EP3007184A1 - Traversée électrique - Google Patents

Traversée électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3007184A1
EP3007184A1 EP14187731.6A EP14187731A EP3007184A1 EP 3007184 A1 EP3007184 A1 EP 3007184A1 EP 14187731 A EP14187731 A EP 14187731A EP 3007184 A1 EP3007184 A1 EP 3007184A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
inner tube
bushing
tube
heat
outer tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP14187731.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3007184B1 (fr
Inventor
Jonas Birgerson
Alejandra Ravanal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Schweiz AG
Original Assignee
ABB Technology AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Technology AG filed Critical ABB Technology AG
Priority to EP14187731.6A priority Critical patent/EP3007184B1/fr
Priority to CN201580051006.4A priority patent/CN106716560B/zh
Priority to PCT/EP2015/072579 priority patent/WO2016055329A1/fr
Publication of EP3007184A1 publication Critical patent/EP3007184A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3007184B1 publication Critical patent/EP3007184B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B17/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by their form
    • H01B17/54—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by their form having heating or cooling devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0233—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes the conduits having a particular shape, e.g. non-circular cross-section, annular
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B17/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by their form
    • H01B17/26—Lead-in insulators; Lead-through insulators

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to an electrical bushing comprising a heat-pipe.
  • a bushing is a hollow electrical insulator through which a conductor may pass.
  • Bushings are used where high voltage lines must pass through a wall or other surface, on switchgear, transformers, circuit breakers and other high voltage equipment.
  • a bushing is e.g. used for passing a high voltage line from an oil-filled transformer, whereby the bushing is an oil-to-air bushing with a part in oil in the transformer and a part in air outside of the transformer.
  • Other bushings are air-to-air bushings e.g. passing high voltage lines through a wall.
  • Resistive heat losses in a bushing arise evenly along the conductor.
  • the heat is primarily dissipated to the environment at the upper and lower ends of the bushing.
  • the heat is transported from the central part to the ends by conduction and sometimes by convection. Even though it is rarely used, it is also known that the heat can be transported by an evaporating medium, a so called heat pipe.
  • a thicker conductive rod can be used to reduce the current density and thereby reduce the heat generated.
  • a thicker rod leads to increased material consumption and cost.
  • a heat pipe or heat pin is a heat-transfer device that combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer of heat between a hot interface and a cooler interface.
  • the function of a heat pipe is to evaporate a liquid at the hot interface of the pipe and to condense it at the cooler interface where the heat is to be dissipated.
  • a given bushing with a defined central space for a conductor has different current carrying capacity due to heat generation depending on what size conductor it is provided with.
  • a flexible conductor gives comparatively low current carrying capacity and a solid rod or tube conductor gives higher capacity.
  • copper conductors give higher capacity than aluminium.
  • the same basic bushing can be given various current ratings depending on which conductor it is equipped with. If the bushing is provided with a heat-pipe, the rating can also be increased.
  • a bushing can handle a higher current, without the need to use a larger conductor, if the conductor is equipped with a heat-pipe.
  • a heat-pipe renders the bushing more expensive to produce and maintain and may not be needed for regular bushings. Instead, special bushings with heat pipes are produced especially for applications where such improved heat transfer is needed.
  • CN 101369483 discloses a heat pipe bushing for transformers, comprising a conductive pipe, a radiator, a main insulating layer, an insulating sleeve and a connecting bushing.
  • the conductive pipe is a hollow metal pipe that is connected to the radiator at one end and filled with environmentally-friendly, non-combustible cooling liquid.
  • the exterior of the conductive pipe is wrapped with the main insulating layer, and the insulating sleeve and the connecting flange are installed on the exterior of the main insulating layer.
  • the radiator is a hollow metal cavity whose internal cavity is connected to hollow cavity of the conductive pipe.
  • the cooling liquid absorbs the heat generated by the conductive pipe and evaporates into gas, which rises to the radiator for external heat discharge; following this, it is condensed upon cooling and reflows to the conductive pipe.
  • WO 2007/107119 discloses a current carrier combined with heat-pipe which comprises a fluid with low boiling point.
  • the current carrier can be used for the bushing of electrical equipment, the primary winding of a current transformer, a great current bus and so on.
  • EP 2 704 157 discloses an electrical insulator bushing wherein the conductor comprises a cavity extending longitudinally along the conductor and having an opening at one end.
  • the cavity is arranged for accommodating a heat-pipe.
  • the cavity is arranged for allowing the heat-pipe to be introduced into and removed from said cavity via its opening.
  • a problem with using heat-pipes in the bushing is that if there is leakage from the heat-pipe, the heat transfer fluid therein may, in liquid or gaseous form, leak into the apparatus, e.g. a transformer, with which the bushing is used, potentially causing flash-overs or other problems.
  • the heat-pipe works under pressure, where the boiling temperature of the heat transfer fluid in the heat-pipe, at atmosphere pressure, is lower than the oil temperature of the transformer. This means that a leak of heat transfer fluid on the oil side of the bushing will be in gas form. A release of gas in the highly electrically stressed turret region of the transformer will likely cause a flash-over.
  • an electrical bushing comprising an electrically insulating sleeve having a central longitudinal through hole surrounding a central longitudinal axis of the bushing, and an electrical conductor positioned through the central longitudinal through hole of the sleeve.
  • the conductor comprises a longitudinal outer tube and a longitudinal inner tube, concentrically located within the outer tube, such that a tubular space is formed between the outer tube and the inner tube. A first end of the tubular space is delimited by a tube spacer between the outer tube and the inner tube, and a second end of the tubular space is capped to form an enclosed tubular space.
  • the enclosed tubular space contains a heat transfer fluid whereby a heat-pipe is formed between the outer tube and the inner tube of the conductor.
  • the outer tube extends longitudinally beyond the heat-pipe delimited by the tube spacer at the first end of the tubular space, and the inner tube has a design at said first end such that fluid can pass from between the outer tube and the inner tube into a central longitudinal space formed in the inner tube, without passing longitudinally beyond the extension of the outer tube.
  • an electrical apparatus comprising an embodiment of the bushing of the present disclosure.
  • the inner tube of the conductor is designed, at the end which is intended to be attached to/inserted into an electrical apparatus, such that the risk of heat transfer fluid entering the electrical apparatus is reduced in case of leakage thereof from the heat-pipe.
  • the inner tube has a design at said end such that the heat transfer fluid (typically in gas form) can pass from the space between the outer tube and the inner tube to the central longitudinal space formed in the inner tube, without passing longitudinally beyond the extension of the outer tube. This implies that the outer tube may extend into the electrical apparatus but that any leaking fluid may escape into the inner tube instead of being forced into the electrical apparatus by being trapped between the inner and outer tubes.
  • this design of the inner tube may be achieved e.g. by the inner tube being shorter than the outer tube, whereby the inner tube may end before entering the electrical apparatus when the bushing is in use.
  • that the inner tube is shorter at the end of the conductor than the outer tube herein means that the outer tube extends further in the longitudinal direction beyond the heat-pipe than the inner tube does.
  • it may (depending on the design of the conductor and its heat-pipe, and on how the bushing is mounted to the electrical apparatus) be enough that the inner tube is shorter along a part of its circumference, to let the leaking fluid into the central space.
  • the mantle of the inner tube may be provided with hole(s) connecting the space between the inner and outer tubes with the central space inside the inner tube beyond (typically below, when the bushing is mounted) the heat-pipe, to allow the leaking fluid to pass through the hole(s) and into the central space.
  • the bushing of the present invention may be used for a transformer, e.g. a power transformer, as exemplified herein, but the inventive bushing may alternatively be used for other electrical devices, especially fluid-filled (e.g. oil) electrical devices, such as electrical motors or switches.
  • a transformer e.g. a power transformer
  • fluid-filled electrical devices such as electrical motors or switches.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a transformer 8 where a bushing 1 is used for conducting an electrical current (I, U) through the casing of the transformer 8.
  • the transformer may be an oil-filled transformer, e.g. filled with mineral oil or an ester-based oil.
  • the transformer may be a high-voltage power transformer, whereby a high-voltage current is passed from the transformer through the conductor of the bushing 1.
  • the bushing 1 may thus have an inner oil-immersed part at a lower end of the bushing inside the transformer 8, and an outer part in air at an upper end of the bushing outside of the transformer, or the outer part may also be fluid-filled.
  • the bushing by means of its conductor, may conduct current from e.g. a winding of the transformer, through the casing of the transformer and to e.g. an air-borne line of a power distribution network, the bushing 1 insulating the current from the casing and any other external structures.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a bushing 1 of the present invention.
  • the bushing 1 is schematically shown in a longitudinal section along the central longitudinal axis 5 of the bushing.
  • the bushing 1 is a tubular or essentially cylindrical device wherein an electrically insulating sleeve 2 forms an envelope surface surrounding the bushing in its longitudinal direction in parallel with the longitudinal axis 5.
  • the sleeve 2 insulates an electrical conductor 3 from external structures, such as a wall through which the bushing is to be arranged.
  • the conductor 3 is arranged within and through a longitudinal central through hole 4 of the sleeve, through which hole 4 also the central longitudinal axis 5 runs.
  • the conductor 3 is configured to conduct an electrical current (AC or DC) through the bushing 1 (in the figure this is schematically illustrated by a current (I, U) entering at the lower end of the bushing from an electrical apparatus 8, e.g. a liquid-filled transformer, and exiting at the upper end of said bushing, but the opposite direction, or alternating current, is of course equally possible).
  • AC or DC electrical current
  • the conductor 3 is in the form of two concentrically positioned hollow tubes (could be called pipes or hollow cylinders), an outer tube 3a and an inner tube 3b, the inside of which inner tube 3b forms a central space or cavity 9 through which the central longitudinal axis 5 passes. At least part of the conductor 3 is configured for conducting the electrical current I, thus being made of an electrically conducting material such as copper, which is preferred, or aluminium.
  • the outer tube 3a is made of a conducting material.
  • the inner tube 3b may be electrically connected to the outer tube 3a e.g. via a tube spacer 10, and may be of a conductive material or a non-conducting material such as a non-conducting ceramic or synthetic/plastic material.
  • the outer and inner tubes 3a and 3b form an annular/tubular longitudinal space there between which functions as a heat-pipe 6 when at least partly filled with a heat transfer fluid.
  • the tubular space is capped (e.g. by means of a tube spacer, lid or the like) at the upper end of the bushing 1, and delimited at the lower end of the bushing by means of the annular tube spacer 10 which is fastened to both the outer surface of the inner tube 3b and the inner surface of the outer tube 3a, e.g. by soldering or welding, whereby the tubular space is an enclosed space forming the heat-pipe 6 such that the heat transfer fluid does not escape the heat-pipe unless there is an undesired leak.
  • the tube spacer 10 delimits the lower end of the heat-pipe 6 some distance above the apparatus 8, allowing the inner tube 3b to also at least partially end some distance above the apparatus 8, thereby allowing any gas leaking through or past the tube spacer 10 to enter the central space 9, rising upwards there through, without entering the apparatus 8, e.g. the turret region of a transformer 8, thereby avoiding flash-overs in the apparatus caused by such leaking gas.
  • the central space 9 may be used for different things, such as a draw rod or the like, or for accommodating additional heat-pipes.
  • the central space 9 may be at least partially filled by a liquid, typically a cooling and insulating liquid of the electrical apparatus 8 such as a transformer oil of a fluid-filled transformer 8.
  • the liquid in the central space 9 may contribute to the cooling of and heat distribution in the bushing and may thus cooperate with the heat-pipe 6 for this.
  • Figure 3a schematically illustrates an end part of an embodiment of a conductor 3 of the present invention, in longitudinal section.
  • the end of the conductor 3 shown is the end which is configured to be connected to/inserted in the electrical apparatus 8, and is thus typically a lower end of the conductor when the bushing 1 is mounted to the apparatus.
  • the outer tube 3a forms the outside of the conductor 3 and may have an essentially circular cross-section with essentially the same radius along its whole longitudinal extension.
  • the inner tube 3b is concentrically positioned inside the outer tube 3a, defining a tubular space between the inner and outer tubes 3b and 3a, as well as defining a central longitudinal space 9 inside the inner tube 3b, through which central longitudinal space the central longitudinal axis 5 runs.
  • the inner tube 3b may have an essentially circular cross-section with essentially the same radius (smaller than the radius of the outer tube) along its whole longitudinal extension.
  • a heat-pipe 6 is formed in the tubular space between the outer and inner tubes 3a and 3b.
  • the tubular space is delimited at both longitudinal ends to form an enclosed space in which the heat transfer fluid can be enclosed to form the heat-pipe 6.
  • a, typically annular, tube spacer 10 is used both for fixing the outer and inner tubes in relation to each other and for delimiting the heat-pipe 6 at this end.
  • the tube spacer is typically soldered in place, but may alternatively be welded in place or wedged immobile between the inner and outer tubes.
  • the inner tube 3b is substantially shorter than the outer tube 3a.
  • the outer tube 3a extends a substantial distance beyond (below) the heat-pipe 6 delimited by the tube spacer 10, while the inner tube 3b ends at or shortly after the tube spacer 10.
  • any gaseous or liquid typically gaseous, due to the high temperature of the apparatus 8 and the conductor 3
  • heat transfer fluid leaking through or past the tube spacer 10, e.g. due to a crack in the soldering, is not forced into the apparatus 8 by being trapped between the inner and outer tubes 3b and 3a.
  • the leaking fluid is, as illustrated with the curved arrow from the heat-pipe 6 to the central space 9, allowed to enter the central space 9 without having to pass longitudinally beyond (typically below) the longitudinal extension of the outer tube 3a.
  • the central longitudinal space may, when the bushing is mounted and in use, typically be at least partly filled with the insulation fluid, e.g. oil, of the apparatus 8, e.g. a fluid (e.g. oil) filled transformer or electrical motor.
  • Figures 3b and 3c schematically illustrates the conductor of figure 3a but without showing the special design of the inner tube at the end of the conductor. Rather, the figures are used to illustrate how the heat-pipe may be formed in the conductor, between the outer tube 3a and the inner tube 3b.
  • Figure 3b schematically illustrates the embodiment of the conductor 3 shown in figure 3a .
  • the conductor 3 is shown in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 5.
  • the conductor 3 comprises two concentrically arranged hollow tubes (could also be called pipes or hollow cylinders) of an electrically conducting material.
  • the inner hollow tube 3b of the conductor 3 forms the central space 9 through which the central longitudinal axis 5 of the bushing runs.
  • the eccentrically located cavity 6 is formed between the inner tube 3b and the outer tube 3a of the conductor 3.
  • the cavity 6 is configured for forming a heat-pipe, as discussed herein, when filled with a heat transfer fluid.
  • the heat-pipe 6 extends, in the transvers plane, 360° around the central space 9 within the conductor 3, allowing the heat to be exchanged more evenly in the conductor 3.
  • one or more discrete heat-pipes 6 may be formed between the inner tube 3b and the outer tube 3a, e.g. a plurality of parallel longitudinal heat-pipes.
  • the central space 9 can be used for accommodating one or more heat-pipes.
  • Figure 3c is a schematic longitudinal section of a part of the conductor 3 also shown in figures 3a and 3b .
  • the concentric outer tube 3a and inner tube 3b form the heat-pipe 6 there between.
  • the longitudinal axis 5 runs through the inner space 9 formed within the hollow inner tube 3b, the inner space 9 typically being oil-filled when the conductor is mounted in a bushing of an oil-filled electrical apparatus 8 e.g. a transformer.
  • the design of the of the inner tube 3b at the first end is such that at least some circumferential parts of the inner tube are shorter than corresponding circumferential parts of the outer tube 3a thus extending longitudinally beyond the inner tube at the first end.
  • this is one way of allowing the leaking heat transfer fluid to pass from the space between the outer tube 3a and the inner tube 3b into the central longitudinal space 9, without passing longitudinally beyond the extension of the outer tube 3a at said first end.
  • the inner tube 3b is simply shorter (around its whole circumference) than the outer tube 3a which thus extends longitudinally beyond the inner tube at the first end.
  • the design of the inner tube 3b at the first end (bottom end) is such that the lateral surface (also called the mantel) of the inner tube 3b, longitudinally beyond the heat-pipe 6, comprises at least one aperture (also called through hole or hole).
  • this is another way (optionally combinable with a shorter inner tube) of allowing the leaking heat transfer fluid to pass from the space between the outer tube 3a and the inner tube 3b into the central longitudinal space 9, without passing longitudinally beyond the extension of the outer tube 3a at said first end.
  • the circumferential position or size of the shortening or aperture/hole of the inner tube 3b may depend on how the bushing 1 is mounted to the apparatus 8, e.g. if it is mounted vertically or inclined to the apparatus, bearing in mind that leaking gas will attempt to move upwards in the liquid (oil).
  • the central cavity 9 is at least partly liquid-filled, typically with a cooling/insulation liquid with which the electrical apparatus 8 is filled. This improves the cooling of and heat transfer in the bushing 1, especially the inner tube 3b.
  • the heat-pipe 6 comprises a condenser extending beyond the sleeve 2.
  • the heat-pipe may extend, at it second (typically upper) end, beyond (above) the sleeve 2, and typically also beyond the inner and outer tubes 3b and 3a of the conductor 3, in order to more easily cool down and condense the heat transfer fluid away from the heat insulating effect of the sleeve 2.
  • the condenser may e.g. be formed as part of the capping of the heat-pipe 6 discussed herein.
  • the heat transfer fluid 11 may be any suitable fluid which has a boiling point at a desired operating temperature of the electrical conductor 3.
  • the fluid may e.g. be water or a fluorocarbon.
  • the heat transfer fluid may have a boiling point at 75-80°C at atmospheric pressure, which implies that if the oil temperature of the apparatus is higher, e.g. around 90°C, any leakage of the heat transfer fluid will be in gas form.
  • the heat transfer fluid in the heat-pipe 6 will be subjected to an over pressure allowing for the suitable two-phase system of a heat-pipe.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Insulators (AREA)
  • Transformer Cooling (AREA)
EP14187731.6A 2014-10-06 2014-10-06 Traversée électrique Active EP3007184B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14187731.6A EP3007184B1 (fr) 2014-10-06 2014-10-06 Traversée électrique
CN201580051006.4A CN106716560B (zh) 2014-10-06 2015-09-30 电气套管
PCT/EP2015/072579 WO2016055329A1 (fr) 2014-10-06 2015-09-30 Traversée électrique

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14187731.6A EP3007184B1 (fr) 2014-10-06 2014-10-06 Traversée électrique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3007184A1 true EP3007184A1 (fr) 2016-04-13
EP3007184B1 EP3007184B1 (fr) 2017-06-28

Family

ID=51655658

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14187731.6A Active EP3007184B1 (fr) 2014-10-06 2014-10-06 Traversée électrique

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3007184B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN106716560B (fr)
WO (1) WO2016055329A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102022131094A1 (de) 2022-11-24 2024-05-29 Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH Schweissverbindungsanordnung zur gekühlten stromübertragung

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3627899A (en) * 1970-05-12 1971-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical bushing assembly with evaporative heat pump disposed between insulation and electrical lead
JPS529889A (en) * 1975-07-15 1977-01-25 Hitachi Ltd Cooling device for bushing
WO2007107119A1 (fr) 2006-03-21 2007-09-27 Beijing Ruiheng Super High Voltage Electrical Equipment Research Institute Transporteur de courant combiné à un tube thermique
CN101369483A (zh) 2008-06-24 2009-02-18 中国科学院电工研究所 一种热管式变压器套管
EP2704157A1 (fr) * 2012-12-19 2014-03-05 ABB Technology Ltd Traversée isolante électrique

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN203552904U (zh) * 2013-10-16 2014-04-16 中国西电电气股份有限公司 一种可实现导管自动降温功能的变压器套管

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3627899A (en) * 1970-05-12 1971-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical bushing assembly with evaporative heat pump disposed between insulation and electrical lead
JPS529889A (en) * 1975-07-15 1977-01-25 Hitachi Ltd Cooling device for bushing
WO2007107119A1 (fr) 2006-03-21 2007-09-27 Beijing Ruiheng Super High Voltage Electrical Equipment Research Institute Transporteur de courant combiné à un tube thermique
CN101369483A (zh) 2008-06-24 2009-02-18 中国科学院电工研究所 一种热管式变压器套管
EP2704157A1 (fr) * 2012-12-19 2014-03-05 ABB Technology Ltd Traversée isolante électrique

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102022131094A1 (de) 2022-11-24 2024-05-29 Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH Schweissverbindungsanordnung zur gekühlten stromübertragung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN106716560A (zh) 2017-05-24
CN106716560B (zh) 2018-07-13
EP3007184B1 (fr) 2017-06-28
WO2016055329A1 (fr) 2016-04-14

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