EP3083114A1 - Method for manufacturing a composite material with metal matrix and carbon reinforcement - Google Patents

Method for manufacturing a composite material with metal matrix and carbon reinforcement

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Publication number
EP3083114A1
EP3083114A1 EP14821772.2A EP14821772A EP3083114A1 EP 3083114 A1 EP3083114 A1 EP 3083114A1 EP 14821772 A EP14821772 A EP 14821772A EP 3083114 A1 EP3083114 A1 EP 3083114A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mixture
metal matrix
powder
extrusion
carbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14821772.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Francis Debladis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nexans SA
Original Assignee
Nexans SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nexans SA filed Critical Nexans SA
Publication of EP3083114A1 publication Critical patent/EP3083114A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/002—Extruding materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special extruding methods of sequences
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/005—Continuous extrusion starting from solid state material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C26/00—Alloys containing diamond or cubic or wurtzitic boron nitride, fullerenes or carbon nanotubes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • H01B1/023—Alloys based on aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • H01B1/026—Alloys based on copper
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
    • B22F2003/208—Warm or hot extruding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C26/00—Alloys containing diamond or cubic or wurtzitic boron nitride, fullerenes or carbon nanotubes
    • C22C2026/002—Carbon nanotubes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a composite material comprising a metal matrix reinforced by a carbon reinforcement, and in particular by carbon nanotubes.
  • the method is particularly suitable for the manufacture of electrical conductors for cables and metal reinforcing elements.
  • a composite material consists of several elementary components, the combination of which gives a set of properties that none of the components, taken separately, possesses.
  • the goal that is most often sought by substituting a composite material for a traditional material is, for the same structural stiffness, an appreciable gain in mass.
  • a composite material consists of two phases:
  • Nanocomposites can overcome some of these limitations and offer advantages over conventional micrometer-reinforced composites:
  • the nanoparticles having dimensions below the wavelengths of the visible light (380-780 nm), allow the material to retain its starting optical properties as well as a good surface state,
  • carbon reinforcement is intended to mean carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and carbon fibers.
  • Powder metallurgy is a common process and has very favorable results for the production of metal matrix composites.
  • This process typically comprises a step of mixing the matrix in the form of metal powder with the reinforcement and then a compaction and diffusion densification and loosening elimination (sintering) step.
  • the manufacture of the composite is completed by an extrusion step.
  • the present invention aims to remedy these disadvantages.
  • the invention thus relates to a method of manufacturing a composite comprising a metal matrix reinforced with a carbon reinforcement.
  • the process according to the invention is a continuous extrusion process comprising frictional heating of a mixture obtained from a mixture of powders comprising a metal matrix powder and a carbon reinforcement powder, using a mobile extrusion wheel, between a groove of the wheel and a fixed element called a shoe, and then conveying the mixture and heated to an extrusion die.
  • the heating may in particular be carried out by compression of the mixture, friction and shear at the passage on the shoe.
  • This process directly extrudes the manufacture of the composite, and this continuously, unlike conventional spinning.
  • the method involves frictionally driving a blank between a grooved wheel and a shoe.
  • the metal heats up as it enters the hoof. Arrived in abutment against the die, the composite mixture is at a temperature such that its extrusion through the die is possible. Finished products are thus obtained directly, such as electrical conductors for cables and metal reinforcing elements.
  • the extruded composite may be an electrical conductor for a cable, a wire rod or a wire for mechanical reinforcement.
  • the lower end of the passage may be obstructed by a stop.
  • the inlet of the die is typically orthogonal to the lower end of the passage.
  • the mixture can be from a hopper.
  • the mixture introduced into the hopper can be obtained by flocculation of the mixture of powders.
  • the mixture can also be obtained by pre-extrusion of the powder mixture.
  • the pre-extrusion may for example be carried out using a screw extruder.
  • the elements of the metal matrix may be selected from copper, aluminum, copper alloys and aluminum alloys.
  • the powder mixture can comprise from 0.01 to 1.8% by weight of metal matrix when the metal matrix is copper or a copper alloy, and preferably from 0.05 to 0.2% by weight.
  • the powder mixture can comprise from 0.03 to 6% by weight of metal matrix when the metal matrix is aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and preferably from 0.15 to 0.6% by weight.
  • the powder mixture can be made of metal matrix powder and carbon reinforcement powder. It may also include adjuvants.
  • the average size of the metal matrix powder particles may be between 10 nm and 1 mm, and preferably between 10 and 200 nm.
  • the carbon reinforcement may consist of carbon nanotubes.
  • the average diameter of the carbon nanotubes can be between
  • the length of the carbon nanotubes can be between 500 nm and 10 mm, and is preferably greater than 50 ⁇ , and can thus be between 50 ⁇ and 10 mm.
  • the carbon nanotubes are advantageously functionalized, to disagglomerate and disperse them and to allow the best possible bond with the metal matrix.
  • Many functionalization treatments are known, from acid treatment to graft radicals on nanotubes to the treatment of depositing a metal on the surface of the nanotubes.
  • the metal matrix and the carbon reinforcement are preferably sufficiently mixed to obtain a good dispersion, but not excessively so as not to break or damage the carbon reinforcement.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a device set implemented in the process according to the invention.
  • a continuous extrusion device 1 used in the invention comprises a frame, an extrusion wheel 2 and a shaping system.
  • the formatting system includes mainly a shoe 3 and an extrusion die 4.
  • the frame supports the wheel 2 which is rotated by a motor.
  • An endless groove 2a is formed at the periphery of the wheel 2 and accommodates a mixture which may be from a hopper 5.
  • the mixture is a mixture of a metal powder, typically copper or aluminum, and a carbon reinforcing powder, typically carbon nanotubes.
  • the mixture of powders can be introduced into the hopper 5.
  • the powder mixture is advantageously subjected to a flocculation step, which makes it possible to form larger particles and to make the powder more manipulable for its introduction into the extruder.
  • a screw extruder which will form a preformed rod 7, with a low density, but which will be sufficiently manipulable to be introduced directly into the device.
  • the hopper 5 is of course not used.
  • Part of the periphery of the wheel 2 is wrapped tightly by the shoe 3, so that the groove 2a cooperates with the shoe 3 to define a passage.
  • the mixture of powders coming from the hopper 5, or the mixture in the form of preformed ring 7, enters a first end of the passage and is rotated by the wheel 2.
  • the other end of the passage is obstructed by a stop 6 which is mounted on the shoe 3 and which intrudes into the passage.
  • the die 4 is mounted in a chamber formed directly downstream of the abutment 6. The heat supplied to the mixture allows it to be extruded through the die 4.
  • the method according to the invention allows the rapid and economical manufacture of long products 8 such as cable conductors.
  • the process confers a preferential orientation to the carbon nanotubes, which are oriented in the axis of the wire, which provides a better electrical conductivity.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composite material (8) comprising a metal matrix reinforced by a carbon reinforcement, characterised in that the method is a continuous extrusion method which comprises friction-heating of a mixture (7) obtained from a mixture of powders comprising a metal-matrix powder and a carbon-reinforcement powder, by means of a movable extrusion wheel (2), in a passage formed between a groove (2a) of the wheel (2) and a stationary element referred to as shoe (3), followed by carrying the mixture (7) thus heated towards an extrusion die (4).

Description

PROCEDE DE FABRI CATI ON D'UN MATERI AU COMPOSI TE A MATRI CE METALLIQUE ET RENFORT DE CARBONE  PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MATERIAL TO METALLIC MATRIX COMPOUND AND CARBON REINFORCEMENT
La présente invention a pour objet un procédé de fabrication d'un matériau composite comprenant une matrice métallique renforcée par un renfort de carbone, et notamment par des nanotubes de carbone. Le procédé est particulièrement adapté à la fabrication de conducteurs électriques pour câbles et d'éléments de renfort métalliques. The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a composite material comprising a metal matrix reinforced by a carbon reinforcement, and in particular by carbon nanotubes. The method is particularly suitable for the manufacture of electrical conductors for cables and metal reinforcing elements.
Un matériau composite est constitué de plusieurs composants élémentaires, dont l'association confère un ensemble de propriétés qu'aucun des composants, pris séparément, ne possède. Le but que l'on recherche le plus souvent en substituant un matériau composite à un matériau traditionnel, est, pour une même rigidité de structure, un gain de masse appréciable. Un matériau composite est constitué de deux phases :  A composite material consists of several elementary components, the combination of which gives a set of properties that none of the components, taken separately, possesses. The goal that is most often sought by substituting a composite material for a traditional material is, for the same structural stiffness, an appreciable gain in mass. A composite material consists of two phases:
- la matrice, et  - the matrix, and
- le renfort ou la charge.  - the reinforcement or the load.
Les composites avec des renforts micrométriques ont montré certaines de leurs limites. Leurs propriétés résultent de compromis : l'amélioration de la résistance, par exemple, se fait au détriment de la plasticité ou de la transparence optique. Les nanocomposites peuvent pallier à certaines de ces limites et présentent des avantages face aux composites classiques à renforts micrométriques :  Composites with micrometric reinforcements have shown some of their limitations. Their properties result from compromises: the improvement of the resistance, for example, is to the detriment of plasticity or optical transparency. Nanocomposites can overcome some of these limitations and offer advantages over conventional micrometer-reinforced composites:
- une amélioration significative des propriétés mécaniques, notamment de la résistance, sans compromettre la ductilité du matériau car la faible taille des particules ne crée pas de larges concentrations de contraintes,  a significant improvement of the mechanical properties, in particular the resistance, without compromising the ductility of the material because the small particle size does not create large concentrations of stresses,
- une augmentation de la conductivité thermique et de diverses propriétés, notamment optiques, qui ne s'expliquent pas par les approches classiques des composants. Les nanoparticules, ayant des dimensions en deçà des longueurs d'onde de la lumière visible (380-780 nm), permettent au matériau de conserver ses propriétés optiques de départ ainsi qu'un bon état de surface,  an increase in the thermal conductivity and various properties, in particular optical properties, which can not be explained by the conventional approaches of the components. The nanoparticles, having dimensions below the wavelengths of the visible light (380-780 nm), allow the material to retain its starting optical properties as well as a good surface state,
- une augmentation de conductivité électrique. La diminution de la taille des renforts que l'on insère dans la matrice conduit à une très importante augmentation de la surface des interfaces dans le composite. Or, c'est précisément cette interface qui contrôle l'interaction entre la matrice et les renforts, expliquant une partie des propriétés singulières des nanocomposites. Il est à noter que l'ajout de particules nanométriques améliore, de manière notable, certaines propriétés avec des fractions volumiques beaucoup plus faibles que pour les particules micrométriques. an increase in electrical conductivity. The reduction in the size of the reinforcements that are inserted into the matrix leads to a very significant increase in the surface area of the interfaces in the composite. However, it is precisely this interface that controls the interaction between the matrix and the reinforcements, explaining part of the singular properties of the nanocomposites. It should be noted that the addition of nanometric particles significantly improves certain properties with much smaller volume fractions than for micrometric particles.
On obtient ainsi, à performances égales, un gain de poids important ainsi qu'une diminution des coûts puisque l'on utilise moins de matières premières (sans tenir compte du surcoût des nano-renforts) , une meilleure résistance pour des dimensions structurales similaires et une augmentation des propriétés barrières pour une épaisseur donnée.  Thus, with equal performance, a significant weight gain and a decrease in costs are obtained since less raw materials are used (without taking into account the extra cost of the nano-reinforcements), better strength for similar structural dimensions and an increase in barrier properties for a given thickness.
La suite de la description concerne plus particulièrement les composites avec une matrice métallique et un renfort de carbone en tant qu'élément de renfort. Par « renfort de carbone » au sens de l'invention, on entend les nanotubes de carbone, les nanofibres de carbone et les fibres de carbone.  The remainder of the description relates more particularly to composites with a metal matrix and a carbon reinforcement as a reinforcing element. For the purposes of the invention, the term "carbon reinforcement" is intended to mean carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and carbon fibers.
La métallurgie des poudres est un procédé courant et qui est porteur de résultats très favorables pour la réalisation de composites à matrice métallique. Ce procédé comprend typiquement une étape de mélange de la matrice sous forme de poudre métallique avec le renfort puis une étape de compaction et de traitement de densification par diffusion et élimination des lacunes (frittage). La fabrication du composite s'achève par une étape d'extrusion.  Powder metallurgy is a common process and has very favorable results for the production of metal matrix composites. This process typically comprises a step of mixing the matrix in the form of metal powder with the reinforcement and then a compaction and diffusion densification and loosening elimination (sintering) step. The manufacture of the composite is completed by an extrusion step.
L'inconvénient de ce type de procédé est qu'il implique la fabrication de pièces distinctes, et qu'il n'est pas adapté à la fabrication de produits longs tels que les fils conducteurs pour câbles.  The disadvantage of this type of process is that it involves the manufacture of separate parts, and it is not suitable for the manufacture of long products such as conductive wire for cables.
La présente invention vise à remédier à ces inconvénients.  The present invention aims to remedy these disadvantages.
L'invention a ainsi pour objet un procédé de fabrication d'un composite comprenant une matrice métallique renforcée par un renfort de carbone.  The invention thus relates to a method of manufacturing a composite comprising a metal matrix reinforced with a carbon reinforcement.
Le procédé selon l'invention est un procédé d'extrusion en continu comprenant réchauffement par friction d'un mélange obtenu à partir d'un mélange de poudres comprenant une poudre de matrice métallique et une poudre de renfort de carbone, à l'aide d'une roue d'extrusion mobile, entre une gorge de la roue et un élément fixe appelé sabot, puis l'acheminement du mélange ainsi chauffé vers une filière d'extrusion. L'échauffement peut notamment s'effectuer par compression du mélange, friction puis cisaillement au passage sur le sabot. The process according to the invention is a continuous extrusion process comprising frictional heating of a mixture obtained from a mixture of powders comprising a metal matrix powder and a carbon reinforcement powder, using a mobile extrusion wheel, between a groove of the wheel and a fixed element called a shoe, and then conveying the mixture and heated to an extrusion die. The heating may in particular be carried out by compression of the mixture, friction and shear at the passage on the shoe.
Ce procédé est typiquement le procédé dit "conforme", qui est connu sous la dénomination commerciale CONFORM® par la société Holton Machinery Ltd, et qui est décrit, par exemple, dans le document EP 0 125788. This process is typically the so-called "compliant", which is known under the trade name CONFORM ® by the company Holton Machinery Ltd, and is described, for example, in EP 0 125 788.
Ce procédé réalise directement par extrusion la fabrication du composite, et ceci en continu, contrairement au filage classique. Le procédé consiste à entraîner par friction une ébauche entre une roue à gorge et un sabot. Le métal s'échauffe au fur et à mesure qu'il pénètre dans le sabot. Arrivé en butée contre la filière, le mélange composite est à une température telle que son extrusion au travers de la filière est possible. Sont ainsi obtenus directement des produits finis tels que les conducteurs électriques pour câbles et les éléments de renfort métalliques.  This process directly extrudes the manufacture of the composite, and this continuously, unlike conventional spinning. The method involves frictionally driving a blank between a grooved wheel and a shoe. The metal heats up as it enters the hoof. Arrived in abutment against the die, the composite mixture is at a temperature such that its extrusion through the die is possible. Finished products are thus obtained directly, such as electrical conductors for cables and metal reinforcing elements.
Le composite extrudé peut être un conducteur électrique pour câble, un fil machine ou un fil destiné à un renfort mécanique.  The extruded composite may be an electrical conductor for a cable, a wire rod or a wire for mechanical reinforcement.
L'extrémité inférieure du passage peut être obstruée par une butée. The lower end of the passage may be obstructed by a stop.
L'entrée de la filière est typiquement orthogonale à l'extrémité inférieure du passage. The inlet of the die is typically orthogonal to the lower end of the passage.
Le mélange peut être issu d'une trémie. Dans ce cas, le mélange introduit dans la trémie peut être obtenu par floculation du mélange de poudres.  The mixture can be from a hopper. In this case, the mixture introduced into the hopper can be obtained by flocculation of the mixture of powders.
Le mélange peut également être obtenu par pré-extrusion du mélange de poudres. La pré-extrusion peut par exemple être réalisée à l'aide d'une extrudeuse à vis.  The mixture can also be obtained by pre-extrusion of the powder mixture. The pre-extrusion may for example be carried out using a screw extruder.
Les éléments de la matrice métallique peuvent être choisis parmi le cuivre, l'aluminium, les alliages de cuivre et les alliages d'aluminium.  The elements of the metal matrix may be selected from copper, aluminum, copper alloys and aluminum alloys.
Le mélange de poudres peut comprendre de 0.01 à 1.8% en poids de matrice métallique lorsque la matrice métallique est le cuivre ou un alliage de cuivre, et de préférence de 0.05 à 0.2% en poids. Le mélange de poudres peut comprendre de 0.03 à 6% en poids de matrice métallique lorsque la matrice métallique est l'aluminium ou un alliage d'aluminium, et de préférence de 0.15 à 0.6% en poids. The powder mixture can comprise from 0.01 to 1.8% by weight of metal matrix when the metal matrix is copper or a copper alloy, and preferably from 0.05 to 0.2% by weight. The powder mixture can comprise from 0.03 to 6% by weight of metal matrix when the metal matrix is aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and preferably from 0.15 to 0.6% by weight.
Le mélange de poudres peut être constitué de poudre de matrice métallique et de poudre de renfort de carbone. Il peut également comprendre des adjuvants.  The powder mixture can be made of metal matrix powder and carbon reinforcement powder. It may also include adjuvants.
La taille moyenne des particules de poudre de matrice métallique peut être comprise entre 10 nm et 1 mm, et de préférence entre 10 et 200 nm.  The average size of the metal matrix powder particles may be between 10 nm and 1 mm, and preferably between 10 and 200 nm.
Le renfort de carbone peut être constitué de nanotubes de carbone. Le diamètre moyen des nanotubes de carbone peut être compris entre The carbon reinforcement may consist of carbon nanotubes. The average diameter of the carbon nanotubes can be between
0.5 et 90 nm, et de préférence entre 1 et 40 nm. 0.5 and 90 nm, and preferably between 1 and 40 nm.
La longueur des nanotubes de carbone peut être comprise entre 500 nm et 10 mm, et est de préférence supérieure à 50 μηι, et peut être ainsi comprise entre 50 μηι et 10 mm.  The length of the carbon nanotubes can be between 500 nm and 10 mm, and is preferably greater than 50 μηι, and can thus be between 50 μηι and 10 mm.
Avant leur mélange avec la matrice métallique, les nanotubes de carbone sont avantageusement fonctionnalisés, pour les désagglomérer et les disperser et pour permettre la meilleure liaison possible avec la matrice métallique. De nombreux traitements de fonctionnalisation sont connus, du traitement à l'acide pour greffer des radicaux sur les nanotubes au traitement visant à déposer un métal en surface des nanotubes.  Before mixing them with the metal matrix, the carbon nanotubes are advantageously functionalized, to disagglomerate and disperse them and to allow the best possible bond with the metal matrix. Many functionalization treatments are known, from acid treatment to graft radicals on nanotubes to the treatment of depositing a metal on the surface of the nanotubes.
La matrice métallique et le renfort de carbone sont de préférence suffisamment mélangés pour obtenir une bonne dispersion, mais pas excessivement pour ne pas casser ou endommager le renfort de carbone.  The metal matrix and the carbon reinforcement are preferably sufficiently mixed to obtain a good dispersion, but not excessively so as not to break or damage the carbon reinforcement.
Après l'étape d'extrusion, il est possible d'envisager un traitement thermique, de manière à favoriser la liaison renfort-matrice.  After the extrusion step, it is possible to envisage a heat treatment, so as to promote the reinforcement-matrix bond.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront plus clairement à la lecture de la description suivante donnée à titre d'exemple i II u st rat if et non limitatif et faite en référence à la figure 1 annexée qui illustre schématiquement un dispositif mis en œuvre dans le procédé selon l'invention.  Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear more clearly on reading the following description given by way of example and without limitation and with reference to the appended FIG. 1 which schematically illustrates a device set implemented in the process according to the invention.
Tel qu'illustré à la figure 1, un dispositif d'extrusion en continu 1 utilisé dans l'invention comprend une armature, une roue d'extrusion 2 et un système de mise en forme. Le système de mise en forme comprend principalement un sabot 3 et une filière d'extrusion 4. L'armature supporte la roue 2 qui est entraînée en rotation par un moteur. Une gorge sans fin 2a est formée à la périphérie de la roue 2 et accueille un mélange qui peut être issu d'une trémie 5. Le mélange est un mélange d'une poudre de métal, typiquement du cuivre ou de l'aluminium, et d'une poudre de renfort de carbone, typiquement des nanotubes de carbone. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a continuous extrusion device 1 used in the invention comprises a frame, an extrusion wheel 2 and a shaping system. The formatting system includes mainly a shoe 3 and an extrusion die 4. The frame supports the wheel 2 which is rotated by a motor. An endless groove 2a is formed at the periphery of the wheel 2 and accommodates a mixture which may be from a hopper 5. The mixture is a mixture of a metal powder, typically copper or aluminum, and a carbon reinforcing powder, typically carbon nanotubes.
Dans un premier mode de réalisation, le mélange de poudres peut être introduit dans la trémie 5. Dans ce cas, le mélange de poudres est avantageusement soumis à une étape de floculation, ce qui permet de former des particules plus grosses et de rendre la poudre plus manipulable pour son introduction dans l'extrudeuse.  In a first embodiment, the mixture of powders can be introduced into the hopper 5. In this case, the powder mixture is advantageously subjected to a flocculation step, which makes it possible to form larger particles and to make the powder more manipulable for its introduction into the extruder.
Dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, on peut placer en amont du dispositif une extrudeuse à vis qui va former un jonc préformé 7, avec une densité faible, mais qui sera suffisamment manipulable pour être introduit directement dans le dispositif. Dans ce deuxième mode de réalisation, la trémie 5 n'est bien sûr pas utilisée.  In a second embodiment, it can be placed upstream of the device a screw extruder which will form a preformed rod 7, with a low density, but which will be sufficiently manipulable to be introduced directly into the device. In this second embodiment, the hopper 5 is of course not used.
Une partie de la périphérie de la roue 2 est enveloppée étroitement par le sabot 3, de sorte que la gorge 2a coopère avec le sabot 3 pour délimiter un passage. Le mélange de poudres issu de la trémie 5, ou le mélange sous forme de jonc préformé 7, entre dans une première extrémité du passage et est entraîné en rotation par la roue 2. L'autre extrémité du passage est obstruée par une butée 6 qui est montée sur le sabot 3 et qui s'immisce dans le passage. Comme le mélange est confiné dans le passage et que la roue 2 continue à tourner, le mélange est chauffé par friction avec la gorge 2a. La filière 4 est montée dans une chambre formée directement en aval de la butée 6. La chaleur apportée au mélange permet son extrusion à travers la filière 4.  Part of the periphery of the wheel 2 is wrapped tightly by the shoe 3, so that the groove 2a cooperates with the shoe 3 to define a passage. The mixture of powders coming from the hopper 5, or the mixture in the form of preformed ring 7, enters a first end of the passage and is rotated by the wheel 2. The other end of the passage is obstructed by a stop 6 which is mounted on the shoe 3 and which intrudes into the passage. As the mixture is confined in the passage and the wheel 2 continues to rotate, the mixture is heated by friction with the groove 2a. The die 4 is mounted in a chamber formed directly downstream of the abutment 6. The heat supplied to the mixture allows it to be extruded through the die 4.
Ainsi, le procédé selon l'invention permet la fabrication rapide et économique de produits longs 8 tels que les fils conducteurs pour câble. En outre, le procédé confère une orientation préférentielle aux nanotubes de carbone, qui sont orientés dans l'axe du fil, ce qui procure une meilleure conductibilité électrique.  Thus, the method according to the invention allows the rapid and economical manufacture of long products 8 such as cable conductors. In addition, the process confers a preferential orientation to the carbon nanotubes, which are oriented in the axis of the wire, which provides a better electrical conductivity.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
Procédé de fabrication d'un composite (8) comprenant une matrice métallique renforcée par un renfort de carbone, caractérisé en ce que le procédé est un procédé d'extrusion en continu comprenant réchauffement par friction d'un mélange (7) obtenu à partir d'un mélange de poudres comprenant une poudre de matrice métallique et une poudre de renfort de carbone, à l'aide d'une roue d'extrusion (2) mobile, dans un passage formé entre une gorge (2a) de la roue (2) et un élément fixe appelé sabot (3), puis l'acheminement du mélange (7) ainsi chauffé vers une filière d'extrusion (4). A method of manufacturing a composite (8) comprising a metal matrix reinforced with a carbon reinforcement, characterized in that the process is a continuous extrusion process comprising frictional heating of a mixture (7) obtained from a mixture of powders comprising a metal matrix powder and a carbon reinforcing powder, using a mobile extrusion wheel (2), in a passage formed between a groove (2a) of the wheel (2) ) and a fixed element called shoe (3), and then conveying the mixture (7) and heated to an extrusion die (4).
Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le composite extrudé (8) est un conducteur électrique pour câble, un fil machine ou un fil destiné à un renfort mécanique. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the extruded composite (8) is an electrical cable conductor, a wire rod or a wire for mechanical reinforcement.
Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité inférieure du passage est obstruée par une butée (6). Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lower end of the passage is obstructed by a stop (6).
Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que l'entrée de la filière (4) est orthogonale à l'extrémité inférieure du passage. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the inlet of the die (4) is orthogonal to the lower end of the passage.
Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le mélange est issu d'une trémie (5). Process according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the mixture comes from a hopper (5).
Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le mélange introduit dans la trémie (5) est obtenu par floculation du mélange de poudres. Process according to Claim 5, characterized in that the mixture introduced into the hopper (5) is obtained by flocculation of the mixture of powders.
Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le mélange (7) est obtenu par pré-extrusion du mélange de poudres. Process according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the mixture (7) is obtained by pre-extrusion of the powder mixture.
Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la pré-extrusion est réalisée à l'aide d'une extrudeuse à vis. Process according to Claim 7, characterized in that the pre-extrusion is carried out by means of a screw extruder.
9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les éléments de la matrice métallique sont choisis parmi le cuivre, l'aluminium, les alliages de cuivre et les alliages d'aluminium. 9. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the elements of the metal matrix are selected from copper, aluminum, copper alloys and aluminum alloys.
10. Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le mélange de poudres comprend de 0.01 à 1.8% en poids de matrice métallique lorsque la matrice métallique est le cuivre ou un alliage de cuivre. 10. The method of claim 9, characterized in that the powder mixture comprises 0.01 to 1.8% by weight of metal matrix when the metal matrix is copper or a copper alloy.
11. Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le mélange de poudres comprend de 0.03 à 6% en poids de matrice métallique lorsque la matrice métallique est l'aluminium ou un alliage d'aluminium. 11. The method of claim 9, characterized in that the mixture of powders comprises 0.03 to 6% by weight of metal matrix when the metal matrix is aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la taille moyenne des particules de poudre de matrice métallique est comprise entre 10 nm et 1 mm. 12. Method according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the average size of the metal matrix powder particles is between 10 nm and 1 mm.
13. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le renfort de carbone est constitué de nanotubes de carbone. 13. Method according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the carbon reinforcement consists of carbon nanotubes.
14. Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que le diamètre moyen des nanotubes de carbone est compris entre 0.5 et 90 nm. 14. The method of claim 13, characterized in that the average diameter of the carbon nanotubes is between 0.5 and 90 nm.
15. Procédé selon la revendication 13 ou 14, caractérisé en ce que la longueur des nanotubes de carbone est comprise entre 500 nm et 10 m m . 15. The method of claim 13 or 14, characterized in that the length of the carbon nanotubes is between 500 nm and 10 m m.
EP14821772.2A 2013-12-18 2014-12-02 Method for manufacturing a composite material with metal matrix and carbon reinforcement Withdrawn EP3083114A1 (en)

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CN110576069B (en) * 2019-10-17 2024-03-22 大连交通大学 Continuous stirring friction extrusion production method and production device for metal matrix composite material
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JPS58204138A (en) * 1982-05-21 1983-11-28 Showa Alum Corp Manufacture of extrusion molded product of fiber reinforced aluminum

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US20120175547A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2012-07-12 Bayer Materialscience Ag Compound material comprising a metal and nanoparticles
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