Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
  • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
  • H04W36/0055—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
  • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
  • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
  • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
  • H04L5/001—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT the frequencies being arranged in component carriers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0053—Allocation of signaling, i.e. of overhead other than pilot signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0053—Allocation of signaling, i.e. of overhead other than pilot signals
  • H04L5/0057—Physical resource allocation for CQI
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0091—Signaling for the administration of the divided path
  • H04L5/0096—Indication of changes in allocation
  • H04L5/0098—Signalling of the activation or deactivation of component carriers, subcarriers or frequency bands
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
  • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
  • H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
  • H04W36/00837—Determination of triggering parameters for hand-off
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
  • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
  • H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
  • H04W36/0085—Hand-off measurements
  • H04W36/0094—Definition of hand-off measurement parameters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
  • H04W36/24—Reselection being triggered by specific parameters
  • H04W36/30—Reselection being triggered by specific parameters by measured or perceived connection quality data
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
  • H04W36/24—Reselection being triggered by specific parameters
  • H04W36/30—Reselection being triggered by specific parameters by measured or perceived connection quality data
  • H04W36/302—Reselection being triggered by specific parameters by measured or perceived connection quality data due to low signal strength
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/0006—Assessment of spectral gaps suitable for allocating digitally modulated signals, e.g. for carrier allocation in cognitive radio
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
  • H04W16/14—Spectrum sharing arrangements between different networks

Definitions

• the exemplary and non-limiting embodiments of this invention relate generally to wireless communications networks, and more particularly to service offloading.
• Mobile data offloading refers to using of complementary network technologies for delivering data originally targeted to a cellular network.
• Rules triggering a mobile offloading action may be set by a mobile subscriber or a network operator.
• the code operating on the rules resides in an end-user device and/or in a server.
• the end user may do data offloading for controlling data service costs and/or for the availability of a higher bandwidth.
• the network operator may do data offloading for decreasing congestion of the cellular network.
• An access network discovery and selection function may be used for controlling offloading between 3GPP access networks and non-3GPP access networks (such as WLAN). ANDSF assists user devices to discover nearby access networks.
• An aspect of the invention relates to a method for defining offloading criteria in a communications system, the method comprising maintaining, in a network apparatus, a first criteria for offloading a user terminal from a mobile network to a local network;
• a further aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including a computer program code, wherein at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform any of the method steps.
• a still further aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including a computer program code, wherein at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to disable offloading of a user terminal from a mobile network to a local network, if a predetermined criteria is fulfilled and if the user terminal is able to receive and/or transmit data using multiple carriers by using carrier aggregation.
• a still further aspect of the invention relates to a computer program product comprising executable code that when executed, causes execution of functions of the method.
• Figure 1 b illustrates LTE-U/small cell consideration for WLAN selection
• Figure 2 shows a simplified block diagram illustrating exemplary system architecture
• Figure 3 shows a simplified block diagram illustrating exemplary apparatuses
• Figure 4 shows a messaging diagram illustrating an exemplary messaging event according to an embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of a flow chart according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
• 3GPP is working with WLAN-3GPP radio level interworking. 3GPP is also about to start discussions on LTE in unlicensed band operation (along with the relevant frequency variants).
• WLAN radio interworking enhancement work it is considered that from a radio perspective a user terminal (UE) is to be offloaded to a wireless local area network (WLAN) based on serving 3GPP cell (e.g. LTE PCell or an UTRA serving cell) signal strength measurement, such as RSRP measurement, compared to a given RSRP threshold provided by a network.
• serving 3GPP cell e.g. LTE PCell or an UTRA serving cell
• RSRP measurement signal strength measurement
• similar criteria may be considered for onloading i.e. moving back from WLAN to the 3GPP radio.
• the difference between offloading and handover is that in offloading the whole connection is not necessary moved, while it is only using alternative technology and potentially for a part of the services (part of bearers or data flows). In some cases only control plane connection may remain on the 3GPP side. Also UE is expected to make a decision whether offloading conditions are fulfilled and especially whether the conditions actually experienced in WLAN (after offloading) are sufficient and if UE is to return to the 3GPP radio network. The WLAN network is not checked either whether the offloading is acceptable before giving UE parameters to guide the offloading decision. The intention is to reduce the load of the 3GPP network while using a likely less loaded WLAN for the situation when better or at least sufficient service may be obtainable from the WLAN side.
• the use of different offloading criteria is also to ensure that the user is not provided with a service quality worse than in WLAN, thus aiming to offload users that are not having a good quality on the 3GPP side.
• the connection with the LTE network may thus also remain in parallel for streams such as voice over LTE (VoLTE) that require seamless handling of mobility inside the 3GPP network.
• VoIP voice over LTE
• the difference compared to handovers is also that in some cases UE may already select WLAN before the actual data offloading decision from 3GPP to WLAN.
• UE first finds WLAN access points and starts listening to the WLAN access points, meaning that UE selects WLAN, and only in a later phase when the offloading criteria are met, the actual offloading to WLAN takes place and data is routed from the 3GPP radio network to WLAN. For instance, if a serving cell RSRP level (i.e. the signal strength measured by UE) ⁇ the RSRP threshold (provided by the network), UE is offloaded to WLAN.
• RSRP level i.e. the signal strength measured by UE
• the RSRP threshold provided by the network
• the above-mentioned simple serving cell signal strength (or signal quality such as RSRQ or CQI) based criteria and related thresholds are unlikely to be an optimum criteria for offloading UE to WLAN when UE may actually receive (or transmit) data using multiple carriers by using carrier aggregation, and especially by using the carrier aggregation with LTE-U (LTE in unlicensed band).
• PCell primary cell
• SCell secondary cells
• the resulting metric for the selected criteria may be scaled further with a factor reflecting system load or otherwise desire to offload the traffic from the 3GPP system to WLAN, this scaling factor being obtained either from broadcast signalling or direct signaling.
• the serving cell may remain as a LTE licensed spectrum cell, and an LTE cell on an unlicensed spectrum (an LTE-U cell) may be aggregated a secondary cell SCell with a licensed spectrum PCell.
• the PCell or serving cell RSRP level compared to the RSRP threshold does not give enough information for making a decision whether UE is to be offloaded to WLAN or not.
• the PCell (the serving cell) RSRP is below the given RSRP threshold and therefore traffic through the PCell may be somewhat limited, the whole traffic of a given UE may go through LTE-U SCell as this LTE-U Scell may be sufficiently strong and not interference or traffic limited.
• An exemplary embodiment discloses using the LTE carrier aggregation and the use of LTE-U in connection with definition of WLAN offloading criteria.
• the PCell RSRP is not solely considered as the criteria, but if UE has SCell(s) configured by RRC, then following examples may be considered: When there is a secondary cell SCell configured (and usable from the SCell RSRP threshold) the WLAN off-loading is not used unless each cell meets the criteria of RSRP being small enough. When there is a secondary cell SCell configured and in use, if RSRP is higher than the threshold in SCell, then the WLAN offloading is not used. If a MAC layer had deactivated SCell, then the off-loading does not take place as it is expected that sufficient data throughput is reached with PCell only and there is no need to use CA by activating SCell.
• 3GPP to WLAN offloading rules and criteria may include: a) If LTE-U is deployed in the network and indicated e.g. in the broadcast channel of a serving (PCell) licensed spectrum LTE cell, UE supporting LTE-U does not offload to WLAN even if the serving cell RSRP level (measured by UE) ⁇ the RSRP threshold (provided by the network). b) Instead of making the decision whether to offload (steer) UE to WLAN, UE checks whether the serving cell RSRP level is below a given RSRP threshold and whether there is a LTE-U cell available.
• LTE-U cell is indicated e.g. in a broadcast channel of the licensed spectrum LTE PCell, UE supporting LTE-U remains connected to LTE PCell even if PCell RSRP is below the threshold. If no LTE-U cell is indicated by PCell, UE is offloaded to WLAN if the PCell RSRP level is below the RSRP threshold. c) If even more accurate information on the LTE-U cell is desired before deciding whether to offload UE to WLAN, UE may be requested to search, find and potentially even measure the LTE-U cell before decision making e.g. as follows: If the LTE-U cell is indicated e.g.
• LTE PCell in the broadcast channel of the licensed spectrum LTE PCell and UE has been able to find (detect) LTE-UE and potentially also measure the RSRP (or RSRQ) level for LTE-U, UE remains connected to LTE PCell even if PCell RSRP is below the threshold. If no LTE-U cell is indicated by the PCell or UE has not been able to find (detect) LTE-UE even if indicated, UE may be offloaded to WLAN if the PCell RSRP level is below the RSRP threshold.
• WLAN offloading may also be defined as follows: d) Even if the LTE PCell RSRP level is below the RSRP threshold, UE is not offloaded to WLAN if the LTE-U cell is configured by RRC even if this LTE-U SCell is not activated (the activation of the LTE-U SCell only happens when there is traffic to be transmitted and received through the LTE-U SCell). If the LTE PCell RSRP level is below the RSRP threshold and no LTE-U cell is configured, UE is offloaded to WLAN.
• additional criteria may be defined as follows: If LTE PCell RSRP level is below RSRP threshold and no LTE-U cell is configured but UE has been able to find a sufficiently good LTE-U cell and the LTE-U cell is indicated by LTE PCell, UE is not offloaded to WLAN. If the LTE PCell RSRP level is below the RSRP threshold and no LTE-U cell is configured or found by UE, UE is offloaded to WLAN.
• Figure 1 a shows an illustration of generic WLAN selection with LTE carrier aggregation (regardless of whether SCell is an LTE-U cell or a regular LTE carrier).
• Figure 1 b shows an illustration of an LTE-U/small cell consideration for WLAN selection.
• UE may keep the latest CQI value, or N latest values or their average or medians for the carriers UE was using as a reference to consider against the service quality experienced in WLAN.
• CQI may be used to define an expected data rate across each carrier previously configured for CA operation and compared if the WLAN service quality is high enough compared to the service quality in the LTE side. And in case the service quality experienced in WLAN is too low compared to the LTE side expected data rate from each carrier, then UE is to return using the 3GPP network (LTE or HSPA), with this referred as onloading.
• RSRQ may also be used instead of RSRP in the WLAN offloading criteria (rules).
• Wi-Fi offloading is performed via access network discovery and selection function (ANDSF) policies without using handover messages inside the 3GPP network.
• ANDSF access network discovery and selection function
• the present invention is applicable to any network apparatus, user terminal, server, corresponding component, and/or to any communication system or any combination of different communication systems that support service offloading.
• the communication system may be a fixed communication system or a wireless communication system or a communication system utilizing both fixed networks and wireless networks.
• the protocols used, the specifications of communication systems, servers and user terminals, especially in wireless communication develop rapidly. Such development may require extra changes to an embodiment. Therefore, all words and expressions should be interpreted broadly and they are intended to illustrate, not to restrict, the embodiment.
• FIG. 2 is a simplified system architecture only showing some elements and functional entities, all being logical units whose implementation may differ from what is shown.
• the connections shown in Figure 2 are logical connections; the actual physical connections may be different. It is apparent to a person skilled in the art that the systems also comprise other functions and structures. It should be appreciated that the functions, structures, elements and the protocols used in or for service offloading, are irrelevant to the actual invention. Therefore, they need not to be discussed in more detail here.
• the exemplary radio system of Figure 2 comprises a network node 201 of a network operator.
• the network node 201 may include e.g. an LTE (or LTE-A) base station (eNB), radio network controller (RNC), or any other network element, or a combination of network elements.
• the network node 201 may be connected to one or more core network (CN) elements (not shown in Figure 2) such as a mobile switching centre (MSC), MSC server (MSS), mobility management entity (MME), gateway GPRS support node (GGSN), serving GPRS support node (SGSN), home location register (HLR), home subscriber server (HSS), visitor location register (VLR).
• MSC mobile switching centre
• MSC server MSC server
• MME mobility management entity
• GGSN gateway GPRS support node
• HLR home location register
• HSR home subscriber server
• VLR visitor location register
• the radio network node 201 that may also be called eNB (enhanced node-B, evolved node-B) or network apparatus of the radio system, hosts the functions for radio resource management in a public land mobile network.
• Figure 2 shows one or more user equipment 202 located in the service area of the radio network node 201 .
• the user equipment or UE refers to a portable computing device, and it may also be referred to as a user terminal.
• Such computing devices include wireless mobile communication devices operating with or without a subscriber
• SIM identification module
• PDA personal digital assistant
• laptop computer the user equipment 202 is capable of connecting to the radio network node 201 via a connection 203.
• Figure 3 is a block diagram of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 3 shows a user equipment 202 located in the area of a radio network node 201 .
• the user equipment 202 is configured to be in connection with the radio network node 201 .
• the user equipment or UE 202 comprises a controller 301 operationally connected to a memory 302 and a transceiver 303.
• the controller 301 controls the operation of the user equipment 202.
• the memory 302 is configured to store software and data.
• the transceiver 303 is configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 303 to the radio network node 301 .
• the transceiver 303 is operationally connected to a set of antenna ports 304 connected to an antenna arrangement 305.
• the antenna arrangement 305 may comprise a set of antennas.
• the number of antennas may be one to four, for example.
• the number of antennas is not limited to any particular number.
• the user equipment 202 may also comprise various other components, such as a user interface, camera, and media player. They are not displayed in the figure due to simplicity.
• the radio network node 201 such as an LTE base station (eNode-B, eNB) comprises a controller 306 operationally connected to a memory 307, and a transceiver 308.
• the controller 306 controls the operation of the radio network node 201 .
• the memory 307 is configured to store software and data.
• the transceiver 308 is configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 203 to the user equipment 202 within the service area of the radio network node 201 .
• the transceiver 308 is operationally connected to an antenna arrangement 309.
• the antenna arrangement 309 may comprise a set of antennas.
• the number of antennas may be two to four, for example.
• the number of antennas is not limited to any particular number.
• the radio network node 201 may be operationally connected (directly or indirectly) to another network element (not shown in Figure 3) of the communication system, such as a radio network controller (RNC), a mobility management entity (MME), an MSC server (MSS), a mobile switching centre (MSC), a radio resource management (RRM) node, a gateway GPRS support node, an operations, administrations and maintenance (OAM) node, a home location register (HLR), a visitor location register (VLR), a serving GPRS support node, a gateway, and/or a server, via an interface.
• RNC radio network controller
• MME mobility management entity
• MSC server MSC server
• MSC mobile switching centre
• RRM radio resource management
• gateway GPRS support node a gateway GPRS support node
• OAM operations, administrations and maintenance
• HLR home location register
• VLR visitor location register
• serving GPRS support node a gateway, and/or a server
• a server via an
• the apparatus 201 , 202 has been depicted as one entity, different modules and memory may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities.
• the apparatus may also be a user terminal which is a piece of equipment or a device that associates, or is arranged to associate, the user terminal and its user with a subscription and allows a user to interact with a communications system.
• the user terminal presents information to the user and allows the user to input information.
• the user terminal may be any terminal capable of receiving information from and/or transmitting information to the network, connectable to the network wirelessly or via a fixed connection. Examples of the user terminals include a personal computer, a game console, a laptop (a notebook), a personal digital assistant, a mobile station (mobile phone), a smart phone, and a line telephone.
• the apparatus 201 , 202 may generally include a processor, controller, control unit or the like connected to a memory and to various interfaces of the apparatus.
• the processor is a central processing unit, but the processor may be an additional operation processor.
• the processor may comprise a computer processor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or other hardware components that have been programmed in such a way to carry out one or more functions of an embodiment.
• the memory 302, 307 may include volatile and/or non-volatile memory and typically stores content, data, or the like.
• the memory 302, 307 may store computer program code such as software applications (for example for the detector unit and/or for the adjuster unit) or operating systems, information, data, content, or the like for a processor to perform steps associated with operation of the apparatus in accordance with embodiments.
• the memory may be, for example, random access memory (RAM), a hard drive, or other fixed data memory or storage device. Further, the memory, or part of it, may be removable memory detachably connected to the apparatus.
• an apparatus implementing one or more functions of a corresponding mobile entity described with an embodiment comprises not only prior art means, but also means for implementing the one or more functions of a corresponding apparatus described with an embodiment and it may comprise separate means for each separate function, or means may be configured to perform two or more functions.
• these techniques may be implemented in hardware (one or more apparatuses), firmware (one or more
• firmware or software implementation can be through modules (e.g. procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
• the software codes may be stored in any suitable, processor/computer-readable data storage medium(s) or memory unit(s) or article(s) of manufacture and executed by one or more processors/computers.
• the data storage medium or the memory unit may be implemented within the processor/computer or external to the processor/computer, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor/computer via various means as is known in the art.
• a first network apparatus 201 which may comprise e.g. a network element (network node, e.g. a LTE/LTE-A-capable base station eNode-B, eNB) may maintain 401 a first criteria for offloading a user terminal 202 from a mobile network to a local network.
• the first network apparatus 201 may define 401 a second criteria for refraining from offloading the user terminal 202 from the mobile network to the local network.
• the first network apparatus 201 may transmit the second criteria to a second network apparatus which may comprise e.g. a network element (network node, e.g. a user terminal, UE).
• the second criteria is received in the user terminal 202. Based on the received second criteria, an offloading decision is made 402 in the user terminal such that the offloading of the user terminal from the mobile network to the local network is disabled, if the second criteria is fulfilled and if the user terminal is able to receive and/or transmit data using multiple carriers by using carrier aggregation.
• the offloading decision is made 401 in the base station 201 , wherein the base station 201 instructs 402 the user terminal 202 to refrain 403 from offloading the user terminal 202 from the mobile network to the local network.
• Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary embodiment.
• a first network apparatus 201 which may comprise e.g. a network element (network node, e.g. a
• LTE/LTE-A-capable base station may maintain 501 a first criteria for offloading a user terminal 202 from a mobile network to a local network.
• the first network apparatus 201 may define 501 a second criteria for refraining from offloading the user terminal 202 from the mobile network to the local network.
• the first network apparatus 201 may transmit the second criteria to a second network apparatus which may comprise e.g. a network element (network node, e.g. a user terminal, UE).
• an offloading decision is made 501 in the base station 201 , wherein the base station 201 instructs 502 the user terminal 202 to refrain from offloading the user terminal 202 from the mobile network to the local network.
• the offloading decision may involve that the offloading of the user terminal from the mobile network to the local network is to be disabled, if the second criteria is fulfilled and if the user terminal is able to receive and/or transmit data using multiple carriers by using carrier aggregation.
• FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary embodiment.
• a second network apparatus 202 which may comprise e.g. a network element (network node, e.g. a user terminal, UE) may receive 601 , from a first network apparatus 201 (which may comprise e.g. a network element (network node, e.g. a LTE/LTE-A-capable base station eNode-B, eNB)), a second criteria for refraining from offloading the user terminal 202 from a mobile network to a local network.
• a network element network node, e.g. a user terminal, UE
• a second criteria for refraining from offloading the user terminal 202 from a mobile network to a local network.
• an offloading decision may be made 603 in the user terminal 202 such that the offloading of the user terminal from the mobile network to the local network is disabled, if the second criteria is fulfilled and if the user terminal is able to receive and/or transmit data using multiple carriers by using carrier aggregation.
• the offloading decision is made in the base station 201 , wherein instructions are received 601 in the user terminal 202 from the base station 201 , to refrain 603 from offloading the user terminal 202 from the mobile network to the local network.
• the steps/points, signalling messages and related functions de-scribed above in Figures 1 to 6 are in no absolute chronological order, and some of the steps/points may be performed simultaneously or in an order differing from the given one. Other functions can also be executed between the steps/points or within the steps/points and other signalling messages sent be-tween the illustrated messages. Some of the steps/points or part of the steps/points can also be left out or replaced by a corresponding step/point or part of the step/point.
• the apparatus operations illustrate a procedure that may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities.
• the signalling messages are only exemplary and may even comprise several separate messages for transmitting the same information. In addition, the messages may also contain other information.

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