EP3087506A1 - Procede et dispositif de contrôle de proprietes induites d'un melange de constituants, notamment de proprietes d'emission - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif de contrôle de proprietes induites d'un melange de constituants, notamment de proprietes d'emissionInfo
- Publication number
- EP3087506A1 EP3087506A1 EP14827234.7A EP14827234A EP3087506A1 EP 3087506 A1 EP3087506 A1 EP 3087506A1 EP 14827234 A EP14827234 A EP 14827234A EP 3087506 A1 EP3087506 A1 EP 3087506A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- properties
- property
- function
- value
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D11/00—Control of flow ratio
- G05D11/02—Controlling ratio of two or more flows of fluid or fluent material
- G05D11/13—Controlling ratio of two or more flows of fluid or fluent material characterised by the use of electric means
- G05D11/139—Controlling ratio of two or more flows of fluid or fluent material characterised by the use of electric means by measuring a value related to the quantity of the individual components and sensing at least one property of the mixture
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for controlling the induced properties of a mixture of constituents.
- Such "induced” properties result from the properties of the mixture and may not be directly measurable. These induced properties are for example related to emissions produced during the use of said mixture.
- 80.45EPACM uses as input variables some properties of the mixture (oxygen content, sulfur content, vapor pressure, ).
- EPACM also provides calculation methods for output data that are emissions of harmful or unwanted compounds, namely volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and emissions of toxic compounds (TOX), such as benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, ....
- VOC volatile organic compound
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- TOX toxic compounds
- 80.45EAPACM is particularly difficult to implement in refinery operational models or to combine with existing models for predicting the quality of mixtures produced. This difficulty results from the complexity of the model, which provides for different specifications depending on the season, the region and the type of gasoline, imposes specifications on many variables and uses functions of calculation of emissions NOx, VOC and TOX relatively complex for estimate the emissions of a gasoline, these functions being non-linear, non-convex and undifferentiated.
- 80.45EPACM provides a list of conditions (hereinafter referred to as IF-list) which impose disjunctive constraints on the input variables of the NOx, VOC and TOX calculation functions.
- B [Bi, B n ] is a matrix of properties of n constituents £ 1 ⁇ 4,
- the properties x (u) are thus properties of the mixture that are directly measurable (but which can nevertheless be determined by estimates), unlike the induced properties that are not measurable by measurements of the mixture.
- the vector y (x (u)) is thus a function of the properties x (u). It thus corresponds to modified properties of the mixture M. It is for example a vector of the target properties of the mixture, these target properties being predetermined and respect the disjunctive conditions. In particular, the target properties may correspond to the properties of a target mixture of the same nature as the mixture M.
- r being equal to m k or M k .
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to control the properties of mixtures such as mixtures of petroleum products, wine, cements, paints, etc.
- the invention makes it possible to control the properties of mixtures whose constituents are solid and / or liquid and / or gaseous.
- the properties x (u) of the mixture can be physical, chemical, qualitative and / or quantitative properties, and / or be chemical compounds characterized qualitatively and / or quantitatively. They are, in particular, a function of the properties of the constituents (defined by the matrix B) and quantities of mixed constituents (defined by the recipe u).
- the induced properties R (u) of the mixture may be physical, chemical, qualitative and / or quantitative properties and / or be chemical compounds characterized qualitatively and / or quantitatively. These induced properties correspond to a particular behavior of the mixture during its use. This can be emissions of volatile chemical compounds during the use of the mixture. In other words, the properties induced can not be determined by direct measurement of the mixture.
- the method according to the invention thus comprises the following steps:
- (A) a step of determining the properties x (u) of the mixture M. This determination can be carried out by direct measurements of the mixture or by a determination of the properties of the constituents used to manufacture the mixture and by mixing laws from B and u.
- the matrix B of the properties of the constituents may in particular be obtained by measurements of the constituents or by estimation. This matrix B or the properties x (u) can thus be recorded in a memory.
- the properties of the mixture M are named indifferently x (u) or x (B, u).
- r being equal to m k or M k .
- Steps (A) to (E) are then reiterated using the properties of the mixture Mi + i obtained by means of the recipe m + i, in order to determine a new m + 2 recipe, and so on. It is also possible to provide a regular reset of the recipe u to be applied and the properties of the mixture obtained.
- this function R (u) is non-linear, non-differentiable, and requires a high number of constraints in the known handwritings of the state of the art, which complicates its integration into a control method.
- the invention thus has the advantage of reformulating these disjunctive conditions in the form of functions y (x (u)) and z (x (u)) for each property x k .
- This reformulation of disjunctive conditions in the form of functions makes it possible to simplify the estimation of the induced property R by reducing the number of variables with respect to estimates that translate the disjunctive conditions into Boolean variables.
- these functions y (x (u)) and z (x (u)) can be injected directly into a function calculating the value of the emission property R.
- the reformulation thus makes it possible to simplify the estimation of a property of emission R without modifying it, which makes it possible to increase the speed of the data processing, making possible an integration on line.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to formulate disjunctive constraints in a simple manner and to inject variables subject to these disjunctive constraints in a function, thus making it easier to take these variables into account.
- the estimation of the induced property as defined in the method according to the invention is applicable to any model using disjunctive constraints, whether they be mixtures themselves or of a magnitude other than mixture dependent on properties of constituents and having induced properties.
- these induced properties Rj can be determined from a model, in particular from the complex model defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the mixture M being a mixture of hydrocarbons. , for example a gasoline.
- EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
- the function S (x k , r) can be approximated by a sigmoid function SC (x k , r):
- a sufficient calculation precision can be obtained by choosing the coefficient a less than or equal to ⁇ 5, advantageously less than or equal to 5/5, preferably less than or equal to 5/7, for example equal to 5/7.
- the method according to the invention can provide that a mixture M of recipe u meets the specifications R j (u) ⁇ R j if and only if:
- the method according to the invention can provide that a recipe mixture M meets a specification R j ⁇ R j (u) if and only if:
- the method according to the invention can provide that a mixture M of recipe u meets a specification R j () ⁇ R j and R j (u) ⁇ R j , if and only if:
- R j (u) is determined by means of said estimate using the function S (x k , r).
- This function F (u) (9, 9 ', 9 "), which uses a technique inspired by Lagrange multipliers, makes it possible to verify in a simple way whether a constraint R j (u) ⁇ R j and / or R j ⁇ R j (u) is not respected because at least one constraint R j (u) ⁇ R j and / or R j ⁇ R j (u)) is violated if and only if F (u)> 0.
- the use of the function F (u) thus makes it possible to simplify further the control and therefore the processing times.
- the formulation of the function F (u) makes it possible to take penalties into account when a constraint R j (u) ⁇ R j and / or R j (u ⁇ R j is not respected.
- a parameter ⁇ representative of a penalty can be associated with the property Rj when it does not meet the specification R j ⁇ R j (u).
- a mixture M of recipe u respects the specifications R j ⁇ R j (u) if and only if:
- n R can then be chosen equal to zero.
- the function F (u) (9 ") can take into account parameters representative of a penalty associated with the property Rj when it does not meet the specification R j (u) ⁇ R j and R j ⁇ R j (u).
- the function F (u) can then be written:
- R j () ⁇ R j , R j ⁇ R j (u), respectively, may be the same or different.
- the method according to the invention can thus comprise a step of optimizing the recipe u in the course of which a solution to an optimization problem is sought taking into account a set of constraints on the recipes u, a set of constraints on the properties x and a set of constraints on the induced properties Rj, said optimization problem being defined by:
- F (n) is as defined above by the relations (9), (9 ') or (9 ") possibly modified by the sigmoid function SC (Rj, R j ) defined by the relation (11) or (11' )
- F (u, n) is as defined above by the relationships (10), (10 ') or (10 ") possibly modified by the sigmoid function SC (Rj, R j ) defined by the relation (1 1) or (1 1 '),
- UJ U ⁇ U ⁇ ⁇ / u represents the constraints on the recipes, with Uj U and ⁇ ⁇ minimum and maximum values respectively of a recipe u for a set of sets of constraints IU,
- p (L P ) ⁇ x (Lp), x (U P ) ⁇ p (U P ) represents the constraints on the properties x of the mixture, with p (L P ) and p (U P ) minimum and maximum values respectively d 'a property x for a set of constraints sets L P , U P Q ⁇ 1, ..., P] where P: number of monitored properties
- This optimization step uses, for the search of a solution u Q for the optimization problem (12), the value of the function F (u Q ) and the value of its derivative, or the value of the function F ( u Q , ⁇ ) and the value of its derivative, said derivative value being determined by expressing said derivative from the estimate of said induced property R (u) as defined according to the invention in which the function S (x k , r) is approximated by the sigmoid function SC (x k , r) (8), said value of the function F (u Q ) or F (u Q , n) being determined from said estimate of said induced property R (u) in which the function
- S (x k , r) is optionally approximated by the sigmoid function SC (x k , r) (8).
- R (u) makes it possible to know the gradient of the function F (u) or of the function F (u, ⁇ ) and thus to simplify the resolution of the problem (12).
- This problem (12) thus integrates constraints on the recipes, on the properties of the mixture and on the emission properties of the mixture.
- x, x are respectively minimum and maximum values that the properties x (u) of the mixture must respect and which correspond for example to a range of validity of the function R (u).
- these values x, x may correspond to the values m, M of the disjunctive conditions.
- they may correspond to the limits of the validity domain of the 80.45EPACM complex model.
- Equation (14) thus makes it possible to take into account both the constraints that usually exist, for example regulatory constraints, on properties, as well as additional constraints, for example induced by the properties of the mixture, such as these constraints on the emissions of a mixture.
- these additional constraints are defined (see table 1 in the description of the figures). It is common to work with subsets of these constraints. Typically, when all the constraints are not satisfiable, one seeks to satisfy only the hard constraints.
- a set of constraints on the properties can thus be indicated by two sets of indices, "L” for lower and “U” for higher, of properties L P , U P Q ⁇ 1, ..., P ⁇ .
- Current constraints can be written as:
- control method of the present invention can thus comprise:
- step (b) optionally, a step of searching for feasible mixtures, in order to simplify step (c), during which, for R j G ⁇ R 1 :, ..., R p ⁇ , it is solved
- Step (a) makes it possible to define a mixing instance.
- this step defines which properties should be controlled and to what extent, for example depending on the available constituents, the installation used, the model of estimation of the induced properties .R used, ....
- the optional step (b) makes it possible to determine a space of the feasible mixtures which satisfy the constraints on the receipts u, the properties x and the properties R.
- u max is the recipe vector u giving Rj the maximum value.
- u min is the recipe vector u giving Rj the minimum value.
- the optimal recipe u 0 can be used to develop the mixture.
- the method may comprise the following additional step (d), in which :
- At least one value is calculated Where F £ is a function taking into account an additional constraint such as the cost or the quality of the mixture,
- a and b are predetermined weights of F] _ ( 0 ) and F 2 (u 0 ), in particular chosen by the user.
- functions F £ are detailed below.
- This step (d) thus makes it possible to take into account additional constraints via the functions F £ .
- the process according to the invention can be used for the control, especially for optimization, of petroleum product mixtures, but it can also be applied to mixtures of products such as wines, cements, paints, etc. .
- the method according to the invention can thus be a control method in which:
- the mixture M is a mixture of hydrocarbons, for example a gasoline,
- the properties x of said mixture are selected from at least one of oxygen content, sulfur content, vapor pressure, distillation fraction at 200 ° F, distillation fraction at 300 ° F, aromatic content, content benzene, olefin content, methyl ethylbenzene content, ethyl terbutyl ether content, tert-amylathylether content,
- the induced properties R 1 of the mixture are chosen from the emissions (V) of volatile organic compounds, the emissions (N) of nitrogen oxides and the emissions (7) of toxic compounds.
- induced properties Rj can then for example be determined from the complex model 80.45EPACM defined for the reformulated and conventional species by the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the document e-CFR ⁇ 80.45. It should be noted that in this document, specifications on induced properties are given only for so-called reformulated and conventional species. However, the present invention can be applied to other species than so-called reformed species of 80.45EPACM, by an appropriate choice of constraints on the properties induced. In the same way, functions and constraints similar to those presented in 80.45EPACM for reformulated gasolines could be defined for other hydrocarbon formulations (diesel, jet fuel, ...) and implemented by the process according to US Pat. 'invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the application of the 80.45EPACM model. Other models could be used and / or other constraints on properties can be used.
- the properties x of the mixture may in particular be measured, for example by a set of analyzers in line, in particular periodically (by sampling product in a sampling loop).
- the measuring apparatus concerned may be specific for a given property (sulfurimeter, density meter, vapor pressure, etc.). This measuring device can also make it possible to restore the measurement value of several different properties from the same product sample (near infra-red spectral type analyzer).
- calculated estimates can be used to determine certain properties of the mixture. This calculation can combine the values of the properties measured on each mixing component with the ratios (volume or mass) of incorporation into the mixture, by implementing particular transformation laws (mixing laws) specific to each considered property.
- the values of the properties measured on each mixing component can be analyzed in the laboratory (after sampling on a tray), in the case corresponding to mixing constituents available in intermediate tanks feeding the mixers.
- on-line measurements for example provided periodically, on the flow concerned by on-line analyzers can also be used as measured data for feed the inferential calculation of some model inputs.
- flat values can also be assigned depending on the case, when the variability of the property is negligible.
- a computer program product comprising instructions for performing the steps of the method described above when these instructions are executed by a processor.
- This program can for example be stored on a hard drive type memory, downloaded, or other.
- the invention also relates to a system for controlling the properties of a mixture M of n constituents, said system being connected to means for dispensing constituents to a component mixing unit, comprising:
- x (u) [xi,. . .Xk] is a vector of k properties of the mixture M, k nonzero positive integer
- B [Bi, B n ] is a matrix of the characteristics of the n constituents
- a management system comprising:
- y (x (u)) is a vector of properties of the mixture and where y (x (u)) and z (x (u)) are such that they respect disjunctive conditions which, for each property Xk, attribute to yk at least one value selected from Xk, rrik, Mk, as a function of one or more inequalities between said value Xk and at least one value rrik, Mk, where rrik, Mk are predefined constants and Xk is the value of the property k for a recipe u,
- This control system is particularly likely to implement the method according to the invention according to one or more of the characteristics detailed above.
- the processing means may in particular be arranged for:
- the processing means can be arranged for:
- the means for determining the properties of the mixture may be those described above.
- the management system may be, for example, a processor type microprocessor, microcontroller or other.
- the receiving means may for example comprise an input pin, an input port or the like.
- the storage means may be a random access memory or a random access memory (Random Access Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), or the like.
- a random access memory Random Access Memory
- EEPROM Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
- for storage for example, the complex model 80.45EPACM established by 1 ⁇ , and all the constants used in this model, in other words the different functions of this model as well as the expression of their derivative obtained by the estimation according to the invention.
- the processing means may be, for example, a processor core or CPU (Central Processing Unit).
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- the transmission means may for example comprise an output pin, an output port, or other.
- the processing means can be arranged to determine a recipe u by implementing the method according to the invention as defined above, and in particular to implement an optimization step according to the invention and / or steps (a) to (c) or (a) to (d) of the method according to the invention described above.
- the invention finally relates to a mixing unit of n constituents, comprising means for dispensing n constituents in at least one mixing manifold and a control system according to the invention.
- This mixing unit is more particularly intended for the preparation of hydrocarbon mixtures, such as gasolines.
- FIG. 1 represents a diagram of a mixing unit 100 according to one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 represents a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method according to the invention
- FIG. 4 represents a function SC (t, r, a) (A) and its first derivative (B) for the property OXY.
- Figure 1 a mixing unit 100 for producing a mixture M from constituents or bases.
- the constituents are contained in trays 101, 102, 103, the number of which has been limited to three for display conveniences.
- the components to be blended travel through transport routes 104, 105, 106 to a main track 107 provided with a mixing or mixing manifold 108, the main route leading to mixing with a destination tank 109.
- Means designated by the reference 1 10 in FIG. 1 make it possible to control the flow rates of the constituents on each transport route. These are, for example, flow controllers controlling a valve.
- Means for determining the properties 1 1 1, or continuous measuring means, allow to repeatedly measure the parameters representative of the properties of the mixture during its development.
- These means 1 1 1 are for example constituted by online analyzers connected to the mixer 108 located on the main track 107.
- these analyzers measure, for example, the sulfur content of the mixture (sulfurimeter), the octane number (octane engine), the cetane number (cetane engine).
- the installation also includes a management system 1 12 proportions (recipe u) bases entering the mixture.
- This management system 1 12 comprises receiving means 1 13 connected to the determining means 1 1 1, storage means 1 14, processing means 1 15 and transmission means 1 16 connected to the flow control means of the constituents 1 10.
- the storage means 1 14 make it possible to store the values of the properties provided by the reception means, and at least one model for determining the induced properties of a mixture, including the set or objective values for the various properties of the mixture.
- the processing means 1 15 make it possible to determine a recipe u of the proportions of the bases which will be transmitted to the control means 1 10, for example according to the steps described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 2, described for a mixture of hydrocarbons.
- the processing means 1 15 use the data recorded in the storage means 1 14 to determine a mixing recipe u.
- the storage means may contain the specifications of the complex model of 80.45EPACM, as well as the various functions necessary for the control.
- FIG. 2 represents a logic diagram of a method for controlling a mixture M, in particular a mixture of hydrocarbons, for which it is desired that induced properties Rj do not exceed predetermined threshold values, in other words verifying an inequality R j (_u) ⁇ R j ⁇ .
- the induced properties R j G ⁇ N, V, T] are considered, with N emissions of NOx, V emissions of volatile organic compounds and T toxic emissions.
- the storage means contain the specifications of the complex model 80.45EPACM as well as the functions NOx (u), VOC ⁇ u) and TOX (u) of 80.45EPACM, modified as described above in the summary of the invention by the introduction of y and z.
- This step implements an estimation of the property R, an estimation which is determined from the functions NOx (u), VOC (u) and TOX (u) of 80.45EPACM, modified according to the invention by means of the sign function S (xk, r) and stored in the storage means
- this step calculates the values R j (u) corresponding to the functions NOx (u),
- VOC (u) and TOX (u) of 80.45EPACM and also implements a determination of the value of the derivative of the calculated derivative property R as detailed in the gradient calculation example 2, by expressing the property R by means of the sigmoid function SC (x k , r) defined in the summary of the invention.
- the invention is however not limited to this embodiment and the calculation of the values R j (u) could also be performed by modifying the functions NOx (u), VOC ⁇ u) and TOX (u) of 80.45EPACM by integrating the function S (x k , r) approximated by the sigmoid function SC (x k , r) defined in the summary of the invention.
- the resolution of this problem (16) can be implemented by the processing means 115.
- n R. 0 in the function.
- the optimization solution (12) is:
- the resolution of the problem (12) also implements a gradient calculation similar to that presented in the gradient calculation example 2, by expressing the property R by means of the sigmoid function SC (x k , r) defined in FIG. summary of the invention.
- the computation of the values R j u) can be carried out using the modified 80.45EPACM functions NOx (u), VOC (u) and TOX (u) by integrating them. the function S (xk, r) or the sigmoid function SC (x k , r) defined in the summary of the invention.
- All the steps 20 to 28 can be implemented by the processing means 1 15, using the data recorded in the memory means 1 14.
- domain X is a partition
- X X 1 UX 2 U ... UX N ;
- N shares can be big.
- n 20
- m 20
- M per property each interval is divided into 3 parts and one would have
- step 1 it should be noted that a direct approach would require verification of N binary clauses, N being large.
- the current approaches perform step 1 by verifying the satisfiability of disjunctive constraints.
- the current methods can lead to a large number of variables, for example 15 to 20 binary variables, 50 to 100 continuous variables, 100 to 200 mixed constraints, or even a hundred linear / bilinear constraints.
- step 1 of the approach according to the present invention is 0 (n), where n is the dimension of x. This is much faster than the complexity of satisfiability of the mixed constraints of the current approaches.
- sigmoid functions are introduced to obtain a function p (u) such that:
- the present invention provides the following advantages over current approaches:
- the emission properties R j G ⁇ N, V, T] are considered, with N emissions of NOx, V emissions of volatile organic compounds and T toxic emissions.
- a target species, vector of properties x is made from a set of basic products (bases or constituents) characterized by their properties Bi, B n e R p , where P is the number of properties of the petrol.
- bases or constituents characterized by their properties Bi, B n e R p , where P is the number of properties of the petrol.
- P is the number of properties of the petrol.
- OXY the oxygen content (% by mass)
- RVP the vapor pressure (Reid's method) or Reid vapor pressure in English (in PSI),
- ARO aromatic content (% by volume)
- MTB methyl ethylbenzene content (% by volume of oxygen)
- ETB the content of ethyl terbutyl ether (% by volume of oxygen)
- TAM the content of tertioamylathylether (% by volume of oxygen)
- ETH the content of ethanol (% by volume of oxygen).
- u ° is a reference recipe predefined by the user and x ° an "ideal" target species that minimizes the quality. This can be implemented during the step (26) described with reference to FIG.
- OXY ETB + MTB + ETH + TAM.
- Table 1 The values given in Table 1 correspond to the values c, c of the inequalities (14) and (19) of the summary of the invention. Table 1. Reference gasoline and min / max ranges for
- Table 3 below also provides baseline emissions by season and region. The values in this table serve as hard bounds not to be exceeded by the emissions of the current gasoline x (u). For example, in summer, for Region 2, you must have:
- the NOx function u is a function of the properties x: OXY, SUL, RVP, E200, E300, ARO, OLE of the mixture.
- E300, SUL, OLE, ARO see Table 4 below
- two vectors are generated: y and z.
- the vector y is a vector of properties of a species whose properties are fixed by the model 80.45EPACM and by the conditions of the "IF-List” (see below).
- the vector z is a vector expressing the difference between the vector y above and the vector x properties of the mixture of the current recipe.
- VOC (u) and TOX (u) depend on a series of predetermined properties of the mixture.
- the function VOX (u) is expressed as a function of y (x (u)), b (x (u)), z (x (u)), (see Figure 3A), where the functions y and z are those defined above and where the function b (x (u)) is a vector of the properties of a reference essence provided by 80.45EPACM.
- the function TOX (u) is expressed as a function only of the vector y (see FIG. 3C).
- FIG. 3 schematically represents the calculation steps of the functions NOx (u), VOC (u) and TOX (u) as well as the functions involved in their determination.
- FIG. 3 (B) represents the steps for calculating the emission property
- y and z are expressed in terms of a sign function in order to integrate these disjunctive conditions (3), (4) (5) in y and z by formulating them in the form of the following already defined functions:
- y (x k ) (l - S ⁇ x k , m k )) ⁇ m + S ⁇ x k , m k ) ⁇ (l - S ⁇ x k , M k )) ⁇ x + S ⁇ x k , M k ) ⁇ M k (6)
- z (x k ) (l - S ⁇ x k , m k )) ⁇ (x k - m k ) + S ⁇ x k , M k ) ⁇ (x k - M k ) (7)
- NOx (u) can then be written as a differentiable continuous function.
- FIG. 4 shows the SC Function (t, r, a) (A) and its first derivative (B) for the OXY property.
- the sign function is also shown.
- This coefficient can be chosen so that the function SC (t, r, a) is equal to S (t, r) except in a small interval t E] r-, r + ô [.
- the values of the emissions calculated using (8) will be the same as those calculated with the function sign (1) to the error of measurement of the properties near.
- NOx Writing in the form of a differentiable function, it is therefore possible to calculate the NOx gradient with respect to the properties of gasoline x and with respect to recipe u.
- the calculation of the Hessian of NOx is also now possible.
- the gradient and the Hessian may in particular be used in the control method, particularly in steps (23) and (26) described with reference to the logic diagram of FIG. 2.
- the calculation of the gradient is detailed below by way of example.
- the Hessian can be calculated in a similar way.
- the NOx (u) function is a function of the OXY, SUL, RVP, E200, E300, ARO, OLE properties.
- Table 7 presents the results of the comparison between the values of the function NO x (x), for different values of E300:
- the analytical gradient of the property E300 calculated using the formulations according to the invention of the gradient, developed in Example 2, is then: 0.23641474.
- the derivative on the right always gives 0 because the value of E300> 95 is reduced to 95.
- the numerical estimate of the derivative is a symmetric formula (see column 2 of Table 8). It is observed that the numerical and analytical gradients are very close in this case.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1363597A FR3016061B1 (fr) | 2013-12-26 | 2013-12-26 | Procede et dispositif de controle de proprietes induites d'un melange de constituants, notamment de proprietes d'emission |
PCT/EP2014/079349 WO2015097305A1 (fr) | 2013-12-26 | 2014-12-26 | Procede et dispositif de contrôle de proprietes induites d'un melange de constituants, notamment de proprietes d'emission |
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EP3087506A1 true EP3087506A1 (fr) | 2016-11-02 |
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EP14827234.7A Withdrawn EP3087506A1 (fr) | 2013-12-26 | 2014-12-26 | Procede et dispositif de contrôle de proprietes induites d'un melange de constituants, notamment de proprietes d'emission |
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US (1) | US20160320780A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3087506A1 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20160102169A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN105849716A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2933619A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3016061B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2015097305A1 (fr) |
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US11391417B2 (en) * | 2019-04-23 | 2022-07-19 | Phillips 66 Company | Pipeline interchange/transmix |
US11378234B2 (en) * | 2019-04-23 | 2022-07-05 | Phillips 66 Company | Pipeline interchange/transmix |
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FR2901894B1 (fr) * | 2006-05-31 | 2008-12-26 | Total France Sa | Procede et dispositif de controle de l'elaboration d'un melange de constituants, notamment d'un melange avec volumes morts de pre-melange |
FR2934691B1 (fr) * | 2008-08-04 | 2010-08-27 | Total France | Procede et dispositif d'elaboration d'un melange de constituants avec contraintes, notamment avec pre-melange. |
CN102608285B (zh) * | 2012-02-21 | 2014-08-06 | 南京工业大学 | 基于支持向量机的有机混合物燃爆特性预测方法 |
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2013
- 2013-12-26 FR FR1363597A patent/FR3016061B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2014
- 2014-12-26 KR KR1020167014942A patent/KR20160102169A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-12-26 EP EP14827234.7A patent/EP3087506A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-12-26 CN CN201480069703.8A patent/CN105849716A/zh active Pending
- 2014-12-26 US US15/108,451 patent/US20160320780A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-26 WO PCT/EP2014/079349 patent/WO2015097305A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2014-12-26 CA CA2933619A patent/CA2933619A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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FR3016061B1 (fr) | 2017-04-28 |
CN105849716A (zh) | 2016-08-10 |
FR3016061A1 (fr) | 2015-07-03 |
WO2015097305A1 (fr) | 2015-07-02 |
KR20160102169A (ko) | 2016-08-29 |
CA2933619A1 (fr) | 2015-07-02 |
US20160320780A1 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
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