EP3055615A1 - Brûleur à émission horizontale équipé d'un stabilisateur de flamme perforé - Google Patents

Brûleur à émission horizontale équipé d'un stabilisateur de flamme perforé

Info

Publication number
EP3055615A1
EP3055615A1 EP14845529.8A EP14845529A EP3055615A1 EP 3055615 A1 EP3055615 A1 EP 3055615A1 EP 14845529 A EP14845529 A EP 14845529A EP 3055615 A1 EP3055615 A1 EP 3055615A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flame holder
fuel
horizontally
perforations
perforated flame
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14845529.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3055615A4 (fr
Inventor
Douglas W. KARKOW
Joseph Colannino
Igor A. Krichtafovitch
Christopher A. Wiklof
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Clearsign Technologies Corp
Original Assignee
Clearsign Combustion Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/US2014/016622 external-priority patent/WO2014127305A1/fr
Application filed by Clearsign Combustion Corp filed Critical Clearsign Combustion Corp
Priority claimed from PCT/US2014/057075 external-priority patent/WO2015042615A1/fr
Publication of EP3055615A1 publication Critical patent/EP3055615A1/fr
Publication of EP3055615A4 publication Critical patent/EP3055615A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/66—Preheating the combustion air or gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36—Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/40—Mixing tubes or chambers; Burner heads
    • F23D11/406—Flame stabilising means, e.g. flame holders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C3/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber
    • F23C3/002—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber having an elongated tubular form, e.g. for a radiant tube
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36—Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/44—Preheating devices; Vaporising devices
    • F23D11/441—Vaporising devices incorporated with burners
    • F23D11/446—Vaporising devices incorporated with burners heated by an auxiliary flame
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36—Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/44—Preheating devices; Vaporising devices
    • F23D11/441—Vaporising devices incorporated with burners
    • F23D11/448—Vaporising devices incorporated with burners heated by electrical means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/48—Nozzles
    • F23D14/58—Nozzles characterised by the shape or arrangement of the outlet or outlets from the nozzle, e.g. of annular configuration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/62—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes
    • F23D14/64—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes with injectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/70—Baffles or like flow-disturbing devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/72—Safety devices, e.g. operative in case of failure of gas supply
    • F23D14/82—Preventing flashback or blowback
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
    • F23L15/04—Arrangements of recuperators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/10—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2203/00—Flame cooling methods otherwise than by staging or recirculation
    • F23C2203/20—Flame cooling methods otherwise than by staging or recirculation using heat absorbing device in flame
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2203/00—Gaseous fuel burners
    • F23D2203/10—Flame diffusing means
    • F23D2203/105—Porous plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2225/00—Measuring
    • F23N2225/08—Measuring temperature
    • F23N2225/16—Measuring temperature burner temperature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the perforated flame holder includes an input surface facing the fuel nozzle, an output surface, and a plurality of perforations extending between the input and output surfaces.
  • a heating mechanism is positioned adjacent the perforated flame holder.
  • the heating mechanism applies heat to the perforated flame holder before the fuel nozzle outputs fuel onto the perforated flame holder.
  • the horizontally- fired fuel nozzle outputs fuel onto the perforated flame holder.
  • the elevated temperature of the perforated flame holder causes a combustion reaction of the fuel within the perforations of the flame holder.
  • the combustion reaction is confined primarily to the immediate vicinity of the perforated flame holder.
  • the horizontally-fired flame reactor includes a catalyst packed tube positioned adjacent the perforated flame holder.
  • a reactant is passed through the tube. Heat from the combustion reaction radiates from the flame holder and heats the tube, thereby causing the reactant to react with the catalyst.
  • a reaction product is then passed from the tube.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a horizontally-fired burner system including a perforated flame holder, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the horizontally-fired burner system of FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of horizontally-fired burner system including a perforated flame holder, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of horizontally-fired burner system including a perforated flame holder and a preheating mechanism, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is an illustration of a preheating mechanism of horizontally-fired burner system, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is an illustration of a preheating mechanism of horizontally-fired burner system, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is an illustration of a preheating mechanism of horizontally-fired burner system, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 is an illustration of a preheating mechanism of horizontally-fired burner system, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is an illustration of a preheating mechanism of horizontally-fired burner system, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a process for operating a horizontally-fired burner system including a perforated flame holder and a pre-heating mechanism, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified perspective view of a horizontally-fired burner system 100 including a perforated flame holder 102, according to an embodiment.
  • the horizontally-fired burner system 100 includes a fuel and oxidant source 1 10 disposed to output fuel and oxidant into a combustion volume 108 to form a fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 is disposed in the combustion volume 108.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 includes a perforated flame holder body 1 14 defining a plurality of perforations 1 16 aligned to receive the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 from the fuel and oxidant source 1 10.
  • the perforations 1 16 are configured to collectively hold a combustion reaction ⁇ e.g., see FIG. 2, 208) supported by the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12.
  • the fuel can include a hydrocarbon gas or a vaporized hydrocarbon liquid, for example.
  • the fuel can be a single species or can include a mixture of gases and vapors.
  • the fuel can include fuel gas or byproducts from the process that include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2 ), and methane (CH ).
  • the fuel can include natural gas (mostly CH ) or propane.
  • the fuel can include #2 fuel oil or #6 fuel oil. Dual fuel applications and flexible fuel applications are similarly contemplated by the inventors.
  • the oxidant can include oxygen carried by air and/or can include another oxidant, either pure or carried by a carrier gas.
  • the oxidation reaction held by the perforated flame holder 102 is indicative of a gas phase oxidation reaction.
  • Other reactants and reactions may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be bounded by an input surface 1 18 disposed to receive the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12, an output surface 120 facing away from the fuel and oxidant source 1 10, and a peripheral surface 122.
  • the plurality of perforations 1 16 defined by the perforated flame holder body 1 14 extend from the input surface 1 18 to the output surface 120.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 is configured to hold a majority of a combustion reaction within the perforations 1 16. For example, this means that more than half the molecules of fuel output into the combustion volume 108 by the fuel and oxidant source 1 10 are converted to combustion products between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120 of the perforated flame holder 102. According to an alternative interpretation, this means that more than half of the heat output by the
  • combustion reaction is output between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforations 1 16 can be configured to collectively hold at least 80% of the combustion reaction 208 (see FIG. 2) between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the inventors produced a combustion reaction that was wholly contained in the perforations between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can be configured to receive heat from the combustion reaction and output a portion of the received heat as thermal radiation 124 (see FIG. 2) to heat-receiving structures (e.g., furnace walls and/or radiant section working fluid tubes (see. FIG. 3)) in or adjacent to the combustion volume 108.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 outputs another portion of the received heat to the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 received at the input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 acts as a heat source to maintain the combustion reaction, even under conditions where a combustion reaction would not be stable when supported from a conventional flame holder.
  • This capability can be leveraged to support combustion using a leaner fuel to oxidant mixture than was previously feasible. Leaner combustion results in lower peak combustion temperature and reduces oxides of nitrogen (NOx) output.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 may act as a heat sink to cool hotter parts of the reaction to further minimize combustion temperature.
  • Cooled flue gas is vented to the atmosphere through an exhaust flue.
  • the vented flue gas can pass through an economizer that pre-heats the combustion air, the fuel, and/or feed water.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can have a width dimension W RH between opposite sides of the peripheral surface 122 at least twice a thickness dimension T RH between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120. In another embodiment, the perforated flame holder 102 can have a width dimension W RH between opposite sides of the peripheral surface 122 at least three times a thickness dimension T RH between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120. In another embodiment, the perforated flame holder 102 has a width dimension W RH between opposite sides of the peripheral surface 122 at least six times a thickness dimension T RH between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120. In another embodiment, the perforated flame holder 102 has a width dimension W RH between opposite sides of the peripheral surface 122 at least nine times a thickness dimension T RH between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can have a width dimension W RH less than a width W of the combustion volume 108. This can allow circulation of flue gas around the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can be formed from a refractory material . In another embodiment, the perforated flame holder 102 can be formed from an aluminum silicate material. In another embodiment, the perforated flame holder 102 can be formed from mullite or cordierite.
  • the fuel and oxidant source 1 10 can further include a fuel nozzle 126 configured to output fuel and an oxidant source 128 configured to output a fluid including the oxidant.
  • the fuel nozzle 126 can be configured to output pure fuel.
  • the oxidant source 128 can be configured to output fluid including the oxidant that includes no fuel.
  • the oxidant source 128 can be configured to output air carrying oxygen.
  • the fuel nozzle 126 can be configured to emit a fuel jet selected to entrain the oxidant to form the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 as the fuel jet and oxidant travel through a dilution distance D D between the fuel nozzle 126 and the perforated flame holder 102. Additionally or alternatively, the fuel nozzle 126 can be configured to emit a fuel jet selected to entrain the oxidant and to entrain flue gas as the fuel jet travels through a dilution distance D D between the fuel nozzle 126 and an input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can be disposed a distance D D away from the fuel nozzle.
  • the fuel nozzle 126 can be configured to emit the fuel through a fuel orifice 130 having a dimension D 0 .
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can be disposed to receive the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 at a distance D D away from the fuel nozzle greater than 20 times the fuel orifice 130 dimension D 0 .
  • the perforated flame holder 102 is disposed to receive the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 at a distance D D away from the fuel nozzle 126 greater than or equal to 100 times the fuel orifice dimension D 0 .
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can be disposed to receive the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 at a distance D D away from the fuel nozzle 126 equal to about 245 times the fuel orifice dimension D 0 .
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can include a single perforated flame holder body 1 14. In another embodiment, the perforated flame holder 102 can include a plurality of adjacent perforated flame holder sections. The plurality of adjacent perforated flame holder bodies 1 14 can provide a tiled perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can further include a perforated flame holder tile support structure configured to support the plurality of perforated flame holder sections.
  • the perforated flame holder tile support structure can include a metal superalloy.
  • the plurality of adjacent perforated flame holder sections can be joined with a fiber reinforced refractory cement.
  • FIG. 2 is side sectional diagram of a portion of the perforated flame holder 102 of FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment 200.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 is continuous. That is, the body 1 14 is formed from a single piece of material.
  • the embodiment 200 of FIG. 2 also illustrates perforations 1 16 that are non-branching. That is, the perforated flame holder body 1 14 defines perforations 1 16 that are separated from one another such that no flow crosses between perforations.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 defines perforations that are non-normal to the input and output surfaces 1 18, 120. While this arrangement has an effect on gas trajectory exiting the output surface 120, the perforations operate similarly to those described in conjunction with FIG. 2.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 defines a plurality of perforations 1 16 configured to convey the fuel and oxidant and to hold the oxidation reaction 208 supported by the fuel and oxidant.
  • the body is configured to receive heat from the combustion reaction 208, hold the heat, and output the heat to the fuel and oxidant entering the perforations 1 16.
  • the perforations 1 16 can maintain a combustion reaction 208 of a leaner mixture of fuel and oxidant 1 12 than is maintained outside of the perforations 1 16.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 has an extent defined by an input surface 1 18 facing the fuel and oxidant source 1 10 and the output surface 120 facing away from the fuel and oxidant source 1 10.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 defines the plurality of perforations 1 16 that can be formed as a plurality of elongated apertures 202 extending from the input surface 1 18 to the output surface 120.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 receives heat from the combustion reaction 208 and outputs sufficient heat to the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 to maintain the combustion reaction 208 in the perforations 1 16.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can also output a portion of the received heat as thermal radiation 124 to combustor walls of the combustion volume 108 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • Each of the perforations 1 16 can bound a respective finite portion of the fuel combustion reaction 208.
  • the plurality of perforations 1 16 are each characterized by a length L defined as a reaction fluid propagation path length between the input surface 1 18 and the output surface 120 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the reaction fluid includes the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 (optionally including air, flue gas, and/or other "non-reactive" species, reaction intermediates
  • the plurality of perforations 1 16 can be each characterized by a
  • the length L of each perforation 1 16 can be at least eight times the transverse dimension D of the perforation. In another embodiment, the length L can be at least twelve times the transverse dimension D. In another embodiment, the length L can be at least sixteen times the transverse dimension D. In another embodiment, the length L can be at least twenty-four times the transverse dimension D.
  • the length L can be sufficiently long for thermal boundary layers 206 formed adjacent to the perforation walls 204 in a reaction fluid flowing through the perforations 1 16 to converge within the perforations 1 16, for example.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 can be configured to cause the fuel combustion reaction 208 to occur within thermal boundary layers 206 formed adjacent to perforation walls 204 of the perforations 1 16.
  • the flow is split into portions that respectively travel through individual perforations 1 16.
  • the hot perforated flame holder body 1 14 transfers heat to the fluid, notably within thermal boundary layer 206 that progressively thicken as more and more heat is transferred to the incoming fuel and oxidant.
  • the reactants flow while a chemical ignition delay time elapses, after which the combustion reaction occurs. Accordingly, the combustion reaction 208 is shown as occurring within the thermal boundary layers 206.
  • the thermal boundary layers 206 merge at a point 216.
  • the point 216 lies between the input surface 1 18 and output surface 120.
  • the combustion reaction 208 causes the flowing gas (and plasma) to output more heat than it receives from the body 1 14.
  • the received heat, from a region 210, is carried to a region 212 nearer to the input surface 1 18, where the heat recycles into the cool reactants.
  • the perforations 1 16 can include elongated squares, each of the elongated squares has a transverse dimension D between opposing sides of the squares. In another embodiment, the perforations 1 16 can include elongated hexagons, each of the elongated hexagons has a transverse dimension D between opposing sides of the hexagons. In another embodiment, the
  • perforations 1 16 can include hollow cylinders, each of the hollow cylinders has a transverse dimension D corresponding to a diameter of the cylinders.
  • the perforations 1 16 can include truncated cones, each of the truncated cones has a transverse dimension D that is rotationally symmetrical about a length axis that extends from the input surface 1 18 to the output surface 120.
  • the perforations 1 16 can each have a lateral dimension D equal to or greater than a quenching distance of the fuel.
  • the plurality of perforations have a lateral dimension D between 0.05 inch and 1 .0 inch.
  • the plurality of perforations have a lateral dimension D between 0.1 inch and 0.5 inch.
  • the plurality of perforations can have a lateral dimension D of about 0.2 to 0.4 inch.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can include a refractory material.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can include a metal superalloy, for example, or the perforated flame holder body can be formed from a refractory material such as cordierite or mullite, for example.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can define a honeycomb.
  • the perforations 1 16 can be parallel to one another and normal to the input and output surfaces 1 18, 120. In another embodiment, the perforations 1 16 can be parallel to one another and formed at an angle relative to the input and output surfaces 1 18, 120. In another embodiment, the perforations 1 16 can be non-parallel to one another. In another embodiment, the perforations 1 16 can be non-parallel to one another and non-intersecting.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 defining the perforations 1 16 can be configured to receive heat from the (exothermic) combustion reaction 208 at least in second regions 210 of perforation walls 204. (e.g., near the output surface 120 of the perforated flame holder 102).
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 defining the perforations 1 16 can be
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be configured to hold heat from the combustion reaction 208 in an amount corresponding to the heat capacity.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be configured to transfer heat from the heat-receiving regions 210 to heat output regions 212 of the perforation walls 204. (e.g., wherein the heat-output regions 212 are near the input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102).
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be configured to transfer heat from the heat-receiving regions 210 to the heat-output regions 212 of the perforation walls 204 via thermal radiation 124.
  • the body 1 14 can be configured to transfer heat from the heat-receiving regions 210 to the heat-output regions 212 of the perforation walls 204 via a heat conduction path 214.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be configured to transfer heat to a working fluid.
  • the working fluid can be configured to transfer heat from a portion of the body near the heat-receiving regions 210 of the perforation walls 204 to a portion of the body 1 14 near the heat-output regions 212 of the perforation walls 204.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be configured to output heat to the boundary layers 206 at least in heat-output regions 212 of perforation walls 204 (e.g., near the input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102).
  • the body 1 14 can be configured to output heat to the fuel and oxidant mixture 1 12 at least in heat-output regions 212 of perforation walls 204 (e.g., near the input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102). Wherein the perforated flame holder body 1 14 is configured to convey heat between adjacent perforations 1 16. The heat conveyed between adjacent perforations can be selected to cause heat output from the combustion reaction portion in a perforation 1 16 to supply heat to stabilize the combustion reaction portion in an adjacent perforation 1 16.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 can be configured to receive heat from the fuel combustion reaction 208 and output thermal radiation124 to maintain a temperature of the perforated flame holder body 1 14 below an adiabatic flame temperature of the fuel combustion reaction 208. Additionally or alternatively, the body can be configured to receive heat from the fuel combustion reaction 208 to cool the fuel combustion reaction 208 to a
  • the plurality of perforations 1 16 can include a plurality of elongated squares. In another embodiment, the plurality of perforations 1 16 can include a plurality of elongated hexagons.
  • Honeycomb shapes used in the perforated flame holder 102 can be formed from VERSAGRID ® ceramic honeycomb, available from Applied Ceramics, Inc. of Doraville, South Carolina.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment 200 wherein the perforated flame holder body 1 14 is continuous.
  • a continuous flame holder body 1 14 is, within any one section, a single piece that is extruded, drilled, or otherwise formed to define the plurality of perforations 1 16.
  • the perforated flame holder body 1 14 is discontinuous.
  • discontinuous flame holder body 1 14 is formed from a plurality of pieces of material.
  • the plurality of pieces of material comprise planar pieces that are stacked to form the flame holder body.
  • the embodiments 200 and 201 operate substantially identically in that the individual stacked pieces are intimately contacting and form perforations 1 16 that are separated from one another.
  • FIG. 3 is a simplified illustration of a horizontally-fired flame reactor 300, according to one embodiment.
  • the horizontally-fired flame reactor 300 includes a fuel and oxidant source 1 10 coupled to a horizontally fired fuel nozzle 126.
  • a control valve 1 1 1 controls the flow of fuel to the horizontally fired fuel nozzle 126.
  • a perforated flame holder 102 is positioned laterally from the horizontally fired fuel nozzle 126.
  • the horizontally fired fuel nozzle 126 emits one or more pressurized fuel jets horizontally, in a direction substantially in opposition to flame buoyancy.
  • the fuel contacts the perforated flame holder 102, which in one embodiment has been preheated, and a combustion reaction 208 of the fuel is initiated within the perforated flame holder 102 as described previously.
  • the fuel nozzle 126 protrudes much further into the heating volume, closer to perforated flame holder 102, in order to maintain momentum of the fuel stream. While the fuel nozzle 126 is not illustrated with particular detail in FIG. 3, those of skill the art will understand that many configurations of the fuel nozzle are possible in light of principles of the present disclosure. All such other configurations fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the fuel nozzle 126 can include multiple individual apertures. A plurality of the apertures can output fuel while another plurality of the apertures can output oxygen or a gas containing oxygen, such as air.
  • the fuel stream 1 12 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes a mixture of oxygen and fuel. In one embodiment 50% or more of the combustion reaction of the fuel is contained within the perforations 1 16 of the flame holder 102. Alternatively, 80% or more of the combustion reaction 208 can be contained within the perforations 1 16 of the flame holder 102.
  • perforated flame holder 102 has been shown in a particular position with respect to the nozzle 126, those skilled of the art will understand, in light of the present disclosure, that the perforated flame holder 102 can be positioned in various configurations with respect to the nozzle 126. Changes in position of the flame holder 102 can be accompanied by changes in fuel momentum to ensure that the combustion reaction 208 occurs within the flame holder 102. All such other configurations fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a horizontally-fired burner 400, according to one embodiment.
  • the horizontally-fired burner of FIG. 4 is substantially similar to the horizontally-fired burner 300 of FIG. 3.
  • the embodiment of FIG. 4 further includes a heating apparatus 136 positioned adjacent the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the heating apparatus 136 is electrically coupled to a control circuit 138.
  • the heating apparatus 136 is configured to preheat the perforated flame holder 102 prior to outputting fuel from the nozzle 126 onto the perforated flame holder 102.
  • fuel stream 1 12 is appreciated to a threshold temperature.
  • the threshold temperature selected such that when the perforated flame holder 102 is heated to a threshold temperature, the combustion reaction 208 of the fuel stream 1 12 spontaneously begins when the fuel stream 1 12 contacts perforated flame holder 102. Heat from the combustion reaction 208 further increases the temperature of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a horizontally-fired burner 500 including a heating apparatus 136, according to one embodiment.
  • the preheating mechanism 136 is coupled to an adjustable fuel nozzle 126.
  • a temperature sensor 140 is positioned adjacent the flame holder 102.
  • a primary fuel valve 1 1 1 controls a flow of fuel from the fuel supply 144 to the fuel nozzle 126.
  • FIG. 5 shows the horizontally fired burner 500 in startup mode, in which the fuel nozzle 126 is it is extended, i.e., startup position, in which the distance D 2 between the nozzle 126 and the perforated flame holder 102 is significantly reduced as compared to when the nozzle 126 is fully retracted. Additionally, the control circuit 138 controls the fuel control valve 1 1 1 to reduce the volume and velocity of the fuel stream 1 12 ejected by the nozzle 126. Because the velocity of the fuel stream 1 12 is reduced, a stable startup flame 149 can be supported by the nozzle 126, alone, in a position between the nozzle and the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the startup flame 149 is positioned close to the perforated flame holder 102, and is thus able to quickly heat a portion of the perforated flame holder 102 to a temperature that exceeds a threshold defining a minimum startup temperature (i.e., the startup temperature threshold) of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • a threshold defining a minimum startup temperature (i.e., the startup temperature threshold) of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the operational position and controls the fuel control valve 1 1 1 to open further, increasing the fuel flow to an operational level.
  • the startup flame 149 is blown out.
  • the mixture auto-ignites, at least within the portion of the perforated flame holder 102 that has been heated beyond the startup threshold. Very quickly thereafter, the entire perforated flame holder 102 is heated to its operating temperature, and continues in normal operation thereafter.
  • the system control circuit 138 includes a timer by which transition from startup mode to operational mode is controlled; i.e., when startup is initiated, the system control circuit 138 starts the timer, and when a selected time period has passed, the nozzle 126 is retracted and the fuel flow is increased, as described above.
  • the time period is selected according to a predetermined period necessary to ensure that the perforated flame holder 102 has reached the startup temperature threshold.
  • the movable nozzle 126 can also be employed in combustion systems that may be required to operate on a variety of fuels.
  • the fuel-to-air ratio at which the mixture is combustible varies according to the type of fuel, as does flame propagation speed within a flow of fuel.
  • an optimal operating distance D 2 will vary according to the type of fuel.
  • the horizontally fired burner 500 can accommodate changes in fuel type by adjustment of the position of the nozzle 126 relative to the perforated flame holder 102. The adjustment can be made by direct manual control of the nozzle 126, or the system control circuit 138 can be programmed to make the
  • additional sensors can be positioned to detect emission levels of flames propagating within the fuel stream 1 12, incomplete combustion, etc., in response to which the system control unit can be programmed to modify the position of the nozzle 126 and/or the fuel flow by adjustment of the fuel control valve 1 1 1 , to bring the operation of the system closer to an optimum or desired level.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatical side view of a horizontally-fired burners 600, according to an embodiment, portions of which are shown in section.
  • the combustion system includes a first electrode 602 and second electrode 604 (which functions as a heating apparatus), both operatively coupled to a voltage supply 146.
  • a control unit is coupled to the voltage supply 146 and a
  • the first electrode 602 is in the shape of a torus, positioned just downstream of the nozzle 126 and centered on the longitudinal axis of the nozzle so that the fuel stream 1 12 passes through the first electrode 602.
  • the second electrode 604 is positioned between the input end 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102 and the nozzle 126.
  • the second electrode 604 is movable from an extended position, as shown in solid lines in FIG. 6, to a retracted position, shown in phantom lines.
  • the control circuit 138 is configured to extend and retract the second electrode 604. In the extended position, the second electrode 604 extends to a position close to or intersecting the longitudinal axis of the fuel nozzle 126. In the retracted position, the second electrode 604 is spaced away from contact with the fuel stream 1 12 or a flame supported thereby.
  • a temperature sensor 140 is provided, as previously described.
  • the control circuit 138 causes the second electrode 604 to move to the extended position.
  • the control circuit 138 controls the voltage supply 146 to transmit a first voltage signal to the first electrode 602.
  • an electrical charge having a first polarity is imparted to the fuel stream.
  • the control circuit 138 transmits a second voltage signal from the voltage supply 146 to the second electrode 604.
  • the second voltage signal has a polarity that is opposite that of the charge imparted to the fuel stream, and therefore attracts the oppositely- charged fuel stream.
  • Ignition is initiated within the fuel stream 1 12, whereupon a startup flame 149 is held between the first and second electrodes 602, 604, in spite of the high velocity of the fuel stream.
  • This method of holding a flame within a fuel flow is sometimes referred to as electrodynamic combustion control.
  • control circuit 138 controls the voltage supply 146 to apply a voltage signal to the second electrode 604 while
  • the voltage signal applied to the first and/or second electrode is an AC signal.
  • the control circuit 138 controls the voltage supply 146 to remove the voltage signals from the first and second electrodes 602, 604, and causes the second electrode 604 to move to the retracted position.
  • the startup flame 149 is no longer held, and blows out.
  • the primary flame auto-ignites in the preheated portions of the perforated flame holder 102, and normal operation quickly follows.
  • embodiments are described as including a system control unit that is configured to control transition between a startup mode and an operational mode, alternative embodiments are operated manually.
  • the horizontally-fired burner 600 is configured such that an operator manually switches the electrode position controller to move the second electrode 604.
  • the operator manually extends and retracts the second electrode 604.
  • an operator manually switches a voltage signal to the first and second electrodes 602, 604, and switches the signals off when the perforated flame holder 102 exceeds the startup threshold.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic side sectional view of a horizontally-fired burner
  • the nozzle 126 is a primary nozzle
  • the system further includes a secondary nozzle 162 positioned between the primary nozzle and the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the fuel supply 144 is coupled to the primary nozzle 126 and the secondary nozzle.
  • a primary fuel valve 1 1 1 controls a flow of fuel from the fuel supply 144 to the primary nozzle 126
  • a secondary fuel valve 164 controls a flow of fuel from the fuel supply 144 to the secondary nozzle 162.
  • the system control circuit 138 is operatively coupled to the primary and secondary fuel valves 1 1 1 , 164 via connectors 148.
  • the system control circuit 138 controls the secondary fuel valve 164 to open— the primary fuel valve 1 1 1 is closed— and ignites a stream of fuel that exits the secondary nozzle 162, producing a startup flame 149 that is directly adjacent to the input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the startup flame 149 heats a portion of the perforated flame holder 102 to a temperature exceeding the startup threshold.
  • the system control circuit 138 determines that a portion of the perforated flame holder 102 exceeds the startup temperature threshold—via, for example, a signal from a temperature sensor, as described previously— the system control circuit 138 controls the secondary fuel valve 164 to close, while controlling the primary fuel control valve 1 1 1 to open, causing a fuel stream 1 12 to be ejected by the primary nozzle 126.
  • the fuel and air mixture of the fuel stream 1 12 reaches the perforated flame holder 102, a primary flame is ignited and normal operation follows, substantially as described with reference to previously embodiments.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a combustion system 800, according to an embodiment.
  • the burner system 800 is similar in many respects to the system 100 described with reference to FIG. 1 , and includes many of the same elements.
  • the system 800 also includes an electrically resistive heating element 802.
  • the heating element 802 is in the form of a wire that is interleaved in and out through some of the plurality of perforations 1 16.
  • the heating element 802 is operatively coupled to a voltage supply 146 via a connector 148.
  • the system control circuit 138 controls the voltage supply 146 to apply a voltage potential across the ends of the heating element 802.
  • the resistance value of the heating element 802 and the magnitude of the voltage potential are selected to generate sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the portion of the perforated flame holder 102 in the vicinity of the heating element to beyond the startup threshold within a few seconds, after which the system control circuit 138 controls valve 1 1 1 to open, while controlling the voltage supply 146 to remove the voltage potential from the heating element 802.
  • the system control circuit 138 controls valve 1 1 1 to open, while controlling the voltage supply 146 to remove the voltage potential from the heating element 802.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagrammatical side view of a combustion system 900, according to an embodiment.
  • the combustion system 900 includes a laser emitter 902 positioned and configured to emit a laser beam that impinges in a portion of the input surface 1 18 of a perforated flame holder 102. Photonic energy delivered by the laser beam is converted into thermal energy within the perforated flame holder 102, thereby heating a portion of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • fuel is sent to a nozzle 126 and ejected into a fuel stream 1 12 toward the perforated flame holder 102, and the laser 902 is shut down.
  • the laser 902 is held in a fixed position that is sufficiently removed from the perforated flame holder 102 and fuel stream 1 12 as to cause no interference with normal operation of the system, and to be substantially unaffected by the environment.
  • the laser emitter 902 is positioned much closer to the input surface 1 18 of the perforated flame holder 102 for more efficient energy transfer. Accordingly, the laser 902 can also be retracted from the vicinity of the fuel stream when the system 900 is not in startup mode.
  • FIG. 9 shows a laser emitter configured to transmit energy in a nonthermal form, which is converted to thermal energy upon impinging on the perforated flame holder 102.
  • other devices are configured to transmit non-thermal energy onto the perforated flame holder 102 to be converted to thermal energy.
  • a laser emitter configured to transmit energy in a nonthermal form, which is converted to thermal energy upon impinging on the perforated flame holder 102.
  • other devices are configured to transmit non-thermal energy onto the perforated flame holder 102 to be converted to thermal energy.
  • a microwave transmitter is positioned and configured to direct a microwave emission onto a surface of the perforated flame holder 102.
  • the perforated flame holder 102 includes a patch of material that is configured to absorb the microwave emission and to convert a portion of the transmitted energy to heat.
  • FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a process for operating a horizontally-fired burner including a perforated flame holder according to one embodiment.
  • the perforated flame holder is preheated to a threshold temperature at which a combustion reaction of the fuel mixture can occur spontaneously.
  • fuel is emitted from a horizontally fired fuel nozzle.
  • the perforated flame holder is positioned laterally from the horizontally fired fuel nozzle such that the fuel expelled from the horizontally fired fuel nozzle contacts the perforated flame holder. Because the perforated flame holder has been preheated to the threshold temperature, the fuel begins to combust upon contacting the preheated flame holder.
  • the combustion reaction continues.
  • the combustion reaction is supported primarily in the perforations of the perforated flame holder. This causes the perforated flame holder to continue to increase in temperature until a steady state operating temperature is reached.
  • the process includes measuring the temperature of the flame holder and emitting the horizontally-fired fuel from the fuel nozzle only after the measured temperature of the flame holder has passed the threshold temperature.
  • the perforated flame holder is preheated by preheating mechanism positioned adjacent the perforated flame holder.
  • Preheating mechanism can include a laser that irradiates the flame holder with a high- intensity laser beam until at least a portion of the flame holder has reached the threshold temperature.
  • the preheating mechanism can be a second burner that generates a flame adjacent flame holder thereby heating the flame holder to the threshold temperature before outputting fuel from the nozzle.
  • the preheating mechanism can also be an electrical resistor coupled to the perforated flame holder.
  • a current is passed through the resistor, thereby generating heat. Because the perforated flame holder is in contact with the resistor, the perforated flame holder heats up while the current is passed through the resistor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un brûleur à émission horizontale qui comprend un stabilisateur de flamme positionné latéralement par rapport au brûleur. Le stabilisateur de flamme comprend une pluralité de perforations qui confinent collectivement une réaction de combustion du brûleur dans le stabilisateur de flamme.
EP14845529.8A 2013-10-07 2014-09-23 Brûleur à émission horizontale équipé d'un stabilisateur de flamme perforé Withdrawn EP3055615A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361887741P 2013-10-07 2013-10-07
US201461931407P 2014-01-24 2014-01-24
PCT/US2014/016622 WO2014127305A1 (fr) 2013-02-14 2014-02-14 Procédé de démarrage et mécanisme destiné à un brûleur possédant un stabilisateur de flamme perforé
PCT/US2014/016632 WO2014127311A1 (fr) 2013-02-14 2014-02-14 Système de combustion de carburant avec un support de réaction perforé
PCT/US2014/057075 WO2015042615A1 (fr) 2013-09-23 2014-09-23 Brûleur à émission horizontale équipé d'un stabilisateur de flamme perforé

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EP3055615A1 true EP3055615A1 (fr) 2016-08-17
EP3055615A4 EP3055615A4 (fr) 2017-08-09

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EP14845529.8A Withdrawn EP3055615A4 (fr) 2013-10-07 2014-09-23 Brûleur à émission horizontale équipé d'un stabilisateur de flamme perforé

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Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH363428A (de) * 1958-06-30 1962-07-31 Steyer Werner Brennerkopf an einem Druckzerstäuber-Ölbrenner
US4081958A (en) * 1973-11-01 1978-04-04 The Garrett Corporation Low nitric oxide emission combustion system for gas turbines
DE3926699A1 (de) * 1989-08-12 1991-02-14 Kloeckner Waermetechnik Gasbrenner
US20040058290A1 (en) * 2001-06-28 2004-03-25 Joshua Mauzey Self-sustaining premixed pilot burner for liquid fuels
US6827573B2 (en) * 2002-10-25 2004-12-07 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Gas micro burner
EP3739263A1 (fr) * 2013-02-14 2020-11-18 ClearSign Technologies Corporation Système de combustion de carburant comportant un support de réaction perforé

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