EP3047222B1 - Heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3047222B1
EP3047222B1 EP14761356.6A EP14761356A EP3047222B1 EP 3047222 B1 EP3047222 B1 EP 3047222B1 EP 14761356 A EP14761356 A EP 14761356A EP 3047222 B1 EP3047222 B1 EP 3047222B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
flow
cooling
heat
fluid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP14761356.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3047222A1 (en
Inventor
Christioph STRELLER
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Volkswagen AG
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Volkswagen AG
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Publication of EP3047222A1 publication Critical patent/EP3047222A1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05358—Assemblies of conduits connected side by side or with individual headers, e.g. section type radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/03—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
    • F28D1/0308—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • F28D1/035—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other with U-flow or serpentine-flow inside the conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05375—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with particular pattern of flow, e.g. change of flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05391—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits combined with a particular flow pattern, e.g. multi-row multi-stage radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2210/00—Heat exchange conduits
    • F28F2210/10—Particular layout, e.g. for uniform temperature distribution
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
    • F28F2250/10—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
    • F28F2250/10—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media
    • F28F2250/104—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media with parallel flow

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat exchanger, in particular for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, with at least two cooling elements through which a heat-conducting fluid can flow and with at least one flow channel arranged between the cooling elements and through which cooling air can flow.
  • Motor vehicles are usually equipped with at least one heat exchanger, which serves to dissipate resulting in the operation of an internal combustion engine waste heat to the environment.
  • the heat exchanger also referred to as a water cooler, is usually arranged in a front region of the motor vehicle and is thermally coupled to the internal combustion engine by a fluid containing a coolant additive.
  • Common heat exchangers as well as in the DE 10 2010 027 053 A1 disclosed, have a plurality of flowable from a heat-conducting fluid and formed as tubes cooling elements which extend parallel to each other over the plane of an inflow surface of the heat exchanger. Between the cooling elements can be traversed by the fluid fins are provided which are thermally coupled to the cooling elements and at the same time provide the largest possible area for the removal of waste heat from the fluid to the air flow or the ambient air.
  • the heat exchanger has a plurality of cooling elements extending parallel to one another and designed as tubes.
  • the cooling elements extend in a plane formed by the vehicle transverse direction and motor vehicle vertical direction, parallel to the plane Motor vehicle transverse direction.
  • the guided through the cooling elements heat-conducting fluid thus flows so substantially in the vehicle transverse direction, while the guided through the fins in the flow channel between the cooling elements, heat-absorbing cooling air in Vehicle longitudinal direction flows.
  • the flow direction of the heat-conducting fluid and the flow direction of the cooling air are thus aligned orthogonal to each other.
  • WO-A-2007063978 discloses a heat exchanger according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • This document shows a structure which has in each case a plurality of flat tubes in several levels, so that a flow according to the preamble of claim 1 is made possible.
  • a comparatively large design is provided for known heat exchangers.
  • the heat exchanger essentially uses the entire surface which is available in the front region of the motor vehicle and extends in the vehicle transverse direction and vehicle vertical direction as the inflow surface. Due to structural and geometric specifications of the vehicle body, the available area in the front area and thus also the inflow surface of the heat exchanger is limited. This also results in a limitation of the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger.
  • the invention has for its object to perform a heat exchanger of the type mentioned in such a way that it has a better cooling performance for the same inflow.
  • FIG. 1 shows a motor vehicle 1 with an arranged in a front region 2 internal combustion engine 3 and with a heat exchanger 4 in a plan view
  • FIG. 2 shows a simplified schematic diagram of the front area 2 in a side view.
  • the internal combustion engine 3 and the heat exchanger 4 are arranged in an engine compartment 5 of the motor vehicle 1 such that the heat exchanger 4 is in the direction of travel 6 of the motor vehicle 1 in front of the internal combustion engine 3.
  • the Internal combustion engine 3 is thermally coupled via a fluid having a coolant fluid with the formed as a water cooler heat exchanger 4.
  • the heat-conducting fluid is introduced during operation of the internal combustion engine 3 in the heat exchanger 4 and outputs the heat absorbed to a likewise introduced into the heat exchanger 4 cooling air.
  • FIG. 3 shows a highly simplified schematic diagram of the heat exchanger 4 according to the invention with two parallel cooling elements 9 and extending therebetween a flow channel 10.
  • the on the Anström nature 8 of the heat exchanger 4 in the direction of flow 7 directed air flow is introduced into the flow channel 10 and flows as cooling air 11 through the flow channel 10.
  • the cooling air 11 has a flow direction 12, which runs parallel and in the opposite direction to a flow direction 13 of the flowing through the cooling elements 9 fluid 14.
  • the cooling elements 9 can be stacked relative to one another on a horizontal plane (xy plane) ( Figures 3 and 4 ) or side by side ( FIG. 5 ), wherein the flow direction 13 of the fluid 14 in both cases runs parallel to the flow direction 12 of the cooling air 11.
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the heat exchanger 4 according to the invention in a perspective view.
  • the heat exchanger 4 has a plurality of cooling elements 9 formed as plates 15, wherein the plates 15 are arranged horizontally and parallel to each other. Between each adjacent plates 15, a flow channel 10 extends, so that the heat exchanger 4 consists of a plurality of plates 15 and a plurality of flow channels 10.
  • cooling fins 16 are arranged to increase the surface of the flow channel, which are thermally coupled to the cooling elements 9 and the plates 15.
  • the plates 15 extend parallel to a through the vehicle transverse direction (y-axis) and the vehicle longitudinal direction (x-axis) spanned plane and each have a plurality of juxtaposed and extending in the flow direction 13 of the fluid 14 fluid channels 17.
  • this has an inlet 18 and a drain 19.
  • the inlet 18 is arranged on one of the cooling air outlet surface 20 of the heat exchanger 4 side facing and the drain 19 on one of the cooling air inlet surface 21 of the heat exchanger 4 facing side of the respective plate 15.
  • Through the inlet 18 is coming from the internal combustion engine 3 and heat leading Fluid 14 introduced into the top plate 15 relative to a horizontal plane (xy plane), then distributed within this plate 15 on the adjacent fluid channels 17 and flows through them in the flow direction 13.
  • the fluid 14 introduced into the uppermost plate 15 through the inlet 18 distributes itself uniformly into the superimposed plates 15 and also flows through them in the direction of flow 13. During the passage through the plates 15, the fluid 14 releases the absorbed heat to the cooling air flowing in the opposite direction 11 off. Subsequently, the fluid 14 is discharged via the outlet 19 in the bottom plate 15 from the heat exchanger 4 and returned to the internal combustion engine 3.
  • FIG. 5 shows a modified embodiment, according to which the plates 15 of the heat exchanger 4 not as in.
  • FIG. 4 illustrated embodiment horizontally, but are arranged vertically.
  • the plates 15, which are also arranged in parallel, thus extend in this embodiment, parallel to a plane defined by the direction of travel of the motor vehicle (z-axis) and the vehicle longitudinal direction (x-axis).
  • FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment, according to which the plates 15 and the cooling elements 9 are arranged parallel to each other and inclined to a horizontal plane (xy plane).
  • the inclination of the cooling elements 9 is designed such that a direction of flow 8 of the air flow before entering the flow channel 10 and the flow direction 12 of the cooling air 11 in the flow channel 10 include an obtuse angle 22.
  • FIG. 7 shows a perspective and sectional view of a plate 15 of the heat exchanger 4.
  • a flow-conducting device 24 is integrated.
  • a baffle flow-conducting device 24 which are in the flow direction 13 of the heat-carrying fluid 14 extending, juxtaposed fluid channels 17 are formed.
  • a surface 25 of the cooling elements 9 or the plates 15 facing the throughflowing fluid 14 may have indentations 26.
  • 17 may be provided within the plate 15 and in the individual fluid channels 17 further flow-conducting or turbulence-generating elements or geometries, such as sheets, turbulators or inlays. This will be a improved heat transfer between the heat-conducting fluid 14 and the cooling air 11 in the flow channel 10 is achieved.
  • the plates 15 may comprise deflection devices 28, which connect adjacent fluid channels 17 with each other in terms of flow.
  • the fluid 14 flowing in the opposite direction to the cooling air 11 is deflected by 180 ° (dashed line), so that the flow direction 13 of the fluid 14 then has the same flow direction as the cooling air 11 in the flow channel 10.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Cooling, Air Intake And Gas Exhaust, And Fuel Tank Arrangements In Propulsion Units (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Wärmetauscher, insbesondere für eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine eines Kraftfahrzeuges, mit zumindest zwei von einem Wärme führenden Fluid durchströmbaren Kühlelementen und mit zumindest einem zwischen den Kühlelementen angeordneten und von Kühlluft durchströmbaren Strömungskanal.The invention relates to a heat exchanger, in particular for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, with at least two cooling elements through which a heat-conducting fluid can flow and with at least one flow channel arranged between the cooling elements and through which cooling air can flow.

Kraftfahrzeuge sind üblicherweise mit wenigstens einem Wärmetauscher ausgestattet, der zur Abfuhr von im Betrieb einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine entstehender Abwärme an die Umgebung dient. Der auch als Wasserkühler bezeichnete Wärmetauscher ist üblicherweise in einem Frontbereich des Kraftfahrzeuges angeordnet und durch ein einen Kühlmittelzusatz enthaltendes Fluid thermisch mit der Verbrennungskraftmaschine gekoppelt.Motor vehicles are usually equipped with at least one heat exchanger, which serves to dissipate resulting in the operation of an internal combustion engine waste heat to the environment. The heat exchanger, also referred to as a water cooler, is usually arranged in a front region of the motor vehicle and is thermally coupled to the internal combustion engine by a fluid containing a coolant additive.

Zur Abfuhr der Abwärme des Verbrennungsmotors an die Umgebung ist der Wärmetauscher einer Luftströmung ausgesetzt. Diese wird beispielsweise während der Fahrt durch die Fahrbewegung des Kraftfahrzeuges erzeugt bzw. kann bei langsamer Fahrt oder im Stillstand des Kraftfahrzeuges von einem Gebläse erzeugt bzw. verstärkt werden.To dissipate the waste heat of the internal combustion engine to the environment of the heat exchanger is exposed to an air flow. This is generated, for example, while driving by the driving movement of the motor vehicle or can be generated or amplified at slow speed or at a standstill of the motor vehicle by a fan.

Gängige Wärmetauscher, wie auch der in der DE 10 2010 027 053 A1 offenbarte, weisen mehrere von einem Wärme führenden Fluid durchströmbare und als Rohre ausgebildete Kühlelemente auf, die sich parallel zueinander über die Ebene einer Anströmfläche des Wärmetauschers erstrecken. Zwischen den von dem Fluid durchströmbaren Kühlelementen sind Lamellen vorgesehen, die thermisch mit den Kühlelementen gekoppelt sind und gleichzeitig eine möglichst große Fläche zur Abfuhr von Abwärme aus dem Fluid an die Luftströmung bzw. die Umgebungsluft bereitstellen.Common heat exchangers, as well as in the DE 10 2010 027 053 A1 disclosed, have a plurality of flowable from a heat-conducting fluid and formed as tubes cooling elements which extend parallel to each other over the plane of an inflow surface of the heat exchanger. Between the cooling elements can be traversed by the fluid fins are provided which are thermally coupled to the cooling elements and at the same time provide the largest possible area for the removal of waste heat from the fluid to the air flow or the ambient air.

Dabei weist der Wärmetauscher eine Vielzahl von sich parallel zueinander erstreckenden und als Rohre ausgebildeten Kühlelementen auf. In einer Einbausituation des Wärmetauschers im Kraftfahrzeug erstrecken sich die Kühlelemente in einer von Kraftfahrzeugquerrichtung und Kraftfahrzeughochrichtung gebildeten Ebene, und zwar parallel zu der
Kraftfahrzeugquerrichtung. Das durch die Kühlelemente geleitete Wärme führende Fluid strömt somit also im Wesentlichen in Fahrzeugquerrichtung, während die durch die Lamellen in dem Strömungskanal zwischen den Kühlelementen geleitete, Wärme aufnehmende Kühlluft in Fahrzeuglängsrichtung strömt. Die Strömungsrichtung des Wärme führenden Fluides und die Strömungsrichtung der Kühlluft sind also orthogonal zueinander ausgerichtet. WO-A-2007063978 offenbart einen Wärmetauscher gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Dieses Dokument zeigt einen Aufbau, der in mehreren Ebenen jeweils eine Mehrzahl von Flachrohren aufweist, so dass eine Durchströmung gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 ermöglicht wird. Zur Bereitstellung einer für den Betrieb eines Verbrennungsmotors ausreichenden Kühlleistung ist für bekannte Wärmetauscher eine vergleichsweise große Bauform vorgesehen. Dabei nutzt der Wärmetauscher im Wesentlichen die gesamte im Frontbereich des Kraftfahrzeuges zur Verfügung stehende, sich in Fahrzeugquerrichtung und Fahrzeughochrichtung erstreckende Fläche als Anströmfläche. Aufgrund von baulichen und geometrischen Vorgaben des Kraftfahrzeugaufbaus ist die zur Verfügung stehende Fläche im Frontbereich und damit auch die Anströmfläche des Wärmetauschers begrenzt. Hieraus resultiert auch eine Begrenzung der Kühlleistung des Wärmetauschers. Wenn die Anströmfläche des Wärmetauschers aufgrund geänderter geometrischer oder baulicher Vorgaben verkleinert werden muss oder im Kraftfahrzeug ein leistungsstärkerer und dadurch mehr Abwärme erzeugender Verbrennungsmotor verbaut werden soll, dann reicht die mit der zur Verfügung stehenden Anströmfläche zu erzeugende Kühlleistung des Wärmetauschers unter Umständen nicht mehr aus, um eine ausreichende Kühlung und einen störungsfreien Betrieb der Verbrennungskraftmaschine zu gewährleisten.In this case, the heat exchanger has a plurality of cooling elements extending parallel to one another and designed as tubes. In an installation situation of the heat exchanger in the motor vehicle, the cooling elements extend in a plane formed by the vehicle transverse direction and motor vehicle vertical direction, parallel to the plane
Motor vehicle transverse direction. The guided through the cooling elements heat-conducting fluid thus flows so substantially in the vehicle transverse direction, while the guided through the fins in the flow channel between the cooling elements, heat-absorbing cooling air in Vehicle longitudinal direction flows. The flow direction of the heat-conducting fluid and the flow direction of the cooling air are thus aligned orthogonal to each other. WO-A-2007063978 discloses a heat exchanger according to the preamble of claim 1. This document shows a structure which has in each case a plurality of flat tubes in several levels, so that a flow according to the preamble of claim 1 is made possible. To provide sufficient for the operation of an internal combustion engine cooling power a comparatively large design is provided for known heat exchangers. In this case, the heat exchanger essentially uses the entire surface which is available in the front region of the motor vehicle and extends in the vehicle transverse direction and vehicle vertical direction as the inflow surface. Due to structural and geometric specifications of the vehicle body, the available area in the front area and thus also the inflow surface of the heat exchanger is limited. This also results in a limitation of the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger. If the inflow of the heat exchanger must be reduced due to changes in geometric or structural specifications or in the motor vehicle a more powerful and thus more waste heat generating internal combustion engine to be installed, then sufficient with the available inflow to be generated cooling capacity of the heat exchanger may no longer be sufficient to To ensure adequate cooling and trouble-free operation of the internal combustion engine.

Vor diesem Hintergrund liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Wärmetauscher der eingangs genannten Art derart auszuführen, dass dieser bei gleicher Anströmfläche eine bessere Kühlleistung aufweist.Against this background, the invention has for its object to perform a heat exchanger of the type mentioned in such a way that it has a better cooling performance for the same inflow.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst mit einem Wärmetauscher gemäß den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1. Die Unteransprüche betreffen besonders zweckmäßige Weiterbildungen der Erfindung.This object is achieved with a heat exchanger according to the features of claim 1. The subclaims relate to particularly expedient developments of the invention.

Die Erfindung lässt zahlreiche Ausführungsformen zu. Zur weiteren Verdeutlichung ihres Grundprinzips ist eine davon in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird nachfolgend beschrieben. Diese zeigt in

Fig. 1
ein Kraftfahrzeug mit einer in einem Frontbereich angeordneten Verbrennungskraftmaschine und mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Wärmetauscher in einer Draufsicht;
Fig. 2
eine stark vereinfachte Prinzipskizze des Frontbereiches des Kraftfahrzeuges in einer Seitenansicht;
Fig. 3
eine stark vereinfachte Prinzipskizze des in den Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellten Wärmetauschers;
Fig. 4
eine erste Ausführungsform des Wärmetauschers in einer perspektivischen Darstellung;
Fig. 5
eine zweite Ausführungsform des Wärmetauschers in einer perspektivischen Darstellung;
Fig. 6
eine dritte Ausführungsform mit gegenüber einer horizontalen Ebene geneigt angeordneten Kühlelementen;
Fig. 7
eine perspektivische und geschnittene Darstellung einer Platte des Wärmetauschers.
The invention allows numerous embodiments. To further clarify its basic principle, one of them is shown in the drawing and will be described below. This shows in
Fig. 1
a motor vehicle with an arranged in a front region of the internal combustion engine and with a heat exchanger according to the invention in a plan view;
Fig. 2
a greatly simplified schematic diagram of the front portion of the motor vehicle in a side view;
Fig. 3
a simplistic schematic sketch of the in the Figures 1 and 2 illustrated heat exchanger;
Fig. 4
a first embodiment of the heat exchanger in a perspective view;
Fig. 5
a second embodiment of the heat exchanger in a perspective view;
Fig. 6
a third embodiment with respect to a horizontal plane inclined cooling elements;
Fig. 7
a perspective and sectional view of a plate of the heat exchanger.

Figur 1 zeigt ein Kraftfahrzeug 1 mit einer in einem Frontbereich 2 angeordneten Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 und mit einem Wärmetauscher 4 in einer Draufsicht, während Figur 2 eine vereinfachte Prinzipskizze des Frontbereiches 2 in einer Seitenansicht zeigt. FIG. 1 shows a motor vehicle 1 with an arranged in a front region 2 internal combustion engine 3 and with a heat exchanger 4 in a plan view, while FIG. 2 shows a simplified schematic diagram of the front area 2 in a side view.

Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 und der Wärmetauscher 4 sind in einem Motorraum 5 des Kraftfahrzeuges 1 derart angeordnet, dass sich der Wärmetauscher 4 in Fahrtrichtung 6 des Kraftfahrzeuges 1 vor der Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 befindet. Zur Abfuhr von während des Betriebes der Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 entstehender Abwärme an die Umgebung ist die Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 über ein ein Kühlmittel aufweisendes Fluid thermisch mit dem als Wasserkühler ausgebildeten Wärmetauscher 4 gekoppelt. Das Wärme führende Fluid wird während des Betriebes der Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 in den Wärmetauscher 4 eingeleitet und gibt die aufgenommene Wärme an eine ebenfalls in den Wärmetauscher 4 eingeleitete Kühlluft ab. Durch die Bewegung des Kraftfahrzeuges 1 in Fahrtrichtung 6 wird eine Luftströmung mit einer der Fahrtrichtung 6 entgegengesetzten Anströmrichtung 7 erzeugt und über eine Anströmfläche 8 des Wärmetauschers 4 in diesen eingeleitet.The internal combustion engine 3 and the heat exchanger 4 are arranged in an engine compartment 5 of the motor vehicle 1 such that the heat exchanger 4 is in the direction of travel 6 of the motor vehicle 1 in front of the internal combustion engine 3. To dissipate generated during operation of the internal combustion engine 3 waste heat to the environment is the Internal combustion engine 3 is thermally coupled via a fluid having a coolant fluid with the formed as a water cooler heat exchanger 4. The heat-conducting fluid is introduced during operation of the internal combustion engine 3 in the heat exchanger 4 and outputs the heat absorbed to a likewise introduced into the heat exchanger 4 cooling air. By the movement of the motor vehicle 1 in the direction of travel 6, an air flow is generated with a direction of travel 6 opposite flow direction 7 and introduced via an inflow surface 8 of the heat exchanger 4 in this.

Figur 3 zeigt eine stark vereinfachte Prinzipskizze des erfindungsgemäßen Wärmetauschers 4 mit zwei parallel angeordneten Kühlelementen 9 und mit einem sich zwischen diesen erstreckenden Strömungskanal 10. Die auf die Anströmfläche 8 des Wärmetauschers 4 in Anströmrichtung 7 gerichtete Luftströmung wird in den Strömungskanal 10 eingeleitet und strömt als Kühlluft 11 durch den Strömungskanal 10. Dabei weist die Kühlluft 11 eine Strömungsrichtung 12 auf, welche parallel und in Gegenrichtung zu einer Strömungsrichtung 13 des durch die Kühlelemente 9 strömenden Fluides 14 verläuft. Die Kühlelemente 9 können bezogen auf eine horizontale Ebene (xy-Ebene) übereinander (Figuren 3 und 4) oder nebeneinander (Figur 5) angeordnet sein, wobei die Strömungsrichtung 13 des Fluides 14 in beiden Fällen parallel zu der Strömungsrichtung 12 der Kühlluft 11 verläuft. FIG. 3 shows a highly simplified schematic diagram of the heat exchanger 4 according to the invention with two parallel cooling elements 9 and extending therebetween a flow channel 10. The on the Anströmfläche 8 of the heat exchanger 4 in the direction of flow 7 directed air flow is introduced into the flow channel 10 and flows as cooling air 11 through the flow channel 10. In this case, the cooling air 11 has a flow direction 12, which runs parallel and in the opposite direction to a flow direction 13 of the flowing through the cooling elements 9 fluid 14. The cooling elements 9 can be stacked relative to one another on a horizontal plane (xy plane) ( Figures 3 and 4 ) or side by side ( FIG. 5 ), wherein the flow direction 13 of the fluid 14 in both cases runs parallel to the flow direction 12 of the cooling air 11.

Figur 4 zeigt eine Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Wärmetauschers 4 in einer perspektivischen Darstellung. Der Wärmetauscher 4 weist mehrere als Platten 15 ausgebildete Kühlelemente 9 auf, wobei die Platten 15 horizontal und parallel zueinander angeordnet sind. Zwischen jeweils benachbarten Platten 15 erstreckt sich ein Strömungskanal 10, sodass der Wärmetauscher 4 aus mehreren Platten 15 und mehreren Strömungskanälen 10 besteht. In den Strömungskanälen 10 sind zur Vergrößerung der Oberfläche des Strömungskanales 10 Kühllamellen 16 angeordnet, welche thermisch mit den Kühlelementen 9 bzw. den Platten 15 gekoppelt sind. Die Platten 15 erstrecken sich parallel zu einer durch die Fahrzeugquerrichtung (y-Achse) und die Fahrzeuglängsrichtung (x-Achse) aufgespannten Ebene und weisen jeweils mehrere nebeneinander angeordnete und sich in Strömungsrichtung 13 des Fluides 14 erstreckende Fluidkanäle 17 auf. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the heat exchanger 4 according to the invention in a perspective view. The heat exchanger 4 has a plurality of cooling elements 9 formed as plates 15, wherein the plates 15 are arranged horizontally and parallel to each other. Between each adjacent plates 15, a flow channel 10 extends, so that the heat exchanger 4 consists of a plurality of plates 15 and a plurality of flow channels 10. In the flow channels 10 10 cooling fins 16 are arranged to increase the surface of the flow channel, which are thermally coupled to the cooling elements 9 and the plates 15. The plates 15 extend parallel to a through the vehicle transverse direction (y-axis) and the vehicle longitudinal direction (x-axis) spanned plane and each have a plurality of juxtaposed and extending in the flow direction 13 of the fluid 14 fluid channels 17.

Zur Einleitung und zur Ableitung des die Abwärme der Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 aufnehmenden Fluides 14 in den bzw. aus dem Wärmetauscher 4 weist dieser einen Zulauf 18 und einen Ablauf 19 auf. Der Zulauf 18 ist auf einer der Kühlluftaustrittsfläche 20 des Wärmetauschers 4 zugewandten Seite und der Ablauf 19 auf einer der Kühllufteintrittsfläche 21 des Wärmetauschers 4 zugewandten Seite der jeweiligen Platte 15 angeordnet. Durch den Zulauf 18 wird das von der Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 kommende und Wärme führende Fluid 14 in die bezogen auf eine horizontale Ebene (xy-Ebene) oberste Platte 15 eingeleitet, verteilt sich dann innerhalb dieser Platte 15 auf die nebeneinander angeordneten Fluidkanäle 17 und durchströmt diese in Strömungsrichtung 13. Da die einzelnen horizontal angeordneten Platten 15 strömungstechnisch miteinander verbunden sind, verteilt sich das durch den Zulauf 18 in die oberste Platte 15 eingeleitete Fluid 14 gleichmäßig in die übereinander angeordneten Platten 15 und durchströmt auch diese in Strömungsrichtung 13. Während des Durchströmens der Platten 15 gibt das Fluid 14 die aufgenommene Wärme an die in Gegenrichtung strömende Kühlluft 11 ab. Anschließend wird das Fluid 14 über den Ablauf 19 in der untersten Platte 15 aus dem Wärmetauscher 4 abgeleitet und wieder zu der Verbrennungskraftmaschine 3 zurückgeführt.For the introduction and the discharge of the waste heat of the internal combustion engine 3 receiving fluid 14 in or out of the heat exchanger 4, this has an inlet 18 and a drain 19. The inlet 18 is arranged on one of the cooling air outlet surface 20 of the heat exchanger 4 side facing and the drain 19 on one of the cooling air inlet surface 21 of the heat exchanger 4 facing side of the respective plate 15. Through the inlet 18 is coming from the internal combustion engine 3 and heat leading Fluid 14 introduced into the top plate 15 relative to a horizontal plane (xy plane), then distributed within this plate 15 on the adjacent fluid channels 17 and flows through them in the flow direction 13. Since the individual horizontally arranged plates 15 are fluidically connected to each other , the fluid 14 introduced into the uppermost plate 15 through the inlet 18 distributes itself uniformly into the superimposed plates 15 and also flows through them in the direction of flow 13. During the passage through the plates 15, the fluid 14 releases the absorbed heat to the cooling air flowing in the opposite direction 11 off. Subsequently, the fluid 14 is discharged via the outlet 19 in the bottom plate 15 from the heat exchanger 4 and returned to the internal combustion engine 3.

Figur 5 zeigt eine abgewandelte Ausführungsform, nach welcher die Platten 15 des Wärmetauschers 4 nicht wie bei der in Figur 4 dargestellten Ausführungsform horizontal, sondern vertikal angeordnet sind. Die ebenfalls parallel angeordneten Platten 15 erstrecken sich bei dieser Ausführungsform also parallel zu einer von der von Kraftfahrzeughochrichtung (z-Achse) und Kraftfahrzeuglängsrichtung (x-Achse) aufgespannten Ebene. FIG. 5 shows a modified embodiment, according to which the plates 15 of the heat exchanger 4 not as in. In FIG. 4 illustrated embodiment horizontally, but are arranged vertically. The plates 15, which are also arranged in parallel, thus extend in this embodiment, parallel to a plane defined by the direction of travel of the motor vehicle (z-axis) and the vehicle longitudinal direction (x-axis).

Figur 6 zeigt eine weitere Ausführungsform, nach welcher die Platten 15 bzw. die Kühlelemente 9 parallel zueinander und geneigt zu einer horizontalen Ebene (xy-Ebene) angeordnet sind. Die Neigung der Kühlelemente 9 ist derart ausgestaltet, dass eine Anströmrichtung 8 der Luftströmung vor dem Eintritt in den Strömungskanal 10 und die Strömungsrichtung 12 der Kühlluft 11 im Strömungskanal 10 einen stumpfen Winkel 22 einschließen. Hierdurch wird eine Wärmeübertragungsstrecke 23 zwischen den Kühlelementen 9 und dem Strömungskanal 10 bzw. dem Fluid 14 und der Kühlluft 11 im Vergleich zu einer Anordnung gemäß Figur 3 bei gleichem zur Verfügung stehenden Bauraum verlängert und dadurch die Kühlleistung des Wärmetauschers 4 verbessert. FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment, according to which the plates 15 and the cooling elements 9 are arranged parallel to each other and inclined to a horizontal plane (xy plane). The inclination of the cooling elements 9 is designed such that a direction of flow 8 of the air flow before entering the flow channel 10 and the flow direction 12 of the cooling air 11 in the flow channel 10 include an obtuse angle 22. In this way, a heat transfer path 23 between the cooling elements 9 and the flow channel 10 and the fluid 14 and the cooling air 11 in comparison to an arrangement according to FIG. 3 extended at the same available space and thereby improves the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger 4.

Figur 7 zeigt eine perspektivische und geschnittene Darstellung einer Platte 15 des Wärmetauschers 4. In der Platte 15 ist eine strömungsleitende Einrichtung 24 integriert. Durch die als Leitblech ausgebildete strömungsleitende Einrichtung 24 werden die sich in Strömungsrichtung 13 des Wärme führenden Fluides 14 erstreckenden, nebeneinander angeordneten Fluidkanäle 17 gebildet. Weiterhin kann eine dem durchströmenden Fluid 14 zugewandte Oberfläche 25 der Kühlelemente 9 bzw. der Platten 15 Einprägungen 26 aufweisen. Außerdem können innerhalb der Platte 15 bzw. in den einzelnen Fluidkanälen 17 weitere strömungsleitende oder turbulenzerzeugende Elemente 27 oder Geometrien, beispielsweise Bleche, Turbulatoren oder Inlays vorgesehen sein. Hierdurch wird ein verbesserter Wärmeübergang zwischen dem Wärme führenden Fluid 14 und der Kühlluft 11 im Strömungskanal 10 erreicht. FIG. 7 shows a perspective and sectional view of a plate 15 of the heat exchanger 4. In the plate 15, a flow-conducting device 24 is integrated. By formed as a baffle flow-conducting device 24 which are in the flow direction 13 of the heat-carrying fluid 14 extending, juxtaposed fluid channels 17 are formed. Furthermore, a surface 25 of the cooling elements 9 or the plates 15 facing the throughflowing fluid 14 may have indentations 26. In addition, 17 may be provided within the plate 15 and in the individual fluid channels 17 further flow-conducting or turbulence-generating elements or geometries, such as sheets, turbulators or inlays. This will be a improved heat transfer between the heat-conducting fluid 14 and the cooling air 11 in the flow channel 10 is achieved.

Wie in Figur 5 dargestellt, können die Platten 15 Umlenkeinrichtungen 28 aufweisen, welche benachbarte Fluidkanäle 17 strömungstechnisch miteinander verbinden. Hierdurch wird das in Gegenrichtung zur Kühlluft 11 strömende Fluid 14 um 180° umgelenkt (gestrichtelte Linie), sodass die Strömungsrichtung 13 des Fluides 14 anschließend die gleiche Strömungsrichtung aufweist wie die Kühlluft 11 im Strömungskanal 10.As in FIG. 5 As shown, the plates 15 may comprise deflection devices 28, which connect adjacent fluid channels 17 with each other in terms of flow. As a result, the fluid 14 flowing in the opposite direction to the cooling air 11 is deflected by 180 ° (dashed line), so that the flow direction 13 of the fluid 14 then has the same flow direction as the cooling air 11 in the flow channel 10.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
Kraftfahrzeugmotor vehicle
22
Frontbereichfront area
33
VerbrennungskraftmaschineInternal combustion engine
44
Wärmetauscherheat exchangers
55
Motorraumengine compartment
66
Fahrtrichtungdirection of travel
77
Anströmrichtung (Luftströmung)Direction of flow (air flow)
88th
Anströmflächeinflow area
99
Kühlelementcooling element
1010
Strömungskanalflow channel
1111
Kühlluftcooling air
1212
Strömungsrichtung (Kühlluft)Flow direction (cooling air)
1313
Strömungsrichtung (Fluid)Flow direction (fluid)
1414
Fluidfluid
1515
Platteplate
1616
Kühllamellencooling fins
1717
Fluidkanalfluid channel
1818
ZulaufIntake
1919
Ablaufprocedure
2020
KühlluftaustrittsflächeCooling air outlet area
2121
KühllufteintrittsflächeCooling air inlet surface
2222
stumpfer Winkeldull angle
2323
WärmeübertragungsstreckeHeat transfer distance
2424
EinrichtungFacility
2525
Oberflächesurface
2626
Einprägungenindentations
2727
Elementelement
2828
Umlenkeinrichtungdeflecting

Claims (9)

  1. Heat exchanger (4), in particular for a combustion engine (3) of a motor vehicle (1), having at least two cooling elements (9) which can be flowed through by a heat-carrying fluid (14), and having at least one flow channel (10) which is arranged between the cooling elements (9) and can be flowed through by cooling air (11), wherein the flow channel (10) extends between the two cooling elements (9) in such a manner that a flow direction (12) of the cooling air (11) in the flow channel (10) runs parallel to a flow direction (13) of the heat-carrying fluid (14) in the two cooling elements (9), characterized in that the cooling elements (9) are formed as plates (15) and are arranged at an angle to a horizontal (xy plane) or vertical plane (xz plane) in such a manner that an incident-flow direction (7) of an air flow upstream of the entry into the flow channel (10) and the flow direction (12) of the cooling air (11) in the flow channel (10) enclose an obtuse angle (22).
  2. Heat exchanger (4) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the flow direction (12) of the cooling air (11) in the flow channel (10) runs in the opposite direction to the flow direction (13) of the heat-carrying fluid (14) in the at least two cooling elements (9).
  3. Heat exchanger (4) according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cooling elements (9) each have at least two fluid channels (17) which are arranged next to one another and which extend in the flow direction (13) of the heat-carrying fluid (14).
  4. Heat exchanger (4) according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fluid channels (17) are formed in such a manner that the flow direction (13) of the heat-carrying fluid (14) runs, in at least one first fluid channel (17), in the direction of the flow direction (12) of the cooling air (11) and, in a second fluid channel (17), in the opposite direction to the flow direction (12) of the cooling air (11).
  5. Heat exchanger (4) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the end regions of the fluid channels (17) of the cooling elements (9) are at least partially flow-connected by means of a deflection device (28).
  6. Heat exchanger (4) according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a surface (25) of the cooling elements (9), which surface faces the through-flowing heat-carrying fluid (14), has embossments (26), and/or in that flow-guiding devices (24), in particular baffles and/or elements (27), are arranged in the cooling elements (9).
  7. Heat exchanger (4) according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cooling elements (9) are formed as horizontally or vertically arranged plates (15) and are arranged parallel to one another.
  8. Heat exchanger (4) according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the plates (15) are flow-connected to one another and have a common inlet (18) and a common outlet (19) for the heat-carrying fluid (14), wherein the inlet (18) is arranged on a side, facing the cooling-air exit face (20) of the heat exchanger (4), and the outlet is arranged on a side, facing the cooling-air entry face (21) of the heat exchanger, of the plates (15), and/or in that the inlet (18) is arranged, with respect to a horizontal plane (xy plane), in an upper region and the outlet (19) is arranged in a lower region of the plates (15).
  9. Motor vehicle (1) having a combustion engine (3), and having a heat exchanger (4), for discharging exhaust heat generated during the operation of the combustion engine (3) to the surroundings, according to at least one of the preceding claims.
EP14761356.6A 2013-09-17 2014-09-05 Heat exchanger Active EP3047222B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013218587.1A DE102013218587A1 (en) 2013-09-17 2013-09-17 heat exchangers
PCT/EP2014/068965 WO2015039894A1 (en) 2013-09-17 2014-09-05 Heat exchanger

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3047222A1 EP3047222A1 (en) 2016-07-27
EP3047222B1 true EP3047222B1 (en) 2017-06-28

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EP14761356.6A Active EP3047222B1 (en) 2013-09-17 2014-09-05 Heat exchanger

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EP (1) EP3047222B1 (en)
CN (1) CN105518406B (en)
DE (1) DE102013218587A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2015039894A1 (en)

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DE102019200468A1 (en) * 2019-01-16 2020-07-16 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Cooling device and motor vehicle
DE102019000723A1 (en) * 2019-01-31 2020-08-06 Hydac Cooling Gmbh cooler

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DE373204C (en) * 1923-04-09 Konstant Appbau Ges M B H Preheater with flexible, corrugated heating pipes
DE20118511U1 (en) * 2000-11-01 2002-02-14 Autokuehler Gmbh & Co Kg Heat exchanger network and heat exchanger produced therewith
DE10158436A1 (en) * 2001-11-29 2003-06-12 Behr Gmbh & Co heat exchangers
CA2389119A1 (en) * 2002-06-04 2003-12-04 Christopher R. Shore Lateral plate finned heat exchanger
JP2004077079A (en) * 2002-08-21 2004-03-11 Showa Denko Kk Heat exchanger, its manufacturing method, tube connection structure of header tank for heat exchanger and refrigeration system
JP2007155183A (en) * 2005-12-02 2007-06-21 Showa Denko Kk Heat exchanger
US20080017360A1 (en) * 2006-07-20 2008-01-24 International Business Machines Corporation Heat exchanger with angled secondary fins extending from primary fins
DE102010027053A1 (en) 2010-07-14 2012-01-19 Gm Global Technology Operations Llc (N.D.Ges.D. Staates Delaware) Heat exchanger for use as e.g. water radiator of internal combustion engine of motor car, has tubes thermally coupled with cooling fin arrangements that comprise regions of different geometry and/or contour
DE102012209431A1 (en) * 2011-06-17 2013-01-03 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Inner heat exchanger i.e. plate heat exchanger, for refrigerant circuit utilized for automobile applications, has inlets for fluids, where fluids flow parallel in first and second sections and flow opposite to each other in third section
JP5073849B1 (en) * 2011-07-05 2012-11-14 シャープ株式会社 Heat exchanger and air conditioner equipped with the same
DE102011085810A1 (en) * 2011-11-04 2013-05-08 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Plate evaporator for subcooling an air flow and intercooler

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Publication number Publication date
CN105518406B (en) 2018-01-16
WO2015039894A1 (en) 2015-03-26
CN105518406A (en) 2016-04-20
EP3047222A1 (en) 2016-07-27
DE102013218587A1 (en) 2015-03-19

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