EP3167186A1

EP3167186A1 - Tall wind turbine tower erection with climbing crane

Info

Publication number: EP3167186A1
Application number: EP15819709.5A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Michael D. Zuteck
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2014-07-11
Filing date: 2015-06-02
Publication date: 2017-05-17
Also published as: EP3167186A4; CN106662076A

Abstract

A wind turbine tower comprising a forward leaning rotating tower where the tower rotates on lower and upper bearings. The upper bearing is held in position by a second fixed lower tower that encloses a lower portion of the first rotating tower. A method of constructing a wind turbine tower comprising building a tower in segments; including elements of the tower segments enabling the attachment, support, and movement of a climbing crane. Also included is a lifting cable communicating with a ground based winch vehicle. Climbing crane is positioned on the tower to enable the climbing crane to reach forward of the tower and to raise segments of the tower to build it to full height, and to also raise the nacelle and rotor of the wind turbine.

Description

^TITLE ^{TALL WIND TURBINE TOWER ERECTION WITH CLIMBING CRANE} ^{RELATED APPLICATIONS} ^{[0001 ] This application is a CONTINUATION APPLICATION of application} ^{serial No. 1 4/724,040 filed May 28, 201 5 entitled“Tall Wind Turbine Tower} ^{Erection with Climbing Crane and application serial No. 1 4/580471 filed}

D^{ecember 23, 201 4 and also entitled“Tall Wind Turbine Tower Erection with} ^{Climbing Crane”. This Continuation Application claims the benefit and priority of} ^{both nonprovisional applications. These applications are incorporated herein by} ^{reference in their entirety. This application also claims the benefit of and priority} ^{to the provisional application Serial No. 62/023744 entitled Modular Wing-} ^{Shaped Tower Self-Erection for Increased Wind Turbine Hub Height filed July 1 1 ,} ^{201 4. This provisional application 62/023744 in incorporated by reference herein} ^{in its entirety.} B_{ACKGROUND OF DISCLOSURE} _{[0002] 1 . Field of Use:}

[_{0003] This disclosure pertains to power generating wind turbines utilizing} _{a rotating tower with increased dimensions in the direction of the wind, compared} _{to across the wind. The tower may be modular to facilitate transportation and} _{construction. It may also utilize a fixed lower tower to retain at its top a rotating} _{bearing that supports rotation of the rotating tower located within and extending} _{above the fixed lower tower. The disclosed climbing crane and construction} _{method may also be used with non-rotating tall towers.}

[_{0004] 2. Prior Art}

[_{0005] Designs for power generating wind turbines are known in the art.} _{Most require the construction of a stationary cantilever tower, frequently conical} _{in design, that must withstand wind loadings from all directions. Other towers} ^{comprise multi-leg structures. The rotor and nacelle usually yaw on top of the} ^{fixed tower. A limited class of towers that rotate are known in the early art.} ^{BACKGROUND TO DISCLOSURE}

[^{0006] The tower design subject of this disclosure seeks to increase} ^{annual energy production (AEP) by reaching up to generally increased wind} ^{speed with height in the atmospheric boundary layer region near the earth’s} ^{surface. Proximate to the earth’s surface, friction, along with thermal and} ^{turbulent mixing effects, cause rapid changes in wind speed. These effects} ^{decrease with increased height.}

[^{0007] Wind speed is often assumed to scale vertically using a power law} ^{with a wind shear parameter of α=1 /7 at onshore sites. This simplified calculation} ^{yields about a 1 0% increase in wind speed going from a typical 80 m to a 1 50 m} ^{increased hub height. Given the cubic relationship between wind speed and} ^{energy in the wind flow, this 1 0% speed increase adds about 1 /3 more wind} ^{turbine output below rated power, and allows the turbine to reach its full rating in} _{1 0% less wind. The effect is to produce more energy overall, and to spread the} _{energy more evenly over time, both of which have economic value to the wind} _{generating facility.}

[_{0008] In the early years of commercial wind turbine development, tower} _{heights were low by today’s standards, and relatively small rotors were used for a} _{given turbine rating, resulting in rotor disk loadings often in the range of 400-500} _{watts/meter^2, and capacity factors (the average of rated power achieved) in the} _{20%-30% range. The taller towers and larger rotors used now result in disk} _{loadings in the 200-300 watts/m^2 range, and capacity factors often over 40%.}

[_{0009] High capacity factors make better use of the transmission lines, and} _{the wind facility is online more of the time, making it a more statistically reliable} _{source from the utility perspective.}

[_{001 0] The introduction of even taller towers would further enhance this} _{long term trend, by reaching the stronger, steadier, more reliable winds further} _{above the ground. Particularly at lower speed wind sites, the amount of} ^{additional energy revenue can be large, often a 1 /3 to even 2/3 increase} ^{depending on specific site conditions.}

[^{001 1 ] The key difficulty in exploiting favorable winds higher aloft is that} ^{conventional tower weight and cost scale up rapidly with increasing height, and} ^{the increase in tower cost can offset the additional revenue. The wing-shaped} ^{rotating tower subject of U.S. Patents 7,891 ,939 B1 & 8,061 ,964 B2 which are} ^{incorporated by reference in their entirety, reduces the cost burden of additional} ^{height. This is achieved through the tower rotation that aligns its primary strength} ^{with the thrust plane, thereby consuming less material by providing increased} ^{dimensions in that plane, while also reducing the need to carry loads from other} ^directions.

[^{001 2] Another difficulty with exceptionally tall towers of 1 50m or more, is} ^{that there are few cranes large enough to lift the turbine and rotor onto such a} ^{tower, they are very expensive, and are so large they cannot reach all desirable} ^{wind sites. To reduce this aspect of the tall tower cost, the rotating wing tower} _{itself becomes the crane during erection, via a climbing crane assembly that uses} _{the partially completed rotating tower to build itself to full height, then lift the} _{turbine nacelle and rotor to the top once completed. This addresses a major cost} _{element without which tall towers are less likely to achieve widespread market} _{significance.}

[_{001 3] The goal of this patent is allow cost effective construction of} _{wind turbine towers to up to and beyond 1 50 m (500 ft), while also mitigating} _{logistic, transportation, and installation constraints. The described invention is} _{based on a patented, lightweight, rotating, wing-shaped tall tower, that may be} _{supported by a fixed lower tower. The invention discloses a climbing crane with} _{balanced boom that allows the partially completed rotating tower to be the crane} _{structure used in its own completion, and for lifting the wind turbine nacelle and} _{rotor to the top once the tower is complete. The method for using the climbing} _{crane to erect the tower is also disclosed. Certain aspects of this disclosure are} _{applicable to non-rotating tall towers as well.} ^{SUMMARY OF DRAWINGS}

[^{001 4] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and} ^{constitute a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the} ^{invention. These drawings, together with the general description of the invention} ^{given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments given} ^{below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.}

[^{001 5] Figure 1 illustrates a side view of a fixed lower tower and the tilting} ^{up of a portion of the forward leaning rotating tower into position on a lower} ^{bearing and a upper bearing.}

[^{001 6] Figure 2 illustrates a side view of the rotating tower positioned on} ^{the lower bearing and upper bearing, and tilting up the climbing crane toward its} ^{initial position on the tower back edge.}

[^{001 7] Figure 3 illustrates the climbing crane positioned on the back edge} ^{of the rotating tower, and using its balanced boom for hoisting a further rotating} _{tower segment into place atop the completed portion of the rotating tower.}

[_{001 8] Figure 4 illustrates using the climbing crane near the tower top, with} _{the balanced boom hoisting a turbine nacelle.}

[_{001 9] Figure 5 illustrates the climbing crane hoisting the turbine rotor to} _{the hub.}

[_{0020] Figure 6 illustrates the completed tower and turbine, with the} _{climbing crane removed.}

[_{0021 ] Figure 7 is a cross sectional view of the rotating tower section} _{illustrating the leading (front) edge and the trailing (back) edge.} _{DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSURE} _{[0022] It will be appreciated that not all embodiments of the invention can} _{be disclosed within the scope of this document and that additional embodiments} _{of the invention will become apparent to persons skilled in the technology after} ^{reading this disclosure. These additional embodiments are claimed within the} ^{scope of this invention.}

[^{0023] Referencing Figure 7, the rotating wing-shaped tower 100 can be} ^{oriented with the wind (shown by vector arrow 975), which allows less material to} ^{carry a given bending moment, and reduced aerodynamic drag, compared with a} ^{conventional round tower, which must accept turbine and direct wind loading} ^{from any direction. The wing portion is comprised of structural leading 110 and} ^{trailing 120 edges that provide the main load paths, with joining panels 135} ^{between the edges. The joining panels can be mechanically fastened 137, 138} ^{to the leading edge 110 and trailing edge 120. The interior of the wing-shaped} ^{tower 136 can be empty. The separation of the edges tapers to follow the thrust} ^{bending moment on the tower. The half circle leading and trailing edges are} ^{further apart than for a circular shape, and strength in the fore-aft direction is} ^{increased, about linearly with centroid separation, while stiffness increases even} ^{faster, going nearer as the square. This basic improvement in section geometry} ^{is what allows a given amount of material to reach higher into the airflow than is} _{possible with conventional round tower construction. The leading and trailing} _{edges need not be circles, and will be tailored for aerodynamic and structural} _{optimization - the basic mechanism of increased efficiency remains effective.}

[_{0024] As will be described in greater detail herein, the tower can be} _{modified to contain components allowing the attachment and movement of a} _{climbing crane. The disclosed tower and crane could be used with either a} _{windward facing or downwind facing wind turbine, so it is appropriate to define} _{the tower edges relative to crane function. As used herein, front refers to the} _{tower side facing the components to be lifted, while back refers to the side facing} _{away from the components to be lifted. It will be further appreciated that the back} _{edge above the upper bearing is at a less vertical angle than the front edge} _{thereby facilitating the operation of the climbing crane.}

[_{0025] The tapering shape of the tower structure follows the primary thrust} _{moment distribution, reducing the need to taper material thickness, and efficiently} _{transferring load to the foundation via the conical tower base (fixed lower tower).} ^{The tapering tower width allows relatively uniform stress in the main structural} ^{edges so their material is loaded efficiently, and the side panels need carry only} ^{modest amounts of shear and bending loads. The material properties and shape} ^{can be selected based upon the rotating tower maintaining a relatively constant} ^{orientation with the wind.}

[^{0026] Only the conical fixed lower tower, typically steel or reinforced} ^{concrete, need take loads from all directions down into the foundation. A large} ^{bearing at the top of the fixed lower tower primarily transfers horizontal forces} ^{and weight between the tower sections, not the entire local bending moment,} ^{providing a natural place to advantageously change tower material and structural} ^{type to save upper tower weight and cost. In another embodiment, cables could} ^{fix the position of the upper bearing, as disclosed in the US patents cited herein.}

[^{0027] In extreme wind conditions the tower may be allowed to self-feather} ^{causing the leading edge to become the trailing edge. The ability to choose the} ^{thickness, shape, and local radius of curvature of the front edge part enhances} ^{the buckling stability of the front edge while minimizing its weight and cost, i.e.,} _{maximizes structural efficiency. The ability to tailor the shape of this edge could} _{have a substantial impact on its weight, as its buckling stability may be a} _{design driver for passive high wind self-feathering survivability.}

[_{0028] All components may be modular and shipped within existing wind} _{turbine trucking and lifting constraints. The fixed portion can be installed with a} _{conventional crane and can support tilting up a wing portion. The forward-leaning} _{top of the wing tower can then be used to hoist upper tower sections to efficiently} _{achieve very tall tower heights, and to provide the nacelle and rotor lift after the} _{tower is assembled to full height. The description of the construction process is} _{described below with reference to the Figures 1 through 6.}

[_{0029] Figure 1 illustrates an exposed interior side view of the fixed lower} _{tower 50. Also illustrated are the front edge 110 and the back edge 120 of the} _{rotating tower. The rotating tower is shown installed on the lower bearing 370,} _{and being tilted up from its mid point 330 (mid-tower collar), through a temporary} _{slot (not illustrated) in the fixed lower tower. The mid point is where the} ^{separation between the front and back edge is the greatest, and the tower is} ^{strongest. The height of the fixed tower is shown by vector arrow 15. The height} ^{of the midpoint may be the same as the height of the fixed lower tower wherein} ^{the bearing loads are taken into the strongest place on the tower. Also shown is} ^{the ground based winch vehicle 11 , that may tilt up the rotating tower, although} ^{this may also be done with a crane used to build the lower tower, or to position} ^{loads for later lifts by the self-erecting tower climbing crane.}

[^{0030] Figure 2 illustrates the completed installation of the rotating tower} ^{100 on to the lower bearing and the upper bearing 220. The function and} ^{operation of the lower bearing and upper bearing in relation to the rotating tower} ^{is more fully described in patents 7,891 ,939 & 8,061 ,964. Figure 2 also shows} ^{the climbing crane 7 being tilted toward initial engagement with the tower, from} ^{which position it would be moved to working height to begin its climb. The} ^{attachment modules 5 may be in position on the rotating tower before the} ^{climbing crane is positioned (as shown), or may be moved into position with the} _{climbing crane in a single operation.}

[_{0031 ] Figure 3 illustrates the operation of the climbing crane, with frame 8} _{shown positioned on the back edge of the rotating forward leaning tower 100.} _{The operation of the components used in the attachment of the climbing crane is} _{described below. Also illustrated is the balanced climbing crane boom 13. An} _{upper tower section 9 is illustrated suspended from a lifting cable 10 that passes} _{across the pivoting boom 13 via sheaves 15 at each end, and is controlled by a} _{ground based winch vehicle 11. The tower segment is raised from the ground} _{level 12 and hoisted into position on the rotating forward leaning tower. This} _{process is continued sequentially until the tower reaches its full height. It will be} _{appreciated that this disclosure teaches towers constructed up to and over 500} _{feet in height. (See vector arrow 14 illustrated in Figure 6.) This is higher than} _{the lifting capacity of most existing cranes. This is achieved by combination of} _{the modular tower construction, the positioning and movement of the climbing} _{crane 7, comprised of frame 8 and balanced boom 13, coordinated with} _{operation of a mobile ground winch 11.} ^{[0032] Figure 4 illustrates the tower 100 at its completed height. The} ^{climbing crane (illustrated as item 7 in Figure 3) is elevated to its greatest height.} ^{The nacelle 350 is shown being hoisted into position at the top of the rotating} ^{forward leaning tower by lifting cable 10. The angle of the lifting cable from the} ^{winch vehicle 11 makes twice the angle 2a to the vertical of the tower back edge} ^{a. As will be explained below, the nacelle is hoisted into close proximity to the} ^{front edge of the tower.}

[^{0033] Figure 5 illustrates the hoisting of the turbine rotor 351 to the top of} ^{the tower. Also illustrated are the attachment modules 5 for the climbing crane} ^{frame 8 and the crane boom 13,and the lifting cable 10 and winch vehicle 11.}

[^{0034] Figure 6 illustrates the completed tower and turbine. The tower 100} ^{comprises the fixed lower tower 50, the lower bearing (not shown), mid tower} ^{collar 330 and upper bearing 220, the back edge 120, front edge 110, rotor 351 ,} ^{and nacelle 350. The tower height is represented by vector arrow 14. It will be} ^{appreciated that the lower portion of the rotating tower, i.e., below the upper} ^{bearing, rotates within the visible external fixed lower tower.}

[_{0035] With reference to Figure 1 , the natural provision of a strong location} _{part way up the tower merges well with erection using a tilt-up step. Because the} _{tilt-up loads are applied where the front to back edge separation is greatest, the} _{amount of material needed in the structural edges is much reduced, and feasible} _{tilt-up size compared with conventional towers is substantially increased. This,} _{combined with the climbing crane, improves the economics and feasibility of} _{increased tower height. The amount of tower to tilt up vs build incrementally can} _{be dictated by the economics of site and transportation logistics.}

[_{0036] The drag of a circular tower is more than five times the drag} _{created by an aerodynamically streamlined shape of similar crosswind}

d_{imensions. Circular cylinders create substantial drag, due to large-scale} _{disruption of fluid flow. The drag coefficient (Cd) for a large diameter circular} _{tower in extreme wind conditions is approximately 0.7, and can be well in excess} _{of 1 .0 over a large range of operating Reynolds numbers. Research conducted} _{on elliptical shapes similar in form to the wing shaped tower show that a Cd of} ^{0.1 4 is attainable for such tower sections, thereby reducing direct aerodynamic} ^{tower drag loads during extreme winds by about a factor of 5. Further drag} ^{reduction via a more airfoil shape is possible, but may be limited by cost.}

[^{0037] The rotating tower can be constructed to allow the front edge to} ^{lean into the windward direction, as shown in Figure 6. This increases the} ^{distance between the tower leading edge and the plane of rotation of the turbine} ^{blades, and minimizes potential for damage to the turbine blades by striking the} ^{tower, thereby allowing for more blade flex during design.}

[^{0038] Forward lean also decreases the moment distribution from rotor} ^{thrust that must be carried by the tower and its foundation, the mass upwind of} ^{the tower rotation axis providing a moment which counteracts some of the thrust} ^{induced bending moment normally carried by tower fore-aft mechanical strength.}

[^{0039] The tower design subject of this disclosure incorporates a rotating} ^{tower with the capability to hoist the nacelle and rotor to hub heights that are well} ^{beyond current limits. A recent NREL report (Cotrell, J., Stehly. T., Johnson, J.,} _{Roberts, J.O., Parker, Z., Scott. G., and Heimiller, D.,“Analysis of Transportation} _{and Logistics Challenges Affecting the Deployment of Larger Wind Turbines:} _{Summary of Results,” NREL/TP-5000-61 063, January 201 4 noted that nacelle} _{hoisting is one of the most significant challenges for tower heights over 1 40 m.} _{The nacelle weight for the 3.0 MW baseline turbine was 67 metric tonnes and it} _{must be lifted to the full hub height. This requires a 1 ,250 to 1 ,600 tonnes} _{crawler crane to assemble the wind turbine generator (WTG).}

[_{0040] There are three notable aspects to the tilt-up, incremental build,} _{and hoist approach as illustrated schematically in Figures 1 through 5.}

1_{. A fixed structural base tower that supports the wing tower tilting and build.} _{2. A wing-shaped, tilt-up tower using a hybrid of high strength front and back} _{edges with lighter weight side panels. The amount of tilt up versus incremental} _{build will be determined by site conditions, economics, and the height goal.}

3_{. A forward lean on the wing tower similar to tall crane booms that aids the} _{nacelle and rotor lift into position after wing tower build is completed.} ^{[0041 ] Feasibility}

[^{0042] The fixed lower tower can be constructed using segmented steel or} ^{concrete construction as is seen in existing hybrid tower designs. An extension} ^{beyond current practice is leaving out one or more segments to tilt up the lower} ^{part of the rotating tower. Note that the size of the tilt up portion is to be chosen} ^{for best overall tower and erection costs– it could be anything from zero to full} ^{height as best benefits cost at given sites. It is possible to build the lower part of} ^{the rotating tower incrementally within the fixed portion. Using an incremental} ^{build for the lower rotating tower assures that the departure point for the upper} ^{tower build via the climbing crane can be achieved. In some rough terrain sites,} ^{this may be the best option, possibly the only option, available if or as needed.}

[^{0043] Exploiting the forward lean of the tower allows a relatively simpler} ^{and smaller size climber crane to move up the tower in multiple steps, installing} ^{successive upper tower segments as it proceeds. A characteristic of the tapering} ^{design of the upper tower is that the front edge/back edge pieces, illustrated in} _{Figure 7, that carry the major loads can be similar shape and thickness, which} _{aids both mating the climber to the tower at different heights, and keeping its lift} _{weight requirement more nearly constant with height than conventional tower} _{designs. It will be appreciated that the back edge can be fabricated with elements} _{(not shown) that allow attachment and movement of the climbing crane. These} _{elements can be permanent fixtures of the back edge. It is anticipated that the} _{length of the segments can be chosen to facilitate the climber-crane design as} _{well as shipping logistics. In effect, the tower itself becomes the boom of an ever} _{taller crane as work progresses. There may not be any other way to achieve} _{breakthrough heights, since some form of crane is needed to reach above the} _{tower top to lift the nacelle and rotor. Costs for exceptionally tall cranes rise very} _{quickly, and they are not available to service all locations. The costs that go into} _{building this tower remain with the turbine; there are no large crane mobilization} _{or teardown costs.}

[_{0044] The climbing crane is illustrated in Figures 3-5. It comprises a} _{climbing crane frame, attachment modules, and balanced pivoting boom. The} ^{frame is a beam structure that is positioned and moves parallel to the slope of} ^{the tower back edge. The climbing crane includes attachment modules for} ^{attachment of the frame to the tower back edge. The frame has at its tip a} ^{pivoting boom that provides forward reach for lifting the loads.}

[^{0045] Back edge elements engaged by the climbing crane attachment} ^{modules could be a captive rail(s) as used on roller coasters, holes into which} ^{mechanical cogs are inserted, complementary geared wheels and rails, or bands} ^{that reach around the tower and secure the crane from falling away, with wheels} ^{to roll along the tower edge, or even magnetic retention given a steel back edge.}

[^{0046] The height adjustment of the climbing crane can be achieved in} ^{many ways, for instance by one or more hydraulic lifts within the attachment} ^{modules. The hydraulic lift(s) can contain components such as over center grip} ^{pads that interface with complementary fitting components such as a rail(s) on} ^{the back edge. The hydraulic lifts would propel the climbing crane to the next} ^{higher level on the back edge, while multiple redundant over-center grip pads or} _{equivalent could provide safe retention by requiring active release to safeguard} _{against accidental drop, similar to personal safety harness climbing equipment.}

[_{0047] In another embodiment, the climbing crane uses cogs as on} _{cogged railways, with the attachment modules employing cog wheels interfacing} _{with a cog pattern affixed to the tower back edge. In another embodiment the} _{climbing crane attachment comprises a geared or toothed wheel that interfaces} _{with geared or toothed rail(s) permanently attached to the tower back edge.}

[_{0048] It will be appreciated that additional fitting components of the back} _{edge may be located at engineered strong points. For example, there may be} _{fitting components at the junctures of tower segments. It will be appreciated that} _{there is substantial material reinforcement at these junctures due to overlap} _{between the tower segments, so they are favored locations for reacting the} _{elevated loads that occur during component lifting.}

[_{0049] The cog and geared rail systems are examples of permanent back} _{edge elements. The components may include one or more guide rails. Similar} _{rails could provide a griping surface for one or more additional fail safe} ^{components on the climbing crane frame or attachment modules.}

[^{0050] The above described cog wheel, geared or toothed wheel, and} ^{hydraulic lift are examples of climbing crane attachment module elevation} ^{devices. Other examples are clamping pads similar to brake system calipers that} ^{grip and release in sequentially higher (or lower) positions, or a winch and cable} ^{or chain that lifts or lowers the climbing crane to a new height. Many other} ^{mechanisms that can achieve the same functions are known, and are claimed} ^{herein as ways to adjust the climbing crane height while securing it to the rotating} ^{tower back edge.}

[^{0051 ] Another component of the attachment modules are contact pads} ^{that are shaped to complement the surface of the tower back edge. The pads} ^{help transfer the crane load into the tower, and also serve to limit deformations in} ^{the tower edge shape induced by the loads. They may be adjustable in shape if} ^{needed to follow changes in tower back edge shape.}

[^{0052] The climbing crane also includes a balanced pivoting boom} ^{comprising a beam structure at the upper tip end of the climbing crane frame that} _{pivots to control the forward reach of the lift hook. This beam may be}

s_{trengthened or built lighter using a kingpost and cable arrangement above it to} _{increase the geometry carrying the beam bending loads.}

[_{0053] The climbing crane used in conjunction with the rotating forward} _{leaning tower is a quite novel and useful development. There is, however, an} _{important structural limitation. It is important that the climbing crane not impose} _{loads on the partially complete tower during erection, and on the completed} _{tower during turbine nacelle and rotor lift, that add significant cost and weight} _{penalties to the tower as it would be designed in the absence of the climber} _{crane. In its normal function (absent the role of the climbing crane) the tower} _{carries the wind turbine rotor induced loads to the ground. The rotating tower} _{front and back edges are therefore constructed to carry the large structural loads} _{in the vertical direction. The vertical component of the climbing crane loads is} _{small relative to tower working and extreme wind loads, and will not require} _{further strengthening.} ^{[0054] The same is not true for bending moment induced forces applied} ^{perpendicularly into the tower back edge by the climbing crane. In normal} ^{operation of the rotating forward leaning tower (even in extreme winds), the local} ^{loads on the tower edges are small compared to those that can be created from} ^{the overhanging moment of the lifting operations. Therefore net loads must be} ^{kept as close to the tower, and as well aligned with its length axis, as practical.} ^{As an example, if the load being lifted were 50 tons, and the forward reach were} ^{three times the climbing crane attachment module separation, then the climbing} ^{crane would have to apply 1 50 tons toward and away from the tower back edge} ^{at two primary attachment points. This is possibly beyond the capability of an} ^{unmodified rotating tower, and would impose additional cost and weight} ^penalties.

[^{0055] Given the above, it is intended that the climbing crane not carry} ^{loads into its tower attachments as a conventional crane would do– it is} ^{acceptable to carry the vertical loads into the tower back edge, but the loads} ^{perpendicular to it must be largely eliminated. This requirement is met by the} _{introduction of a balanced pivoting boom, which by its nature cannot}

c_{ommunicate large moments into the climbing crane frame, nor the attachment} _{modules which transfer its loads into the rotating tower back edge.}

[_{0056] It should be noted that the pivoting boom does not have to be} _{perfectly balanced to achieve its goals, as some level of perpendicular loads can} _{be transferred toward or away from the tower back edge without modification.} _{For engineering reasons, it may be advantageous to bias the boom one way or} _{the other, for instance to distribute load into the attachment modules more} _{evenly, or to preload the boom angle control in one direction, for instance if a} _{cable and winch were used for this purpose. Balanced as used in this boom} _{definition means near enough to equal moments to each side of the pivot that the} _{tower need not be reinforced to handle the climber crane imposed loads. For a} _{1 :1 cable system, a difference of 5%, 1 0%, or even 20% in boom arm lengths} _{may thereby be consistent with the invention. Note that the art of multiple cable} _{purchase would allow a half length boom on one side of the pivot if a 2:1 cable} ^{purchase were provided, and balance would still be achieved against a 1 :1 cable} ^{purchase on the other side. There are too many multiple purchase possibilities} ^{to enumerate, all of which are claimed within the scope of the invention, provided} ^{they result in the properly constrained moment balance at the boom pivot as} ^{described above. For clarity, the ensuing discussion will be framed in terms of a} ^{cable system with near equal booms and the same purchase at each end.}

[^{0057] In order to provide the pivoting beam balance described above, the} ^{primary load lifting winch can not be on the climbing crane– it must be an} ^{independent ground winch vehicle that applies the same downward force to the} ^{back arm of the boom as lifting the load does to the front arm. This vehicle must} ^{be large enough to supply the required lifting cable tension without itself being} ^{lifted off the ground, whereby it must weigh substantially more than the largest} ^{load to be lifted, so that needed forces to resist being slid toward the tower base} ^{can also be reliably provided. Given the size of large wind turbine components, a} ^{modified tracked vehicle similar in size to a Caterpillar D9 earthmover, possibly} _{with additional mass added, could be needed for a 1 :1 lift system. If used} _{offshore, a suitably stabilized extension from the foundation or floating platform} _{would provide the equivalent function of the ground base for the winch vehicle.} _{In order to reduce the size of the ground winch vehicle, provide flexibility of} _{operation, smaller cable loads, or other advantages, it is possible to use two} _{ground vehicles, both of which may carry winches, or one of which may serve to} _{dead end a 2:1 lifting cable, while the other carries the active winch. In this case,} _{double sheaves would be used at each end of the pivoting boom, and a 2:1} _{sheave would be used at the primary lifting hook. Many other variations are} _{possible within the usual art of multiple purchase cable systems, and all of these} _{are included within the scope of the disclosed invention.}

[_{0058] A consequence of the balanced nature of the pivoting beam is that} _{it takes little force or energy to change its angle, even under load. In the} _{idealized world of zero friction and perfect balance, it would take no force at all,} _{and in that case, conservation of energy dictates that load height should be} _{completely unaffected by changes in boom angle. Of course in the real world} ^{there is friction to overcome, balance isn’t perfect, and cable vibrations, wind or} ^{other sources may impose transient loads. A powered motor system on the} ^{climbing crane is expected to provide the forces needed to overcome these} ^{loads. This could be done with a large gear on the balanced boom, and worm or} ^{pinion drives on the climbing crane frame, similar to how wind turbine yaw drives} ^{work. Alternatively, a winch and cable could be used, if the boom loads were} ^{biased so it always tries to pivot in one direction. This could also be done using} ^{additional independently controlled cables from the ground winch vehicle. Given} ^{the tower heights for which the climber crane is intended, this last is not seen as} ^{a preferred embodiment, but is claimed within the scope of the patent.}

[^{0059] It remains the case that lift height would be largely independent of} ^{pivoting boom angle, and this could be an advantage for the final phase of the} ^{lifts where wherein the tower sections or turbine components are placed upon the} ^{tower structure. At that time, the pivoting boom will be at its nearest to vertical to} ^{provide minimum reach and maximum height, so it is in this condition where} _{having the best decoupling of boom angle from load height is most valuable,} _{allowing the crane operator to move the load toward or away from the tower} _{precisely, without having to make multiple winch adjustments to compensate} _{changes in height. Note also that the distance from the climbing crane support} _{points to the load is very much shorter than the 500’+ reach to tower top for a} _{ground crane, and because the climbing crane and tower move together rather} _{than independently, the precision and speed of load placement will be aided by} _{that feature of the invention as well.}

[_{0060] To have complete decoupling of pivoting boom angle from load} _{height, the angle to the vertical of the cable to the winch vehicle must be twice} _{the angle to the vertical of the tower back edge. The balance of forces is most} _{easily seen when the lift cable is not deflected at the aft boom sheave, as shown} _{in Figure 3 with the balanced boom near top of reach, in which case the bisector} _{of the angle of the cable around the front arm sheave is parallel to the tower back} _{edge, producing a force parallel to it as desired to help minimize loads from the} _{climbing crane into the tower back edge, and no boom pivot moment.} ^{[0061 ] As with the balance of the pivoting boom arm moments, it is} ^{understood that there may be engineering advantages to having a few degrees} ^{of bias to help distribute climbing crane loads into the tower optimally, or} ^{operationally to aid the precise placement of the lifted components. These} ^{variations from ideal bisection for engineering reasons are included within the} ^{scope of the disclosed invention. Also included is the option to move the winch} ^{vehicle between lifts to maintain the best angle when the pivoting boom is at top} ^{of reach, or even to adjust position by crawling the winch vehicle during the lift if} ^{there were special circumstance to warrant this additional adjustment.}

[^{0062] Part of practical crane operation utilizing the rotating forward} ^{leaning tower is the provision of lateral lift line adjustment, that is, perpendicular} ^{to the direction toward or away from the tower, this latter provided by}

a^{djustments in the pivoting boom angle. Near ground level, the rotational yaw} ^{ability of the rotating tower combined with its forward lean can be used to provide} ^{a degree of lateral adjustment of the lift line for picking loads from the ground.} ^{This would not be used for large lateral movements, as that would impose} _{additional loads on the climber crane, attachment modules, and tower back edge} _{- a small ground crane would be used to place loads in the designated lift zone,} _{and the limited lateral adjustment could be to aid attaching the load to the lift} _{hook, or limiting adverse loads or motions in the initial lift free of ground contact.}

[_{0063] At top of reach, yaw of the rotating tower is ineffective for lateral} _{adjustment because both tower and crane move together, so instead climber} _{crane lateral adjustment mechanisms would provide side to side movements of} _{the climbing crane frame relative to the tower, and/or small angle rotation of the} _{boom relative to the frame, to provide the limited lateral adjustment needed for} _{load placement. Other mechanisms to achieve these same boom tip sideward} _{adjustments are included within the scope of the present invention.}

[_{0064] When the climbing crane is to adjust its vertical position on the back} _{edge of the rotating tower, this could be done without lift load. The center of} _{gravity of the climbing crane is not far removed from the back edge, so moments} _{due to gravity force offset would be modest, and the gravity force vector would be} ^{nearly in alignment with the tower back edge. This imposes minimal}

r^{equirements on the attachment modules and lifting mechanism during vertical} ^{crane position adjustment.}

[^{0065] Lifting would be done once the climbing crane is in position at a} ^{chosen location. A preferred choice would be where the attachment modules are} ^{at the joints between tower sections, since the overlap creates a thicker, stiffer,} ^{and stronger zone there. At this location, secure retention would be engaged,} ^{such as pins inserted into holes in the tower or rails, or mechanical clamping to} ^{the rails that requires powered release. Many similar safety requirements exist} ^{for cables cars, ski lifts, as well as large crane erection, and would be applied to} ^{make the climbing crane movement and retention both safe and efficient. The} ^{use of such a system is claimed within the scope of this invention.}

[^{0066] This specification is to be construed as illustrative only and is for} _{the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the} _{invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention herein shown and} _{described are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. As already} _{stated, various changes may be made in the shape, size and arrangement of} _{components or adjustments made in the steps of the method without departing} _{from the scope of this invention. For example, equivalent elements may be} _{substituted for those illustrated and described herein and certain features of the} _{invention maybe utilized independently of the use of other features, all as would} _{be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of} _{the invention.}

[_{0067] While specific embodiments have been illustrated and described,} _{numerous modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the} _{invention, and the scope of protection is only limited by the scope of the} _{accompanying claims.}

Claims

^{Wind Turbine Tower Erection With Climbing Crane Claims} ^{What I claim is:} ^{1 . A wind turbine tower comprising a first forward leaning rotating tower}

w^{herein the first tower rotates on a lower bearing and an upper bearing,} ^{and the upper bearing is held in rotatable position by a second fixed lower} ^{tower that encloses a lower portion of the first rotating tower, and where} ^{said fixed lower tower may possess a temporary slot so that the first} ^{rotating tower can be tilted up to its vertical orientation.}

2^{. The wind turbine tower of claim 1 wherein a tower back edge may include} ^{elements that allow a climbing crane to be secured to and move along the} ^{tower back edge to enable the lifting of tower segments and wind turbine} ^components.

3^{. A climbing crane comprising:}

a^{) A climbing crane frame movably positioned substantially parallel to} ^{a tower back edge;}

b_{) Attachment modules movably securing the climbing crane frame to} _{the tower back edge, possessing mechanisms to lift the climbing} _{crane up the tower back edge, hold the climbing crane in a position,} _{or lower the climbing crane down the tower;}

c_{) A balanced pivoting boom at an upper tip end of said climbing}

c_{rane frame, which provides and controls a forward reach of said} _{climbing crane for the lifting of loads;}

d_{) A ground based winch vehicle and cable for the lifting of loads; and} _{e) A mechanism(s) to provide lateral adjustment of the pivoting boom} _{relative to the tower.}

4_{. The attachment modules of claim 3 further comprising the attachment} _{modules may include load transferring and tower deformation limiting} _{contact pads.}

5_{. The pivoting boom of claim 3, comprising at least one turning sheave at} _{each end of the pivoting boom, wherein the sheaves are adapted to pass} ^{across the boom to a lift zone on a front side of the tower at least one} ^{lifting cable from at least one ground based winch vehicle, wherein the} ^{ground based winch vehicle is positioned to a back side of the tower and} ^{the lifting cable extends from the winch vehicle up to and across the} ^{pivoting boom.}

6^{. The ground based winch vehicle and load lifting cable system of claim 5,} ^{wherein the winch vehicle is positioned so the lifting cable approximately} ^{doubles the angle to the vertical of the back side of the tower, with the} ^{pivoting boom near top of reach, and wherein:}

a^{) the height of the load remains approximately unchanged when the} ^{boom to climbing crane frame angle is adjusted;}

b^{) The ground based winch vehicle is moveably positioned to maintain} ^{double the cable angle to the vertical of the back side of the tower.}

7^{. The pivoting boom of claim 3, wherein the angle of the pivoting boom to} ^{the climbing crane frame may be controlled by a mechanism on the} ^{climbing crane, that need not react pivot rotational forces arising from a} c_{hange of lifted load height with boom angle.}

8_{. A method of constructing a wind turbine tower comprising building said} _{tower in segments; including elements of the tower segments enabling the} _{attachment, support, and movement of a climbing crane; a lifting cable} _{communicating with a ground based winch vehicle; positioning said} _{climbing crane on the tower to enable the climbing crane to reach forward} _{of the tower, to raise segments of the tower to build it to full height; and} _{raising the nacelle, and rotor of the wind turbine.}

9_{. The method of claim 8 further comprising raising or tilting the climbing} _{crane into a parallel position against a leaning back edge of the tower;} _{engaging the climbing crane to the leaning back edge; and securing the} _{climbing crane for moving up and down the tower.}

1_{0. The method of claim 8 comprising the steps of moving the climbing crane} _{along the tower and positioning the climbing crane at joints or other} _{preferred locations of the tower for the lifting of loads.}

^{1 1 . The method of claim 8 comprising adjusting the forward reach of the wind} ^{turbine tower climbing crane by activating a mechanism of the climbing} ^{crane that controls the pivoting boom angle to the frame.}

1^{2. The method of claim 8 comprising adjusting the height of the lifted load via} ^{a ground based winch vehicle by passing the lifting cable upward and} ^{across the balanced boom of the climbing crane via turning sheaves at the} ^{boom tips.}

1^{3. The method of claim 8 further comprising moving the climbing crane boom} ^{tip in a lateral direction relative to the tower; thereby moving laterally the} ^{lifting hook near the top of climbing crane reach.}

1_{4. The method of claim 8 wherein the tower comprises a first forward leaning} _{rotating tower, and a second fixed lower tower comprising constructing the} _{second fixed lower tower with a temporary open slot; enabling part or all of} _{the first rotating tower to be tilted up through the temporary open slot;} _{attaching the tilted up first rotating tower to a lower bearing and an upper} _{bearing; and holding the upper bearing in position by the second fixed} _{lower tower.}

1_{5. The method of claim 1 4, comprising the steps of activating a yaw motor} _{and turning the rotating tower to provide lateral positioning of a lifting hook} _{near ground level.}