EP3173462A1 - Transmission oil - Google Patents

Transmission oil Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3173462A1
EP3173462A1 EP15197078.7A EP15197078A EP3173462A1 EP 3173462 A1 EP3173462 A1 EP 3173462A1 EP 15197078 A EP15197078 A EP 15197078A EP 3173462 A1 EP3173462 A1 EP 3173462A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oil
pao
less
mass
viscosity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP15197078.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Edgar STEIGERWALD
Robert Neumann
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Fuchs SE
Original Assignee
Fuchs Petrolub SE
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Application filed by Fuchs Petrolub SE filed Critical Fuchs Petrolub SE
Priority to EP15197078.7A priority Critical patent/EP3173462A1/en
Publication of EP3173462A1 publication Critical patent/EP3173462A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
    • C10M107/10—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation containing aliphatic monomer having more than 4 carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
    • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/74—Noack Volatility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C10N2040/042—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for automatic transmissions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C10N2040/044—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for manual transmissions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
    • C10N2060/02—Reduction, e.g. hydrogenation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a transmission oil.
  • Mechanical gearboxes are used in mechanical and automotive engineering for speed and torque conversion. In motor vehicle construction, they serve, in particular, to adapt a suitable operating window of the drive machine used (as a rule an internal combustion engine) to the operating state of the vehicle.
  • the gear oil regularly takes on an additional function in those components that produce or disconnect the frictional connection between the engine and transmission.
  • It may be a hydraulic torque converter, alternatively mechanical friction clutches are used, for example in the so-called dual-clutch transmissions.
  • a torque converter in the automatic transmission this is often used only for the purpose of starting and restoring the frictional connection after a switching operation, in stable operation, the converter is often bridged by a mechanical friction clutch (converter bridging) to avoid efficiency losses due to the continuous operation of a hydraulic converter.
  • gear oil must be used in addition to the lubrication and cooling of moving parts in addition to hydraulic oil (hydraulic torque converter) or for setting defined coefficients of friction in wet running (running in the transmission oil) mechanical clutches, for example in dual-clutch transmissions or in torque converter lockup torque converter.
  • Gear oils regularly have a base oil and additives to adjust the desired properties. It is already known from prior public use to use synthetically produced base oils which allow a more accurate definition or adjustment of the desired properties of the oil.
  • the invention is based on the object to provide a transmission oil, which is particularly suitable for use in vehicle transmissions and combines good lubrication properties with high energy efficiency.
  • gear oil base oil as a polyalphaolefin (PAO) with a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm 2 / s or less and a loss of evaporation (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1h, Noack test) of 15 mass% or less.
  • PAO polyalphaolefin
  • gear oil designates a suitable for use in mechanical transmissions oil, especially for use in transmissions of vehicles, more preferably road vehicles, more preferably cars and light commercial vehicles.
  • a transmission oil according to the invention may in particular be designed as Double Clutch Transmission Fluid (DCTF), Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF), and Manual Transmission Fluid (MTF).
  • DCTF Double Clutch Transmission Fluid
  • ATF Automatic Transmission Fluid
  • MTF Manual Transmission Fluid
  • it can be inventively designed both for dual-clutch transmission with wet-running as well as with dry-running clutch.
  • Also included in this category are (rarely used) transmission oils for automated manual transmissions with only one mechanical clutch.
  • the base oil is the basis of the gear oil and usually the carrier for the other ingredients that allow adjustment of the desired properties.
  • the base oil itself participates in the setting of the desired properties.
  • the base oil may, but need not, be the essential ingredient of the ingredients.
  • the base oil is also commonly referred to as control oil.
  • the base oil used according to the invention is a specific category of polyalphaolefins (PAO). These are defined by a specified in the claim upper limit of the viscosity and the evaporation loss.
  • PAO polyalphaolefins
  • the kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C is determined in the laboratory according to DIN EN ISO 3104: 1999-12.
  • the flow time of a certain volume of liquid is measured under the influence of gravity through the capillary of a calibrated viscometer, under reproducible pressure gradient and at precisely controlled temperature.
  • the kinematic viscosity is the product of the measured flow time and the calibration constant of the viscometer.
  • the evaporation loss is determined in the laboratory according to DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1. In this so-called noack test, the percentage mass loss of an oil after 1 h at 200 ° C is determined. A preferred upper limit of the evaporation loss is 10% by mass.
  • the invention has recognized that a base oil with the claimed combination of properties enables a very energy-efficient operation of a transmission. This is of particular importance in determining the CO2 emission of motor vehicles in a test cycle, such as the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) prescribed in Europe for vehicle acceptance.
  • NEDC New European Driving Cycle
  • the knowledge according to the invention that it is not just the viscosity of the entire gear oil that matters, but the viscosity of the base oil used plays an essential role is surprising.
  • a non-binding and non-limiting explanation is that much of the energy is consumed in the high-speed bearings of the transmission.
  • Gear oils of the same kV100, but with lower base oil viscosity consume significantly less energy here, as they regularly contain high-polymeric VI improvers, which are in the flow direction at the high flow rates in modern sliding and rolling bearings and thus to a reduction contribute to the dynamic viscosity.
  • This is the known temporary shear loss, which is reversible and, with decreasing flow velocity, again leads to an increase back to the original viscosity.
  • the invention also defined low evaporation loss causes a gear oil based on such a base oil has a high long-term stability even at regularly high operating temperatures. This is particularly important if the transmission oil is a DCTF or ATF. It is then regularly exposed to high thermal stress, since it must absorb and dissipate frictional heat from clutch linings. On the other hand, it must have substantially constant and defined coefficients of friction over the entire service life, since only so a defined operation of the clutch and thus the vehicle during startup and switching operations is possible.
  • the base oil contains a PAO obtainable by dimerization and hydrogenation of a C 12 and / or C 14 ⁇ -olefin. More preferably, it is based on or consists of it.
  • PAOs known in the art are prepared by oligomerization of 1-decene hydrocarbons which are then hydrogenated and then fractionated into the various kV100 fractions of 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0 mm 2 / s etc. are decomposed
  • the PAO according to the invention is a defined species, which is composed of the dimer of two C12 and / or C14- ⁇ -olefins, so that after subsequent hydrogenation saturated C24H50 or C26H54 hydrocarbon is formed.
  • the base oil contains a PAO obtainable by trimerization and hydrogenation of a C8- ⁇ -olefin. This also gives a saturated C24H50 hydrocarbon.
  • Base oils based on these PAOs have the inventive combination of low viscosity and high resistance to evaporation. They permit the production of gear oils according to the invention which combine high energy efficiency with long-term stability at defined properties that are essentially constant over the service life, in particular frictional properties.
  • the ⁇ -olefins used are preferably unbranched olefins. This contributes to the setting of defined, consistent properties of the base oil.
  • the PAO content of a gear oil according to the invention is 10 to 95 mass%, more preferably 30 to 95 mass%, 50 to 95 mass%, 70 to 95 mass%, 70 to 90 mass% and 75 to 90 mass%.
  • the gear oil has a total viscosity kV100 of 7 mm 2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1 h, Noack test) of 10 mass% or less , Further preferred upper limit values for the viscosity kV 100 are 7.0; 5.5; 4.0; 3.5 and 3.3 mm 2 / s under the measurement conditions given above.
  • the combination of said viscosity for the base oil on the one hand and the entire gear oil on the other hand leads to particularly advantageous properties in terms of energy efficiency.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) having a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm 2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1 h, Noack test) of 15% by mass or less than base oil in the production of a gear oil.
  • PAO polyalphaolefin
  • PAO 2.5 As the oil according to the invention, a PAO designated PAO 2.5 is used which has been obtained by dimerization and hydrogenation of a C 12 -alpha-olefin. It has a kV 100 of 2.5 mm 2 / s.
  • Prior art PAO's are prepared by oligomerization of 1-decene hydrocarbons which are then hydrogenated and then fractionated into the various kV100 fractions of 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0 mm 2 / s etc. are disassembled.
  • PAO 2 has a kV 100 of 2 mm 2 / s, thus also a low viscosity like the base oil of the present invention.

Abstract

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Getriebeöl. Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, dass es als Grundöl ein Polyalphaolefin (PAO) mit einer Viskosität kV100 von 3 mm 2 /s oder weniger und einem Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 15 Masse% oder weniger aufweist. Ein erfindungsgemäßes Getriebeöl eignet sich insbesondere zum Einsatz in Kraftfahrzeuggetrieben, insbesondere Doppelkupplungsgetrieben, wo es eine hohe Energieeffizienz bei gleichzeitig definierten Eigenschaften und Reibwerten über eine lange Lebensdauer ermöglicht.The invention relates to a transmission oil. According to the invention, it is provided as base oil a polyalphaolefin (PAO) with a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm 2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1 h, Noack test) of 15% by mass or less. An inventive gear oil is particularly suitable for use in motor vehicle transmissions, in particular dual-clutch transmissions, where it allows high energy efficiency with simultaneously defined properties and friction coefficients over a long service life.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Getriebeöl.The invention relates to a transmission oil.

Mechanische Getriebe werden im Maschinenbau sowie Kraftfahrzeugbau verwendet zur Drehzahl- und Drehmomentwandlung. Im Kraftfahrzeugbau dienen sie insbesondere der Anpassung eines geeigneten Betriebsfensters der verwendeten Antriebsmaschine (in der Regel ein Verbrennungsmotor) an den Betriebszustand des Fahrzeugs.Mechanical gearboxes are used in mechanical and automotive engineering for speed and torque conversion. In motor vehicle construction, they serve, in particular, to adapt a suitable operating window of the drive machine used (as a rule an internal combustion engine) to the operating state of the vehicle.

In Kraftfahrzeugen kommen manuelle Getriebe sowie verschiedene Varianten von automatischen Getrieben zum Einsatz. Gemeinsam ist allen Getrieben, dass ein Getriebeöl sowohl der Schmierung und damit dem Schutz bewegter Teile vor mechanischem Verschleiß als auch gegebenenfalls der Kühlung dient.In motor vehicles, manual transmissions and various variants of automatic transmissions are used. Common to all transmissions is that a gear oil both lubrication and thus the protection of moving parts against mechanical wear as well as possibly the cooling is used.

Bei automatischen Getrieben übernimmt das Getriebeöl regelmäßig eine Zusatzfunktion bei denjenigen Bauteilen, die den Kraftschluss zwischen Motor und Getriebe herstellen bzw. trennen. Es kann sich dabei um einen hydraulischen Drehmomentwandler handeln, alternativ kommen mechanische Reibkupplungen zum Einsatz, beispielsweise bei den sogenannten Doppelkupplungsgetrieben. Beim Einsatz eines Drehmomentwandlers im Automatikgetriebe wird dieser häufig nur zum Zwecke des Anfahren und Wiederherstellen des Kraftschlusses nach einem Schaltvorgang eingesetzt, im stabilen Betrieb wird der Wandler häufig durch eine mechanische Reibkupplung überbrückt (Wandlerüberbrückung) um Wirkungsgradverluste durch den dauernden Betrieb eines hydraulischen Wandlers zu vermeiden.In automatic transmissions, the gear oil regularly takes on an additional function in those components that produce or disconnect the frictional connection between the engine and transmission. It may be a hydraulic torque converter, alternatively mechanical friction clutches are used, for example in the so-called dual-clutch transmissions. When using a torque converter in the automatic transmission, this is often used only for the purpose of starting and restoring the frictional connection after a switching operation, in stable operation, the converter is often bridged by a mechanical friction clutch (converter bridging) to avoid efficiency losses due to the continuous operation of a hydraulic converter.

In allen diesen Getriebevarianten muss das Getriebeöl neben der Schmierung und Kühlung der bewegten Teile zusätzlich als Hydrauliköl einsetzbar sein (hydraulischer Drehmomentwandler) oder aber zur Einstellung definierter Reibwerte bei nasslaufenden (im Getriebeöl laufenden) mechanischen Kupplungen, beispielsweise in Doppelkupplungsgetrieben oder bei der Wandlerüberbrückung eines Drehmomentwandlers.In all these transmission variants, the gear oil must be used in addition to the lubrication and cooling of moving parts in addition to hydraulic oil (hydraulic torque converter) or for setting defined coefficients of friction in wet running (running in the transmission oil) mechanical clutches, for example in dual-clutch transmissions or in torque converter lockup torque converter.

Getriebeöle weisen regelmäßig ein Grundöl und Zusätze/Additive zur Einstellung der gewünschten Eigenschaften auf. Es ist aus offenkundiger Vorbenutzung bereits bekannt, synthetisch hergestellte Grundöle zu verwenden, die eine genauere Definition bzw. Einstellung der gewünschten Eigenschaften des Öles erlauben.Gear oils regularly have a base oil and additives to adjust the desired properties. It is already known from prior public use to use synthetically produced base oils which allow a more accurate definition or adjustment of the desired properties of the oil.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein Getriebeöl zu schaffen, das sich insbesondere eignet zum Einsatz in Fahrzeuggetrieben und dabei gute Schmiereigenschaften mit hoher Energieeffizienz verbindet.The invention is based on the object to provide a transmission oil, which is particularly suitable for use in vehicle transmissions and combines good lubrication properties with high energy efficiency.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass das Getriebeöl als Grundöl ein Polyalphaolefin (PAO) mit einer Viskosität kV100 von 3 mm2/s oder weniger und einem Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 15 Masse% oder weniger aufweist.According to the invention this object is achieved in that the gear oil base oil as a polyalphaolefin (PAO) with a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm 2 / s or less and a loss of evaporation (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1h, Noack test) of 15 mass% or less.

Zunächst seien einige im Rahmen der Erfindung verwendete Begriffe erläutert.First, some terms used in the invention are explained.

Der Begriff Getriebeöl bezeichnet ein zum Einsatz in mechanischen Getrieben geeignetes Öl, insbesondere zum Einsatz in Getrieben von Fahrzeugen, weiter bevorzugt Straßenfahrzeugen, weiter bevorzugt PKW und leichte Nutzfahrzeuge.The term gear oil designates a suitable for use in mechanical transmissions oil, especially for use in transmissions of vehicles, more preferably road vehicles, more preferably cars and light commercial vehicles.

Ein erfindungsgemäßes Getriebeöl kann insbesondere ausgebildet sein als DCTF (Double Clutch Transmission Fluid; Doppelkupplungsgetriebeöl), ATF (Automatic Transmission Fluid, Öl für Automatikgetriebe mit hydraulischem Drehmomentwandler) und MTF (Manual Transmission Fluid, Öl für manuelle Schaltgetriebe). Bei der Ausbildung als DCTF kann es erfindungsgemäß sowohl ausgebildet sein für Doppelkupplungsgetriebe mit nasslaufender als auch mit trockenlaufender Kupplung. Besonders bevorzugt ist es erfindungsgemäß ausgebildet als ein Getriebeöl für Getriebe, bei denen das Öl zusätzlich eine Funktion bei der Herstellung des Kraftschlusses in der Kupplung ausübt, also Doppelkupplungsgetriebe mit nasslaufender Kupplung, sowie Automatikgetriebe mit hydraulischem Drehmomentwandler und gegebenenfalls zusätzlich Reibkupplungen zur Wandlerüberbrückung. Ebenfalls in diese Kategorie fallen (in der Praxis selten vorkommende) Getriebeöle für automatisierte Schaltgetriebe mit lediglich einer mechanischen Kupplung.A transmission oil according to the invention may in particular be designed as Double Clutch Transmission Fluid (DCTF), Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF), and Manual Transmission Fluid (MTF). In the training as DCTF, it can be inventively designed both for dual-clutch transmission with wet-running as well as with dry-running clutch. It is particularly preferred according to the invention designed as a transmission oil for transmissions, in which the oil additionally performs a function in the production of adhesion in the clutch, ie dual-clutch transmission with wet-running clutch, and automatic transmission with hydraulic torque converter and optionally in addition friction clutches for converter bridging. Also included in this category are (rarely used) transmission oils for automated manual transmissions with only one mechanical clutch.

Das Grundöl ist die Basis des Getriebeöls und in der Regel der Träger für die übrigen Inhaltsstoffe, die eine Einstellung der gewünschten Eigenschaften ermöglichen. Das Grundöl nimmt hier selbst an der Einstellung der gewünschten Eigenschaften teil. Das Grundöl kann, muss aber nicht, den wesentlichen Bestandteil der Inhaltsstoffe ausmachen. Fachüblich wird das Grundöl auch als Stellöl bezeichnet.The base oil is the basis of the gear oil and usually the carrier for the other ingredients that allow adjustment of the desired properties. The base oil itself participates in the setting of the desired properties. The base oil may, but need not, be the essential ingredient of the ingredients. The base oil is also commonly referred to as control oil.

Als Grundöl wird erfindungsgemäß eine bestimmte Kategorie von Polyalphaolefinen (PAO) eingesetzt. Diese sind definiert durch eine im Anspruch angegebene Obergrenze der Viskosität und des Verdampfungsverlustes.The base oil used according to the invention is a specific category of polyalphaolefins (PAO). These are defined by a specified in the claim upper limit of the viscosity and the evaporation loss.

Die kinematische Viskosität bei 100°C wird im Labor gemäß DIN EN ISO 3104:1999-12 bestimmt. Dabei wird die Durchflusszeit eines bestimmten Flüssigkeitsvolumens unter dem Einfluss der Schwerkraft durch die Kapillare eines kalibrierten Viskosimeters gemessen, unter reproduzierbarem Druckgefälle und bei genau geregelter Temperatur. Die kinematische Viskosität ist das Produkt der gemessenen Durchflusszeit und der Kalibrierungskonstante des Viskosimeters.The kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C is determined in the laboratory according to DIN EN ISO 3104: 1999-12. The flow time of a certain volume of liquid is measured under the influence of gravity through the capillary of a calibrated viscometer, under reproducible pressure gradient and at precisely controlled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is the product of the measured flow time and the calibration constant of the viscometer.

Der Verdampfungsverlust wird im Labor gemäß DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1 bestimmt. Bei diesem so genannten Noack-Test wird der prozentuale Masseverlust eines Öles nach 1h bei 200°C bestimmt. Eine bevorzugte Obergrenze des Verdampfungsverlusts ist 10 Masse%.The evaporation loss is determined in the laboratory according to DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1. In this so-called noack test, the percentage mass loss of an oil after 1 h at 200 ° C is determined. A preferred upper limit of the evaporation loss is 10% by mass.

Die Erfindung hat erkannt, dass ein Grundöl mit der beanspruchten Kombination von Eigenschaften einen sehr energieeffizienten Betrieb eines Getriebes ermöglicht. Dies ist insbesondere von Bedeutung bei der Ermittlung der CO2-Emission von Kraftfahrzeugen in einem Testzyklus wie beispielsweise dem in Europa zur Fahrzeugabnahme vorgeschriebenen NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). Überraschend ist insbesondere die erfindungsgemäße Erkenntnis, dass es dabei nicht lediglich auf die Viskosität des gesamten Getriebeöls ankommt, sondern die Viskosität des verwendeten Grundöls eine wesentliche Rolle spielt. Ein nicht bindender und die Erfindung nicht beschränkender Erklärungsversuch besteht darin, dass ein großer Teil der Energie in den schnelllaufenden Lagern der Getriebe verbraucht wird. Getriebeöle gleicher kV100, aber mit geringerer Grundölviskosität verbrauchen hier deutlich weniger Energie, da sie regelmäßig hoch polymere VI-Verbesserer enthalten, die sich bei den hohen Fließgeschwindigkeiten in den modernen Gleit- und Wälzlagern in Fließrichtung stellen und damit zu einer Absenkung der dynamischen Viskosität beitragen. Dies ist der bekannte temporäre Scherverlust, der reversibel ist und bei abnehmender Fließgeschwindigkeit wieder zu einem Anstieg zurück zur ursprünglichen Viskosität führt.The invention has recognized that a base oil with the claimed combination of properties enables a very energy-efficient operation of a transmission. This is of particular importance in determining the CO2 emission of motor vehicles in a test cycle, such as the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) prescribed in Europe for vehicle acceptance. In particular, the knowledge according to the invention that it is not just the viscosity of the entire gear oil that matters, but the viscosity of the base oil used plays an essential role is surprising. A non-binding and non-limiting explanation is that much of the energy is consumed in the high-speed bearings of the transmission. Gear oils of the same kV100, but with lower base oil viscosity consume significantly less energy here, as they regularly contain high-polymeric VI improvers, which are in the flow direction at the high flow rates in modern sliding and rolling bearings and thus to a reduction contribute to the dynamic viscosity. This is the known temporary shear loss, which is reversible and, with decreasing flow velocity, again leads to an increase back to the original viscosity.

Der erfindungsgemäß ebenfalls definierte geringe Verdampfungsverlust führt dazu, dass ein Getriebeöl auf Basis eines solchen Grundöls eine hohe Langzeitbeständigkeit auch bei regelmäßig hohen Betriebstemperaturen aufweist. Dies ist insbesondere dann von Bedeutung, wenn das Getriebeöl ein DCTF oder ATF ist. Es wird dann regelmäßig einer hohen thermischen Beanspruchung ausgesetzt, da es Reibungswärme aus Kupplungsbelägen aufnehmen und abführen muss. Andererseits muss es über die gesamte Betriebsdauer im Wesentlichen konstante und definierte Reibwerte aufweisen, da nur so ein definierter Betrieb der Kupplung und somit des Fahrzeugs bei Anfahr- und Schaltvorgängen möglich ist.The invention also defined low evaporation loss causes a gear oil based on such a base oil has a high long-term stability even at regularly high operating temperatures. This is particularly important if the transmission oil is a DCTF or ATF. It is then regularly exposed to high thermal stress, since it must absorb and dissipate frictional heat from clutch linings. On the other hand, it must have substantially constant and defined coefficients of friction over the entire service life, since only so a defined operation of the clutch and thus the vehicle during startup and switching operations is possible.

Bevorzugt enthält das Grundöl ein PAO erhältlich durch Dimerisierung und Hydrierung eines C12- und/oder C14-α-Olefins. Weiter bevorzugt basiert es darauf bzw. besteht daraus. Während im Stand der Technik bekannte PAOs durch Oligomerisierung von 1-Decen - Kohlenwasserstoffen hergestellt werden, die anschließend hydriert und dann durch fraktionierte Destillation in die verschiedenen kV100 - Fraktionen von 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 und 8,0 mm2/s etc. zerlegt werden, handelt es sich beim erfindungsgemäßen PAO um eine definierte Spezies, die aus dem Dimeren zweier C12 und/oder C14-α-Olefine aufgebaut ist, so dass nach anschließender Hydrierung ein gesättigter C24H50- bzw. C26H54-Kohlenwasserstoff entsteht.Preferably, the base oil contains a PAO obtainable by dimerization and hydrogenation of a C 12 and / or C 14 α-olefin. More preferably, it is based on or consists of it. While PAOs known in the art are prepared by oligomerization of 1-decene hydrocarbons which are then hydrogenated and then fractionated into the various kV100 fractions of 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0 mm 2 / s etc. are decomposed, the PAO according to the invention is a defined species, which is composed of the dimer of two C12 and / or C14-α-olefins, so that after subsequent hydrogenation saturated C24H50 or C26H54 hydrocarbon is formed.

Bei einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung enthält das Grundöl ein PAO, erhältlich durch Trimerisierung und Hydrierung eines C8-α-Olefins. Man erhält so ebenfalls einen gesättigten C24H50-Kohlenwasserstoff.In a further embodiment of the invention, the base oil contains a PAO obtainable by trimerization and hydrogenation of a C8-α-olefin. This also gives a saturated C24H50 hydrocarbon.

Grundöle auf Basis dieser PAOs besitzen die erfindungsgemäße Kombination aus geringer Viskosität und hoher Beständigkeit gegenüber Verdampfung. Sie erlauben die Herstellung erfindungsgemäßer Getriebeöle, die hohe Energieeffizienz mit Langzeitbeständigkeit bei definierten, über die Lebensdauer im Wesentlichen konstanten Eigenschaften, insbesondere Reibeigenschaften, kombinieren.Base oils based on these PAOs have the inventive combination of low viscosity and high resistance to evaporation. They permit the production of gear oils according to the invention which combine high energy efficiency with long-term stability at defined properties that are essentially constant over the service life, in particular frictional properties.

Bevorzugt sind die eingesetzten α-Olefine unverzweigte Olefine. Dies trägt zur Einstellung definierter, gleichbleibender Eigenschaften des Grundöls bei.The α-olefins used are preferably unbranched olefins. This contributes to the setting of defined, consistent properties of the base oil.

Bevorzugt beträgt der der PAO-Gehalt eines erfindungsgemäßen Getriebeöls 10 bis 95 Masse%, weiter vorzugsweise 30 bis 95 Masse%, 50 bis 95 Masse%, 70 bis 95 Masse%, 70 bis 90 Masse% und 75 bis 90 Masse%.Preferably, the PAO content of a gear oil according to the invention is 10 to 95 mass%, more preferably 30 to 95 mass%, 50 to 95 mass%, 70 to 95 mass%, 70 to 90 mass% and 75 to 90 mass%.

Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Variante der Erfindung weist das Getriebeöl insgesamt eine Viskosität kV100 von 7 mm2/s oder weniger und einen Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 10 Masse% oder weniger auf. Weitere bevorzugte obere Grenzwerte für die Viskosität kV 100 sind 7,0; 5,5; 4,0; 3,5 und 3,3 mm2/s unter den oben angegebenen Messbedingungen. Die Kombination der genannten Viskosität für das Grundöl einerseits und das gesamte Getriebeöl andererseits führt zu besonders vorteilhaften Eigenschaften hinsichtlich der Energieeffizienz.According to a further preferred variant of the invention, the gear oil has a total viscosity kV100 of 7 mm 2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1 h, Noack test) of 10 mass% or less , Further preferred upper limit values for the viscosity kV 100 are 7.0; 5.5; 4.0; 3.5 and 3.3 mm 2 / s under the measurement conditions given above. The combination of said viscosity for the base oil on the one hand and the entire gear oil on the other hand leads to particularly advantageous properties in terms of energy efficiency.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung eines Polyalphaolefins (PAO) mit einer Viskosität kV100 von 3 mm2/s oder weniger und einem Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 15 Masse% oder weniger als Grundöl bei der Herstellung eines Getriebeöls. Hinsichtlich vorteilhafter Varianten dieser Verwendung wird auf die Ausführungen oben zum erfindungsgemäßen Getriebeöl verwiesen.Another object of the invention is the use of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) having a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm 2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1 h, Noack test) of 15% by mass or less than base oil in the production of a gear oil. Regarding Advantageous variants of this use is made to the comments above to the transmission oil according to the invention.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden nachfolgend beschrieben.Embodiments of the invention will be described below.

Beispiel 1example 1

In diesem Beispiel wird der Verdampfungsverlust eines erfindungsgemäßen Grundöls verglichen mit dem Stand der Technik.In this example, the evaporation loss of a base oil according to the invention is compared with the prior art.

Als erfindungsgemäßes Öl wird ein als PAO 2.5 bezeichnetes PAO eingesetzt, das durch Dimerisierung und Hydrierung eines C12-α-Olefins erhalten wurde. Es weist eine kV 100 von 2,5 mm2/s auf.As the oil according to the invention, a PAO designated PAO 2.5 is used which has been obtained by dimerization and hydrogenation of a C 12 -alpha-olefin. It has a kV 100 of 2.5 mm 2 / s.

PAOs des Standes der Technik werden durch Oligomerisierung von 1-Decen-Kohlenwasserstoffen hergestellt, die anschließend hydriert und dann durch fraktionierte Destillation in die verschiedenen kV100-Fraktionen von 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 und 8,0 mm2/s etc. zerlegt werden.Prior art PAO's are prepared by oligomerization of 1-decene hydrocarbons which are then hydrogenated and then fractionated into the various kV100 fractions of 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0 mm 2 / s etc. are disassembled.

Kommerziell erhältliches PAO 2 weist eine kV 100 von 2 mm2/s auf, also ebenfalls eine geringe Viskosität wie das Grundöl der vorliegenden Erfindung.Commercially available PAO 2 has a kV 100 of 2 mm 2 / s, thus also a low viscosity like the base oil of the present invention.

Verdampfungsverlust nach DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1 bei 200°C / 1h, Noack-Test: PAO 2.5 (Erfindung): 8,7 Masse% PAO 2 (Vergleich): 34,6 Masse% Vapor loss according to DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1 at 200 ° C / 1h, Noack test: PAO 2.5 (invention): 8.7% by weight PAO 2 (comparison): 34.6% by weight

Man erkennt, dass ein Grundöl mit einer niedrigen Viskosität des Standes der Technik einen unakzeptabel hohen Verdampfungsverlust aufweist.It will be appreciated that a low viscosity base oil of the prior art has an unacceptably high evaporation loss.

Beispiel 2Example 2

In diesem Beispiel werden drei erfindungsgemäße Getriebeöle auf Basis des Grundöls PAO 2.5 hergestellt. Tabelle 1 Name / Code WF052-024 WF052-025 WF052-029 PAO 2.5 (Masse%) 85, 8 89,3 77,2 VI-Verbesserer 1) (Masse%) 3,5 0 12,1 Additive 2) (Masse%) 10,7 10,7 10,7 Dichte 15°C (kg/m3) 820,5 817,5 829,3 kV100 (mm2/s) 3, 997 3,258 7,024 kV40 (mm2/s) 14,36 11,99 24,59 dV -40°C (mPa*s) 1180 1040 2180 Verdampfungsverlust 1h/200°C (Masse%) 7,8 8, 3 7,4 1) Handelsüblichen Polymethacrylat VI-Verbesserer. Hersteller: Firma Rohmax Additives GmbH, Weiterstadt, Viscoplex - Serie.
2) DCTF - Additivtechnologie der Afton Chemical Corporation, Richmond, USA, aus der Hitec - Serie. In this example, three inventive gear oils based on the base oil PAO 2.5 are produced. Table 1 Name / Code WF052-024 WF052-025 WF052-029 PAO 2.5 (mass%) 85, 8 89.3 77.2 VI improver 1) (mass%) 3.5 0 12.1 Additives 2) (mass%) 10.7 10.7 10.7 Density 15 ° C (kg / m 3 ) 820.5 817.5 829.3 kV100 (mm 2 / s) 3, 997 3,258 7,024 kV40 (mm 2 / s) 14.36 11,99 24.59 dV -40 ° C (mPa * s) 1180 1040 2180 Evaporation loss 1h / 200 ° C (mass%) 7.8 8, 3 7.4 1) Commercially available polymethacrylate VI improver. Manufacturer: Rohmax Additives GmbH, Weiterstadt, Viscoplex series.
2) DCTF additive technology from Afton Chemical Corporation, Richmond, USA, from the Hitec series.

Beispiel 3Example 3

In diesem Beispiel wird dargestellt, inwieweit sich mittels eines erfindungsgemäßen Getriebeöls ein Verbrauchsvorteil in einem Fahrversuch gemäß NEDC erzielen lässt. Als Testfahrzeug eingesetzt wurde ein VW T5 Multivan 2.0 TSI, 150 kW, 350 Nm, mit dem VW Doppelkupplungsgetriebe DCT DQ500 mit nasslaufender Kupplung. Tabelle 2) Referenz Ultra Low Vis-2 Ultra Low Vis-3 Name/Code 1. DCTF Generation WF052-024 WF052-025 Grundölkonzept HC 4/PAO 6 PAO 2.5 PAO 2.5 kV100 (mm2/s) 7,2 4 3,3 VI-Verbesserer + + - Grundölviskosität (mm2/s) 4,46 2.5 2.5 FZG (A10/16.6R/90) SKS 6 7 5 NEDC (l/100 km) 10,81 / 10,83 = 10,82 10,61 10,56 Energieeinsparung (%) Basis 1,94 2,4 In this example, it is shown to what extent can be achieved by means of a transmission oil according to the invention, a consumption advantage in a driving test according to NEDC. The test vehicle used was a VW T5 Multivan 2.0 TSI, 150 kW, 350 Nm, with the VW DCT DQ500 double-clutch gearbox with wet-running clutch. Table 2) reference Ultra Low Vis-2 Ultra Low Vis-3 Name / Code 1. DCTF generation WF052-024 WF052-025 Base oil concept HC 4 / PAO 6 PAO 2.5 PAO 2.5 kV100 (mm 2 / s) 7.2 4 3.3 VI improver + + - Base oil viscosity (mm 2 / s) 4.46 2.5 2.5 FZG (A10 / 16.6R / 90) SKS 6 7 5 NEDC (l / 100 km) 10.81 / 10.83 = 10.82 10.61 10.56 Energy saving (%) Base 1.94 2.4

Claims (11)

Getriebeöl, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es als Grundöl ein Polyalphaolefin (PAO) mit einer Viskosität kV100 von 3 mm2/s oder weniger und einem Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 15 Masse% oder weniger aufweist.Gear oil, characterized in that it contains as base oil a polyalphaolefin (PAO) with a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1h, Noack test) of 15% by weight or less. Getriebeöl nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verdampfungsverlust 10 Masse% oder weniger beträgt.Transmission oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the evaporation loss is 10 mass% or less. Getriebeöl nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Grundöl ein PAO aufweist erhältlich durch Dimerisierung und Hydrierung eines C12- und/oder C14-α-Olefins.Gear oil according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the base oil has a PAO obtainable by dimerization and hydrogenation of a C12 and / or C14-α-olefin. Getriebeöl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Grundöl ein PAO aufweist erhältlich durch Trimerisierung und Hydrierung eines C8-α-Olefins.Gear oil according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the base oil has a PAO obtainable by trimerization and hydrogenation of a C8-α-olefin. Getriebeöl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die eingesetzten α-Olefine unverzweigte Olefine sind.Gear oil according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the α-olefins used are unbranched olefins. Getriebeöl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der PAO-Gehalt 10 bis 95 Masse% beträgt.Transmission oil according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the PAO content is 10 to 95% by mass. Getriebeöl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es als DCTF, ATF oder MTF ausgebildet ist.Transmission oil according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it is designed as DCTF, ATF or MTF. Getriebeöl nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine Viskosität kV100 von 7 mm2/s oder weniger und einen Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 10 Masse% oder weniger aufweist.Gear oil according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it has a viscosity kV100 of 7 mm 2 / s or less and an evaporation loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1 h, Noack test) of 10% by mass Or less having. Verwendung eines Polyalphaolefins (PAO) mit einer Viskosität kV100 von 3 mm2/s oder weniger und einem Verdampfungsverlust (DIN ISO 51 581 Teil 1, 200°C, 1h; Noack-Test) von 15 Masse% oder weniger als Grundöl bei der Herstellung eines Getriebeöls.Use of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) having a viscosity kV100 of 3 mm 2 / s or less and a vaporization loss (DIN ISO 51 581 Part 1, 200 ° C, 1h, Noack test) of 15% by mass or less as base oil in the production a transmission oil. Verwendung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verdampfungsverlust 10 Masse% oder weniger beträgt.Use according to claim 9, characterized in that the evaporation loss is 10% by mass or less. Verwendung nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Getriebeöl ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe bestehend aus DCTF, ATF und MTF.Use according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the transmission oil is selected from the group consisting of DCTF, ATF and MTF.
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