding alloy.
  • silicon may play a role as a deoxidizer, reacting with oxygen-containing species at or near the weld pool to generate slag.
  • the portion of silicon that persists in the weld deposit may also play a role as a strengthening agent (i.e., a non-austenite strengthening agent) to improve the mechanical properties of a weld deposit.
  • the disclosed ranges of silicon in Table 1 include a portion of silicon that is consumed by deoxidation during welding, as well as a portion of silicon that will become incorporated into the weld deposit as a strengthening agent.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.65 wt% and approximately 0.85 wt% silicon (e.g., approximately 0.75 wt% silicon or approximately 0.79 wt% silicon, as presented in Table 2).
  • the silicon content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.1 wt%, greater than approximately 0.65 wt%, less than approximately 0.85 wt%, or less than approximately 1.2 wt%. Silicon content is also discussed below with respect to deoxidizing components of the disclosed welding alloy embodiments.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 0.01 wt% boron. That is, in certain embodiments, boron may not be included in welding alloy embodiments of the present approach without adversely affecting the properties of the welding alloy and/or the resulting weld deposit. However, in certain embodiments, boron may be included in a small amount to improve the mechanical properties of the resulting weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.0001 wt% and approximately 0.001 wt% boron (e.g., 0.0005 wt% boron or ⁇ 0.001 wt% boron, as presented in Table 2).
  • the boron content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.0001 wt%, less than approximately 0.001 wt%, or less than approximately 0.01 wt%. It may be appreciated that boron may be considered both a strengthening agent and a grain control agent, as discussed herein. That is, the amount of boron present in a welding alloy embodiment generally contributes to both the carbon equivalence value and to the total amount of grain control agents, as discussed below.
  • welding alloy embodiments of the present approach generally include certain components, namely manganese and one or more strengthening agents, at suitable levels to provide a particular equivalent carbon content value or range.
  • the welding alloy may have a manganese content less than or equal to 2 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 1 wt% or between 0.3 wt% and 0.4 wt% manganese) and a CE (determined according to equation 1) that is between approximately 0.05 and approximately 0.25.
  • the welding alloy may have a CE (determined according to equation 1) that is less than approximately 0.24, less than approximately 0.23, less than approximately 0.22, less than approximately 0.21, less than approximately 0.2, between approximately 0.2 and approximately 0.23, or between approximately 0.08 and approximately 0.23.
  • the tubular welding wire 50 may have a CE (determined according to equation 1) selected based on a desired tensile strength.
  • a welding alloy may have a manganese content less than approximately 2 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 1 wt% or between approximately 0.3 wt% and 0.4 wt% manganese) and have CE between approximately 0.2 and approximately 0.23 to provide an estimated tensile strength between approximately 90 ksi and approximately 140 ksi (e.g., approximately 100 ksi).
  • inventions designed to provide a lower estimated tensile strength may have a manganese content less than approximately 2 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 1 wt% or between approximately 0.3 wt% and 0.4 wt% manganese) and have a CE value below 0.2, such as between approximately 0.07 and approximately 0.12.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include one or more grain control agents that may improve mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength, toughness) of the resulting weld deposit.
  • these grain control agents may include niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, boron, and combinations thereof.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.02 wt% and approximately 2.3 wt%, between approximately 0.02 wt% and approximately 0.6 wt%, between approximately 0.05 wt% and approximately 0.7 wt%, or between approximately 0.06 wt% and approximately 0.6 wt% combined grain control agents.
  • the combined grain control agent content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.02 wt%, greater than approximately 0.06 wt%, less than approximately 0.6 wt%, or less than approximately 0.56 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 0.1 wt% niobium as a grain control agent that may improve the mechanical properties of the weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.001 wt% and approximately 0.1 wt%, between approximately 0.005 wt% and approximately 0.09 wt%, or between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.08 wt% niobium.
  • the niobium content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.001 wt%, less than approximately 0.15 wt%, less than approximately 0.12 wt%, or less than approximately 0.1 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 0.2 wt% tantalum as a grain control agent to improve the mechanical properties of the weld deposit.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.001 wt% and approximately 0.2 wt%, between approximately 0.005 wt% and approximately 0.15 wt%, or between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.1 wt% tantalum.
  • a tantalum content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.001 wt%, less than approximately 0.2 wt%, or less than approximately 0.1 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.2 wt% titanium. It may be noted that, like silicon discussed above, titanium may play more than one role in the welding operation. For example, titanium may play a role as a deoxidizer, reacting with oxygen-containing species near the weld pool to generate slag, as discussed below. However, the titanium that persists in the weld deposit may also play a role as a grain control agent that may improve the mechanical properties of the weld deposit. As such, the disclosed ranges of titanium in Table 1 include the titanium that will be consumed by deoxidation (e.g., approximately 60%), as well as the titanium that will become incorporated into the weld deposit during welding.
  • deoxidation e.g., approximately 60%
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.18 wt%, between approximately 0.04 wt% and approximately 0.16 wt%, or between approximately 0.08 wt% and approximately 0.12 wt% titanium.
  • a titanium content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, greater than approximately 0.08 wt%, less than approximately 0.2 wt%, or less than approximately 0.16 wt%.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.2 wt% zirconium. It may be noted that, like titanium, zirconium may play more than one role in the welding operation. For example, zirconium may play a role as a deoxidizer, reacting with oxygen-containing species near the weld pool to generate slag, as discussed below. However, the zirconium that persists in the weld deposit after welding may also serve as a grain control agent that may improve the mechanical properties of the weld deposit.
  • the disclosed ranges of zirconium in Table 1 include the portion of zirconium that will be consumed by deoxidation (e.g., approximately 60%), as well as the portion zirconium that will become incorporated into the weld deposit, during welding.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.01 wt% and approximately 0.15 wt% or between approximately 0.02 wt% and approximately 0.1 wt% zirconium.
  • a zirconium content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.01 wt%, greater than approximately 0.02 wt%, greater than approximately 0.04 wt%, less than approximately 0.1 wt%, less than approximately 0.08 wt%, or less than approximately 0.02 wt%.
  • the amount of boron present a welding alloy embodiment generally contributes both the carbon equivalence (CE) value and to the total amount of grain control agents present in the welding alloy.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments generally include between approximately 0 wt% (i.e., none or trace amounts) and approximately 0.01 wt% boron.
  • the welding alloy may include between approximately 0.0001 wt% and approximately 0.001 wt% boron (e.g., 0.0005 wt% boron or ⁇ 0.001 wt% boron, as presented in Table 2).
  • the boron content of the welding alloy may be greater than approximately 0.0001 wt%, less than approximately 0.001 wt%, or less than approximately 0.01 wt%.
  • the solid welding alloy may include deoxidizing components (e.g., titanium, zirconium, aluminum, and silicon) in the indicated ranges.
  • certain deoxidizing components may also serve other roles (e.g., strengthening agents, grain control agents), and these components may be present at levels that enable a suitable portion of these components to become incorporated into the weld deposit to provide these effects.
  • antimony may not be included without adversely affecting the present approach; while in other embodiments, antimony (e.g., up to 0.25 wt%) may be useful to tune the properties of the resulting weld deposit.
  • the disclosed welding alloy embodiments may include greater than approximately 80 wt% iron (e.g., greater than approximately 83 wt%, greater than approximately 84 wt%, greater than approximately 90 wt%, greater than approximately 95 wt%, greater than approximately 96 wt%, greater than approximately 97 wt%, greater than approximately 98 wt%, greater than approximately 99 wt% iron, or a remainder of iron).
  • iron e.g., greater than approximately 83 wt%, greater than approximately 84 wt%, greater than approximately 90 wt%, greater than approximately 95 wt%, greater than approximately 96 wt%, greater than approximately 97 wt%, greater than approximately 98 wt%, greater than approximately 99 wt% iron, or a remainder of iron.
  • Certain welding electrodes e.g., welding electrodes manufactured according to the American Welding Society (AWS) A5.18 ER70S-2 standard
  • AWS American Welding Society
  • ER70S-2 wire contains between approximately 2 and approximately 5 times greater manganese content than certain welding alloy embodiments of the present approach, such as a welding alloy embodiment having between approximately 0.3 wt% and approximately 0.4 wt% manganese.
  • the ER70S-2 wire includes less than or equal to 0.15 wt% nickel.
  • certain embodiments of the present approach may contain between approximately 4 and approximately 6 times greater nickel content than the ER70S-2 wire.
  • the disclosed welding alloy may include less than approximately 1 wt% manganese (e.g., less than or equal to approximately 0.9 wt% manganese, less than approximately 0.4 wt% manganese) and greater than approximately 0.15 wt% nickel (e.g., greater than approximately 0.16 wt%, greater than approximately 0.18 wt%, greater than approximately 0.2 wt%, greater than approximately 0.25 wt%, or greater than approximately 0.75 wt% nickel).
  • the formulations in Tables 1 and 2 are merely provided as example formulations.
  • the presently disclosed low-manganese welding alloy may be used to produce a welding consumable (e.g., a solid welding wire, a stick electrode, or a tubular welding wire) in compliance with the chemical analysis requirements of one or more of the following AWS A5.29, A5.20, and/or A5.36 standards: E71T1-GC H8 (e.g., providing similar weld deposit chemistry and mechanical properties as ElementTM 71Ni1C, available from Hobart Brothers Company, Troy, OH); E71T1-GM H8 (e.g., providing similar weld deposit chemistry and mechanical properties as ElementTM 71Ni1M, available from Hobart Brothers Company, Troy, OH); E71T-1C H8 (e.g., providing similar weld deposit chemistry and mechanical properties as ElementTM 71T1C, available from Hobart Brothers Company, Troy, OH); E71T1-GC H8 (
  • the disclosed welding consumables may be formed from a mixture of starting materials or ingredients that may be formed into an alloy using common steel manufacturing processes and techniques.
  • these starting materials may include iron, iron titanium powder, iron zirconium powder, aluminum powder or alumina, as well as other suitable starting materials.
  • the starting materials may include one or more materials (e.g., antimony, gallium) set forth in the U.S. Patent Nos. 6,608,284 and 8,119,951 , both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes.
  • the various starting materials may be heated within a furnace to reach a molten state.
  • one or more impurities may be removed from the mixture as slag. Accordingly, after a portion of certain starting materials are oxidized and removed as slag during formation of the welding alloy, the composition of the resulting welding alloy complies with the component ranges for one or more of the classes A1, A2, and A3 indicated in Table 1.
  • the welding alloy may be shaped into welding wire (as discussed below), into ribbons (e.g., strip cladding for use in strip welding operations), into bars or plates, or any other type of welding consumable used in a welding operation.
  • the welding alloy may be drawn (e.g., using one or more drawing dies) to form a solid wire (e.g., for use in GMAW, GTAW, and SAW applications). Additionally, in certain embodiments, the solid wire may be cut into segments and covered with a coating to produce stick electrodes. Further, in certain embodiments, the welding alloy may be flattened, shaped into a sheath, and filled with a granular core material (e.g., flux) to produce a metal-cored or a flux-cored tubular welding wire. Even further, in certain embodiments, the welding alloy may be disposed on a workpiece and applied via a plating process.
  • a granular core material e.g., flux
  • the chemistry of the weld deposit, the mechanical properties of the weld deposit, the properties of the arc, and so forth may be also controlled or tuned based on the composition and nature of the flux and/or coating component.
  • the flux and/or coatings used in combination with the disclosed welding alloys e.g., for SMAW stick electrodes, within flux-cored electrodes, and for SAW flux
  • the disclosed alloys may be used to manufacture SMAW stick electrodes.
  • a solid wire may be manufactured from the disclosed welding alloys, cut into segments, and coated with flux to produce stick electrodes suitable for SMAW.
  • the presently disclosed welding alloys enable the delivery of the aforementioned deoxidizers (e.g., zirconium, titanium, aluminum, and/or silicon) to the arc and/or the weld deposit.
  • the SMAW stick electrode may be in compliance with the AWS A5.1 or AWS A5.5 (e.g., classified as an Exx18 or an Exx18-Y electrode) and may have a flux coating that is completely free or substantially free from manganese.
  • the solid wire segments may be first coated with another metal (e.g., a deposited metal layer or a metal foil) prior to the application of the flux coating to improve adhesion of the flux coating and/or to limit interaction between certain flux components and the solid wire core.
  • the flux coating may be basic (e.g., contributes minimal oxygen to the weld deposit) and may include silicon metal powders that are stabilized (e.g., chromated) prior to use.
  • the welding alloy may be drawn to form a solid wire for use in GMAW, GTAW, and SAW applications.
  • the solid welding wire may be coated with one or more components to facilitate one or more aspects of the welding process.
  • the solid welding wire may be manufactured to include a thin copper coating to facilitate feeding of the welding wire.
  • this copper coating may be formed electrolytically or via self-deposition in a vacuum.
  • the composition of the welding alloy may be adjusted such that the composition of the entire welding electrode (including the coating) falls within the disclosed ranges for the disclosed welding alloys (e.g., A1, A2, and/or A3 of Table 1).
  • the solid welding wire may include a lubricant (e.g., an oil-based) coating to further facilitate the feeding of the welding wire.
  • this lubricant coating may include one or more Group I or Group II compounds (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, and/or barium salts) that may provide the solid welding wire with arc stabilizing effects during an arc welding operation.
  • Table 3 illustrates an expected chemical composition and mechanical properties for weld deposits formed using the solid welding electrode embodiments E1 and E2 of Table 2, which are example welding consumables manufactured from the disclosed welding alloys (e.g., welding alloys A1, A2, or A3 of Table 1).
  • the resulting weld deposits may include less than or equal to 1 wt% manganese (e.g., between approximately 0.3 wt% and approximately 0.4 wt% manganese).
  • the weld deposit may include less than approximately 1.25 wt%, less than approximately 1 wt%, less than approximately 0.9 wt%, less than approximately 0.8 wt%, less than approximately 0.7 wt%, less than approximately 0.6 wt%, less than approximately 0.5 wt%, less than approximately 0.4 wt%, less than approximately 0.3 wt%, less than approximately 0.2 wt%, less than approximately 0.1 wt%, or only trace amounts of manganese, based on the manganese content of the welding alloy used to form the weld deposit. Table 3.
  • the example weld deposits formed using the disclosed welding alloys include one or more strengthening agents (e.g., nickel, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and/or boron) and one or more grain control agents (e.g., niobium, tantalum, titanium, and/or zirconium) at particular concentrations that enable the weld deposit to have suitable mechanical properties, despite the lower manganese content.
  • strengthening agents e.g., nickel, copper, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and/or boron
  • grain control agents e.g., niobium, tantalum, titanium, and/or zirconium
  • the chemistry of the weld deposit may be substantially the same as the chemistry of the welding alloy, as described in detail above.
  • the weld deposit may fall within the ranges defined by the classes A1, A2, or A3 of Table 1, and may include any of the ranges for strengthening agents, grain control agents, carbon equivalency (CE), etc., set forth above for the welding alloy.
  • the amounts of one or more components may be altered (e.g., by the chemistry of the base metal or by oxidization), and may therefore be different than the levels of these components in the welding consumable made from the disclosed welding alloy.
  • a weld deposit formed using a welding consumable that is an embodiment of the presently disclosed welding alloy may include: a carbon content that is less than approximately 0.12 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 0.07 wt% carbon); a manganese content that is less than approximately 2 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 1 wt%, less than approximately 0.9 wt%, or between approximately 0.3 wt% and approximately 0.4 wt% manganese); a silicon content that is less than approximately 1.2 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 0.6 wt% silicon); a nickel content that is less than approximately 5 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 1 wt%, less than approximately 0.85 wt% nickel); a chromium content that is less than approximately 0.8 wt% (e.g., less than approximately 0.4 wt% chromium); a molybdenum content that is less than approximately 1.5 w
  • Table 3 illustrates examples of the mechanical properties enabled by the presently disclosed welding alloy embodiments, despite the lower manganese content.
  • weld deposits formed using an embodiment of the disclosed welding alloy generally possess a tensile strength that is greater than or equal to 482.6 GPa (70 ksi), despite having a low manganese content (e.g., less than 1 wt% manganese).
  • the weld deposit may have a higher tensile strength, such as between approximately 482.6 GPa (70ksi) and 551.6 GPa (80 ksi), between approximately 551.6 GPa (80 ksi) and 620.5 GPa (90 ksi) between approximately 620.5 GPa (90 ksi) and 689.5 GPa (100 ksi) or between approximately 689.5 GPa (100 ksi) and 965.2 GPa (140 ksi).
  • weld deposits formed using an embodiment of the disclosed welding alloy generally possess a yield strength that is greater than or equal to 399.9 GPa (58 ksi).
  • the weld deposit may have a higher yield strength, such as between approximately 399.9 GPa (58 ksi) and approximately 517.1 GPa (75 ksi).
  • a higher yield strength such as between approximately 399.9 GPa (58 ksi) and approximately 517.1 GPa (75 ksi).
  • weld deposits formed using an embodiment of the disclosed welding alloy generally possess a Charpy V-notch (CVN) value that is greater than or equal to 2.76 m.kg (20 ft-lbs) at -28.9 °C (-20 °F).
  • the weld deposit may have a higher CVN value, such as greater than 4.15 m.kg (30 ft-lbs), greater than 5.53 m.kg (40 ft-lbs), greater than 6.92 m.kg (50 ft-lbs), greater than 8.30 m.kg (60 ft-lbs), or greater than 9.68 m.kg (70ft-lbs).
  • Table 4 includes welding fume data for a series of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) operations using an embodiment of a solid welding wire manufactured from the disclosed A3 welding alloy.
  • the welding fume data of Table 4 is also presented visually in the graphs of FIGS. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . While the data of Table 4 and FIGS. 2-6 has been generated using a specific welding consumable embodiment (e.g., E2 solid welding wire of Table 2) of a specific disclosed type of welding alloy (e.g., A3 welding alloy of Table 1), it is believed that the welding fume data presented in Table 4 is representative of other embodiments of welding consumables generally falling within the compositional ranges of the A1 welding alloy of Table 1.
  • GMAW gas metal arc welding
  • Table 4 was generated using a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) operation, it is believed that the fume data presented in Table 4 is representative of the welding fume data of other welding operations (e.g., submerged arc welding (SAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), or gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) operations).
  • SAW submerged arc welding
  • SMAW shielded metal arc welding
  • GTAW gas tungsten arc welding
  • Table 4 Welding fume data for a series of example welding operations using an embodiment of a solid welding wire made from the disclosed A3 welding alloy (e.g., an embodiment of the disclosed E2 solid welding wire). All welding operations were performed using a 90% argon / 10% CO 2 shielding gas mixture.
  • Fume testing was performed in accordance with AWS F1 2 using a bead-on-plate in a horizontal (1F) position with an electrical stick-out of between approximately 12.7 mm and approximately 19.05 mm (between 0.5 and 0.75 inches) and a wire diameter of 1.143 mm (0.045 inches).
  • the A3 solid welding electrode embodiment provides a nearly linear trend between the melt-off rate and the welding current and between the melt-off rate and the wire feed speed (i.e., the rate of advancement of the welding consumable toward the workpiece).
  • the A3 solid welding electrode embodiment has a similar percentage of the welding electrode converted to fumes at wire feed speeds between approximately 6.25 and approximately 10.80 metres (250 and 425 inches) per minute, a slightly higher percentage of the welding electrode converted to fumes at wire feed speeds less than approximately 6.25 metres (250 inches) per minute, and substantially lower percentages of the welding electrode converted to fumes at wire feed speeds greater than approximately 10.80 metres (425 inches) per minute.
  • the A3 solid welding electrode embodiment has a similar fume generation rate at wire feed speeds of approximately 6.25 (250) approximately 7.62 (300), and approximately 10.80 metres (425 inches) per minute, a highest fume generation rate at a wire feed speed of approximately 8.89 metres (350 inches) per minute, and substantially lower fume generation rate at wire feed speeds less than approximately 5.08 metres (200 inches) per minute and at wire feed speeds greater than approximately 12.7 metres (500 inches) per minute.
  • the A3 solid welding electrode embodiment provides a low manganese fume generation rate at all wire feed speeds (e.g., between 2.54 and 17.78 metres per minute, i.e. 100 and 700 inches per minute).
  • the manganese fume generation rate provided by an embodiment of the disclosed A1 welding alloy may be less than approximately 0.01 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.009 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.008 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.007 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.0065 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.006 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.005 grams per minute, less than approximately 0.004 grams per minute, or less than approximately 0.003 grams per minute during an arc welding operation, depending on the parameters (e.g., wire feed speed, current, voltage, etc.) of the welding operation.
  • the manganese fume generation rate provided by an embodiment of the disclosed A1 welding alloy may be between approximately 0.001 and approximately 0.01 grams per minute, between approximately 0.002 and approximately 0.007 grams per minute, or between approximately 0.0025 and approximately 0.0065 grams per minute.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)
  • Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Consommable de soudage à l'arc qui forme un dépôt de soudage sur une pièce d'acier pendant une opération de soudage à l'arc, le consommable de soudage comprenant :
    - entre 0,65 % en poids et 0,85 % en poids de silicium en tant qu'agent de renforcement ;
    - un ou plusieurs agents de contrôle de grain choisis dans le groupe : niobium, tantale, titane, zirconium, et bore, les agents de contrôle de grain comprenant plus de 0,06 % en poids et moins de 0,6 % en poids du consommable de soudage ;
    - entre 0,65 % en poids et 0,85 % en poids de nickel ;
    - 0,4 % ou moins de manganèse ;
    - le reste étant du fer jusqu'à 100 % ;
    un carbone équivalent (EC) du consommable de soudage étant inférieur à 0,23, selon l'équation d'équivalence de carbone d'Ito et Bessyo ; et le consommable de soudage fournissant un taux de production de fumée de manganèse inférieur à 0,01 gramme par minute pendant une opération de soudage.
  2. Consommable de soudage selon la revendication 1, le taux de production de fumée de manganèse étant inférieur à 0,007 gramme par minute pendant l'opération de soudage, et préférablement inférieur à 0,006 gramme par minute pendant l'opération de soudage.
  3. Consommable de soudage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, le consommable de soudage comprenant un fil de soudage solide, une baguette de remplissage, ou une électrode enrobée.
  4. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, l'opération de soudage comprenant une opération de soudage à l'arc sous gaz avec métal d'apport (GMAW), une opération de soudage à l'arc submergé (SAW), une opération de soudage à l'arc métallique protégé (SMAW), ou une opération de soudage à l'arc sous gaz au tungstène (GTAW).
  5. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant du cuivre en tant qu'agent de renforcement, le consommable de soudage comprenant entre 0,001 % en poids et approximativement 2 % en poids de cuivre.
  6. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant du carbone en tant qu'agent de renforcement, le consommable de soudage comprenant moins de 0,12 % en poids de carbone.
  7. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant du chrome en tant qu'agent de renforcement, le consommable de soudage comprenant moins d'approximativement 0,8 % en poids de chrome.
  8. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, l'agent ou les agents de contrôle de grain comprenant du titane, et le consommable de soudage comprenant moins de 0,2 % en poids de titane.
  9. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, l'agent ou les agents de contrôle de grain comprenant du zirconium, et le consommable de soudage comprenant moins de 0,2 % en poids de zirconium.
  10. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, l'agent ou les agents de renforcement et l'agent ou les agents de contrôle de grain comprenant du bore, et le consommable de soudage comprenant entre 0,001 % en poids et 0,01 % en poids de bore.
  11. Consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, le CE du consommable de soudage étant inférieur à 0,2.
  12. Procédé de formation d'un dépôt de soudure pendant une opération de soudage à l'arc comprenant :
    l'avancée d'un consommable de soudage selon l'une des revendications précédentes vers une pièce d'acier,
    l'établissement d'un arc entre une électrode de soudage et la pièce d'acier ; et
    la fusion d'une partie du consommable de soudage et d'une partie de la pièce d'acier pour former le dépôt de soudure, l'opération de soudage produisant moins d'approximativement 0,01 gramme de fumées de manganèse par minute.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, l'opération de soudage produisant entre approximativement 0,0025 et approximativement 0,0065 gramme de fumées de manganèse par minute, et une vitesse d'avancée du consommable de soudage vers la pièce d'acier étant inférieure à approximativement 17,8 m (700 pouces) par minute, ou un courant de soudage étant inférieur à approximativement 425 A (ampères) ou une combinaison correspondante.
  14. Procédé selon la revendication 12 ou 13, le consommable de soudage étant l'électrode de soudage, et l'opération de soudage étant une opération de soudage à l'arc sous gaz avec métal d'apport (GMAW), une opération de soudage à l'arc submergé (SAW), ou une opération de soudage à l'arc métallique protégé (SMAW), ou
    l'électrode de soudage étant une électrode de soudage de tungstène, le consommable de soudage étant une baguette de remplissage, un fil de remplissage, ou une gaine en bande, et l'opération de soudage étant une opération de soudage à l'arc sous gaz au tungstène (GTAW).
EP15745620.3A 2014-08-12 2015-07-07 Systèmes et procédés pour des alliages de soudage à faible teneur en manganèse Active EP3180157B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US14/457,599 US9844838B2 (en) 2013-05-08 2014-08-12 Systems and methods for low-manganese welding alloys
PCT/US2015/039451 WO2016025101A1 (fr) 2014-08-12 2015-07-07 Systèmes et procédés pour des alliages de soudage a faible teneur en manganèse

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US11772207B2 (en) * 2019-09-20 2023-10-03 Lincoln Global, Inc. High chromium creep resistant weld metal for arc welding of thick walled steel members
US20210101222A1 (en) * 2019-10-04 2021-04-08 Lincoln Global, Inc. Ultra high deposition rate welding system

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WO2013177480A1 (fr) * 2012-05-24 2013-11-28 Hobart Brothers Company Systèmes et procédés pour fil de soudage à faible teneur en manganèse
US20140083981A1 (en) * 2012-05-24 2014-03-27 Hobart Brothers Company Systems and methods for low-manganese welding wire
WO2014058725A2 (fr) * 2012-10-09 2014-04-17 The Esab Group, Inc. Électrodes de soudage à l'arc au fil fourré sous protection gazeuse, à faible teneur en manganèse

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EP3180157A1 (fr) 2017-06-21
CA2955351A1 (fr) 2016-02-18
CN106573347A (zh) 2017-04-19
CN106573347B (zh) 2020-06-16
WO2016025101A1 (fr) 2016-02-18
CA2955351C (fr) 2020-02-18

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