EP3042414A1 - Fuel cell system, motor vehicle containing a fuel cell system, and method for operating a fuel cell system - Google Patents
Fuel cell system, motor vehicle containing a fuel cell system, and method for operating a fuel cell systemInfo
- Publication number
- EP3042414A1 EP3042414A1 EP14758585.5A EP14758585A EP3042414A1 EP 3042414 A1 EP3042414 A1 EP 3042414A1 EP 14758585 A EP14758585 A EP 14758585A EP 3042414 A1 EP3042414 A1 EP 3042414A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- cell system
- electrochemical storage
- storage system
- redox
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
- B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/70—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by fuel cells
- B60L50/72—Constructional details of fuel cells specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
- B60L58/31—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for starting of fuel cells
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
- B60L58/32—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load
- B60L58/33—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by cooling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
- H01M8/0494—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/20—Indirect fuel cells, e.g. fuel cells with redox couple being irreversible
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2455—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with liquid, solid or electrolyte-charged reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04634—Other electric variables, e.g. resistance or impedance
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- Fuel cell system motor vehicle containing a fuel cell system and method for operating a fuel cell system
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system and a motor vehicle containing such a fuel cell system as well as a method for operating a fuel cell system.
- Fuel cell systems are known in many designs. All fuel cell systems have in common that they have only limited dynamics, which is usually limited by a limited controllability of the Oxid michsfiuideauteil contained in the fuel cell system.
- a fuel cell system in a motor vehicle is thus, just to provide sufficient energy in an acceleration process (positive load step), or even to recuperate in case of a negative load jump energy, a high degree of hybridization of fuel cell and high-voltage storage, and thus a high-voltage storage (Battery) with high power, necessary.
- Battery high-performance batteries are also characterized by a high weight and a large structural volume, which is particularly disadvantageous for use in lightweight construction.
- there are still performance deficits in particular during the acceleration process of a motor vehicle, due to slow start-up times or reaction times of the Oxidationsfiuideautechnik and thus a poor fuel cell system dynamics.
- the object is achieved in a fuel cell system according to the invention in that the fuel cell system comprises a plurality of fuel cells combined into a fuel cell stack, wherein
- At least one fuel cell is a redox flow fuel cell with an electrode assembly, with a proton-permeable
- Separator for example, an electrolyte membrane, which is arranged between an anode region and a cathode region, wherein
- the redox flow fuel cell has a spatially separated from the electrode assembly regenerator and a water-forming reaction of the redox flow fuel cell takes place in the regenerator, wherein
- the redox flow fuel cell further at least one
- Oxidizing fluid delivery unit for supplying oxidizing fluid to the regenerator for carrying out the water-forming reaction in the regenerator
- Regenerator of the redox flow fuel cell comprising, wherein
- the redox flow fuel cell further comprises a pump circuit with a pump device and a pump line, for transporting an electrochemical storage system through the cathode region or the anode region of the redox flow fuel cell and the regenerator, and the electrochemical storage system contains active redox molecules and is adapted to receive electrons and leave.
- the fuel cell system according to the invention comprises, as a further component essential to the invention, a control device which is designed to adapt an available electrical and / or thermal power of the fuel cell system by changing a redox state of the electrochemical storage system.
- the redox flow fuel cell differs from "normal" fuel cells in that the water-forming reaction, ie the formation of water from protons, electrons and oxygen, spatially outsourced, and thus not adjacent to the separator and the anode region opposite cathode area, but in One of these, spatially separate, but connected via a corresponding transport system with the other components of the fuel cell system, so-called regenerator takes place.
- the regenerator are the transport generated in the anode region and passed through the proton permeable separator in the cathode region protons, and generated and usually
- the circuit for transporting the protons may be identical to the pumping circuit for conducting the electrochemical storage system through the cathode region of the redox flow fuel cell but also represent a separate cycle.
- the oxidation fluid required for the water-forming reaction ie generally an oxidizing agent, for example air or an oxidizing gas, such as oxygen, or a corresponding liquid (collectively referred to as "oxidizing fluid" is fed to the regenerator via at least one oxidizing fluid delivery unit, eg a compressor ,
- An electrochemical storage system contains chemical, redox-active molecules or active redox molecules, which may be present both in reduced form and in oxidized form, both forms forming a redox couple and wherein the electrochemical storage system one and / or more electrons per redoxzinem molecule can record or submit.
- the electrochemical storage system is located preferably as a solution of the redox-active molecules and serves to store and transport electrons.
- the active redox molecule itself or a solvent contained in the electrochemical storage system transports protons.
- the electrochemical storage system exhibits a low electrical conductivity. Further preferably, the electrochemical storage system does not discharge itself or only very slowly.
- the fuel cell system according to the invention may comprise one or more control devices.
- a control device is designed so that it can initiate a change in the redox state of the electrochemical storage system and thus adapt the electrical and / or thermal performance of the fuel cell system.
- the information about the electrical state of the electrochemical storage system and other parameters such as liquid level, temperatures, pressures, pH, conductivity, etc., are provided to the control unit via sensors and / or model calculations available.
- the electrochemical storage system is transferred from the oxidized state to the reduced state. This is done by promoting the anode reaction of the redox flow fuel cell. The electrons released thereby are taken up by the electrochemical storage system after passing through a load in the cathode region. In other words, a ratio of the reduced form of the electrochemical storage system and the oxidized form of the electrochemical storage system is adjusted in favor of the reduced form. If, for example, the ratio of the reduced form and the oxidized form approaches infinity, then from this point on only so many electrons can be taken up as are released again in the regenerator. This corresponds to a maximum continuous power of the fuel cell system.
- recuperation negative load case
- a ratio of the reduced form of the electrochemical storage system and the oxidized form of the electrochemical storage system is adjusted in favor of the oxidized form.
- the control device is thus arranged to control the anode reaction (release of electrons) independently of the water-forming reaction (consumption of electrons) by altering the redox state of the electrochemical storage system and thus to adapt the redox state of the electrochemical storage system to the power requirements of the fuel cell system.
- the electrochemical storage system serves as a so-called “buffer” for electrons.
- the control unit can regulate the concentration of the redox-active molecules or active redox molecules, the solvent balance (eg water) and a level of the electrochemical storage molecule in the pumping circuit, for example Temperatures and / or efficiency of an optional solvent recovery unit (condenser).
- a positive load case that is, when power is requested by an external load or a load, now in addition to the "normal" fuel cell reaction with conventional generation of water through Combination of the cathode reaction and anode reaction, and thus production of energy, electrons are taken up by the electrochemical storage system or cached until they are dissipated at lower loads on the water-forming reaction.
- the electrochemical storage system changes from the oxidized state to the reduced state. The performance of the redox flow fuel cell is thus temporarily increased compared to a conventional fuel cell.
- control device By the property of the control device to change the redox state of the electrochemical storage system and to adapt the power requirements to the fuel cell system, a fuel cell system with dynamic power adjustment is thus obtained, which can also serve very high power requests in the short term. Also, thus energy can be tapped significantly faster when starting the fuel cell system.
- control device is designed to adjust the electrical power of the fuel cell system by changing the redox state of at least 10% of the redox-active molecules (or active redox molecules) of the electrochemical storage system. This improves the dynamic power adjustment of the fuel cell system.
- control device is designed to increase the electrical power of the fuel cell system over the maximum, predetermined by the Oxidationsfluideautechnik power by initiating a reduction of the electrochemical storage system. As a result, a particularly large electrical power can be queried.
- control device is designed to control the electrical power of the fuel cell system without activating the oxidation fluid delivery unit by initiating a reduction of the to provide electrochemical storage system. Especially with short, positive load jumps, an energy release can take place without a time delay. In addition, this protects the inert oxidation fluid delivery units.
- control device is designed to bring about regeneration of the electrochemical storage system by feeding recuperation energy. This is done, for example, by activation of the oxidation fluid delivery unit or by electrochemical charging of the electrochemical storage system.
- the regeneration of the electrochemical storage system advantageously takes place by feeding recuperation energy into the oxidation fluid delivery unit.
- control device is designed to regulate the pumping device in stages and / or continuously as a function of a molar amount of the active redox molecules of the electrochemical storage system. This allows operation adapted to the fuel cell with the highest possible efficiency.
- the amount of the active redox molecules of the electrochemical storage system is large when the concentration of the electrochemical storage system at a constant volume is large.
- control device is formed, provided that the molar amount of the active redox molecules of the electrochemical storage system is small, so for example at a volume of the electrochemical storage system of 8 or less L / 100kW fuel cell system performance, in the case of a positive load jump to activate the Oxidationsfluideauiser immediately and electrical power through Initiate a reduction of the electrochemical storage system.
- power deficits are minimized when starting the Oxidationsfluid worseaji and promoted faster response of the fuel cell system.
- the controller is advantageously designed to provide electrical power in the event of a positive load jump by initiating a reduction of the electrochemical storage system and the oxidizing fluid delivery unit a delay of several seconds, in particular from 0 to 20 seconds, preferably from 1 to 10 seconds and more preferably from 2 to 4 seconds to activate.
- a sufficiently high performance can be obtained from the fuel cell system and at the same time the inert oxidizing fluid delivery unit can be switched on, whereby the energy-consuming Oxidationsfluideauieri can be switched later and thus just at the start of the fuel cell system, the full performance of the fuel cell system (power of the fuel cell stack plus power from the electrochemical storage system the redox flow fuel cell) is ready.
- a means or a circuit for smooth start of the Oxidationsfluid cruvik be provided (see Fig .. 3).
- Such soft starting means are means which avoid or reduce the high starting currents occurring in direct drive. These include, for example, frequency inverters or soft starters. Thus, the starting currents and ultimately the starting power can be reduced.
- the maximum electric power required for the operation of the oxidizing fluid delivery unit can be reduced, and a corresponding motor for this can be provided at a lower power.
- control device is designed, in the case of a negative load jump, to supply an accumulated recuperation energy to the oxidation fluid delivery unit for its activation or operation. This saves energy when re-starting the Oxidationsfluideau in the event of a subsequent positive load jump, without the dynamics of the fuel cell system is adversely affected.
- Fuel cell system at least one battery.
- the battery and the storage system provide the required power.
- the battery since the electrochemical storage system is also capable of storing energy, the battery may have a lower capacity.
- the battery is spared by the buffering effect of the electrochemical storage system, especially at high power jumps, which extends the life of the battery.
- control device is designed to supply in the case of a negative load jump, the accumulated Rekuperationsenergie the Oxidationsfluideautechnik and / or the battery.
- control device is preferably designed to reduce a pumping power of the pumping device during startup of the fuel cell system or during cold start or frost start in order to bring the fuel cell system up to operating temperature.
- the present invention also relates to a motor vehicle comprising a fuel cell system as described above.
- the fuel cell system according to the invention is particularly well suited for use in a motor vehicle due to its high dynamics and thus provides a high driving dynamics and great ride comfort.
- a method for operating a fuel cell system with a plurality of combined into a fuel cell stack fuel cell wherein - At least one fuel cell is a redox flow fuel cell, with an electrode assembly, with a proton-permeable separator, in particular an electrolyte membrane, between a
- Anode region and a cathode region is arranged, wherein
- the redox flow fuel cell has a spatially separated from the electrode assembly regenerator and a water-forming reaction of the redox flow fuel cell takes place in the spatially separated from the electrode assembly regenerator, wherein
- the redox flow fuel cell further at least one
- Oxidizing fluid delivery unit for supplying oxidizing fluid to the regenerator for carrying out the water-forming reaction in the regenerator
- Regenerator of the redox flow fuel cell comprising, wherein
- the redox flow fuel cell further comprises a pump circuit with a pump device and a pump line, for transporting an electrochemical storage system through the cathode region or the anode region of the redox flow fuel cell and the regenerator, and the electrochemical storage system contains active redox molecules and is adapted to receive electrons and leave.
- the method according to the invention comprises the step of adapting an available electrical and / or thermal power of the fuel cell system by changing a redox state of the electrochemical storage system.
- This step is initiated by a controller.
- a fuel cell system can be controlled simply and with high power dynamics according to the performance requirements of the fuel cell system by the method of the present invention.
- the method provides for increasing the electrical power of the fuel cell system beyond the maximum power given by the oxidizing fluid delivery unit by initiating a reduction of the electrochemical storage system.
- the method comprises the step of regenerating the electrochemical storage system by feeding recuperation energy.
- an at least partial, preferably complete, oxidation of the electrochemical storage system is obtained, so that the complete, electrical power of the fuel cell system can then be provided in a renewed positive load case by initiating a reduction of the electrochemical storage system.
- the inventive method further provides advantageous that, if the molar amount of the active redox molecules of the electrochemical storage system is small, in the case of a positive load jump, the Oxidationsfiuideauoeuvre activated immediately and power is provided by initiating a reduction of the electrochemical storage system. As a result, power deficits are minimized when starting the Oxidifugfiuideautechnik and promoted faster response of the fuel cell system.
- the method according to the invention provides, in the case of a positive load jump, to provide power by initiating a reduction of the electrochemical storage system and the oxidizer feed unit with a delay of several seconds, in particular from 0 to 20 Seconds, preferably from 1 to 10 seconds, and more preferably from 2 to 4 seconds.
- a sufficiently high electric power can be obtained from the fuel cell system and at the same time the slow Oxidationsfiuid bridgeillon be spared.
- a means or a circuit for smooth start of the Oxidungsfiuid dressaku be provided (see Fig. 3).
- Such soft starting means are means which avoid or reduce the high starting currents occurring in direct drive. These include, for example, frequency inverters or soft starters. Thus, the starting currents and ultimately the starting power can be reduced. In addition, the maximum electric power required for the operation of the oxidizing fluid conveying unit can be reduced, and a corresponding motor for this can be provided at a lower power.
- the fuel cell system comprises at least one battery, in which case the method is developed in such a way that in the case of a negative load jump, the accumulated recuperation energy of the Oxidationsfluideautechnik and / or the battery is supplied. As a result, the battery is spared in case of strong performance jumps, which extends the life of the battery.
- the method is preferably developed such that when starting the fuel cell system, cold start or frost start, a pumping power of the pump device is reduced to bring the fuel cell system to operating temperature.
- the fuel cell system may provide increased performance beyond the "normal" performance of a conventional fuel cell system.
- recuperation energy in the electrochemical storage system energy can be optimally saved and regenerated.
- Any intended high-voltage storage such as batteries, can be operated more gently and are characterized by a long service life.
- a motor vehicle with high ride comfort and high power dynamics is provided.
- Figure 2 is a schematic of a control topology of an inventive
- Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the performance curves of a
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of performance curves of a fuel cell system according to a second advantageous development of the invention
- Figure 5 is a schematic representation of power curves
- Figure 6 is a schematic representation of current density cell voltage curves for a cold start / frost start.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a redox fuel cell 10, which comprises an electrode arrangement with an anode region 1 and a cathode region 2, which are separated from one another by a proton-permeable separator S.
- the redox fuel fuel cell 10 further includes a regenerator R which is spatially separated from the electrode assembly and communicates with each other through a pump circuit 3.
- the regenerator R the water-forming reaction of the Redoxfiow fuel cell takes place.
- an electrochemical storage system is transported via the pumping circuit 3 and circulated between the cathode region 2 and the regenerator R by means of a conveying device 4, for example a pumping device.
- the electrochemical storage system stores and transports electrons that it receives after passing through a load in the cathode region 2, and supplies them to the regenerator R, where they react with protons and oxygen to form water.
- the electrochemical reaction in the anode region 1 releases electrons which, after passing through a load, are absorbed by the electrochemical storage system in the cathode region 2 become, which thus goes into a reduced state.
- the electrochemical storage system is then transported via the pumping circuit 3 to the regenerator R. If the regenerator R is also supplied with oxidizing fluid and protons, the electrochemical storage system transfers to the oxidized state with the release of electrons. Based on the targeted control of the change in the redox state of the electrochemical storage system according to the invention, the electrical power of a fuel cell system containing this Redoxfiow fuel cell 10 can be adjusted.
- FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the control topology of the control device 5 according to the invention.
- the control device 5 is provided here for controlling an electrical load, ie an electrical load 6, an oxidation fluid delivery unit 7, a delivery device for the electrochemical storage system 4 and data for a temperature sensor for the electrochemical storage system 8 to get.
- the controller may also control a coolant pump and receive data of an oxidation state sensor that provides information about the oxidation state of the electrochemical storage system.
- Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the relevant performance curves of a fuel cell system according to a first advantageous embodiment of the invention.
- the power or the power requirement of the individual components of the fuel cell system is plotted against the time in seconds.
- the fuel cell system here comprises a plurality of fuel cells stacked to form a fuel cell stack, at least one fuel cell being a redox fuel cell.
- the fuel cell system does not need to include high-voltage storage.
- the fuel cell system has a large amount of active substance redox molecules.
- a Oxidungsfiuid bridgeiser with time delay for example 0 to 20 seconds, preferably 1 to 10 seconds and more preferably 2 to 4 seconds
- time delay for example 0 to 20 seconds, preferably 1 to 10 seconds and more preferably 2 to 4 seconds
- the power consumed by the oxidation fluid delivery unit and missing from the overall performance of the system is shown in curve C. It can clearly be seen that a gentle start of the oxidation-fluid delivery unit is provided here.
- Curve A shows the electric power of the entire fuel cell stack, for example, from "normal" fuel cells and redox flow fuel cells.
- the oxidation fluid delivery unit draws power from the overall system (see curve C), which is evident in the drop in the power curve B of the fuel cell system when a maximum is exceeded.
- the resulting shaded area D is the energy available to a consumer, such as a motor vehicle, by delaying the delivery of the oxidizing fluid delivery unit.
- Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of the relevant performance curves of a fuel cell system according to a second advantageous embodiment of the invention.
- the fuel cell system from FIG. 4 further comprises a high-voltage accumulator, for example a battery.
- Curve E shows the contribution to power provided by the high-voltage storage. It can be seen that the high-voltage storage, as well as conventional fuel cells also, is not able to provide power at start-up of the fuel cell system without a time delay. This manifests itself in a slow increase in the curve E, the power curve of the high-voltage accumulator. This power deficit is in turn balanced by the electrochemical storage system, causing an immediate increase in overall performance (curve F) from fuel cell system performance (curve B) and high-voltage memory (curve E) performance to a maximum. The maximum total output (curve F) is greater than that of FIG. 3 due to the cooperation of the high-voltage accumulator (curve E).
- the power curve of the fuel cell system (curve B) is analogous to that of FIG. 3 and shows a drop in the power curve of the fuel cell system (curve B) after exceeding a maximum, which is due to a delayed activation of an oxidation fluid delivery unit as an electrical consumer.
- FIG. 4 further comprises curve I, which shows the performance of a high-voltage accumulator according to a conventional fuel cell system. It can be seen that the power of the high-voltage memory has to be raised very high in order to obtain the corresponding overall power (curve F). This is indicated by the hatched area H. The conventional control of a fuel cell system thus leads to the degradation of the high-voltage storage.
- Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of the relevant performance curves of a fuel cell system according to a third advantageous embodiment of the invention.
- the performance of each Components of the fuel cell system plotted against time in seconds.
- the fuel cell system comprises a plurality of fuel cells stacked to form a fuel cell stack, wherein at least one fuel cell is a redox flow fuel cell.
- the fuel cell system may include a high-voltage storage.
- the fuel cell system has a small amount of active substance in redox molecules.
- the Oxidationsfluidiereü is switched on without delay, so that just at the start of the fuel cell system quickly sufficient power of the fuel cell system can be provided.
- a time delay of the initiation of the oxidation fluid delivery unit would be disadvantageous here, since due to the small amount of active substance redox molecules electrochemical storage system electrochemical performance can be retrieved only for a short period of time.
- the performance of the fuel cell stack increases immediately, due to the performance of the fuel cell stack, for example, the combination of "normal" fuel cells and redox flow fuel cells, but now that the oxidation fluid delivery unit is shut down without any time delay This is manifested in a plateau G of the curve B.
- a higher amount of power is required in comparison to permanently maintaining the operation of the oxidation fluid delivery unit, which results in a throughput of the oxidation fluid delivery unit Maximum is seen in the curve C. Consequently, the performance of the fuel cell system (curve B) is reduced compared to the power of the fuel cell stack (curve A), for example, at a rated power of a fuel cell stack (curve A). from about 100kW one 25 kW and with a maximum starting power of approx. 30 kW in direct operation without the use of means for soft starting such as converters, soft starters, etc.
- Figure 6 is a schematic representation of current density cell voltage curves.
- the cell voltage U [V] is plotted against the current density j in [A / cm 2 ].
- the lower curve shows a polarization curve at low educt concentration.
- the upper curve shows a polarization curve at high educt concentration.
- the drawn points X and Y are operating points with the same electric power potential.
- the activation overvoltage and the concentration overvoltage of the reaction increase at the same current density (according to the Butler-Volmer equation). This will produce more heat and less electrical power. This leads to a lower electrical efficiency of the system. In addition, this effect is enhanced at low temperatures.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102013217858.1A DE102013217858A1 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2013-09-06 | Fuel cell system, motor vehicle containing a fuel cell system and method for operating a fuel cell system |
PCT/EP2014/068885 WO2015032880A1 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2014-09-04 | Fuel cell system, motor vehicle containing a fuel cell system, and method for operating a fuel cell system |
Publications (1)
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EP3042414A1 true EP3042414A1 (en) | 2016-07-13 |
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EP14758585.5A Withdrawn EP3042414A1 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2014-09-04 | Fuel cell system, motor vehicle containing a fuel cell system, and method for operating a fuel cell system |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20160190615A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3042414A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2016529679A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20160052556A (en) |
CN (1) | CN105517835B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102013217858A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2015032880A1 (en) |
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US20100291429A1 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-18 | Farmer Joseph C | Electrochemical Nanofluid or Particle Suspension Energy Conversion and Storage Device |
DE102014214420A1 (en) | 2014-07-23 | 2016-01-28 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Redox fuel cell system and method of operating a redox fuel cell system |
DE102014216116A1 (en) | 2014-08-13 | 2016-02-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Redox fuel cell system, apparatus for controlling a redox fuel cell system and method for operating a redox fuel cell system |
DE102014223126A1 (en) | 2014-11-12 | 2016-05-12 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Method for operating a fluid delivery device of a motor vehicle with at least one aerodynamic bearing |
DE102015224180B4 (en) | 2015-12-03 | 2019-10-02 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Redox cell system |
DE102015224178B4 (en) | 2015-12-03 | 2019-10-02 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Redox fuel cell system |
DE102015224183B4 (en) | 2015-12-03 | 2019-10-02 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Redox cell system |
DE102015224189A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 | 2017-06-08 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Manufacturing method for a bipolar plate for fuel cells |
DE102015224181A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 | 2017-06-08 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Regenerator of a redox fuel cell system |
DE102015224486A1 (en) | 2015-12-08 | 2017-06-08 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Redox fuel cell system |
KR101855290B1 (en) | 2017-03-02 | 2018-05-04 | 스탠다드에너지(주) | Redox flow battery |
KR102676220B1 (en) | 2017-10-26 | 2024-06-19 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Method of measuring state of battery and apparatus thereof |
GB2569360A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-06-19 | Fujifilm Mfg Europe Bv | Redox flow battery and method of operation |
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JP2002329522A (en) * | 2001-05-01 | 2002-11-15 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Secondary battery and its operation method |
WO2006129635A1 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2006-12-07 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Secondary battery, power supply system using same and usage of power supply system |
DE102007011311A1 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-06-26 | Mtu Cfc Solutions Gmbh | Vanadium-redox-battery operating method, involves regenerating anolyte by contact with carbon monoxide, with metal such as iron, zinc and nickel, or with electrolytic cell in electro-chemical manner |
GB0718577D0 (en) * | 2007-09-24 | 2007-10-31 | Acal Energy Ltd | Fuel cells |
GB0907795D0 (en) * | 2009-05-07 | 2009-06-17 | Acal Energy Ltd | Fuel cells |
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KR101819036B1 (en) * | 2010-12-31 | 2018-01-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Redox flow battery |
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2013
- 2013-09-06 DE DE102013217858.1A patent/DE102013217858A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2014
- 2014-09-04 WO PCT/EP2014/068885 patent/WO2015032880A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-09-04 KR KR1020167005850A patent/KR20160052556A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-09-04 JP JP2016539549A patent/JP2016529679A/en active Pending
- 2014-09-04 CN CN201480048865.3A patent/CN105517835B/en active Active
- 2014-09-04 EP EP14758585.5A patent/EP3042414A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2016
- 2016-03-04 US US15/060,872 patent/US20160190615A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CN105517835B (en) | 2019-04-09 |
KR20160052556A (en) | 2016-05-12 |
CN105517835A (en) | 2016-04-20 |
US20160190615A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
WO2015032880A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
JP2016529679A (en) | 2016-09-23 |
DE102013217858A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
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