EP3171388A1 - Tube intensificateur d'image à sélection temporelle - Google Patents

Tube intensificateur d'image à sélection temporelle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3171388A1
EP3171388A1 EP15195186.0A EP15195186A EP3171388A1 EP 3171388 A1 EP3171388 A1 EP 3171388A1 EP 15195186 A EP15195186 A EP 15195186A EP 3171388 A1 EP3171388 A1 EP 3171388A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
image intensifier
intensifier tube
metal ring
time gated
gated image
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP15195186.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wilfried UHRING
René GLAZENBORG
Walter Hanselmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Montena Technology SA
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Strasbourg
Photonis France SAS
Original Assignee
Montena Technology SA
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Strasbourg
Photonis France SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Montena Technology SA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, Photonis France SAS filed Critical Montena Technology SA
Priority to EP15195186.0A priority Critical patent/EP3171388A1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2016/078157 priority patent/WO2017085266A1/fr
Publication of EP3171388A1 publication Critical patent/EP3171388A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
    • H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
    • H01J31/50—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output
    • H01J31/506—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output tubes using secondary emission effect
    • H01J31/507—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output tubes using secondary emission effect using a large number of channels, e.g. microchannel plates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/92—Means forming part of the tube for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/96—One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2231/00—Cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
    • H01J2231/50—Imaging and conversion tubes
    • H01J2231/501—Imaging and conversion tubes including multiplication stage
    • H01J2231/5013—Imaging and conversion tubes including multiplication stage with secondary emission electrodes
    • H01J2231/5016—Michrochannel plates [MCP]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to time gated image intensifier tubes and particularly to an improved time gated image intensifier tube for use in ultrafast imaging applications, such as time resolved optical tomography.
  • Time resolved optical imaging devices for clinical applications such as brain functional imaging, generally comprise a light source, an ultrafast detection device, such as a photomultiplier or single photon avalanche diode and electronic control units.
  • Optical coupling is generally carried out by the use of optical fiber and consequently the number of measurement point is restricted to a few units.
  • An emerging and promising new approach is to use ultrafast time gated camera.
  • Such devices aim at providing two dimensional images of a lightened zone with a good temporal resolution. To that purpose, the intensified camera must then be able to provide a temporal resolution of 200 ps Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) and a repetition rate of 70MHz or above.
  • FWHM Full Width at Half Maximum
  • An ultrafast time-gated intensified camera generally comprises a time gated image intensifier tube and a CCD or CMOS camera.
  • a time gated image intensifier tube generally comprises three active components, which are a photocathode, a micro channel plate and a phosphor screen.
  • the photocathode receives the incident photons coming from the exterior environment to convert them into photoelectrons.
  • the micro channel plate (MCP) multiplies the photoelectrons, which are then transformed by the phosphor screen into an intensified light signal.
  • the temporal resolution and the repetition rate of the ultrafast time gated camera depend on the gating speed and on the gating repetition rate of the time gated image intensifier tube.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube must be able to reach a temporal gate of 200 ps or less and a repetition rate of 70MHz or above.
  • the shutter of the tube may be obtained through two methods: the MCP gating and the photocathode gating.
  • the MCP gating is very effective, and allows, through the non-linear relationship between the gain and the voltage applied to the MCP very fast shutter times. But two major drawbacks limit the usefulness of this method:
  • the photocathode gating requires a lower voltage, typically ten to a few hundred volts maximum.
  • the opening of the tube only requires a voltage of about 2.5V. It is therefore more interesting in the case of a high repetition rate operation. However, it should maintain a sufficiently high voltage to maintain sufficient spatial resolution. Otherwise, as the electric field potentially moves in the gap between the photocathode and the MCP, the propagation velocity can reach the speed of light, which ensures minimal spatiotemporal distortion.
  • the invention concerns this type of shutter.
  • the new shape of the photocathode of the time gated image intensifier tube allows reaching a time gate of 200 ps or less.
  • the electrical losses in this time gated image intensifier tube are important and some harmonics are generated. Such harmonics should be minimized.
  • the invention aims at providing a time gated image intensifier tube presenting a high gating speed and a good repetition rate while minimizing electrical losses and undesired harmonics when an electrical wave is guided across the time gated image intensifier tube.
  • a first aspect of the invention proposes a time gated image intensifier tube comprising :
  • the filtering resistive link forming an angle of 30° to 150° with the point of application of an electrical pulse enables to avoid parasitic waves to propagate along to the housing of the time gated image intensifier tube, such that the filtering resistive link enables to minimize undesired harmonics when an electrical wave is guided across the time gated image intensifier tube.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube according to the first aspect of the invention may also comprise one or several of the following technical features, taken individually or according to all possible combinations:
  • Figure 1 a represents a camera according to one embodiment of the invention, for use in medical imaging applications.
  • This camera comprises a lens 1, a filter wheel 2, a time gated image intensifier tube 3, a CCD or CMOS camera 4.
  • the camera also comprises a pulse generator 5 enabling to control the time gated image intensifier tube 3 and a controller 6 enabling to control the pulse generator 5.
  • the camera also consists of a light source 8 configured in such a way that it illuminates, through an optical fiber, part of the image 7.
  • the laser 8 is also linked to the controller 6.
  • the intensified camera also comprises a processor 9 enabling to acquire the images of the CCD or CMOS camera.
  • the very core of the camera is the time gated image intensifier tube 3 and its associated electrical pulse generator 5.
  • This time gated image intensifier tube 2 is represented more precisely on figure 2a and 3 . It comprises an input window 13, a photocathode 14, a micro channel plate 15 and a screen 16.
  • the light emitted by the light source 8 is injected in the optical fiber 7 to obtain a uniform illumination spot on the patient's skin.
  • Backscattered photons 11 are collected by the lens 1 and transmit to the time gated image intensifier tube 3 through the filter wheel 2.
  • the photocathode 14 of the time gated image intensifier tube receives these photons and converts them into photoelectrons 12.
  • the micro channel plate (MCP) 15 multiplies these photoelectrons.
  • the screen 16 converts these photoelectrons into an intensified light signal which is then recorded by the CCD or CMOS camera 4.
  • the photocathode 14 of the time gated image intensifier tube is powered with electrical pulses generated by the pulse generator 5.
  • the structure of the image intensifier may be the one disclosed in EP-B-2218089 .
  • the time gated image intensifier tube is open by applying a short electrical pulse on the time gated image intensifier tube.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube comprises a housing 19 holding the photocathode 13, the MCP 15 and the screen 16.
  • the housing 19 comprises:
  • the housing 19 further comprises:
  • the electrical wave is partially guided across the first metal ring 20 and across the second metal ring 22.
  • the first ceramic ring 21 has a high dielectric constant ⁇ , i.e. superior to 9.5, which tends to delay the electrical wave.
  • ⁇ i.e. superior to 9.5
  • the electrical pulse propagates along the waveguide 30 formed by the first and the second metal rings 20, 22 that surround the high dielectric constant material.
  • the electrical pulse is split into two parts that propagate on each side of the time gated image intensifier tube and joined themselves at the opposite side of the pulse application point.
  • d is the metal ring diameter.
  • the propagation of the electromagnetic wave in the photocathode has to be decoupled from the propagation in the rings.
  • the principle is to physically separate the waveguides.
  • the photocathode 13 presents the shape represented on figure 2a .
  • This shape is such that:
  • This configuration leads to a main central waveguide between the photocathode and the MCP with a vacuum gap.
  • Curve A of figure 11 shows the voltage measured in a point diametrically opposed to point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied, in a time gated image intensifier tube of the prior art not having the photocathode shape described with reference to figure 3 .
  • Curve B of figure 12 shows the same voltage measured in the time gated image intensifier tube of figure 3 .
  • the complete aperture of the time gated image intensifier tube is quicker and shorter in the time gated image intensifier tube of figure 2a than in the time gated image intensifier tube of the prior art.
  • curve B of figure 12 also shows that propagation through the parasitic wave guide 30 occur during the aperture of the time gated image intensifier tube of figure 2a .
  • This improved time gated image intensifier tube is represented more precisely on figures 3 to 9 .
  • This time gated image intensifier tube comprises at least a resistive link 31, 41 connecting the first metal ring 20 and the second metal ring 22.
  • the resistive link 31,41 comprises a resistive component 32 and it may also comprise a capacitive component 33.
  • the attenuation of the parasitic reflections depends on the position and the value of the resistive link(s) 31, 41.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube may comprise a first resistive link, hereinafter referred to as "adaptation resistive link”41.
  • This adaptation resistive link 41 is located on the first metal ring 20 in order to be diametrically opposed to the point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied.
  • the adaptation resistive link 41 comprises a resistive component 42 and preferably a capacitive component 43.
  • the adaptation resistive link 41 enables to dampen the parasitic harmonics generated during the reflection of the electromagnetic wave as it clearly appears on curve A of figure 11 and as a result the obtained voltage is curve B of figure 12 .
  • the adaptation resistive link41 disposed on the opposite side of the first metal ring with respect to the point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied, does not enable to remove all parasitic harmonics.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube also comprises at least one resistive link 31, hereinafter referred to as "filtering resistive link” in the present document.
  • Each filtering resistive link 31 connects the first metal ring 20 to the second metal ring 22.
  • Each filtering resistive link 31 comprises at least a resistive portion forming an angle of between 30° and 150° with the point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied.
  • the filtering resistive link(s) 31 comprises a resistive component 32 that may be a discreet resistor 32a or a resistive ribbon 32b.
  • the filtering resistive link(s) may also comprise a capacitive component 33.
  • the capacitive component 33 may be located between the resistive component 32 and the first metal ring 20 or conversely the resistive component 32 may be located between the capacitive component 33 and the first metal ring 20.
  • the filtering resistive links may be all identical or they may be all different as represented on figure 4 .
  • the time gated image intensifier tube comprises two filtering resistive link 31,each filtering resistive link 31 being located on the first metal ring 20 in order to form an angle of 90° with the point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied.
  • Each of these filtering resistive links 31 comprises a discrete resistor, and it preferably also comprises a discrete capacitor.
  • These two filtering resistive links preferably present a total conductance per length unit Gp of between 0.2 S/m and 5 S/m and preferably of between 1 S/m to 2 S/m.
  • These two filtering resistive links 31 enable to reduce the amplitude of the parasitic electromagnetic wave circulating in the parasitic wave guide 30 of the time gated image intensifier tube and to reduce the parasitic harmonics as it is clearly apparent on curve C of figure 12 .
  • the time gated image intensifier tube comprises n filtering resistive links 31 circumferentially distributed over the periphery of the first metal ring 20.
  • These n filtering resistive links preferably present a total conductance Gp of between 0.2 S/m and 5 S/m and preferably of between 1 S/m to 2 S/m.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube comprises a filtering resistive link 31 comprising a resistive ribbon 32.
  • the resistive ribbon may completely surround the first metal ring 20.
  • This resistive ribbon preferably presents a conductance Gp of between 0.2 S/m and 5 S/m and preferably of between 1 S/m and 2 S/m.
  • This third embodiment allows an improvement of the attenuation of the amplitude of the parasitic electromagnetic wave circulating in the parasitic wave guide 30 together with a decrease of the parasitic harmonics as represented on Curve E of figure 12 .
  • the resistive ribbon may only cover a portion of the circumference of the first metal ring as represented on figure 8 .
  • the resistive ribbon is a circular portion extending from an angle of 30° to an angle of 135° with respect to an axis of symmetry passing through point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied.
  • the time gated image intensifier tube may comprise several filtering resistive link comprising each a resistive ribbon covering a portion of the first metal ring 20.
  • the tube may further comprise an adaptation resistive link 41 located on a side of the first metal ring opposed to the point 25 where the electrical pulse is applied. This adaptation resistive link 41 enables to absorb the main wave propagating in the photocathode.
  • Each resistive link may further comprise a capacitive ribbon 33, 43 or a capacitor connected to the resistive ribbon.
  • the tube may comprise a filtering resistive link 31 comprising a printed circuit board 34 on which are mounted a resistive component 32 and preferably also a capacitive component 33.
  • the printed circuit board is preferably inserted between the first metal ring 20 and the second metal ring 22 such that a first side 39 of the printed circuit board is in electric contact with the first metal ring 20 and a second side 40 of the printed circuit board is in electric contact with the second metal ring 22.
  • An electric connection 44 goes through the printed circuit board in order to electrically connect the first side 39 of the printed circuit board with the second side 40 of the printed circuit board.
  • the resistive component 32 may be on the first side 39 or on the second side 40 of the printed circuit board.
  • the capacitive component 33 may be on the first side 39 or on the second side 40 of the printed circuit board.
  • the filtering resistive link(s) comprising at least a resistive portion extending from an angle of 30° to an angle of 135° with respect to an axis of symmetry passing through the point where the electrical pulse is applied, we can approximate the time gated image intensifier tube by the distributed circuit represented on figure 13 .
  • the distributed parameters C and L are given by waveguide geometry and ceramic rings. We assume that these parameters cannot be modified once the time gated image intensifier tube is designed. They are estimated thank to the housing geometry. These parameters are set by the geometry of the image intensifier on the basis of the geometric dimensions of the ring and the used ceramic. The higher R and G are, the more important the attenuation.
  • the distributed resistance is mainly defined by the characteristics of the metal of the rings. The properties of metals (covar, copper), the shape of the ring and the skin effect define the resistance.
  • the distributed conductance G is generally given by the ceramic used in the ceramic rings, the so called dielectric loss G r , but it can be modified by adding filtering resistive link, i.e. additional distributed conductance G p , along the rings to increase the attenuation constant ⁇ .
  • Att 1 - e - ⁇ x
  • x is the length of the parasitic waveguide, i.e. the half the metal rings.
  • Equation (0) and (0) can be used to determine the required distributed conductance G p in order to have a sufficient attenuation and consequently, they can be used to determine the required distributed conductance of the filtering resistive link(s) of the time gated image intensifier tube.
  • a pulsation of 200 ⁇ .10 6 rad/s, i.e. a frequency of 100 MHz is assumed. Note that, the higher is the frequency, the higher are the losses.
  • a conductance per unit length G p superior to 1 is preferably used.
  • the value of the capacitor should be chosen according to the frequency present in the photocathode voltage signal, typically from 10MHz up to 1 GHz.
  • the resistive links may comprise a capacitor or they may not comprise a capacitor.
  • the resistive links comprising a capacitor are named "AC", while the resistive links without a capacitor are named "DC".
  • the DC configuration is optimal in term of short signal path and thus in high frequency behavior.
  • the AC configuration allows adding an interesting feature to the tube gating: the adjustment of the temporal gate width as it makes it possible to add a DC offset to the photocathode voltage.
  • Figures 14 to 16 represent embodiment in which the terminals of the resistive links are specifically AC connected to the ground.
  • the photocathode voltage has to be lower than a threshold voltage in order to the tube to be gate on, i.e. the shutter is open, as represented on figure 1b .
  • a threshold voltage in order to the tube to be gate on, i.e. the shutter is open, as represented on figure 1b .
  • the temporal gate width can be modified from 1000 ps down to 100 ps FWHM thank to the DC offset of the photocathode biasing feature. Meanwhile, the sensitivity keeps relatively constant in the temporal gate width range of 1000 to 400 ps FWHM and decrease to about 50% at a temporal gate width of 200 ps FWHM.
  • the first metal ring i.e. the photocathode
  • the first metal ring is DC coupled to a static voltage through a choke inductor 45 and/or resistor 46 and the impedance matching resistor/ribbon is AC coupled to the ground.
  • resistive link may vary.
  • resistive links may be directly fixed to the metal rings or they may be fixed on an intermediary piece which is itself fixed on the metal rings.
  • the photocathode to MCP voltage during the aperture of the temporal gate has to be as high as possible, typically more than 10 volts are necessary to ensure a spatial resolution better than 10 line pair per millimeter. Nevertheless, the total characteristic impedance of the tube is relatively low, typically around 5 Ohms. To drive the photocathode voltage above 10 Volts, the pulse current should be of more than 2 amperes.
  • a fast pulse generator that can operate at a high repetition rate is the step recovery diode (SRD) based comb generator as represented on figure 17 .
  • curve (a) represents the generator E g voltage
  • curve (b) represents the SRD current
  • curve (c) represents the load voltage
  • T is the period of the repetition rate
  • t o is the full width at half maximum of the voltage pulse
  • V p is the voltage pulse amplitude.
  • This kind of pulse generator generates an electrical pulse of less than 1 nanosecond at a repetition rate of more than 10 MHz and up to several GHz.
  • the maximal voltage peak value V p is limited by the absolute maximal reverse voltage that can be applied to the SRD but also by the maximal current intensity, thus the maximal input power.
  • the limiting factor is the maximal current intensity, in the range of 1 ampere for high power SRD, than can be applied to this device. Consequently, the pulse peak V p is limited below 10 Volts with a classical comb generator.
  • another technology or circuit topology must be used. This circuit topology combines several SRD to increase the pulse amplitude.
  • This circuit topology is represented on figure 19 . It comprises a periodic generator, a RF amplifier, a splitter, at least two phase tuning, two coils, two E B1 , and two diodes.
  • the generator can be extended to a multipath topology as during the commutation, the SRD behave as an opened circuit and the inductor behave as a current source that is injected into the load, i.e. the tube. Consequently, the voltage is approximately increase by N, where N is the number of SRD channel. Nevertheless, the mismatch between the SRD produce a mismatch in the pulse generation timing.
  • a coarse phase tuning is mandatory to ensure that each SRD commutes at the same times.
  • the parallel SRD are self-synchronizing. It is also possible to use several RF amplifier as shown on figure 20 .
  • the phase tuning can be carried out by an adjustable LC or any other technique.
  • phase adjusted periodic signals Another way to generate the phase adjusted periodic signals is to use a multi output PLL (phase locked Loop) generator followed by several RF amplifier as represented on figure 21 .
  • PLL phase locked Loop
  • the capacitive-resistive link preferably comprises a capacitor and a resistor.

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  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
EP15195186.0A 2015-11-18 2015-11-18 Tube intensificateur d'image à sélection temporelle Withdrawn EP3171388A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15195186.0A EP3171388A1 (fr) 2015-11-18 2015-11-18 Tube intensificateur d'image à sélection temporelle
PCT/EP2016/078157 WO2017085266A1 (fr) 2015-11-18 2016-11-18 Tube intensificateur d'image à déclenchement périodique

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15195186.0A EP3171388A1 (fr) 2015-11-18 2015-11-18 Tube intensificateur d'image à sélection temporelle

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EP3171388A1 true EP3171388A1 (fr) 2017-05-24

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113432833B (zh) * 2021-06-15 2022-09-16 北方夜视技术股份有限公司 用于测试像增强管光电阴极光照后稳定性的装置及方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3816744A (en) * 1973-10-05 1974-06-11 Us Army Fast response automatic brightness control circuit for second generation image intensifier tube
US3868536A (en) * 1971-10-18 1975-02-25 Varian Associates Image intensifier tube employing a microchannel electron multiplier
FR2338577A1 (fr) * 1976-01-19 1977-08-12 Int Standard Electric Corp Circuit de stabilisation de tension pour l'alimentation d'un tube intensificateur d'images
WO1999005698A1 (fr) * 1997-07-28 1999-02-04 Litton Systems, Inc. Appareil de vision nocturne dans lequel une tension variant dans le temps est appliquee a la photocathode
EP2218089B1 (fr) 2007-12-13 2013-05-29 Photonis France Tube intensificateur d'image compact et système de vision nocturne doté d'un tel tube

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868536A (en) * 1971-10-18 1975-02-25 Varian Associates Image intensifier tube employing a microchannel electron multiplier
US3816744A (en) * 1973-10-05 1974-06-11 Us Army Fast response automatic brightness control circuit for second generation image intensifier tube
FR2338577A1 (fr) * 1976-01-19 1977-08-12 Int Standard Electric Corp Circuit de stabilisation de tension pour l'alimentation d'un tube intensificateur d'images
WO1999005698A1 (fr) * 1997-07-28 1999-02-04 Litton Systems, Inc. Appareil de vision nocturne dans lequel une tension variant dans le temps est appliquee a la photocathode
EP2218089B1 (fr) 2007-12-13 2013-05-29 Photonis France Tube intensificateur d'image compact et système de vision nocturne doté d'un tel tube

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WILFRIED UHRING ET AL: "200 ps FWHM and 100 MHz repetition rate ultrafast gated camera for optical medical functional imaging", MEDICAL IMAGING 2002: PACS AND INTEGRATED MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DESIGN AND EVALUATION, vol. 8439, 23 April 2012 (2012-04-23), 1000 20th St. Bellingham WA 98225-6705 USA, pages 84392L, XP055257766, ISSN: 0277-786X, ISBN: 978-1-5106-0167-3, DOI: 10.1117/12.922123 *

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