EP3116845A1 - Method for breakdown of formates - Google Patents

Method for breakdown of formates

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Publication number
EP3116845A1
EP3116845A1 EP15709452.5A EP15709452A EP3116845A1 EP 3116845 A1 EP3116845 A1 EP 3116845A1 EP 15709452 A EP15709452 A EP 15709452A EP 3116845 A1 EP3116845 A1 EP 3116845A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
formate
catalyst
formates
lanthanum
mixtures
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Granted
Application number
EP15709452.5A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3116845B1 (en
Inventor
Rolf Pinkos
Nicolas Marion
Helmut Kronemayer
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
    • C07C29/136—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
    • C07C29/14—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of a —CHO group
    • C07C29/141—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of a —CHO group with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C29/74—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
    • C07C29/88—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
    • C07C29/90—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound using hydrogen only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C31/00—Saturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C31/18—Polyhydroxylic acyclic alcohols
    • C07C31/20—Dihydroxylic alcohols

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the degradation of formates by means of a lanthanum-containing catalyst in formate-containing mixtures and the use of the catalyst for the aforementioned purpose.
  • formate-containing substance mixtures are to be understood as meaning in particular mixtures of substances containing carbonyl compounds which have been formed, for example, by an aldol reaction of alkanones or alkanals with formaldehyde, such as, for example, Methylolalkanale, and their corresponding hydrogenation products. These products contain not only the aforementioned carbonyl compounds but also formates.
  • Methylolalkanalen and a method for their hydrogenation using a CuO / Al 2 0 3 catalyst are described in WO 2004/092097 A1.
  • WO 201 1/141470 A1 describes the reaction of isobutyraldehyde with aqueous formaldehyde in the presence of trimethylamine to give hydroxypivalaldehyde (HPA).
  • HPA-containing reaction product is hydrogenated with a hydrogenation catalyst to neopentyl glycol (NPG).
  • NPG neopentyl glycol
  • WO 2007/006719 describes a further process for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds (including aldehydes and hydroxyaldehydes such as hydroxypivalaldehyde, in particular of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, the catalyst used being a CuO / Al 2 O 3 / La 2 O 3 metal oxide-Cu catalyst.
  • the hydrogenation is generally carried out at a temperature of 50 to 350 ° C and at a pressure of 3 to 350 bar; In the examples, a pressure of 200 bar at temperatures of 210 ° C and 190 ° C was selected. High sales and selectivities are achieved. The formation of by-products is not mentioned.
  • WO 201 1/061 185 discloses the use of a supported hydrogenation catalyst which contains copper as hydrogenation metal and Al 2 O 3 and lanthanum oxide as support material which is used for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds.
  • the catalyst Before being used in the hydrogenation, the catalyst is pretreated basic at a pH> 10, for example with sodium hydroxide solution.
  • the hydrogenation is generally carried out at a temperature in the range of 50 to 350 ° C and a pressure of 3 to 350 bar. Examples are shown with hydrogenations at 200 ° C and 100 ° C and pressures of 200 and 90 bar. Due to the basic pretreatment of the catalyst, this process has the disadvantage that the selectivity is reduced by 1 -2% in the hydrogenation of dimethylolbutyraldehyde to trimethylolpropane.
  • formates can interfere in the subsequent stages, for example by CO formation during hydrogenation and / or by esterification of the product, which can lead to yield losses or purity problems in the final product. Further, the formates may be e.g. release formic acid during the distillative workup, which can then lead to undesired corrosion and requires the use of expensive materials.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a process by which it is possible to completely or at least partially degrade formates contained in mixtures.
  • a further object of the invention is that as far as possible no carbon monoxide (CO) is formed during the degradation of the formates.
  • the invention therefore provides a process for the degradation of formates in formate-containing mixtures, characterized in that formate-containing mixtures in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst containing lanthanum, at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C and a pressure of 0.1 to 60 bar, and the formate-containing mixtures have a pH of 6.5 to 10.
  • formate-containing substance mixtures are to be understood as meaning in particular mixtures of substances containing carbonyl compounds which have been obtained by reactions in the presence of formaldehyde, and / or their corresponding hydrogenation products.
  • Examples are carbonyl compounds formed by an aldol reaction of alkanones or alkanals with formaldehyde, e.g. Methylolalkanals. Furthermore, in the process according to the invention, its corresponding hydrogenation products can also be used. Hydrogenation products are understood in particular to be those in which the aldehyde or keto group of the carbonyl compounds has been reduced to alcohol.
  • the inventive method is generally suitable for use before, during or after hydrogenation of the aforementioned formate-containing mixtures.
  • the process according to the invention is preferably used during or after, particularly preferably during a hydrogenation.
  • formate is understood to mean formic acid or its salts or esters of formic acid with alcohols. These are preferably salts derived from formic acid and amines, preferably from tertiary amines, preferably, for example, trimethylamine, methyldiethylamine, dimethylethylamine, triethylamine.
  • the alkyl component of the amine may also be longer chain and / or cyclic.
  • the formate content (measured or calculated as formic acid) in the substance mixture used according to the invention can be up to 20,000 ppm by weight, preferably from 10 to 8,000 ppm, particularly preferably from 100 to 3,000 ppm.
  • the formates contained in the substance mixture used according to the invention are degraded at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, particularly preferably at least 80%.
  • the pH of the formate-containing mixture is determined in an aqueous solution containing at least 50% by weight of water. This means that formate-containing mixtures containing less than 50% by weight of water are correspondingly diluted with water to 50% of water content. If the mixture does not mix completely, the pH is determined from the aqueous phase. In the case of formate-containing mixtures which have a water content> 50%, the pH is determined from precisely this mixture.
  • the aqueous solution of the formate-containing substance mixture has a pH in the range from 6.5 to 10, preferably from 7 to 9.5, particularly preferably from 7.5 to 9.
  • the pH is determined in the feed solution before the catalyst is reached or before the feed solution is contacted with the catalyst. If the pH drops below 6.5, the service life of the catalyst is limited; at pH values of> 10, undesirable side reactions take place.
  • the pH adjustment is preferably done by dosing base. Again, a tertiary amine is preferred here. If the provision of the formate-containing mixture used according to the invention, so-called feed stream, by an aldol reaction in the presence of a tert. Amine was carried out, it is particularly preferred to use the same amine for pH adjustment.
  • at least one lanthanum-containing catalyst is used in which lanthanum is preferably present at least partially in oxidic form, for example as La 2 O 3 or in the form of a spinel structure. Most preferably, at least 30% by weight, based on the total amount of lanthanum contained in the catalyst, in oxidic form, e.g. as La2Ü3 or in a spinel structure.
  • the proportion by weight of lanthanum (calculated as La 2 O 3), based on the total weight of the catalyst, is in the range from 0.5 to 85%, preferably in the range from 2 to 60%, particularly preferably in the range from 3 to 40%, very particularly preferably 4 to 20%, especially 4 to 15%.
  • Preferred according to the invention are lanthanum-containing catalysts which additionally contain at least copper.
  • the copper can be used as copper oxide (calculated as CuO) in an amount of from 10 to 90% by weight, preferably from 20 to 75% by weight, particularly preferably from 30 to 70% by weight, very particular. It preferably 40 to 65 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst to be contained.
  • the indicated amounts of CuO refer to the content before activation of the catalyst with hydrogen.
  • the copper oxide can be introduced at least 99 wt .-% by precipitation of a soluble precursor such as Cu (NOs) 2 and at least 1 wt%, preferably at least 2 wt .-%, particularly preferably at least 3 wt .-%, most preferably at least 5% by weight of the CuO can be present as pulverulent copper or as copper flakes, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
  • a soluble precursor such as Cu (NOs) 2
  • at least 1 wt% preferably at least 2 wt .-%, particularly preferably at least 3 wt .-%, most preferably at least 5% by weight of the CuO can be present as pulverulent copper or as copper flakes, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
  • the elementally introduced copper is converted by the use of the catalyst by calcination in air to copper oxide.
  • the lanthanum-containing catalyst used according to the invention may contain, in addition to copper, also other materials, such as e.g. powdered cement, activated carbon or oxidic mate- rials derived from Si, Al, Zr, Ti or mixtures thereof. These materials may be present in an amount of 0.5-80% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the catalyst, in the catalyst according to the invention. Preference is given to carbon, S1O2 and / or Al2O3, particularly preferably Al2O3.
  • the cement used is preferably an alumina cement.
  • the alumina cement consists essentially of alumina and calcium oxide.
  • a cement based on magnesia / alumina, calcia / silica and calcia / alumina / iron oxide may be used.
  • Very particularly preferred according to the invention are those lanthanum-containing catalysts which are also capable of hydrogenating carbonyl-containing compounds to give the corresponding alcohols.
  • suitable catalysts are also described in WO 2007/006719 006719 (pages 5-8, 13-14).
  • lanthanum oxide / copper catalysts in particular lanthanum oxide / copper / copper oxide catalysts and lanthanum oxide / copper / copper oxide / aluminum oxide catalysts.
  • compositions of the catalysts relate to their composition before calcination with air.
  • the catalyst is generally dried at temperatures of 50 to 150 ° C, preferably at 120 ° C and then optionally optionally for 2 hours at generally 200 to 600 ° C, especially at 300 to 500 ° C, preferably with air, calcined.
  • the dried and calcined catalyst described above may be subjected to a treatment with boiling water and / or steam prior to its use in the process according to the invention, whereby a high stability of the shaped body used as a catalyst is achieved and at the same time the hydrogenation activity and selectivity of the catalyst is increased.
  • the water treatment and / or steam treatment of the catalyst can be carried out as described in WO 2007/006719 (pages 5 and 6).
  • the treatment is carried out with boiling water and / or steam, more preferably with boiling water.
  • the catalyst is usually dried again at temperatures of generally 50 to 300 ° C, and optionally calcined.
  • the previously described water or steam treatment of the catalyst may be carried out before or after the activation of the catalyst described below.
  • the catalyst used according to the invention is activated before use with reducing gases such as hydrogen or hydrogen-containing mixtures, preferably with hydrogen, at normal pressure in the range from 20 to 250.degree. C., more preferably from 100 to 230.degree.
  • the activation of the catalyst can be carried out in the reactor in which the inventive method is carried out. It is also possible to activate the catalyst before installation in the reactor elsewhere. It is preferred to coat this catalyst after activation either with an inert, liquid substance such as water or mixtures of water and alcohols such as neopentyl glycol or iso-butanol or to surface passivate with eg air. In both cases, this catalyst can be used for activation after incorporation into the reactor without further treatment.
  • the process according to the invention preferably takes place at a temperature in the range from 90 to 150.degree. C., more preferably in the range from 90 to 130.degree.
  • the pressure is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 50 bar, more preferably in the range of 0.8 to 45 bar.
  • the process according to the invention for degrading formates can also be carried out in the presence of hydrogen. If it is intended to additionally hydrogenate during the catalytic conversion of the formate-containing substance mixture, the process according to the invention is generally carried out at a pressure which is essentially determined by hydrogen in the range from 3 to 60 bar, preferably in the range from 5 to 50 bar, particularly preferably carried out in the range of 8 to 45 bar.
  • the above pressures are absolute pressures.
  • An advantage of the method according to the invention is thus that no catalyst deactivation or poisoning with CO takes place.
  • the lanthanum-containing catalyst is used according to the invention not only for the formate degradation but also for the carbonyl hydrogenation, it is surprising that a higher activity and longer lifetime result than a non-lanthanum-containing catalyst.
  • the lanthanum-containing catalysts used according to the invention are thus not only characterized in that they can degrade formates, but they are also more active and robust than the corresponding catalysts without lanthanum, which causes a longer life.
  • the formate-containing mixtures used according to the invention are, in particular, the reaction effluent of the aldol reaction of an aldehyde having 2 to 24 carbon atoms with formaldehyde, for example in WO 98/28253 A1 and also in WO 2004/092097 A1 and especially for isobutyraldehyde in WO 201 1/141470 A1.
  • the aldehyde used in the aldol reaction is generally reacted with 1 to 8 times the amount of formaldehyde in the presence of a tertiary amine to give a methylolalkanal.
  • the products of the aldol reaction contained in the reaction contain at least one methylol group.
  • the methylolalkanal is preferably hydroxypivalaldehyde or 2,2-bis-hydroxymethylbutanal.
  • the methylolalkanal-containing reaction product contains formates as by-product.
  • the formate-containing mixture in particular the reaction mixture containing the above-described methylolalkanal, is then fed to the process according to the invention for the degradation of the formates formed.
  • the methylolalkanal can be hydrogenated simultaneously.
  • Preferred hydrogenated methylolalkanals have at least 2 methylol groups.
  • hydrogenated Methylolalkanale technically used according to the invention such as neopentyl glycol (NPG) or trimethylolpropane (TMP).
  • NPG neopentyl glycol
  • TMP trimethylolpropane
  • a catalyst loading (kg feed / liter of catalyst per hour) is generally set from 0.01 to 100, preferably between 0.05 and 50, particularly preferably between 0.1 and 30.
  • the feed is generally to be understood as meaning a mixture of alkanal, formate, optionally water and optionally alkanol, which has a pH of from 6.5 to 10.
  • the cross-sectional loading (m 3 feed / m 2 area per hour) when continuously carrying out the method according to the invention is between 0.1 and 300.
  • the cross-sectional loads are preferably in the lower range, ie. between 0.1 and 50, preferably between 0.5 and 30. If the inventive method is carried out with additional hydrogenation, the cross-sectional loads are preferably between 10 and 300, particularly preferably between 10 and 100, since in strongly exothermic reactions, at least in a first Reactor, technically often with product return for heat dissipation is worked.
  • part of the feed is water, for example in the weight% range from 0.5 to 80%, preferably between 1 and 60%, particularly preferably between 5 and 50%.
  • Reactors which can be used are all reactors which are suitable in principle for handling solid catalysts. Examples are discontinuously or continuously operated reactors in which the catalyst is suspended. However, flow-through reactors are preferred, especially when quantities above 50 tons per year are to be produced, in which the catalyst is fixedly arranged. In this case, all technically usable geometries of a catalyst can be used, for example tablets, strands, trilobes, hollow tablets, etc. The preferred minimum diameter of these shaped bodies is 0.5 mm, particularly preferably 1 mm. It can be used a reactor, but there are also several possible, either arranged in parallel or preferably in succession.
  • the resulting gas in the reaction is discharged via the exhaust gas. If the reaction is operated under pressure, most of the gas (> 80%) escapes, for example, in a so-called pressure separator, in which the liquid and gas are separated from one another and the gas is depressurized. Dissolved residual gas is then usually removed at ambient pressure or in the subsequent distillation.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of at least one heterogeneous lanthanum-containing catalyst for the degradation of formates in formate-containing mixtures having a pH of 6.5 to 10, at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C and a pressure of 0, 1 to 60 bar.
  • the catalyst, the formates, the formate-containing mixtures, the pressure and the temperature are as described above.
  • the formate content was determined in each case by ion exchange chromatography (IC).
  • the Cu / Al 2 O 3 catalyst was prepared analogously to WO 95/32171 A1, Example E; the lanthanum-containing catalyst according to WO 2007/006719 A1, Example 2.
  • the catalysts were activated before use. It was heated under nitrogen at atmospheric pressure to 180 ° C and then the nitrogen stream 10% by volume of hydrogen admixed. After 2 hours, the hydrogen content was gradually increased by 20% per hour to 100%.
  • Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 and Comparative Example was as follows:
  • the catalyst (87 g, 3 x 3 mm tablets) was activated as described above and then operated in trickle mode at 40 bar and at increasing temperatures from 98 to 105 ° C.
  • the hydrogen flow was 10
  • Composition Feed (% by weight): NPG about 65%, hydroxypivalaldehyde about 5%, water about 25%, pH 8.1.
  • Other components such as isobutyraldehyde, trimethylamine, methanol, formaldehyde, isobutanol are less than 5% in total.
  • the non-lanthanum-containing catalyst (Comparative Example 1) clearly deactivated after 3 months of operation and almost no formate degraded, whereas the lanthanum-containing catalyst used in the process according to the invention still has an excellent activity after 3 months.
  • the collected hydrogenation product from Example 1 or the comparative example with 200 ppm of formate or 1300 ppm of formate were separated in a distillation into a predominantly water-containing overhead fraction and a predominant NPG-containing bottom fraction. In the water fraction, 0.1% formate in the form of formic acid amine salt or NPG formate was found on distillation of the effluents of Example 1. Distillation of the effluents from Comparative Example 1 gave 1% formate in the form of formic acid amine salt or NPG formate.
  • composition Feed (% by weight): NPG about 65%, hydroxypivalaldehyde about 5%, water about 25%, pH 8.1.
  • Other components such as isobutyraldehyde, trimethylamine, methanol, formaldehyde, isobutanol are less than 5% in total.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

A method for the breakdown of formates in formate-containing substance mixtures, wherein the formate-containing substance mixtures are reacted in the presence of at least one lanthanum-containing heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature of 80 to 180 °C and at a pressure of 0.1 to 60 bar, and the formate-containing substance mixtures have a pH of 6.5 to 10. Formate-containing substance mixtures is understood to mean, in particular, substance mixtures comprising carbonyl compounds, which were formed, for example, by an aldol reaction of alkanones or alkanals with formaldehyde, such as, for example, methylolalkanals and the respective hydrogenation products thereof. Said products also contain formates in addition to the aforementioned carbonyl compounds.

Description

Verfahren zum Abbau von Formiaten  Process for decomposing formates
Beschreibung description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Abbau von Formiaten mittels eines Lanthan-haltigen Katalysators in formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen und die Verwendung des Katalysators zu dem vorgenannten Zweck. Im Sinne der Erfindung sind unter formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen insbesondere Stoffgemische enthaltend Carbonylverbindungen zu verstehen, die beispielsweise durch eine Aldolreaktion von Alkanonen oder Alkanalen mit Formaldehyd gebildet wurden, wie z.B. Methylolalkanale, sowie deren entsprechenden Hydrierprodukte. Diese Produkte enthalten neben den vorgenannten Carbonylverbindungen auch Formiate. The invention relates to a process for the degradation of formates by means of a lanthanum-containing catalyst in formate-containing mixtures and the use of the catalyst for the aforementioned purpose. For the purposes of the invention, formate-containing substance mixtures are to be understood as meaning in particular mixtures of substances containing carbonyl compounds which have been formed, for example, by an aldol reaction of alkanones or alkanals with formaldehyde, such as, for example, Methylolalkanale, and their corresponding hydrogenation products. These products contain not only the aforementioned carbonyl compounds but also formates.
Die Herstellung von Methylolalkanalen und ein Verfahren zu deren Hydrierung mit Hilfe eines CuO/AI203-Katalysators werden in der WO 2004/092097 A1 beschrieben. The preparation of Methylolalkanalen and a method for their hydrogenation using a CuO / Al 2 0 3 catalyst are described in WO 2004/092097 A1.
WO 201 1/141470 A1 beschreibt die Umsetzung von Isobutyraldehyd mit wässrigem Formalde- hyd in Gegenwart von Trimethylamin zu Hydroxypivalinaldehyd (HPA). Der HPA-enthaltende Reaktionsaustrag wird mit einem Hydrierkatalysator zu Neopentylglykol (NPG) hydriert. Lanthan-haltige Katalysatoren werden nicht offenbart. WO 201 1/141470 A1 describes the reaction of isobutyraldehyde with aqueous formaldehyde in the presence of trimethylamine to give hydroxypivalaldehyde (HPA). The HPA-containing reaction product is hydrogenated with a hydrogenation catalyst to neopentyl glycol (NPG). Lanthanum-containing catalysts are not disclosed.
WO 2007/006719 beschreibt ein weiteres Verfahren zur Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindungen, (u.a. Aldehyde und Hydroxyaldehyde wie Hydroxypivalinaldehyd,) insbesondere von Carbonsäuren und deren Derivaten, wobei als Katalysator ein CuO/Al203/La203-Metalloxid-Cu-Kataly- sator eingesetzt wird. Die Hydrierung wird im Allgemeinen bei einer Temperatur von 50 bis 350°C und bei einem Druck von 3 bis 350 bar durchgeführt; in den Beispielen wurde ein Druck von 200 bar bei Temperaturen von 210°C bzw. 190°C gewählt. Es werden dabei hohe Umsätze und Selektivitäten erzielt. Die Bildung von Nebenprodukten wird nicht erwähnt. WO 2007/006719 describes a further process for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds (including aldehydes and hydroxyaldehydes such as hydroxypivalaldehyde, in particular of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, the catalyst used being a CuO / Al 2 O 3 / La 2 O 3 metal oxide-Cu catalyst. The hydrogenation is generally carried out at a temperature of 50 to 350 ° C and at a pressure of 3 to 350 bar; In the examples, a pressure of 200 bar at temperatures of 210 ° C and 190 ° C was selected. High sales and selectivities are achieved. The formation of by-products is not mentioned.
WO 201 1/061 185 offenbart die Verwendung eines geträgerten Hydrierkatalysators, der Kupfer als Hydriermetall und AI203 und Lanthanoxid als Trägermaterial enthält, der zur Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindungen eingesetzt wird. Vor seinem Einsatz in der Hydrierung wird der Katalysa- tor basisch bei einem pH > 10 z.B. mit Natronlaugelösung vorbehandelt. Die Hydrierung erfolgt im Allgemeinen bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 50 bis 350°C und einem Druck von 3 bis 350 bar. Es werden Beispiele mit Hydrierungen bei 200°C bzw. 100°C und Drücken von 200 bzw. 90 bar gezeigt. Dieses Verfahren hat, bedingt durch die basische Vorbehandlung des Katalysators, den Nachteil, dass sich bei der Hydrierung von Dimethylolbutyraldehyd zu Trimethylolpropan die Selektivität um 1 -2 % verringert. Auf die Bildung von Nebenprodukten wird dabei nicht näher eingegangen. Bedingt durch Formaldehyd als Reaktionspartner bei der Aldolisierung, enthalten die gebildeten Produkte - neben den gewünschten Carbonylverbindungen - Formiate, deren Vorhandensein auf bereits im eingesetzten Formaldehyd enthaltene Ameisensäure und/oder durch Cannizzaro- Reaktionen während der Umsetzung mit Formaldehyd basiert. WO 201 1/061 185 discloses the use of a supported hydrogenation catalyst which contains copper as hydrogenation metal and Al 2 O 3 and lanthanum oxide as support material which is used for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds. Before being used in the hydrogenation, the catalyst is pretreated basic at a pH> 10, for example with sodium hydroxide solution. The hydrogenation is generally carried out at a temperature in the range of 50 to 350 ° C and a pressure of 3 to 350 bar. Examples are shown with hydrogenations at 200 ° C and 100 ° C and pressures of 200 and 90 bar. Due to the basic pretreatment of the catalyst, this process has the disadvantage that the selectivity is reduced by 1 -2% in the hydrogenation of dimethylolbutyraldehyde to trimethylolpropane. The formation of by-products will not be discussed. Due to formaldehyde as a reactant in the aldolization, the products formed contain - in addition to the desired carbonyl compounds - formates whose presence is based on formic acid contained in the formaldehyde and / or by Cannizzaro reactions during the reaction with formaldehyde.
Diese Formiate können in den Folgestufen stören, beispielsweise durch CO-Bildung während einer Hydrierung und/oder durch Veresterung des Produktes, was zu Ausbeuteverlusten bzw. Reinheitsproblemen im Endprodukt führen kann. Ferner können die Formiate z.B. bei der destil- lativen Aufarbeitung Ameisensäure freisetzen, was dann zu unerwünschten Korrosionen führen kann und den Einsatz von teuren Werkstoffen erfordert. These formates can interfere in the subsequent stages, for example by CO formation during hydrogenation and / or by esterification of the product, which can lead to yield losses or purity problems in the final product. Further, the formates may be e.g. release formic acid during the distillative workup, which can then lead to undesired corrosion and requires the use of expensive materials.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, ein Verfahren bereitzustellen, durch das es gelingt, in Stoffgemischen enthaltene Formiate ganz oder zumindest teilweise abzubauen. Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, dass bei dem Abbau der Formiate möglichst kein Koh- lenmonoxid (CO) gebildet wird. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a process by which it is possible to completely or at least partially degrade formates contained in mixtures. A further object of the invention is that as far as possible no carbon monoxide (CO) is formed during the degradation of the formates.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist daher ein Verfahren zum Abbau von Formiaten in formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass formiathaltige Stoffgemische in Gegenwart von mindestens einem heterogenen Katalysator, der Lanthan enthält, bei einer Temperatur von 80 bis 180°C und einem Druck von 0,1 bis 60 bar umgesetzt werden, und die formiathaltigen Stoffgemische einen pH-Wert von 6,5 bis 10 aufweisen. The invention therefore provides a process for the degradation of formates in formate-containing mixtures, characterized in that formate-containing mixtures in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst containing lanthanum, at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C and a pressure of 0.1 to 60 bar, and the formate-containing mixtures have a pH of 6.5 to 10.
Im Sinne der Erfindung sind unter formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen insbesondere Stoffgemische enthaltend Carbonylverbindungen zu verstehen, die durch Reaktionen in Gegenwart von Formaldehyd erhalten wurden, und/oder deren entsprechende Hydrierprodukte. For the purposes of the invention, formate-containing substance mixtures are to be understood as meaning in particular mixtures of substances containing carbonyl compounds which have been obtained by reactions in the presence of formaldehyde, and / or their corresponding hydrogenation products.
Beispiele sind Carbonylverbindungen, die durch eine Aldolreaktion von Alkanonen oder Alkanalen mit Formaldehyd gebildet wurden wie z.B. Methylolalkanale. Weiterhin können in dem erfin- dungsgemäßen Verfahren auch deren entsprechende Hydrierprodukte verwendet werden. Unter Hydrierprodukten sind insbesondere solche zu verstehen bei denen die Aldehyd- oder Keto- gruppe der Carbonylverbindungen zum Alkohol reduziert wurde. Examples are carbonyl compounds formed by an aldol reaction of alkanones or alkanals with formaldehyde, e.g. Methylolalkanals. Furthermore, in the process according to the invention, its corresponding hydrogenation products can also be used. Hydrogenation products are understood in particular to be those in which the aldehyde or keto group of the carbonyl compounds has been reduced to alcohol.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich im Allgemeinen für die Anwendung vor, während oder nach einer Hydrierung der vorgenannten formiathaltigen Stoffgemische. Bevorzugt wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren während oder nach, besonders bevorzugt während einer Hydrierung angewandt. The inventive method is generally suitable for use before, during or after hydrogenation of the aforementioned formate-containing mixtures. The process according to the invention is preferably used during or after, particularly preferably during a hydrogenation.
Im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung wird unter Formiat Ameisensäure bzw. dessen Salze oder Ester der Ameisensäure mit Alkoholen verstanden. Bevorzugt sind dies Salze, abgeleitet von Ameisensäure und Aminen, bevorzugt von tertiären Aminen, bevorzugt beispielsweise Trime- thylamin, Methyldiethylamin, Dimethylethylamin, Triethylamin. Die Alkylkomponente des Amins kann auch längerkettig und/oder cyclisch sein. Der Formiatgehalt (gemessen bzw. berechnet als Ameisensäure) im erfindungsgemäß eingesetzten Stoffgemisch kann bis zu 20000 Gew.-ppm betragen, bevorzugt von 10 bis 8000 ppm, besonders bevorzugt von 100 bis 3000 ppm. For the purposes of the present invention, formate is understood to mean formic acid or its salts or esters of formic acid with alcohols. These are preferably salts derived from formic acid and amines, preferably from tertiary amines, preferably, for example, trimethylamine, methyldiethylamine, dimethylethylamine, triethylamine. The alkyl component of the amine may also be longer chain and / or cyclic. The formate content (measured or calculated as formic acid) in the substance mixture used according to the invention can be up to 20,000 ppm by weight, preferably from 10 to 8,000 ppm, particularly preferably from 100 to 3,000 ppm.
Unter den erfindungsgemäßen Bedingungen werden die in dem erfindungsgemäß eingesetzten Stoffgemisch enthaltenen Formiate zumindest zu 50 %, bevorzugt zumindest zu 70 %, besonders bevorzugt zumindest zu 80 % abgebaut. Der pH-Wert des formiathaltigen Stoffgemischs wird in einer wässrigen Lösung bestimmt, die zumindest 50 Gew.-% Wasser enthält. Dies bedeutet, dass formiathaltige Stoffgemische, die weniger als 50 Gew.-% Wasser enthalten, entsprechend mit Wasser auf 50 % Wassergehalt verdünnt werden. Sollte sich das Gemisch nicht vollständig mischen, so wird der pH aus der wässrigen Phase bestimmt. Bei formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen, die einen Wassergehalt > 50% aufweisen, wird der pH aus eben diesem Gemisch bestimmt. Under the conditions according to the invention, the formates contained in the substance mixture used according to the invention are degraded at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, particularly preferably at least 80%. The pH of the formate-containing mixture is determined in an aqueous solution containing at least 50% by weight of water. This means that formate-containing mixtures containing less than 50% by weight of water are correspondingly diluted with water to 50% of water content. If the mixture does not mix completely, the pH is determined from the aqueous phase. In the case of formate-containing mixtures which have a water content> 50%, the pH is determined from precisely this mixture.
Erfindungsgemäß weist die wässrige Lösung des formiathaltigen Stoffgemischs, die sogenannte Feedlosung, einen pH-Wert im Bereich von 6,5 bis 10, bevorzugt von 7 bis 9,5, besonders bevorzugt von 7,5 bis 9 auf. Die Bestimmung des pHs erfolgt dabei in der Feedlosung vor Errei- chen des Katalysators bzw. vor Kontakt der Feedlosung mit dem Katalysator. Sinkt der pH unter 6,5, so ist die Standzeit des Katalysators eingeschränkt, bei pH-Werten von > 10 finden unerwünschte Nebenreaktionen statt. According to the invention, the aqueous solution of the formate-containing substance mixture, the so-called feed solution, has a pH in the range from 6.5 to 10, preferably from 7 to 9.5, particularly preferably from 7.5 to 9. The pH is determined in the feed solution before the catalyst is reached or before the feed solution is contacted with the catalyst. If the pH drops below 6.5, the service life of the catalyst is limited; at pH values of> 10, undesirable side reactions take place.
Die Einstellung des pH-Werts geschieht bevorzugt durch Dosierung von Base. Hier ist wiede- rum ein tertiäres Amin bevorzugt. Sofern die Bereitstellung des erfindungsgemäß eingesetzten formiathaltigen Stoffgemischs, sogenannter Feedstrom, durch eine Aldolreaktion in Gegenwart eines tert. Amins erfolgte, so wird zur pH-Wert-Einstellung besonders bevorzugt das gleiche Amin verwendet. Erfindungsgemäß wird mindestens ein Lanthan-haltiger Katalysator eingesetzt, in dem Lanthan bevorzugt zumindest teilweise in oxidischer Form, beispielsweise als La2Ü3 oder in Form einer Spinellstruktur vorliegt. Ganz besonders bevorzugt liegen mindestens 30 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge des in dem Katalysator enthaltenen Lanthans in oxidischer Form z.B. als La2Ü3 oder in einer Spinellstruktur vor. The pH adjustment is preferably done by dosing base. Again, a tertiary amine is preferred here. If the provision of the formate-containing mixture used according to the invention, so-called feed stream, by an aldol reaction in the presence of a tert. Amine was carried out, it is particularly preferred to use the same amine for pH adjustment. According to the invention, at least one lanthanum-containing catalyst is used in which lanthanum is preferably present at least partially in oxidic form, for example as La 2 O 3 or in the form of a spinel structure. Most preferably, at least 30% by weight, based on the total amount of lanthanum contained in the catalyst, in oxidic form, e.g. as La2Ü3 or in a spinel structure.
Der Gewichtsanteil des Lanthans (gerechnet als La203), bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators, liegt im Bereich von 0,5 bis 85 %, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2 bis 60 %, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 3 bis 40 %, ganz besonders bevorzugt 4 bis 20%, insbesondere 4 bis 15%. The proportion by weight of lanthanum (calculated as La 2 O 3), based on the total weight of the catalyst, is in the range from 0.5 to 85%, preferably in the range from 2 to 60%, particularly preferably in the range from 3 to 40%, very particularly preferably 4 to 20%, especially 4 to 15%.
Erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt sind Lanthan-haltige Katalysatoren, die zusätzlich zumindest Kupfer enthalten. Das Kupfer kann als Kupferoxid (gerechnet als CuO) in einer Menge von 10 bis 90 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 20 bis 75 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt 30 bis 70 Gew.-%, ganz beson- ders bevorzugt 40 bis 65 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators, enthalten sein. Die angegebenen CuO-Mengen beziehen sich auf den Gehalt vor der Aktivierung des Katalysators mit Wasserstoff. Das Kupferoxid kann dabei zumindest zu 99 Gew.-% durch Fällung eines löslichen Precursors wie z.B. Cu(NOs)2 eingebracht werden und zumindest 1 Gew.- %, bevorzugt zumindest 2 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt zumindest 3 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 5 Gew.-% des CuO kann als pulverförmiges Kupfer oder als Kupferblätt- chen, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators vorliegen. Dabei wird das elementar eingebrachte Kupfer vor Verwendung des Katalysators durch Calzination an Luft zu Kupferoxid umgewandelt. Preferred according to the invention are lanthanum-containing catalysts which additionally contain at least copper. The copper can be used as copper oxide (calculated as CuO) in an amount of from 10 to 90% by weight, preferably from 20 to 75% by weight, particularly preferably from 30 to 70% by weight, very particular. It preferably 40 to 65 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst to be contained. The indicated amounts of CuO refer to the content before activation of the catalyst with hydrogen. The copper oxide can be introduced at least 99 wt .-% by precipitation of a soluble precursor such as Cu (NOs) 2 and at least 1 wt%, preferably at least 2 wt .-%, particularly preferably at least 3 wt .-%, most preferably at least 5% by weight of the CuO can be present as pulverulent copper or as copper flakes, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The elementally introduced copper is converted by the use of the catalyst by calcination in air to copper oxide.
Der erfindungsgemäß eingesetzte Lanthan-haltige Katalysator kann neben Kupfer auch noch weitere Materialen enthalten, wie z.B. pulverförmigen Zement, Aktivkohle oder oxidische Mate- rialen abgeleitet von Si, AI, Zr, Ti oder Gemische daraus. Diese Materialien können in einer Menge von 0,5 - 80 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators, in dem erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator enthalten sein. Bevorzugt sind Kohlenstoff, S1O2 und/oder AI2O3, besonders bevorzugt ist AI2O3. The lanthanum-containing catalyst used according to the invention may contain, in addition to copper, also other materials, such as e.g. powdered cement, activated carbon or oxidic mate- rials derived from Si, Al, Zr, Ti or mixtures thereof. These materials may be present in an amount of 0.5-80% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the catalyst, in the catalyst according to the invention. Preference is given to carbon, S1O2 and / or Al2O3, particularly preferably Al2O3.
Als Zement wird vorzugsweise ein Tonerdezement eingesetzt. Besonders bevorzugt besteht der Tonerdezement im Wesentlichen aus Aluminiumoxid und Calciumoxid. Ferner kann ein Zement auf Basis Magnesiumoxid/Aluminiumoxid, Calciumoxid/Siliciumoxid und Calcium- oxid/Aluminiumoxid/ Eisenoxid verwendet werden. The cement used is preferably an alumina cement. Particularly preferably, the alumina cement consists essentially of alumina and calcium oxide. Further, a cement based on magnesia / alumina, calcia / silica and calcia / alumina / iron oxide may be used.
Beispiele für besonders bevorzugte für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren geeignete Lanthan- haltige Katalysatoren und deren Herstellung finden sich in WO 2007/006719 (Seiten 5-8, 13- 14). Examples of particularly preferred lanthanum-containing catalysts suitable for the process according to the invention and their preparation can be found in WO 2007/006719 (pages 5-8, 13-14).
Erfindungsgemäß ganz besonders bevorzugt sind solche Lanthan-haltigen Katalysatoren, welche auch in der Lage sind, Carbonyl-haltige Verbindungen zu den entsprechenden Alkoholen zu hydrieren. Beispiele für dazu geeignete Katalysatoren werden ebenfalls in WO 2007/006719 006719 (Seiten 5-8, 13-14) beschrieben. Very particularly preferred according to the invention are those lanthanum-containing catalysts which are also capable of hydrogenating carbonyl-containing compounds to give the corresponding alcohols. Examples of suitable catalysts are also described in WO 2007/006719 006719 (pages 5-8, 13-14).
Ganz besonders bevorzugt sind Lanthanoxid/Kupfer-Katalysatoren, insbesondere Lanthanoxid/Kupfer/Kupferoxid-Katalysatoren und Lanthanoxid/Kupfer/Kupferoxid/Aluminiumoxid- Katalysatoren. Very particular preference is given to lanthanum oxide / copper catalysts, in particular lanthanum oxide / copper / copper oxide catalysts and lanthanum oxide / copper / copper oxide / aluminum oxide catalysts.
Besonders bevorzugt sind solche Katalysatoren enthaltend oder bestehend aus: Particular preference is given to those catalysts comprising or consisting of:
4 bis 20 Gew.-% Lanthanoxid, 4 to 20% by weight of lanthanum oxide,
30 bis 70 Gew.-% Kupferoxid, From 30 to 70% by weight of copper oxide,
10 bis 30 Gew-% Aluminiumoxid und 10 to 30% by weight of alumina and
3 bis 20 Gew.-% Kupfer wobei die Summe der genannten Materialien vorzugsweise 100 Gew.-% ergibt. Ganz besonders bevorzugt sind solche Katalysatoren enthaltend oder bestehend aus: 3 to 20 wt .-% copper wherein the sum of said materials preferably gives 100 wt .-%. Very particular preference is given to those catalysts comprising or consisting of:
4 bis 15 Gew.-% Lanthanoxid,  4 to 15% by weight of lanthanum oxide,
40 bis 65 Gew.-% Kupferoxid, From 40 to 65% by weight of copper oxide,
15 bis 30 Gew-% Aluminiumoxid und  15 to 30% by weight of alumina and
5 bis 20 Gew.-% Kupfer wobei die Summe der genannten Materialien vorzugsweise 100 Gew.-% ergibt. 5 to 20% by weight of copper, the sum of said materials preferably being 100% by weight.
Dabei beziehen sich die vorgenannten Zusammensetzungen der Katalysatoren auf deren Zu- sammensetzung vor der Calzination mit Luft. In this case, the abovementioned compositions of the catalysts relate to their composition before calcination with air.
Unter den vorgenannten Katalysatoren insbesondere bevorzugt ist ein Katalysator enthaltend oder bestehend aus (vor der Calzination mit Luft): Among the aforementioned catalysts, particular preference is given to a catalyst comprising or consisting of (before being calcined with air):
58 Gew.-% CuO,58% by weight of CuO,
5 Gew.-% La203, 5% by weight of La 2 O 3 ,
15 Gew.-% Cu . 15% by weight of Cu.
Der Katalysator wird im Allgemeinen bei Temperaturen von 50 bis 150°C, vorzugsweise bei 120°C getrocknet und im Anschluss gegebenenfalls vorzugsweise 2 Stunden bei im Allgemeinen 200 bis 600°C, insbesondere bei 300 bis 500°C, bevorzugt mit Luft, calciniert. The catalyst is generally dried at temperatures of 50 to 150 ° C, preferably at 120 ° C and then optionally optionally for 2 hours at generally 200 to 600 ° C, especially at 300 to 500 ° C, preferably with air, calcined.
Der vorstehend beschriebene getrocknete und calcinierte Katalysator kann vor seinem Einsatz in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren einer Behandlung mit siedendem Wasser und/oder Dampf unterzogen werden, wodurch eine hohe Stabilität des Formkörpers, der als Katalysator eingesetzt wird, erreicht wird und gleichzeitig die Hydrieraktivität und Selektivität des Katalysators gesteigert wird. Die Wasserbehandlung und/oder Dampfbehandlung des Katalysators kann wie in WO 2007/006719 (Seiten 5 und 6) beschrieben erfolgen. Bevorzugt erfolgt die Behandlung mit siedendem Wasser und/oder Dampf, besonders bevorzugt mit siedendem Wasser. The dried and calcined catalyst described above may be subjected to a treatment with boiling water and / or steam prior to its use in the process according to the invention, whereby a high stability of the shaped body used as a catalyst is achieved and at the same time the hydrogenation activity and selectivity of the catalyst is increased. The water treatment and / or steam treatment of the catalyst can be carried out as described in WO 2007/006719 (pages 5 and 6). Preferably, the treatment is carried out with boiling water and / or steam, more preferably with boiling water.
Nach der Wasser- und/oder Dampfbehandlung wird der Katalysator üblicherweise nochmals bei Temperaturen von im Allgemeinen 50 bis 300°C getrocknet, und gegebenenfalls calciniert. After the water and / or steam treatment, the catalyst is usually dried again at temperatures of generally 50 to 300 ° C, and optionally calcined.
Die zuvor beschriebene Wasser- oder Dampfbehandlung des Katalysators kann vor während oder nach der nachfolgend beschriebenen Aktivierung des Katalysators erfolgen. The previously described water or steam treatment of the catalyst may be carried out before or after the activation of the catalyst described below.
Eine Nachbehandlung des Katalysators mit einer Basenlösung mit einem pH-Wert > 10, wie in WO 201 1/061 185 beschrieben, ist für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ungeeignet und daher explizit vom Schutzumfang ausgenommen. Post-treatment of the catalyst with a base solution having a pH> 10, as described in WO 201 1/061 185, is unsuitable for the process according to the invention and therefore explicitly excluded from the scope of protection.
Der erfindungsgemäß eingesetzte Katalysator wird vor seinem Einsatz mit reduzierenden Gasen wie Wasserstoff oder wasserstoff-haltigen Gemischen, bevorzugt mit Wasserstoff, bei Normaldruck im Bereich von 20 - 250°C, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 100 und 230°C aktiviert. Die Aktivierung des Katalysators kann in dem Reaktor durchgeführt werden, in dem auch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren durchgeführt wird. Es ist ebenso möglich, den Katalysator vor Einbau in den Reaktor anderenorts zu aktivieren. Dabei ist es bevorzugt, diesen Katalysator nach der Aktivierung entweder mit einem inerten, flüssigen Stoff wie z.B. Wasser oder Gemischen aus Wasser und Alkoholen wie Neopentylglykol oder iso-Butanol zu überschichten oder oberflächlich mit z.B. Luft zu passivieren. In beiden Fällen kann dieser Katalysator nach Einbau in den Reaktor ohne weitere Behandlung zur Aktivierung verwendet werden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren findet bevorzugt bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 90 bis 150°C, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 90 bis 130°C statt. Der Druck liegt bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,5 bis 50 bar, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,8 bis 45 bar. The catalyst used according to the invention is activated before use with reducing gases such as hydrogen or hydrogen-containing mixtures, preferably with hydrogen, at normal pressure in the range from 20 to 250.degree. C., more preferably from 100 to 230.degree. The activation of the catalyst can be carried out in the reactor in which the inventive method is carried out. It is also possible to activate the catalyst before installation in the reactor elsewhere. It is preferred to coat this catalyst after activation either with an inert, liquid substance such as water or mixtures of water and alcohols such as neopentyl glycol or iso-butanol or to surface passivate with eg air. In both cases, this catalyst can be used for activation after incorporation into the reactor without further treatment. The process according to the invention preferably takes place at a temperature in the range from 90 to 150.degree. C., more preferably in the range from 90 to 130.degree. The pressure is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 50 bar, more preferably in the range of 0.8 to 45 bar.
Gegebenenfalls kann das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zum Abbau von Formiaten auch in Ge- genwart von Wasserstoff erfolgen. Falls während der katalytischen Umsetzung des formiathalti- gen Stoffgemischs zusätzlich hydriert werden soll, wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren im Allgemeinen bei einem Druck, der im Wesentlichen durch Wasserstoff bestimmt wird, im Bereich von 3 bis 60 bar, bevorzugt im Bereich von 5 bis 50 bar, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 8 bis 45 bar durchgeführt. Bei den vorgenannten Drücken handelt es sich um absolute Drü- cke. If appropriate, the process according to the invention for degrading formates can also be carried out in the presence of hydrogen. If it is intended to additionally hydrogenate during the catalytic conversion of the formate-containing substance mixture, the process according to the invention is generally carried out at a pressure which is essentially determined by hydrogen in the range from 3 to 60 bar, preferably in the range from 5 to 50 bar, particularly preferably carried out in the range of 8 to 45 bar. The above pressures are absolute pressures.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren entsteht beim Abbau der Formiate kein CO, sondern CO2 und Wasserstoff. Dieser Wasserstoff kann zur Hydrierung von Carbonylgruppen verwendet werden. In the process according to the invention, no CO is formed on decomposition of the formates, but CO2 and hydrogen. This hydrogen can be used to hydrogenate carbonyl groups.
Ein Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist somit, dass keine Katalysatordesaktivierung bzw. Vergiftung mit CO stattfindet. An advantage of the method according to the invention is thus that no catalyst deactivation or poisoning with CO takes place.
Wird der Lanthan-haltige Katalysator nicht nur für den Formiat-Abbau, sondern auch für die Carbonylhydrierung erfindungsgemäß eingesetzt wird, ist es überraschend, dass gegenüber einem nicht Lanthan-haltigen Katalysator, eine höhere Aktivität und Lebensdauer resultiert. Die erfindungsgemäß eingesetzten Lanthan-haltigen Katalysatoren zeichnen sich also nicht nur dadurch aus, dass sie Formiate abbauen können, sondern sie sind auch aktiver und robuster als die entsprechenden Katalysatoren ohne Lanthan, was eine längere Lebensdauer bewirkt. If the lanthanum-containing catalyst is used according to the invention not only for the formate degradation but also for the carbonyl hydrogenation, it is surprising that a higher activity and longer lifetime result than a non-lanthanum-containing catalyst. The lanthanum-containing catalysts used according to the invention are thus not only characterized in that they can degrade formates, but they are also more active and robust than the corresponding catalysts without lanthanum, which causes a longer life.
Bei den erfindungsgemäß eingesetzten Formiat-haltigen Stoffgemischen handelt es sich insbesondere um den Reaktionsaustrag der Aldolreaktion eines Aldehyds mit 2 bis 24 C-Atomen mit Formaldehyd wie beispielsweise in WO 98/28253 A1 sowie ferner in WO 2004/092097 A1 und speziell für Isobutyraldehyd in WO 201 1/141470 A1 beschrieben. Der in der Aldolreaktion ein- gesetzte Aldehyd wird dabei im Allgemeinen mit der 1 bis 8-fachen Menge Formaldehyd in Gegenwart eines tertiären Amins zu einem Methylolalkanal umgesetzt. Die in dem Reaktionsaustrag enthaltenen Produkte der Aldolreaktion enthalten mindestens eine Methylolgruppe. Bevorzugt handelt es sich erfindungsgemäß bei dem Methylolalkanal um Hydroxypivalinaldehyd oder 2,2-Bis-hydroxymethylbutanal. Der das Methylolalkanal-enthaltende Reaktionsaustrag enthält als Nebenprodukt Formiate. The formate-containing mixtures used according to the invention are, in particular, the reaction effluent of the aldol reaction of an aldehyde having 2 to 24 carbon atoms with formaldehyde, for example in WO 98/28253 A1 and also in WO 2004/092097 A1 and especially for isobutyraldehyde in WO 201 1/141470 A1. The aldehyde used in the aldol reaction is generally reacted with 1 to 8 times the amount of formaldehyde in the presence of a tertiary amine to give a methylolalkanal. The products of the aldol reaction contained in the reaction contain at least one methylol group. According to the invention, the methylolalkanal is preferably hydroxypivalaldehyde or 2,2-bis-hydroxymethylbutanal. The methylolalkanal-containing reaction product contains formates as by-product.
Das Formiat-haltige Stoffgemisch, insbesondere der zuvor beschriebene Methylolalkanal ent- haltende Reaktionsaustrag, wird dann zum Abbau der gebildeten Formiate dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zugeführt. The formate-containing mixture, in particular the reaction mixture containing the above-described methylolalkanal, is then fed to the process according to the invention for the degradation of the formates formed.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kann gleichzeitig das Methylolalkanal hydriert werden. According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the methylolalkanal can be hydrogenated simultaneously.
Bevorzugte hydrierte Methylolalkanale weisen mindestens 2 Methylolgruppen auf. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind erfindungsgemäß technisch verwendete hydrierte Methylolalkanale wie beispielsweise Neopentylglykol (NPG) oder Trimethylolpropan (TMP). Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird im Allgemeinen eine Katalysatorbelastung (kg Feed/Liter Katalysator pro Stunde) von 0,01 bis 100, bevorzugt zwischen 0,05 und 50, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 0,1 und 30 eingestellt. Unter dem Feed ist dabei im Allgemeinen ein Gemisch aus Alkanal, Formiat, gegebenenfalls Wasser und gegebenenfalls Alkanol zu verstehen, das einen pH von 6,5 bis 10 aufweist. Preferred hydrogenated methylolalkanals have at least 2 methylol groups. Of particular importance are hydrogenated Methylolalkanale technically used according to the invention such as neopentyl glycol (NPG) or trimethylolpropane (TMP). In the process according to the invention, a catalyst loading (kg feed / liter of catalyst per hour) is generally set from 0.01 to 100, preferably between 0.05 and 50, particularly preferably between 0.1 and 30. The feed is generally to be understood as meaning a mixture of alkanal, formate, optionally water and optionally alkanol, which has a pH of from 6.5 to 10.
Die Querschnittsbelastung (m3 Feed/m2 Fläche pro Stunde) beim kontinuierlichen Durchführen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens liegt zwischen 0,1 und 300. The cross-sectional loading (m 3 feed / m 2 area per hour) when continuously carrying out the method according to the invention is between 0.1 and 300.
Sofern das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ohne zusätzliche Hydrierung durchgeführt wird, liegen die Querschnittsbelastungen bevorzugt im unteren Bereich, d.h. zwischen 0,1 und 50, bevorzugt zwischen 0,5 und 30. Wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren bei zusätzlicher Hydrierung durchgeführt, liegen die Querschnittsbelastungen bevorzugt zwischen 10 und 300, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 10 und 100, da bei stark exothermen Reaktionen, zumindest in einem ersten Reaktor, technisch oft mit Produktrückführung zur Wärmeabführung gearbeitet wird. If the process according to the invention is carried out without additional hydrogenation, the cross-sectional loads are preferably in the lower range, ie. between 0.1 and 50, preferably between 0.5 and 30. If the inventive method is carried out with additional hydrogenation, the cross-sectional loads are preferably between 10 and 300, particularly preferably between 10 and 100, since in strongly exothermic reactions, at least in a first Reactor, technically often with product return for heat dissipation is worked.
Im Allgemeinen ist ein Teil des Feeds Wasser, beispielsweise im Gew.-%-Bereich von 0,5 bis 80 %, bevorzugt zwischen 1 und 60 %, besonders bevorzugt zwischen 5 und 50 %. In general, part of the feed is water, for example in the weight% range from 0.5 to 80%, preferably between 1 and 60%, particularly preferably between 5 and 50%.
Als Reaktoren können alle Reaktoren eingesetzt werden, die zum Umgang mit festen Katalysa- toren prinzipiell geeignet sind. Beispiele sind diskontinuierlich oder kontinuierlich betriebene Reaktoren, in dem der Katalysator suspendiert vorliegt. Bevorzugt sind allerdings kontinuierlich durchströmte Reaktoren, v.a. wenn Mengen oberhalb von 50 to pro Jahr hergestellt werden sollen, bei denen der Katalysator fest angeordnet ist. Dabei können alle technisch einsetzbaren Geometrien eines Katalysators eingesetzt werden, beispielsweise Tabletten, Stränge, Triloben, Hohltabletten usw. Der bevorzugte Mindestdurchmesser dieser Formkörper beträgt 0,5 mm, besonders bevorzugt 1 mm. Es kann ein Reaktor verwendet werden, es sind jedoch auch mehrere möglich, entweder parallel oder bevorzugt hintereinander angeordnet. Reactors which can be used are all reactors which are suitable in principle for handling solid catalysts. Examples are discontinuously or continuously operated reactors in which the catalyst is suspended. However, flow-through reactors are preferred, especially when quantities above 50 tons per year are to be produced, in which the catalyst is fixedly arranged. In this case, all technically usable geometries of a catalyst can be used, for example tablets, strands, trilobes, hollow tablets, etc. The preferred minimum diameter of these shaped bodies is 0.5 mm, particularly preferably 1 mm. It can be used a reactor, but there are also several possible, either arranged in parallel or preferably in succession.
Sofern zusätzlich zum erfindungsgemäßen Formiatabbau auch hydriert werden soll, ist es be- vorzugt, einen ersten Reaktor mit äußerem Flüssigumlauf mit außenliegenden Wärmetauscher zu benutzen, gefolgt von einem zweiten Reaktor, der im geraden Durchgang getrieben wird. Dabei ist es für den Formiatabbau prinzipiell unerheblich, ob die Reaktoren in Sumpf- oder Rieselfahrweise betrieben werden, zur Erzielung eines besseren Hydrierumsatzes ist allerdings die Rieselfahrweise bevorzugt. If hydrogenation is to be carried out in addition to the formate degradation according to the invention, it is preferred to use a first reactor with external liquid circulation with external heat exchanger, followed by a second reactor which is driven in a straight pass. It is in principle irrelevant for the Formiatabbau whether the reactors are operated in liquid or trickle mode, to achieve a better hydrogenation conversion, however, the trickle way is preferred.
Das bei der Reaktion entstehende Gas wird über das Abgas ausgeschleust. Wird die Reaktion unter Druck betrieben, so entweicht das meiste Gas (> 80 %) beispielsweise in einem sog. Druckabscheider, in dem Flüssigkeit und Gas voneinander getrennt werden und das Gas über eine Druckhaltung entspannt wird. Gelöstes Restgas wird dann meist bei Umgebungsdruck bzw. auch in der nachfolgenden Destillation entfernt. The resulting gas in the reaction is discharged via the exhaust gas. If the reaction is operated under pressure, most of the gas (> 80%) escapes, for example, in a so-called pressure separator, in which the liquid and gas are separated from one another and the gas is depressurized. Dissolved residual gas is then usually removed at ambient pressure or in the subsequent distillation.
Weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung mindestens eines heterogenen Lanthan-haltigen Katalysators zum Abbau von Formiaten in formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen, die einen pH-Wert von 6,5 bis 10 aufweist, bei einer Temperatur von 80 bis 180°C und einem Druck von 0,1 bis 60 bar. Der Katalysator, die Formiate, die formiathaltigen Stoffgemische, der Druck und die Temperatur sind dabei wie oben zuvor beschrieben. Another object of the invention is the use of at least one heterogeneous lanthanum-containing catalyst for the degradation of formates in formate-containing mixtures having a pH of 6.5 to 10, at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C and a pressure of 0, 1 to 60 bar. The catalyst, the formates, the formate-containing mixtures, the pressure and the temperature are as described above.
In den nachfolgenden Beispielen ist das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren näher erläutert, soll dadurch aber nicht eingeschränkt werden. In the following examples, the inventive method is explained in more detail, but should not be limited thereby.
Beispiele Examples
Der Formiatgehalt wurde jeweils durch lonenaustauschchromatographie (IC) bestimmt. The formate content was determined in each case by ion exchange chromatography (IC).
Der Cu/AI203-Katalysator wurde analog W095/32171 A1 , Beispiel E hergestellt; der Lanthan- haltige Katalysator nach WO 2007/006719 A1 , Beispiel 2. The Cu / Al 2 O 3 catalyst was prepared analogously to WO 95/32171 A1, Example E; the lanthanum-containing catalyst according to WO 2007/006719 A1, Example 2.
Die Katalysatoren wurden vor ihrem Einsatz aktiviert. Dabei wurde unter Stickstoff bei Normaldruck auf 180°C aufgeheizt und anschließend dem Stickstoffstrom 10 Volumen-% Wasserstoff zugemischt. Nach 2 h wurde der Gehalt an Wasserstoff schrittweise pro Stunde um 20 % auf 100 % erhöht. The catalysts were activated before use. It was heated under nitrogen at atmospheric pressure to 180 ° C and then the nitrogen stream 10% by volume of hydrogen admixed. After 2 hours, the hydrogen content was gradually increased by 20% per hour to 100%.
Die Durchführung des Beispiels 1 sowie des Vergleichsbeispiels war wie folgt: The procedure of Example 1 and Comparative Example was as follows:
In einem Rohreaktor (1 ) (10 m Länge) wurde der Katalysator (87 g, 3 x 3 mm Tabletten) wie oben beschrieben aktiviert und anschließend in Rieselfahrweise bei 40 bar und bei nach unten zunehmenden Temperaturen von 98 bis 105°C betrieben. Der Wasserstofffluss betrug 10In a tubular reactor (1) (10 m in length), the catalyst (87 g, 3 x 3 mm tablets) was activated as described above and then operated in trickle mode at 40 bar and at increasing temperatures from 98 to 105 ° C. The hydrogen flow was 10
Normliter (NL)/Stunde. Der Austrag wurde gesammelt und nach Analyse in einem weiteren Reaktor (2) am jeweils gleichen, aktivierten Katalysator (87 g) wie im ersten Reaktor bei 103°C und 40 bar nachhydriert. Der Formiatgehalt im Feed lag bei ca. 1500 Gew.-ppm. Standard liters (NL) / hour. The effluent was collected and post-hydrogenated after analysis in another reactor (2) on each same, activated catalyst (87 g) as in the first reactor at 103 ° C and 40 bar. The formate content in the feed was about 1500 ppm by weight.
Zusammensetzung Feed (Gew.-%): NPG ca. 65 %, Hydroxypivalinaldehyd ca. 5 %, Wasser ca. 25 %, pH 8,1 . Andere Komponenten wie Isobutyraldehyd, Trimethylamin, Methanol, Formaldehyd, Isobutanol liegen in Summe unter 5 %. Composition Feed (% by weight): NPG about 65%, hydroxypivalaldehyde about 5%, water about 25%, pH 8.1. Other components such as isobutyraldehyde, trimethylamine, methanol, formaldehyde, isobutanol are less than 5% in total.
Die Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengefasst. Tab. 1 The results are summarized in Table 1. Tab. 1
Man erkennt, dass der nicht Lanthan-haltige Katalysator (Vergleichsbeispiel 1 ) nach 3 Monaten Betriebszeit deutlich deaktivierte und fast kein Formiat abbaute, wohingegen der in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren eingesetzte Lanthan-haltige Katalysator auch nach 3 Monaten noch über eine ausgezeichnete Aktivität verfügt. Die gesammelten Hydrierausträge aus Beispiel 1 bzw. des Vergleichsbeispiels mit 200 ppm Formiat bzw. 1300 ppm Formiat wurden in einer Destillation in eine überwiegend wasserhaltige Kopffraktion und eine überwiegende NPG-haltige Sumpffraktion aufgetrennt. In der Wasserfraktion fanden sich bei Destillation der Austräge aus Beispiel 1 0,1 % Formiat in Form von Amei- sensäure-Aminsalz bzw. NPG-Formiat. Bei Destillation der Austräge aus Vergleichsbeispiel 1 fanden sich 1 % Formiat in Form von Ameisensäure-Aminsalz bzw. NPG-Formiat. It can be seen that the non-lanthanum-containing catalyst (Comparative Example 1) clearly deactivated after 3 months of operation and almost no formate degraded, whereas the lanthanum-containing catalyst used in the process according to the invention still has an excellent activity after 3 months. The collected hydrogenation product from Example 1 or the comparative example with 200 ppm of formate or 1300 ppm of formate were separated in a distillation into a predominantly water-containing overhead fraction and a predominant NPG-containing bottom fraction. In the water fraction, 0.1% formate in the form of formic acid amine salt or NPG formate was found on distillation of the effluents of Example 1. Distillation of the effluents from Comparative Example 1 gave 1% formate in the form of formic acid amine salt or NPG formate.
Beispiele 2 und 3 In einem Rohreaktor (1 ) (10 m Länge) wurde der Katalysator (87 g, 3 x 3 mm Tabletten) wie oben beschrieben aktiviert und anschließend in Rieselfahrweise bei gegebenen Druck und Temperaturen gemäß Tabelle 2 betrieben. Der Wasserstofffluss betrug 10 NL/Stunde. Der Austrag wurde gesammelt und nach Analyse in einem weiteren Reaktor (2) am jeweils gleichen, aktivierten Katalysator (87 g) wie im ersten Reaktor nachhydriert. Examples 2 and 3 In a tubular reactor (1) (10 m in length), the catalyst (87 g, 3 × 3 mm tablets) was activated as described above and then operated in trickle mode at the given pressure and temperatures according to Table 2. The hydrogen flow was 10 NL / hour. The effluent was collected and post-hydrogenated after analysis in another reactor (2) on the same activated catalyst (87 g) as in the first reactor.
Der Formiatgehalt im Feed lag bei ca. 1500 Gew.-ppm. Zusammensetzung Feed (Gew.-%): NPG ca. 65 %, Hydroxypivalinaldehyd ca. 5 %, Wasser ca. 25 %, pH 8,1. Andere Komponenten wie Isobutyraldehyd, Trimethylamin, Methanol, Formaldehyd, Isobutanol liegen in Summe unter 5 %. The formate content in the feed was about 1500 ppm by weight. Composition Feed (% by weight): NPG about 65%, hydroxypivalaldehyde about 5%, water about 25%, pH 8.1. Other components such as isobutyraldehyde, trimethylamine, methanol, formaldehyde, isobutanol are less than 5% in total.
Die Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 2 zusammengefasst.  The results are summarized in Table 2.
Tab. 2 Tab. 2
Beispiel 4 Example 4
1 kg der gesammelten Hydrierausträge aus Vergleichsbeispiel 1 mit ca. 1500 ppm Formiat wurden in einem Batchversuch mit 200 ml des aktivierten Lanthan-haltigen Katalysators (nach WO WO 2007/006719 A1 , Beispiel 2) bei 90°C umgesetzt. Nach 30 min wurden in dem Hydrier- austrag ca. 250 ppm Formiat in Form von Ameisensäure-Aminsalz bzw. NPG-Formiat gefunden, nach 1 h wurden noch 70 ppm Formiat gefunden. Die vorgenannten Beispiele zeigen, dass es mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren gelingt, die Formiate effektiv zu 50% oder mehr abzubauen. 1 kg of the collected hydrogenation from Comparative Example 1 with about 1500 ppm formate were reacted in a batch experiment with 200 ml of the activated lanthanum-containing catalyst (according to WO WO 2007/006719 A1, Example 2) at 90 ° C. After 30 minutes, about 250 ppm of formate in the form of formic acid amine salt or NPG formate were found in the hydrogenation effluent; after 1 hour, 70 ppm of formate were still found. The above examples show that it is possible with the inventive method to effectively reduce the formates to 50% or more.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1 . Verfahren zum Abbau von Formiaten in formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass formiathaltige Stoffgemische in Gegenwart von mindestens einem hetero- genen Katalysator, der Lanthan enthält, bei einer Temperatur von 80 bis 180°C und einem1 . Process for the degradation of formates in formate-containing mixtures, characterized in that formate-containing mixtures in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst containing lanthanum, at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C and a
Druck von 0,1 bis 60 bar umgesetzt werden, und die formiathaltigen Stoffgemische einen pH-Wert von 6,5 bis 10 aufweisen Pressure of 0.1 to 60 bar are reacted, and the formate-containing mixtures have a pH of 6.5 to 10
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Katalysator 0,5 bis 85 Gew.-% Lanthan, gerechnet als La2Ü3, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des Katalysators, enthält. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the catalyst 0.5 to 85 wt .-% lanthanum, calculated as La2Ü3, based on the total weight of the catalyst contains.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lanthan zumindest zu 30 Gew.-% in oxidischer Form, insbesondere als La2Ü3 oder als Spinell, bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge des in dem Katalysator enthaltenen Lanthans, vorliegt. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lanthanum is present at least to 30 wt .-% in oxidic form, in particular as La2Ü3 or as spinel, based on the total amount of lanthanum contained in the catalyst.
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Katalysator Kupfer enthält. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the catalyst contains copper.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das formiathaltige Stoffgemisch Carbonylverbindungen enthält, die durch eine Aldolreaktion von Alkanalen mit Formaldehyd gebildet wurden und/oder deren entsprechende Hydrierprodukte. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the formate-containing mixture contains carbonyl compounds which have been formed by an aldol reaction of alkanals with formaldehyde and / or their corresponding hydrogenation products.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abbau der Formiate in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff erfolgt. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the degradation of the formates takes place in the presence of hydrogen.
7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abbau der Formiate in Gegenwart eines tertiären Amins erfolgt. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the degradation of the formates takes place in the presence of a tertiary amine.
8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest 50 Gew.-% der Formiate abgebaut werden. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that at least 50 wt .-% of the formates are degraded.
9. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das formiat- haltige Stoffgemisch Verbindungen enthält, die zumindest zwei Methylolgruppen aufweisen. 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the formate-containing mixture contains compounds which have at least two methylol groups.
10. Verfahren einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das formiathaltige Stoffgemisch Hydroxypivalinaldehyd und Neopentylglykol enthält. 10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the formate-containing mixture of hydroxypivalaldehyde and neopentyl glycol.
1 1 . Verwendung mindestens eines heterogenen Lanthan-haltigen Katalysators zum Abbau von Formiaten aus formiathaltigen Stoffgemischen, die einen pH-Wert von 6,5 bis 10 aufweisen, bei einer Temperatur von 80 bis 180°C und einem Druck von 0,1 bis 60 bar. 1 1. Use of at least one heterogeneous lanthanum-containing catalyst for the degradation of formates from formate-containing mixtures having a pH of 6.5 to 10, at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C and a pressure of 0.1 to 60 bar.
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