Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F10/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
  • C08F10/06—Propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C08F210/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
  • C08F210/06—Propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/14—Copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/142—Copolymers of propene at least partially crystalline copolymers of propene with other olefins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
  • C08F2800/10—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as molar percentages
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
  • C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
  • C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2308/00—Chemical blending or stepwise polymerisation process with the same catalyst
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2314/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by way of preparation
  • C08L2314/02—Ziegler natta catalyst

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a new propylene copolymer as well as unoriented films made therefrom. Further, the present invention relates to the manufacture of said new propylene copolymer.
• Propylene copolymers are very well known and quite often used in the field of film making. In this technical area polymers are required which combine high transparency and high impact strength. Quite often also high flowability of the used polymer is desired to reduce the process costs. However, it is demanding to fulfill all the required demands with one polymer since the improvement of one property is paid on the expense of another property.
• EP 0 663 422 defines a heterophasic system which is mixed with linear low density polyethylene. Accordingly, this composition requires a complex mixture to achieve the demands in the technical field of films.
• EP 1 664 162 defines a blown film with improved optical properties due to the specific selection of the nucleating agent. The improvement of properties due to the production of a specific propylene copolymer is not addressed.
• EP 2 386 604 A1 discloses a polypropylene composition having a melt flow rate MFR 2 (230 °C) measured according to according to ISO 1133 of at least 2.0 g/10min, said polypropylene composition comprises a propylene copolymer (C-PP) and a high melt strength polypropylene (HMS-PP), wherein the propylene copolymer (C-PP) (a) has a comonomer content of equal or below 7.0 wt.-%, the comonomers are ethylene and/or at least one C4 to C12 alpha-olefin, and (b) fulfills the equation (I) R + 4.96 x C ⁇ 95.66 wherein R is the randomness [%] measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and C is the comonomer content [wt.-%] measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
• FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
• EP 2 065 407 A1 relates to a propylene random copolymer, comprising comonomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene, C4 to C20 alpha-olefins, and any combination thereof, wherein the propylene random copolymer (a) has a comonomer content of at least 3.5 wt.-%, based on the weight of the propylene random copolymer, (b) has a randomness of at least 30 %, and (c) is prepared in the presence of a catalyst system comprising solid catalyst particles, wherein the solid catalyst particles (c1) have a specific surface area of less than 20 m 2 /g, (c2) comprise a transition metal compound which is selected from one of the groups 4 to 10 of the periodic table or a compound of actinide or lanthanide, (c3) comprise a metal compound which is selected from one of the groups 1 to 3 of the periodic table, and (c4) comprise inclusions not having catalytically active sites.
• the solid catalyst particles
• EP 2 251 361 A1 discloses a process for the preparation of a catalyst being in the form of solid particles comprising the steps of:
• the object of the present invention is to provide a polymer, which enables the skilled person to produce an unoriented film with good optical and mechanical properties in an efficient manner.
• the finding of the present invention is to produce a propylene copolymer with rather high melt flow rate for polymers in film technology and being monophasic, while having a moderate to low randomness.
• the present invention is directed to an unoriented cast film comprising a propylene copolymer (R-PP) having
• the present invention is directed to an unoriented blown film comprising a propylene copolymer (R-PP) having
• the present invention is directed to a process for preparing the unoriented cast or blown film of the present invention comprising the steps of producing the propylene copolymer (R-PP) as defined above, wherein the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has been produced in the presence of
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is monophasic.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has preferably no glass transition temperature below -20 °C.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has high impact and good optical properties even though the melt flow rate MFR 2 (230 °C) is relatively high.
• the present invention is directed to an unoriented film comprising the propylene copolymer (R-PP). More preferably, the present invention is directed to a cast film or a blown film, like air cooled blown film, comprising the propylene copolymer (R-PP).
• R-PP propylene copolymer
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is preferably monophasic. Accordingly, it is preferred that the propylene copolymer (R-PP) does not contain elastomeric (co)polymers forming inclusions as a second phase for improving mechanical properties.
• a polymer containing elastomeric (co)polymers as insertions of a second phase would by contrast be called heterophasic and is preferably not part of the present invention.
• the presence of second phases or the so-called inclusions are for instance visible by high-resolution microscopy, like electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy, or by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Specifically in DMTA the presence of a multiphase structure can be identified by the presence of at least two distinct glass transition temperatures.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has no glass transition temperature below -30, preferably below -25 °C, more preferably below -20 °C.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a glass transition temperature in the range of -12 to +2 °C, more preferably in the range of -10 to +2 °C.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a melt flow rate MFR 2 (230 °C) measured according to ISO 1133 in the range of 1.0 to 16.0 g/10min, more preferably in the range of 1.0 to 12.0 g/10min, still more preferably in the range of 5.0 to 11.0 g/10min.
• the melt flow rate MFR 2 (230 °C) is preferably in the range of 6.0 to 16.0 g/10min, more preferably in the range of 7.0 to 11.0 g/10min.
• the melt flow rate MFR 2 (230 °C) is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 4.0 g/10min, more preferably in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 g/10min.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises apart from propylene also comonomers.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises apart from propylene ethylene and/or C 4 to C 12 ⁇ -olefins.
• the term "propylene copolymer" is preferably understood as a polypropylene comprising, preferably consisting of, units derivable from
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) preferably comprises monomers copolymerizable with propylene, for example comonomers such as ethylene and/or C 4 to C 12 ⁇ -olefins, in particular ethylene and/or C 4 to C 8 ⁇ -olefins, e.g. 1-butene and/or 1-hexene.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises, especially consists of, monomers copolymerizable with propylene from the group consisting of ethylene, 1-butene and 1-hexene.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises - apart from propylene - units derivable from ethylene and/or 1-butene.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises units derivable from ethylene and propylene only.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) preferably has a comonomer content in a very specific range, which contributes to the impact strength and the good optical properties.
• the comonomer content of the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is in the range of 2.5 to below 11.5 mol.-%, more preferably in the range of 3.5 to below 11.0 mol.-%, still more preferably in the range of 5.5 to 10.5 mol.-%, yet more preferably in the range of 6.5 to 10.0 mol.-%.
• propylene copolymer is featured by its relative content of isolated to block ethylene sequences (I(E)).
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a I(E) content in the range 45.0 to 69.0 %, more preferably in the range of 50.0 to 68.0 %, still more preferably in the range of 52.0 to 67.0 %.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a melting temperature of at least 135 °C, more preferably in the range of 135 to 155 °C, still more preferably in the range of 138 to 150 °C, like in the range of 138 to 145 °C.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a crystallization temperature of at least 99 °C, more preferably in the range of 99 to 110 °C, still more preferably in the range of 100 to 108 °C, like in the range of 101 to 106 °C These values are especially applicable in case the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is not nucleated, e.g. ⁇ -nucleated.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a xylene cold soluble fraction (XCS) in the range of 4.0 to 25.0 wt.-%, preferably in the range of 8.0 to 22.0 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 10.0 to 21.0 wt-%.
• XCS xylene cold soluble fraction
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of at least 2.0, more preferably in the range of 2.5 to 6.5, still more preferably in the range of 2.8 to 5.5.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has preferably weight average molecular weight Mw in the range of 120 to 700 kg/mol, more preferably in the range of 150 to 600 kg/mol, like in the range of 180 to 500 kg/mol.
• the propylene copolymer has been produced in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
• the catalyst influences in particular the microstructure of the polymer.
• polypropylenes prepared by using a metallocene catalyst provide a different microstructure compared to polypropylenes prepared by using Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalysts.
• ZN Ziegler-Natta
• the most significant difference is the presence of regio-defects in metallocene-made polypropylenes, which is not the case for polypropylenes made by Ziegler-Natta (ZN).
• the regio-defects can be of three different types, namely 2,1-erythro (2,1e), 2,1-threo (2,1t) and 3,1 defects.
• a detailed description of the structure and mechanism of formation of regio-defects in polypropylene can be found in Chemical Reviews 2000,100(4),pages 1316-1327 .
• 2,1 regio defects as used in the present invention defines the sum of 2,1 erythro regio-defects and 2,1 threo regio-defects.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has 2,1 regio-defects, like 2,1 erythro regio-defects, of at most 0.4 %, more preferably of at most 0.3 %, still more preferably of at most 0.2 %, determined by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy.
• no 2,1 regio-defects, like 2,1 erythro regio-defects, are detectable for the propylene copolymer (R-PP).
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) preferably comprises at least two polymer fractions, like two or three polymer fraction, all of them being propylene copolymers.
• the random propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises at least two different propylene copolymer fractions, like two different propylene copolymer fractions, wherein further the two propylene copolymer fractions preferably differ in the comonomer content.
• one fraction of the two polymer copolymer fractions of the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is the commoner lean fraction and the other fraction is the comonomer rich fraction, wherein more preferably the lean fraction and the rich fraction fulfill together in-equation (II), more preferably in-equation (IIa), still more preferably in-equation (IIb), C o r i c h C o l e a n 1.0 1.0 ⁇ C o r i c h C o l e a n 5.0 1.5 ⁇ C o r i c h C o l e a n ⁇ 4.0 wherein
• the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) has higher comonomer content than the second random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2).
• the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) has lower comonomer content than the second random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2). This embodiment is preferred.
• the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and the second random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) fulfill together the in-equation (III), more preferably in-equation (IIIa), still more preferably in-equation (IIIb), C o R ⁇ P P 2 C o R ⁇ P P 1 ⁇ 1.0 1.0 ⁇ C o R ⁇ P P 2 C o R ⁇ P P 1 ⁇ 5.0 1.5 ⁇ C o R ⁇ P P 2 C o R ⁇ P P 1 ⁇ 4.0 wherein
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) has higher comonomer content than the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1).
• the random propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises, preferably consists of, the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and the second random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2), wherein further the random propylene copolymer (R-PP) fulfills the in-equation (IV), more preferably in-equation (IVa), still more preferably in-equation (IVb), C o R ⁇ P P C o R ⁇ P P 1 ⁇ 1.0 1.0 ⁇ C o R ⁇ P P C o R ⁇ P P 1 ⁇ 4.0 1.0 ⁇ C o R ⁇ P P C o R ⁇ P P 1 ⁇ 3.0 wherein
• the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) has a comonomer content of equal or below 7.0 mol-%, more preferably in the range 1.0 to 6.5 mol-%, yet more preferably in the range 2.0 to 6.2 mol-%, still more preferably in the range 3.5 to 6.0 mol-%.
• the second random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) preferably has a comonomer content in the range of more than 7.0 to 15.0 mol-%, still more preferably in the range 8.0 to 14.0 mol-%, yet more preferably in the range 9.0 to 13.0 mol-%.
• the first random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and the second random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) have essentially the same melt flow rate MFR 2 (230 °C). Accordingly, reference is made to the melt flow rate provided for the propylene copolymer (R-PP).
• the comonomers of the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and random propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2), respectively, copolymerizable with propylene are ethylene and/or C 4 to C 12 ⁇ -olefins, in particular ethylene and/or C 4 to C 8 ⁇ -olefins, e.g. 1-butene and/or 1-hexene.
• the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and second propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2), respectively comprise, especially consist of, monomers copolymerizable with propylene from the group consisting of ethylene, 1 -butene and 1-hexene.
• first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and second propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) comprise - apart from propylene - units derivable from ethylene and/or 1-butene.
• first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and the second propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) comprise the same comonomers, i.e. ethylene only.
• the weight ratio between the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) and the second propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) is 20/80 to 80/20, more preferably 30/70 to 70/30, like 35/65 to 65/35.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) may contain up to 5.0 wt.-% additives, like ⁇ -nucleating agents and antioxidants, as well as slip agents and antiblocking agents.
• additives like ⁇ -nucleating agents and antioxidants, as well as slip agents and antiblocking agents.
• the additive content is below 3.0 wt.-%, like below 1.0 wt.-%.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) comprises a ⁇ -nucleatingagent.
• the present invention is free of ⁇ -nucleating agents.
• the ⁇ -nucleatingagent is preferably selected from the group consisting of
• Such additives are generally commercially available and are described, for example, in " Plastic Additives Handbook", 5th edition, 2001 of Hans Zweifel .
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) contains up to 2.0 wt.-% of the ⁇ -nucleating agent.
• the the propylene copolymer (R-PP) contains not more than 3000 ppm, more preferably of 1 to 3000 ppm, more preferably of 5 to 2000 ppm of a ⁇ -nucleating agent, in particular selected from the group consisting of dibenzylidenesorbitol (e.g. 1,3 : 2,4 dibenzylidene sorbitol), dibenzylidenesorbitol derivative, preferably dimethyldibenzylidenesorbitol (e.g.
• substituted nonitol-derivatives such as 1,2,3,-trideoxy-4,6:5,7-bis-O-[(4-propylphenyl)methylene]-nonitol, vinylcycloalkane polymer, vinylalkane polymer, and mixtures thereof.
• the present invention is directed to unoriented films. Accordingly in a further embodiment the present invention is directed to unoriented films, like cast films or blown films, e.g. air cooled blown films, comprising at least 70 wt.-%, preferably comprising at least 80 wt.-%, more preferably comprising at least 90 wt.-%, still more preferably comprising at least 95 wt.-%, yet more preferably comprising at least 99 wt.-%, of the instant propylene copolymer (R-PP).
• R-PP instant propylene copolymer
• unoriented films are typically biaxially oriented films, whereas unoriented films are cast or blown films, e.g. air cooled blown films. Accordingly, an unoriented film is not drawn intensively in machine and transverse direction as done by oriented films.
• the unoriented film according to this invention is not a biaxially oriented film.
• the unoriented film according to the instant invention is a cast film or blown film, the latter being preferred.
• the unoriented film is an air-cooled blown film.
• the unoriented film has a thickness of 5 to 2,000 ⁇ m, preferably of 10 to 1,000 ⁇ m, more preferably of 20 to 700 ⁇ m, like of 40 to 500 ⁇ m.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is also used in the manufacture of unoriented films, like cast films or blown films, e.g. air cooled blown films.
• the molten propylene copolymer (R-PP) is extruded through a slot extrusion die onto a chill roll to cool the polymer to a solid film.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is firstly compressed and liquefied in an extruder, it being possible for any additives to be already added to the polymer or introduced at this stage via a masterbatch.
• the melt is then forced through a flat-film die (slot die), and the extruded film is taken off on one or more take-off rolls, during which it cools and solidifies. It has proven particularly favorable to keep the take-off roll or rolls, by means of which the extruded film is cooled and solidified, at a temperature from 10 to 50°C, preferably from 15 to 40°C.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) melt is extruded through an annular die and blown into a tubular film by forming a bubble which is collapsed between nip rollers after solidification.
• the blown extrusion can be preferably effected at a temperature in the range 160 to 240 °C, and cooled by water or preferably by blowing gas (generally air) at a temperature of 10 to 50 °C to provide a frost line height of 0.5 to 8 times the diameter of the die.
• the blow up ratio should generally be in the range of from 1.5 to 4, such as from 2 to 4, preferably 2.5 to 3.5.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is preferably produced in a sequential polymerization process in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst as defined below.
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is produced in the presence of
• the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is produced in a sequential polymerization process comprising at least two reactors (R1) and (R2), in the first reactor (R1) the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) is produced and subsequently transferred into the second reactor (R2), in the second reactor (R2) the second propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP2) is produced in the presence of the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1).
• the term “sequential polymerization system” indicates that the propylene copolymer (R-PP) is produced in at least two reactors connected in series. Accordingly, the present polymerization system comprises at least a first polymerization reactor (R1) and a second polymerization reactor (R2), and optionally a third polymerization reactor (R3).
• the term “polymerization reactor” shall indicate that the main polymerization takes place. Thus in case the process consists of two polymerization reactors, this definition does not exclude the option that the overall system comprises for instance a pre-polymerization step in a pre-polymerization reactor.
• the term “consist of” is only a closing formulation in view of the main polymerization reactors.
• At least one of the two polymerization reactors (R1) and (R2) is a gas phase reactor (GPR).
• the second polymerization reactor (R2) and the optional third polymerization reactor (R3) are gas phase reactors (GPRs), i.e. a first gas phase reactor (GPR1) and a second gas phase reactor (GPR2).
• GPRs gas phase reactors
• a gas phase reactor (GPR) according to this invention is preferably a fluidized bed reactor, a fast fluidized bed reactor or a settled bed reactor or any combination thereof.
• the first polymerization reactor (R1) is preferably a slurry reactor (SR) and can be any continuous or simple stirred batch tank reactor or loop reactor operating in bulk or slurry.
• Bulk means a polymerization in a reaction medium that comprises of at least 60 % (w/w) monomer.
• the slurry reactor (SR) is preferably a (bulk) loop reactor (LR). Accordingly the average concentration of propylene copolymer (R-PP), i.e. the first fraction (1 st F) of the propylene copolymer (R-PP) (i.e.
• the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1)), in the polymer slurry within the loop reactor (LR) is typically from 15 wt.-% to 55 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the polymer slurry within the loop reactor (LR).
• the average concentration of the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1) in the polymer slurry within the loop reactor (LR) is from 20 wt.-% to 55 wt.-% and more preferably from 25 wt.-% to 52 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the polymer slurry within the loop reactor (LR).
• the propylene copolymer of the first polymerization reactor (R1) i.e. the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1), more preferably the polymer slurry of the loop reactor (LR) containing the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1)
• R1 first polymerization reactor
• R2 second polymerization reactor
• GPR1 first gas phase reactor
• direct feed is meant a process wherein the content of the first polymerization reactor (R1), i.e. of the loop reactor (LR), the polymer slurry comprising the the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1), is led directly to the next stage gas phase reactor.
• the propylene copolymer of the first polymerization reactor (R1) i.e. the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1), more preferably polymer slurry of the loop reactor (LR) containing the first propylene copolymer fraction (R-PP1)
• R1 the first polymerization reactor
• R-PP1 the first propylene copolymer fraction
• LR the loop reactor
• GPR gas phase reactor
• this "indirect feed” refers to a process wherein the content of the first polymerization reactor (R1), of the loop reactor (LR), i.e. the polymer slurry, is fed into the second polymerization reactor (R2), into the (first) gas phase reactor (GPR1), via a reaction medium separation unit and the reaction medium as a gas from the separation unit.
• the second polymerization reactor (R2), and any subsequent reactor, for instance the third polymerization reactor (R3) are preferably gas phase reactors (GPRs).
• gas phase reactors (GPR) can be any mechanically mixed or fluid bed reactors.
• the gas phase reactors (GPRs) comprise a mechanically agitated fluid bed reactor with gas velocities of at least 0.2 m/sec.
• the gas phase reactor is a fluidized bed type reactor preferably with a mechanical stirrer.
• the first polymerization reactor (R1) is a slurry reactor (SR), like loop reactor (LR), whereas the second polymerization reactor (R2) and any optional subsequent reactor, like the third polymerization reactor (R3), are gas phase reactors (GPRs).
• SR slurry reactor
• R2 second polymerization reactor
• R3 gas phase reactors
• at least two, preferably two polymerization reactors (R1) and (R2) or three polymerization reactors (R1), (R2) and (R3) namely a slurry reactor (SR), like loop reactor (LR) and a (first) gas phase reactor (GPR1) and optionally a second gas phase reactor (GPR2), connected in series are used. If needed prior to the slurry reactor (SR) a pre-polymerization reactor is placed.
• the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is fed into the first polymerization reactor (R1) and is transferred with the polymer (slurry) obtained in the first polymerization reactor (R1) into the subsequent reactors. If the process covers also a pre-polymerization step it is preferred that all of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is fed in the pre-polymerization reactor. Subsequently the pre-polymerization product containing the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is transferred into the first polymerization reactor (R1).
• a preferred multistage process is a "loop-gas phase"-process, such as developed by Borealis A/S, Denmark (known as BORSTAR® technology) described e.g. in patent literature, such as in EP 0 887 379 , WO 92/12182 WO 2004/000899 , WO 2004/111095 , WO 99/24478 , WO 99/24479 or in WO 00/68315 .
• a further suitable slurry-gas phase process is the Spheripol® process of Basell.
• the operating temperature in the first polymerization reactor (R1) is in the range of 62 to 85 °C, more preferably in the range of 65 to 82 °C, still more preferably in the range of 67 to 80 °C.
• the operating temperature in the second polymerization reactor (R2) and optional in the third reactor (R3) is in the range of 75 to 95 °C, more preferably in the range of 78 to 92 °C.
• the operating temperature in the second polymerization reactor (R2) is equal or higher to the operating temperature in the first polymerization reactor (R1). Accordingly it is preferred that the operating temperature
• the operating temperature of the third polymerization reactor (R3) - if present - is higher than the operating temperature in the first polymerization reactor (R1).
• the operating temperature of the third polymerization reactor (R3) - if present - is higher than the operating temperature in the first polymerization reactor (R1) and in the second polymerization reactor (R2). Accordingly it is preferred that the operating temperature
• the pressure in the first polymerization reactor (R1) is in the range of from 20 to 80 bar, preferably 30 to 70 bar, like 35 to 65 bar
• the pressure in the second polymerization reactor (R2) i.e. in the (first) gas phase reactor (GPR1), and optionally in any subsequent reactor, like in the third polymerization reactor (R3), e.g. in the second gas phase reactor (GPR2), is in the range of from 5 to 50 bar, preferably 15 to 40 bar.
• Preferably hydrogen is added in each polymerization reactor in order to control the molecular weight, i.e. the melt flow rate MFR 2 .
• the average residence time is rather long in the polymerization reactors (R1) and (R2).
• the reaction volume (V R ) equals to the reactor volume.
• the average residence time ( ⁇ ) in the first polymerization reactor (R1) is preferably at least 20 min, more preferably in the range of 20 to 45 min, still more preferably in the range of 25 to 42 min, like in the range of 28 to 40 min, and/or the average residence time ( ⁇ ) in the second polymerization reactor (R2) is preferably at least 90 min, more preferably in the range of 90 to 220 min, still more preferably in the range of 100 to 210 min, yet more preferably in the range of 105 to 200 min, like in the range of 105 to 190 min.
• the average residence time ( ⁇ ) in the third polymerization reactor (R3) - if present - is preferably at least 30 min, more preferably in the range of 30 to 90 min, still more preferably in the range of 40 to 80 min, like in the range of 50 to 80 min.
• the average residence time ( ⁇ ) in the total sequential polymerization system is at least 140 min, more preferably at least 150 min, still more preferably in the range of 140 to 240 min, more preferably in the range of 150 to 220 min, still more preferably in the range of 155 to 220 min.
• the instant process can comprises in addition to the (main) polymerization of the propylene copolymer (R-PP) in the at least two polymerization reactors (R1, R3 and optional R3) prior thereto a pre-polymerization in a pre-polymerization reactor (PR) upstream to the first polymerization reactor (R1).
• R-PP propylene copolymer
• PR pre-polymerization reactor
• a polypropylene (Pre-PP) is produced.
• the pre-polymerization is conducted in the presence of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C).
• ZN-C Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• the co-catalyst (Co), and the external donor (ED) are all introduced to the pre-polymerization step.
• the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C), the co-catalyst (Co), and the external donor (ED) are only added in the pre-polymerization reactor (PR), if a pre-polymerization is applied.
• the pre-polymerization reaction is typically conducted at a temperature of 0 to 60 °C, preferably from 15 to 50 °C, and more preferably from 20 to 45 °C.
• the pressure in the pre-polymerization reactor is not critical but must be sufficiently high to maintain the reaction mixture in liquid phase.
• the pressure may be from 20 to 100 bar, for example 30 to 70 bar.
• the pre-polymerization is conducted as bulk slurry polymerization in liquid propylene, i.e. the liquid phase mainly comprises propylene, with optionally inert components dissolved therein.
• an ethylene feed is employed during pre-polymerization as mentioned above.
• Pre-PP polypropylene
• antistatic additive may be used to prevent the particles from adhering to each other or to the walls of the reactor.
• a mixture (MI) of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) and the polypropylene (Pre-PP) produced in the pre-polymerization reactor (PR) is obtained.
• the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is (finely) dispersed in the polypropylene (Pre-PP).
• the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) particles introduced in the pre-polymerization reactor (PR) split into smaller fragments, which are evenly distributed within the growing polypropylene (Pre-PP).
• the sizes of the introduced Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) particles as well as of the obtained fragments are not of essential relevance for the instant invention and within the skilled knowledge.
• the mixture (MI) of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) and the polypropylene (Pre-PP) produced in the pre-polymerization reactor (PR) is transferred to the first reactor (R1).
• the total amount of the polypropylene (Pre-PP) in the final propylene copolymer (R-PP) is rather low and typically not more than 5.0 wt.-%, more preferably not more than 4.0 wt.-%, still more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 4.0 wt.-%, like in the range 1.0 of to 3.0 wt.-%.
• the process according the instant invention comprises the following steps under the conditions set out above
• a pre-polymerization as described above can be accomplished prior to step (a).
• ZN-C Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• the catalyst used in the present invention is a solid Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C), whichcomprises a titanium compound (TC), a magnesium compound (MC) and an internal donor (ID), wherein said internal donor (ID) is a non-phthalic acid ester, most preferably diester of non-phthalic dicarboxylic acids as described in more detail below.
• ZN-C solid Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• TC titanium compound
• MC magnesium compound
• ID internal donor
• the catalyst used in the present invention is fully free of undesired phthalic compounds.
• the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) can be further defined by the way as obtained. Accordingly, the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is preferably obtained by a process comprising the steps of
• ZN-C Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• the solution of complex of magnesium compound (MC) is a mixture of complexes of magnesium compound (MC) (complexes (A) and (B)).
• the complexes of magnesium compound (MC) can be prepared in situ in the first step of the catalyst preparation process by reacting said magnesium compound (MC) with the alcohol(s) as described above and in more detail below, or said complexes can be separately prepared complexes, or they can be even commercially available as ready complexes and used as such in the catalyst preparation process of the invention.
• the mixture of complexes of magnesium compound (MC) are prepared in situ in the first step of the catalyst preparation process they are preferably prepared by reacting said magnesium compound (MC) with the mixture of alcohols (A1) and (B1).
• the alcohol (A1) comprising in addition to the hydroxyl moiety at least one further oxygen bearing group different to a hydroxyl group to be employed in accordance with the present invention is an alcohol bearing an ether group.
• Illustrative examples of such preferred alcohols (A1) comprising in addition to the hydroxyl moiety at least one further oxygen bearing group to be employed in accordance with the present invention areglycol monoethers, in particular C 2 to C 4 glycol monoethers, such as ethylene or propylene glycol monoethers wherein the ether moieties comprise from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
• Preferred monoethers are C 2 to C 4 glycol monoethers and derivatives thereof.
• Illustrative and preferred examples are 2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)ethanol, 2-butyloxy ethanol, 2-hexyloxy ethanol and 1,3-propylene-glycol-monobutyl ether, 3-butoxy-2-propanol, with 2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)ethanol and 1,3-propyleneglycol-monobutyl ether, 3-butoxy-2-propanol being particularly preferred.
• the different complexes or alcohols are usually employed in a mole ratio of A:B, or A1:B1 from 1.0:10 to 1.0:0.5, preferably this mole ratio is from 1.0:8.0 to 1.0:1.0, more preferably 1.0:6.0 to 1.0:2.0, even more preferably 1.0:5.0 to 1.0:3.0.
• the amount of alcohol A1, preferably alcohol with ether moiety is higher that alcohol B1, i.e. alcohol without any other oxygen bearing moiety different to hydroxyl.
• the internal donor (ID) used in the preparation of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is preferably selected from (di)esters of non-phthalic carboxylic (di)acids and derivatives and mixtures thereof.
• the ester moieties i.e. the moieties derived from an alcohol (i.e. the alkoxy group of the ester), may be identical or different, preferably these ester moieties are identical.
• the ester moieties are aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon groups.
• Preferred examples thereof are linear or branched aliphatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, more preferably from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or aromatic groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, optionally containing heteroatoms of Groups 14 to 17 of the Periodic Table of IUPAC, especially N, O, S and/or P.
• the acid moiety of the di- or monoacid(di)ester preferably of the diester of diacid, preferably comprises 1 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably, 2 to 20 carbon atoms, still more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, optionally being substituted by aromatic or saturated or non-saturated cyclic or aliphatic hydrocarbyls having 1 to 20 C, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms and optionally containing heteroatoms of Groups 14 to 17 of the Periodic Table of IUPAC, especially N, O, S and/or P.
• Especially preferred esters are diesters of mono-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids.
• esters are esters belonging to a group comprising malonates, maleates, succinates, glutarates, cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylates and benzoates, optionally being substituted as defined below, and any derivatives and/or mixtures thereof.
• Preferred examples are e.g. substituted maleates and citraconates, most preferably citraconates.
• the internal donor (ID) or precursor thereof as defined further below is added preferably in step a) to said solution.
• Esters used as internal donors can be prepared as is well known in the art.
• dicarboxylic acid diesters can be formed by simply reacting of a carboxylic diacid anhydride with a C 1 -C 20 alkanol and/or diol.
• the titanium compound (TC) is preferably a titanium halide, like TiCl 4 .
• the complexes of magnesium compounds can be alkoxy magnesium complexes, preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium dialkoxides, and complexes of a magnesium dihalide and a magnesium dialkoxide. It may be a reaction product of an alcohol and a magnesium compound selected from the group consisting of dialkyl magnesiums, alkyl magnesium alkoxides and alkyl magnesium halides, preferably dialkyl magnesium. It can further be selected from the group consisting of dialkyloxy magnesiums, diaryloxy magnesiums, alkyloxy magnesium halides, aryloxy magnesium halides, alkyl magnesium alkoxides, aryl magnesium alkoxides and alkyl magnesium aryloxides.
• the magnesium dialkoxide may be the reaction product of a dialkyl magnesium of the formula R 2 Mg, wherein each one of the two Rs is a similar or different C 1 -C 20 alkyl, preferably a similar or different C 2 -C 10 alkyl with alcohols as defined in the present application.
• Typical magnesium alkyls are ethylbutyl magnesium, dibutyl magnesium, dipropyl magnesium, propylbutyl magnesium, dipentyl magnesium, butylpentyl magnesium, butyloctyl magnesium and dioctyl magnesium.
• one R of the formula R 2 Mg is a butyl group and the other R is an octyl or ethyl group, i.e. the dialkyl magnesium compound is butyl octyl magnesium or butyl ethyl magnesium.
• Typical alkyl-alkoxy magnesium compounds RMgOR when used, are ethyl magnesium butoxide, butyl magnesium pentoxide, octyl magnesium butoxide and octyl magnesium octoxide.
• Dialkyl magnesium or alkyl magnesium alkoxide can react, in addition to the alcohol containing in addition to the hydroxyl group at least one further oxygen bearing moiety being different to a hydroxyl moiety, which is defined above in this application, with a monohydric alcohol R'OH, or a mixture thereof with a polyhydric alcohol R'(OH) m
• Preferred monohydric alcohols are alcohols of the formula R b (OH), wherein R b is a C 1 -C 20 , preferably a C 4 -C 12 , and most preferably a C 6 -C 10 , straight-chain or branched alkyl residue or a C 6 -C 12 aryl residue.
• Preferred monohydric alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, sec-amyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol, diethyl carbinol, sec-isoamyl alcohol, tert-butyl carbinol, 1-hexanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 1-heptanol, 2-heptanol, 4-heptanol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-nonanol, 5-nonanol, diisobutyl carbinol, 1-decanol and 2,7-di
• Preferred polyhydric alcohols are alcohols of the formula R a (OH) m , wherein R a is a straight-chain, cyclic or branched C 2 to C 6 hydrocarbon residue, (OH) denotes hydroxyl moieties of the hydrocarbon residue and m is an integer of 2 to 6, preferably 3 to 5.
• Especially preferred polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, 2,3-butylene glycol, 1,5pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, pinacol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-catechol, 1,3-catechol and 1,4-catechol, and triols such as glycerol and pentaerythritol.
• the solvents to be employed for the preparation of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) may be selected among aromatic and aliphatic solvents or mixtures thereof.
• the solvents are aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons with 5 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 5 to 16, more preferably 5 to 12 carbon atoms, examples of which include benzene, toluene, cumene, xylol and the like, with toluene being preferred, as well as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane and nonane including straight chain, branched and cyclic compounds, and the like, with hexanes and heptanes being particular preferred.
• Mg compound (MC) is typically provided as a 10 to 50 wt-% solution in a solvent as indicated above.
• Typical commercially available MC solutions are 20 - 40 wt-% solutions in toluene or heptanes.
• the reaction for the preparation of the complex of magnesium compound (MC) may be carried out at a temperature of 40° to 70°C.
• step b) the solution of step a) is typically added to the titanium compound (TC), such as titanium tetrachloride.
• TC titanium compound
• This addition preferably is carried out at a low temperature, such as from -10 to 40°C, preferably from -5 to 20°C, such as about -5°C to 15 °C.
• the temperature for steps b) and c), is typically -10 to 50°C, preferably from -5 to 30°C, , while solidification typically requires heating as described in detail further below.
• the emulsion i.e. the two phase liquid-liquid system may be formed in all embodiments of the present invention by simple stirring and optionally adding (further) solvent(s) and additives, such as the turbulence minimizing agent (TMA) and/or the emulsifying agents described further below.
• TMA turbulence minimizing agent
• ZN-C Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• Preparation of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) used in the present invention is based on a liquid/liquid two-phase system where no separate external carrier materials such as silica or MgCl 2 are needed in order to get solid catalyst particles.
• the present Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) particles are spherical and they have preferably a mean particle size from 5 to 500 ⁇ m, such as from 5 to 300 ⁇ m and in embodiments from 5 to 200 ⁇ m, or even from 10 to 100 ⁇ m. These ranges also apply for the droplets of the dispersed phase of the emulsion as described herein, taking into consideration that the droplet size can change (decrease) during the solidification step.
• the titanium compound (TC) is preferably TiCl 4 .
• This emulsion is then typically agitated, optionally in the presence of an emulsion stabilizer and/or a turbulence-minimizing agent, in order to maintain the droplets of said dispersed phase, typically within an average size range of 5 to 200 ⁇ m.
• the catalyst particles are obtained after solidifying said particles of the dispersed phase e.g. by heating.
• emulsifying agents/emulsion stabilizers can be used additionally in a manner known in the art for facilitating the formation and/or stability of the emulsion.
• surfactants e.g. a class based on acrylic or methacrylic polymers can be used.
• said emulsion stabilizers are acrylic or methacrylic polymers, in particular those with medium sized ester side chains having more than 10, preferably more than 12 carbon atoms and preferably less than 30, and preferably 12 to 20 carbon atoms in the ester side chain.
• Particular preferred are unbranched C 12 to C 20 (meth)acrylates such as poly(hexadecyl)-methacrylate and poly(octadecyl)-methacrylate.
• a turbulence-minimizing agent can be added to the reaction mixture in order to improve the emulsion formation and maintain the emulsion structure.
• Said TMA agent has to be inert and soluble in the reaction mixture under the reaction conditions, which means that polymers without polar groups are preferred, like polymers having linear or branched aliphatic carbon backbone chains.
• Said TMA is in particular preferably selected from ⁇ -olefm polymers of ⁇ -olefin monomers with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, like polyoctene, polynonene, polydecene, polyundecene or polydodecene or mixtures thereof. Most preferable it is polydecene.
• TMA can be added to the emulsion in an amount of e.g. 1 to 1.000 ppm, preferably 5 to 100 ppm and more preferable 5 to 50 ppm, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture.
• the ratio of the mol ratio titanium compound (TC)/Mg in the disperse phase oil to that in the denser oil is at least 10.
• Solidification of the dispersed phase droplets by heating is suitably carried out at a temperature of 70 to150°C, usually at 80 to 110°C, preferably at 90 to 110°C.
• the heating may be done faster or slower.
• especial slow heating is understood here heating with a heating rate of about 5°C/min or less, and especial fast heating e.g. 10°C/min or more. Often slower heating rates are preferable for obtaining good morphology of the catalyst component.
• the solidified particulate product may be washed at least once, preferably at least twice, most preferably at least three times with a hydrocarbon, which preferably is selected from aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, preferably with toluene, heptane or pentane. Washings can be done with hot (e.g. 90°C) or cold (room temperature) hydrocarbons or combinations thereof. Finally, the washed Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is recovered. It can further be dried, as by evaporation or flushing with nitrogen, or it can be slurried to an oily liquid without any drying step.
• a hydrocarbon which preferably is selected from aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, preferably with toluene, heptane or pentane. Washings can be done with hot (e.g. 90°C) or cold (room temperature) hydrocarbons or combinations thereof.
• ZN-C Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• the finally obtained Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is desirably in the form of particles having generally an average size range of 5 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 100, even an average size range of 20 to 60 ⁇ m is possible.
• the Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZN-C) is preferably used in association with an alkyl aluminum cocatalyst and optionally external donors.
• an external donor is preferably present.
• Suitable external donors (ED) include certain silanes, ethers, esters, amines, ketones, heterocyclic compounds and blends of these. It is especially preferred to use a silane. It is most preferred to use silanes of the general formula R a p R b q Si(OR c )( 4-p-q ) wherein R a , R b and R c denote a hydrocarbon radical, in particular an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, and wherein p and q are numbers ranging from 0 to 3 with their sum p + q being equal to or less than 3.
• R a , R b and R c can be chosen independently from one another and can be the same or different.
• Specific examples of such silanes are (tert-butyl) 2 Si(OCH 3 ) 2 , (cyclohexyl)(methyl)Si(OCH 3 ) 2 , (phenyl) 2 Si(OCH 3 ) 2 and (cyclopentyl) 2 Si(OCH 3 ) 2 , or of general formula Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 3 (NR 3 R 4 ) wherein R 3 and R 4 can be the same or different a represent a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of linear aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, octyl, decanyl, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, isopentyl, tert.-butyl, tert.-amyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclopentyl and cycloheptyl.
• both R 1 and R 2 are the same, yet more preferably, both R 3 and R 4 are an ethyl group.
• co-catalyst is preferably a compound of group 13 of the periodic table (IUPAC), e.g. organo aluminum, such as an aluminum compound, like aluminum alkyl, aluminum halide or aluminum alkyl halide compound.
• IUPAC periodic table
• organo aluminum such as an aluminum compound, like aluminum alkyl, aluminum halide or aluminum alkyl halide compound.
• the co-catalyst (Co) is a trialkylaluminium, like triethylaluminium (TEAL), dialkyl aluminium chloride or alkyl aluminium dichloride or mixtures thereof.
• TEAL triethylaluminium
• the triethyl aluminium has a hydride content, expressed as AlH 3 , of less than 1.0 wt% with respect to the triethyl aluminium (TEAL). More preferably, the hydride content is less than 0.5 wt%, and most preferably the hydride content is less than 0.1 wt%.
• the ratio between the co-catalyst (Co) and the external donor (ED) [Co/ED] and/or the ratio between the co-catalyst (Co) and the transition metal (TM) [Co/TM] should be carefully chosen.
• Quantitative nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the comonomer content and comonomer sequence distribution of the polymers.
• Quantitative 13 C ⁇ 1 H ⁇ NMR spectra were recorded in the solution-state using a Bruker Advance III 400 NMR spectrometer operating at 400.15 and 100.62 MHz for 1 H and 13 C respectively. All spectra were recorded using a 13 C optimised 10 mm extended temperature probehead at 125°C using nitrogen gas for all pneumatics.
• the comonomer fraction was quantified using the method of Wang et. al. ( Wang, W-J., Zhu, S., Macromolecules 33 (2000), 1157 ) through integration of multiple signals across the whole spectral region in the 13 C ⁇ 1 H ⁇ spectra. This method was chosen for its robust nature and ability to account for the presence of regio-defects when needed. Integral regions were slightly adjusted to increase applicability across the whole range of encountered comonomer contents.
• the comonomer sequence distribution at the triad level was determined using the analysis method of Kakugo et al. ( Kakugo, M., Naito, Y., Mizunuma, K., Miyatake, T. Macromolecules 15 (1982) 1150 ). This method was chosen for its robust nature and integration regions slightly adjusted to increase applicability to a wider range of comonomer contents.
• the xylene solubles (XCS, wt.-%): Content of xylene cold solubles (XCS) is determined at 25 °C according ISO 16152; first edition; 2005-07-01 Number average molecular weight (M n ), weight average molecular weight (M w ) and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) are determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) according to the following method: The weight average molecular weight Mw and the polydispersity (Mw/Mn), wherein Mn is the number average molecular weight and Mw is the weight average molecular weight) is measured by a method based on ISO 16014-1:2003 and ISO 16014-4:2003.
• a Waters Alliance GPCV 2000 instrument equipped with refractive index detector and online viscosimeter was used with 3 x TSK-gel columns (GMHXL-HT) from TosoHaas and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB, stabilized with 200 mg/L 2,6-Di tert butyl-4-methyl-phenol) as solvent at 145 °C and at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. 216.5 ⁇ L of sample solution were injected per analysis.
• the column set was calibrated using relative calibration with 19 narrow MWD polystyrene (PS) standards in the range of 0.5 kg/mol to 11 500 kg/mol and a set of well-characterized broad polypropylene standards. All samples were prepared by dissolving 5-10 mg of polymer in 10 mL (at 160 °C) of stabilized TCB (same as mobile phase) and keeping for 3 hours with continuous shaking prior sampling in into the GPC instrument.
• PS polystyrene
• DSC DSC analysis, melting temperature (T m ) and heat of fusion (H f ), crystallization temperature (T c ) and heat of crystallization (H c ): measured with a TA Instrument Q2000 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on 5 to 7 mg samples.
• DSC is run according to ISO 11357 / part 3 /method C2 in a heat / cool / heat cycle with a scan rate of 10 °C/min in the temperature range of -30 to +225°C. Crystallization temperature and heat of crystallization (H c ) are determined from the cooling step, while melting temperature and heat of fusion (H f ) are determined from the second heating step.
• the glass transition temperature Tg is determined by dynamic mechanical analysis according to ISO 6721-7. The measurements are done in torsion mode on compression moulded samples (40x10x1 mm 3 ) between -100 °C and +150 °C with a heating rate of 2 °C/min and a frequency of 1 Hz.
• Tensile modulus in machine and transverse direction were determined according to ISO 527-3 at 23°C on on air cooled blown films with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m produced as indicated below. Testing was performed at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min.
• Dart-drop Impact Strength was determined on Dart-drop (g/50%). Dart-drop is measured using ISO 7765-1, method "A”. A dart with a 38 mm diameter hemispherical head is dropped from a height of 0.66 m onto a film sample clamped over a hole. If the specimen fails, the weight of the dart is reduced and if it does not fail the weight is increased. At least 20 specimens are tested. The weight resulting in failure of 50% of the specimens is calculated and this provides the dart drop impact (DDI) value (g). The relative DDI (g/ m) is then calculated by dividing the DDI by the thickness of the film.
• DDI dart drop impact
• the impact strength of films is determined by the "Dynatest” method according to ISO 7725-2 at 0°C on air cooled blown films with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m produced as indicated below.
• the value "Wbreak” [J/mm] represents the relative total penetration energy per mm thickness that a film can absorb before it breaks divided by the film thickness. The higher this value, the tougher the material is.
• Tear resistance (determined as Elmendorf tear (N)): Applies both for the measurement in machine direction and transverse direction. The tear strength is measured using the ISO 6383/2 method. The force required to propagate tearing across a film sample is measured using a pendulum device. The pendulum swings under gravity through an arc, tearing the specimen from pre-cut slit. The film sample is fixed on one side by the pendulum and on the other side by a stationary clamp. The tear resistance is the force required to tear the specimen. The relative tear resistance (N/mm) is then calculated by dividing the tear resistance by the thickness of the film. Air cooled blown films with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m produced as indicated below were used for this test.
• the catalyst used in the polymerization process for the propylene copolymer of the inventive example (IE1) was produced as follows:
• a magnesium alkoxide solution was prepared by adding, with stirring (70 rpm), into 1 1 kg of a 20 wt-% solution in toluene of butyl ethyl magnesium (Mg(Bu)(Et), BEM), a mixture of 4.7 kg of 2-ethylhexanol and 1.2 kg of butoxypropanol in a 20 l stainless steel reactor. During the addition, the reactor contents were maintained below 45 °C. After addition was completed, mixing (70 rpm) of the reaction mixture was continued at 60 °C for 30 minutes.
• the catalyst particles were washed with 45 kg of toluene at 90°C for 20 minutes followed by two heptane washes (30 kg, 15 min). During the first heptane wash, the temperature was decreased to 50 °C and during the second wash to room temperature.
• the solid catalyst component was used along with triethyl-aluminium (TEAL) as co-catalyst and dicyclo pentyl dimethoxy silane (D-donor) as donor.
• TEAL triethyl-aluminium
• D-donor dicyclo pentyl dimethoxy silane
• CE1 is the commercial grade Borpure RB501BF available from Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Austria, a propylene-ethylene random copolymer having a melting point of 140°C and an MFR 2 (230 °C) of 1.9 g/10min.
• CE2 is the commercial grade Borclear RB709CF available from Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Austria, an ⁇ -nucleated propylene-ethylene random copolymer having a melting point of 140°C and an MFR 2 (230 °C) of 1.5 g/10min.
• Table 1a Preparation of the Examples IE1 CE1 CE2 TEAL/Ti [mol/mol] 73 TEAL/Donor [mol/mol] 10 Loop (R-PP1) Time [h] 0.5 Temperature [°C] 70 MFR 2 [g/10min] 2.0 XCS [wt.-%] 9.2 C2 content [mol-%] 5.0 H 2 /C3 ratio [mol/kmol] 0.39 C2/C3 ratio [mol/kmol] 7.3 amount [wt.-%] 40 1 GPR (R-PP2) Time [h] 3.1 Temperature [°C] 85 MFR 2 [g/10min] 2.0 C2 content [mol-%] 11.1 H 2 /C3 ratio [mol/kmol] 4.6 C2/C3 ratio [mol/kmol] 37.3 amount [wt.-%] 60 Final MFR 2 [g/10min] 2.0 1.9 1.5 C2 content [mol-%] 8.7 6.2
• the films for the examples are produced on a Windmöller & Hölscher (W&H) monolayer blown film line (W & H Varex 60).

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