EP2951397B1 - Turbomachine rotor blade - Google Patents

Turbomachine rotor blade Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2951397B1
EP2951397B1 EP14705841.6A EP14705841A EP2951397B1 EP 2951397 B1 EP2951397 B1 EP 2951397B1 EP 14705841 A EP14705841 A EP 14705841A EP 2951397 B1 EP2951397 B1 EP 2951397B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
seal lip
cup
wear material
blade
rotor blade
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP14705841.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2951397A1 (en
Inventor
Arnaud NEGRI
Romain BARD
Slim BENSALAH
Alexandre GIMEL
Thomas Lardellier
Denis Gabriel Trahot
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Original Assignee
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2951397A1 publication Critical patent/EP2951397A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2951397B1 publication Critical patent/EP2951397B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/22—Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations
    • F01D5/225—Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations by shrouding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/286—Particular treatment of blades, e.g. to increase durability or resistance against corrosion or erosion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/288—Protective coatings for blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/10—Manufacture by removing material
    • F05D2230/14—Micromachining
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/30—Manufacture with deposition of material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
    • Y10T29/49336—Blade making
    • Y10T29/49339—Hollow blade

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a turbomachine rotor blade.
  • the invention further relates to a method of depositing anti-wear material on a turbomachine rotor blade.
  • turbomachine rotor blades having a lower side and an extrados side disposed on either side of a blade stacking axis.
  • a blade is for example a blade of a turbine stage as described in EP 1936119 .
  • vanes have at their distal end 103 a heel 105.
  • Each heel 105 comprises a platform 2 having a first edge 201 on the intrados side and a second edge 202 on the extrados side.
  • Each bead 105 comprises at least one sealing lip 3 having a first end portion 301 on the underside side and a second end portion 302 on the extrados side.
  • the wiper 3 is for example capable of cooperating with a stator lining, for example an abradable lining, so as to limit the friction between the blade and a ferrule concentric with the rotor.
  • the wiper 3 has a wiping tip extending radially outwardly from said platform 2 between said first 301 and second 302 end portions.
  • Radial direction means a direction orthogonal to a turbomachine axis.
  • the blade At its proximal end 102, the blade comprises for example a foot 104 by which it is attached to a disk of the rotor of the turbomachine.
  • a foot 104 by which it is attached to a disk of the rotor of the turbomachine.
  • Several blades may be attached to a rotor disk, their heels 105 then being disposed edge to edge so as to form a circumferential crown.
  • Such a circumferential ring makes it possible to define externally a gas flow stream passing through the turbomachine and thus to limit possible gas leaks.
  • the vanes are mounted on their rotor disk with a torsional stress around their stack axis.
  • stacking axis is meant the axis passing through the center of gravity of the lowest section of the blade, that is to say the one closest to the proximal end, and orthogonal to the axis of the turbomachine.
  • the platforms 2 of the heels 105 are designed so that each blade is placed in torsional stress by bearing with its neighbors, mainly along said second portions of the edges 201 and 202 side.
  • This flange is adapted to receive a layer of anti-wear material to protect the heel 105 from friction with the adjacent blade.
  • the deposition of anti-wear material is made in a conventional manner on the casting blank.
  • the amount to be deposited is relatively small and the surface to be deposited as small as possible, so as not to increase the mass of the blade and so as to limit the amount of material used. It is thus common that there are overflows during the deposition of anti-wear material, and that these overflows remain after machining of the blade. It is then necessary to resume the overflows by manually retouching the dawn.
  • a manual retouching step remains delicate given the small dimensions of the ledge and deposit.
  • such a step is expensive on the one hand because it complicates and extends the manufacturing process of the blade - additional control steps are also necessary - and secondly because it induces a large amount of rebus.
  • heel 105 must have a particular profile and a projecting flange, which implies a more complex embodiment also for the blank.
  • An object of the invention is to overcome these disadvantages.
  • the method may comprise a step of sanding the surface of the anti-wear layer and the machined bowl portion so as to smooth them.
  • Such a blade may for example be a dawn of an aircraft turbojet engine, for example at a low pressure stage.
  • the blade comprises a lower surface and an extrados side disposed on either side of a blade stacking axis.
  • the blade may thus comprise a blade 101 extending along a stacking axis of the blade.
  • the blade 101 extends between a proximal end 102 and a distal end 103 of the blade.
  • the blade comprises a foot 104 at its proximal end 102, by which it is for example fixed to a disk of the turbomachine rotor.
  • the disk makes it possible to drive the blade in rotation about an axis of the turbomachine.
  • the blade has a heel 105 at its distal end 103.
  • the heel 105 can be made in such a way that, when a plurality of blades are attached to a rotor disc, their heels 105 are disposed edge to edge so as to form a crown.
  • rotating device delimiting a surface of revolution about the axis of rotation of the blades.
  • This ring has, in particular, the function of delimiting an outer surface of a flow vein of the gas flowing between the blades 101 and thus to limit possible leakage of gas at the distal end 103 of the blades.
  • the heel 105 comprises a platform 2 having a first edge 201 on the pressure side and a second edge 202 on the extrados side.
  • the first and second edges 201 and 202 are, for example, opposite lateral edges.
  • the platform 2 may delimit externally the flow vein of the gas flowing between the blades 101.
  • the heel 105 comprises at least one sealing lip 3.
  • the wiper 3 has a first end portion 301 on the underside side and a second end portion 302 on the extrados side.
  • the wiper 3 has a wiping tip extending radially outwardly from said platform 2 between said first 301 and second 302 end portions.
  • the heel 105 may comprise an upstream wiper 3 and a downstream wiper 4, the upstream and the downstream being defined in the direction of flow of the gas.
  • the upstream and downstream wipers 4 may be made in such a way that, when several moving blades are fixed on a rotor disk, the wipers 3 and 4 of the vanes are arranged edge to edge so as to form a rotary ring along the axis rotation of the blades, this ring being contained substantially in a radial plane.
  • a ring makes it possible to limit the clearance existing between the blades and a stator, or a stator shell, which surrounds them, in order to limit any gas leaks at this point.
  • the portion of the platform 2 extending upstream of the upstream wiper 3 is an upstream portion 203 or spoiler upstream.
  • the portion of the platform 2 extending downstream of the downstream wiper 4 is a downstream portion 205 or downstream spoiler.
  • the platform 2 has a central portion 204 extending between the upstream wipers 3 and downstream 4.
  • the vanes can be mounted on their rotor disk with torsional stress around their axis. stacking.
  • the platforms 2 can be dimensioned such that each blade is placed in torsional stress by bearing with its neighbors at the heels 105, mainly along the end portions of the wipers 3 and 4.
  • the bead 105 comprises, at one of the edges 201 or 202 at least, a portion forming a bowl 5 extending along the end portion 301. or 302 of the wiper 3 which corresponds to the edge 201 or 202, the dish portion 5 being adapted to receive a deposit of anti-wear material 7.
  • the heel 105 may comprise, for at least one wiper 3, for example for each wiper 3, at the first 201, respectively second edge 202, a first, respectively second, portion forming a bowl 5 extending along the first 301, respectively second 302, end portion of the wiper 3, the first , respectively, second bowl portion 5 being adapted to receive a deposit of anti-wear material 7.
  • the bowl portion 5, along an end portion 301 or 302 of the wiper 3 allows a rig idification of this wiper 3, and therefore better withstand the forces caused by contact with the adjacent heels 105.
  • the referenced figures represent bowl portions 5 at the upstream wiper 3, however such bowl portions 5 may be present, alternatively or in addition, at the downstream wiper 4.
  • Each bowl portion 5 may comprise two walls 501 and 502 extending on either side of the end portion of the wipe 3 corresponding. These walls thus form two faces 501 and 502 forming side walls of the bowl 5 and the end portion of the wiper 3 This wall 501 and 502 can be resumed during a subsequent machining.
  • the blade may comprise a layer of anti-wear material 7 deposited in each bowl 5 thus formed.
  • the dawn component is generally not very resistant to wear and the anti-wear material can extend its life by protecting the parts subject to wear.
  • the layer of anti-wear material 7 may be obtained by brazing platelets of specific alloy of high hardness at the bowl 5.
  • the layer of anti-wear material 7 can be obtained by loading this side face with a molten alloy.
  • the necessary heat can for example come from an electric arc sheathed with neutral gas or by a laser beam.
  • the anti-wear material 7 may be a cobalt base alloy, for example an alloy of cobalt, tungsten chromium and carbon, for example such an alloy of the type sold under the trademark "Stellite", having good properties. antiwear.
  • the anti-wear material 7 can thus be made on a blank piece of blade casting before machining, stellar. The presence of the bowl 5 at the wiper 3 makes it possible to deposit in a small quantity and without risk of overflow.
  • the bowl portion 5 acts as a "gutter” during the deposition of molten material, the overflow being limited by the edges of the bowl 5.
  • the cup wall edges 5 protruding from the deposited anti-wear material can then to be removed during a subsequent machining to obtain the machined blade.
  • the walls 501 and 502 of the bowl portion 5 must thus have a thickness sufficient not to melt completely when removing the anti-wear melt material. Their state after deposit however, be modified during machining. Thus a thickness of 1.5 mm for the walls 501 and 502, for example, is sufficient. Similarly the deposition of anti-wear material 7 does not need to have imperfections because the shape of the layer may be modified during a subsequent machining and possibly subsequent sanding.
  • Such a blade thus makes it possible to deposit stellite along the wiper 3, which ensures a greater longevity at dawn because the zones protected by the anti-wear material 7 rest on the wiper 3. Moreover, such dawn allows automated deposition of anti-wear material and no longer requires manual operation.
  • the material is distributed along the bowl 5, so it is easier to make a deposit of a small amount of material. It is thus possible to obtain, after machining, a layer of anti-wear material 7.
  • the layer of anti-wear material 7 is for example of a thickness of 1 mm or a greater thickness.
  • the method comprises a first step 601 of providing a turbomachine rotor blade blank piece as described above and as shown figure 5a .
  • the method comprises a second step of depositing a layer of anti-wear material 7 as described above in each bowl 5 formed, to obtain a heel 105 as shown figure 5b .
  • the method comprises a third step 603 of machining the wall edges 501 and 502 of the bowl 5 protruding from the layer of anti-wear material 7 deposited, so as to obtain a blade machined as shown figure 5c .
  • the method may include a fourth step 604 of grinding the surface of the anti-wear material layer 7 and the cup portion 5 after machining so as to smooth them.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Description

Domaine de l'inventionField of the invention

L'invention concerne une aube de rotor de turbomachine. L'invention concerne en outre un procédé de dépôt de matériau anti-usure sur une aube de rotor de turbomachine.The invention relates to a turbomachine rotor blade. The invention further relates to a method of depositing anti-wear material on a turbomachine rotor blade.

Etat de l'artState of the art

Il existe des aubes de rotor de turbomachine comportant un côté intrados et un côté extrados disposés de part et d'autre d'un axe d'empilement d'aube. Une telle aube est par exemple une aube d'un étage de turbine telle que décrite dans EP 1936119 . En référence à la figure 1, de telles aubes présentent à leur extrémité distale 103 un talon 105.There are turbomachine rotor blades having a lower side and an extrados side disposed on either side of a blade stacking axis. Such a blade is for example a blade of a turbine stage as described in EP 1936119 . With reference to the figure 1 , such vanes have at their distal end 103 a heel 105.

Chaque talon 105 comprend une plateforme 2 présentant un premier bord 201 côté intrados et un second bord 202 côté extrados. Chaque talon 105 comprend au moins une léchette 3 d'étanchéité présentant une première portion d'extrémité 301 côté intrados et une seconde portion d'extrémité 302 côté extrados. La léchette 3 est par exemple apte à coopérer avec une garniture du stator, par exemple une garniture abradable, de sorte à limiter les frottements entre l'aube et une virole concentrique au rotor.Each heel 105 comprises a platform 2 having a first edge 201 on the intrados side and a second edge 202 on the extrados side. Each bead 105 comprises at least one sealing lip 3 having a first end portion 301 on the underside side and a second end portion 302 on the extrados side. The wiper 3 is for example capable of cooperating with a stator lining, for example an abradable lining, so as to limit the friction between the blade and a ferrule concentric with the rotor.

La léchette 3 présente un sommet de léchette s'étendant radialement vers l'extérieur à partir de ladite plateforme 2 entre lesdites première 301 et seconde 302 portions d'extrémité. Par direction radiale on entend une direction orthogonale à un axe de turbomachine.The wiper 3 has a wiping tip extending radially outwardly from said platform 2 between said first 301 and second 302 end portions. Radial direction means a direction orthogonal to a turbomachine axis.

A son extrémité proximale 102, l'aube comprend par exemple un pied 104 par lequel elle est fixée à un disque du rotor de la turbomachine. Plusieurs aubes mobiles peuvent être fixées sur un disque de rotor, leurs talons 105 étant alors disposés bord à bord de sorte à former une couronne circonférentielle. Une telle couronne circonférentielle permet de délimiter extérieurement une veine d'écoulement de gaz traversant la turbomachine et de limiter ainsi d'éventuelles fuites de gaz.At its proximal end 102, the blade comprises for example a foot 104 by which it is attached to a disk of the rotor of the turbomachine. Several blades may be attached to a rotor disk, their heels 105 then being disposed edge to edge so as to form a circumferential crown. Such a circumferential ring makes it possible to define externally a gas flow stream passing through the turbomachine and thus to limit possible gas leaks.

Afin d'amortir les vibrations auxquelles les aubes sont soumises en fonctionnement, les aubes sont montées sur leur disque de rotor avec une contrainte de torsion autour de leur axe d'empilement. Par axe d'empilement on entend l'axe passant par le centre de gravité de la section la plus basse de l'aube, c'est-à-dire celle la plus proche de l'extrémité proximale, et orthogonale à l'axe de la turbomachine.In order to damp the vibrations to which the blades are subjected in operation, the vanes are mounted on their rotor disk with a torsional stress around their stack axis. By stacking axis is meant the axis passing through the center of gravity of the lowest section of the blade, that is to say the one closest to the proximal end, and orthogonal to the axis of the turbomachine.

Ainsi, les plateformes 2 des talons 105 sont dessinées pour que chaque aube soit mise en contrainte de torsion par appui avec ses voisines, principalement le long desdites deuxièmes portions des bords 201 et 202 latéraux. Pour améliorer l'appui des aubes entre elles et, notamment, éviter le chevauchement des talons 105 et transmettre le mieux possible les efforts d'une aube sur ses voisines, il est connu de prévoir, le long du premier bord 201 et/ou du second bord 202, entre les deux portions d'extrémité 301 et 302 de deux léchettes 3 et 4, un profil présentant trois portions formant un « Z », la portion centrale du « Z » présentant un rebord en saillie. Ce rebord est adapté pour recevoir une couche de matériau anti-usure pour protéger le talon 105 des frottements avec l'aube adjacente.Thus, the platforms 2 of the heels 105 are designed so that each blade is placed in torsional stress by bearing with its neighbors, mainly along said second portions of the edges 201 and 202 side. To improve the support of the blades between them and, in particular, avoid the overlap of the heels 105 and transmit the best possible efforts of a dawn on its neighbors, it is known to provide, along the first edge 201 and / or the second edge 202, between the two end portions 301 and 302 of two wipers 3 and 4, a profile having three portions forming a "Z", the central portion of the "Z" having a projecting rim. This flange is adapted to receive a layer of anti-wear material to protect the heel 105 from friction with the adjacent blade.

Le dépôt de matériau anti-usure est fait de manière classique sur la pièce brute de fonderie. Cependant la quantité à déposer est relativement faible et la surface à déposer la plus petite possible, de sorte à ne pas augmenter la masse de l'aube et de sorte à limiter la quantité de matériau utilisée. Il est ainsi fréquent qu'il y ait des débordements lors du dépôt de matériau anti-usure, et que ces débordements subsistent après usinage de l'aube. Il est alors nécessaire de reprendre les débordements en retouchant manuellement l'aube. Cependant, une telle étape de retouche manuelle reste délicate étant donnée les faibles dimensions du rebord et du dépôt. En outre, une telle étape est onéreuse d'une part car elle complexifie et prolonge le procédé de fabrication de l'aube - des étapes de contrôles supplémentaires étant également nécessaires - et d'autre part car elle induit une quantité importante de rébus.The deposition of anti-wear material is made in a conventional manner on the casting blank. However the amount to be deposited is relatively small and the surface to be deposited as small as possible, so as not to increase the mass of the blade and so as to limit the amount of material used. It is thus common that there are overflows during the deposition of anti-wear material, and that these overflows remain after machining of the blade. It is then necessary to resume the overflows by manually retouching the dawn. However, such a manual retouching step remains delicate given the small dimensions of the ledge and deposit. In addition, such a step is expensive on the one hand because it complicates and extends the manufacturing process of the blade - additional control steps are also necessary - and secondly because it induces a large amount of rebus.

De plus, un tel talon 105 doit présenter un profil particulier et un rebord faisant saillie, ce qui implique une réalisation plus complexe également pour la pièce brute.In addition, such a heel 105 must have a particular profile and a projecting flange, which implies a more complex embodiment also for the blank.

Résumé de l'inventionSummary of the invention

Un but de l'invention est de pallier ces inconvénients.An object of the invention is to overcome these disadvantages.

A cet effet, il est prévu une aube de rotor de turbomachine ladite aube présentant à son extrémité distale un talon comprenant :

  • une plateforme présentant un premier bord côté intrados et un second bord côté extrados,
  • au moins une léchette d'étanchéité présentant une première portion d'extrémité côté intrados et une seconde portion d'extrémité côté extrados, ladite léchette présentant un sommet de léchette s'étendant radialement vers l'extérieur à partir de ladite plateforme entre lesdites première et seconde portions d'extrémité,
pour au moins une léchette, le talon comprenant, au niveau d'un des bords au moins, une portion formant une cuvette s'étendant le long de la portion d'extrémité de la léchette qui correspond au bord, la portion formant cuvette étant adaptée pour recevoir un dépôt de matériau anti-usure, et comprenant une couche de matériau anti-usure déposée par chargement avec un alliage mis en fusion dans chaque cuvette ainsi formée.For this purpose, a turbomachine rotor blade is provided, said blade having at its distal end a heel comprising:
  • a platform having a first edge intrados side and a second edge extrados side,
  • at least one sealing wiper having a first end portion on the underside side and a second end portion on the suction side, said wiper having a wiping tip extending radially outwardly from said platform between said first and second end portions,
for at least one wiper, the heel comprising, at one of the edges at least, a portion forming a bowl extending along the end portion of the wiper which corresponds to the edge, the bowl portion being adapted for receiving a deposit of anti-wear material, and comprising a layer of anti-wear material deposited by charging with an alloy melted in each well formed thereby.

L'invention est avantageusement complétée par les caractéristiques suivantes, prises seules ou en une quelconque de leurs combinaisons techniquement possibles :

  • le talon comprend, pour au moins une léchette, au niveau du premier, respectivement second bord, une première, respectivement seconde, portion formant une cuvette s'étendant le long de la première, respectivement seconde, portion d'extrémité de la léchette, la première, respectivement seconde, portion formant cuvette étant adaptée pour recevoir un dépôt de matériau anti-usure ;
  • chaque portion formant cuvette comprend deux parois s'étendant de part et d'autre de la portion d'extrémité de léchette correspondante, les parois formant les bords latéraux de la cuvette et la portion d'extrémité de léchette formant le fond de la cuvette ;
  • une léchette amont et une léchette aval ;
  • le matériau anti-usure est de type stellite ;
  • l'aube est une pièce brute d'aube avant usinage ;
  • l'aube est une aube usinée.
The invention is advantageously completed by the following features, taken alone or in any of their technically possible combinations:
  • the heel comprises, for at least one wiper, at the level of the first and second edges respectively, a first, respectively second, portion forming a bowl extending along the first, respectively second, end portion of the wiper, the first, respectively second, cup portion being adapted to receive a deposit of anti-wear material;
  • each bowl portion comprises two walls extending on either side of the corresponding end portion of the wipe, the walls forming the side edges of the bowl and the end portion of the wafer forming the bottom of the bowl;
  • an upstream wiper and a downstream wiper;
  • the anti-wear material is stellite type;
  • dawn is a raw piece of dawn before machining;
  • dawn is a machined dawn.

L'invention concerne en outre un procédé de dépôt de matériau anti-usure sur une aube de rotor de turbomachine, comprenant les étapes consistant à :

  • fournir une telle pièce brute d'aube de rotor de turbomachine,
  • déposer une couche de matériau anti-usure par chargement avec un alliage mis en fusion dans chaque cuvette formée, et
  • usiner les parois de la cuvette dépassant la couche de matériau anti-usure déposée,
The invention further relates to a method of depositing anti-wear material on a turbomachine rotor blade, comprising the steps of:
  • provide such a raw piece of turbomachine rotor blade,
  • depositing a layer of load-bearing anti-wear material with a molten alloy in each formed bowl, and
  • machining the walls of the bowl exceeding the layer of deposited anti-wear material,

En outre, le procédé peut comprendre une étape consistant à poncer la surface de la couche anti-usure et de la portion formant cuvette usinée, de sorte à les lisser.In addition, the method may comprise a step of sanding the surface of the anti-wear layer and the machined bowl portion so as to smooth them.

Brève description des figuresBrief description of the figures

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaitront lors de la description ci-après d'un mode de réalisation. Aux dessins annexés :

  • la figure 1 représente un détail d'une aube de rotor de turbomachine selon l'art antérieur,
  • la figure 2 représente une aube de rotor de turbomachine selon un exemple de mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 3a représente une léchette de l'aube de la figure 2 sans le dépôt de matériau anti-usure,
  • la figure 3b représente la léchette de la figure 3a avec le dépôt de matériau anti-usure,
  • la figure 4a représente une vue selon un axe radial du talon d'une pièce brute d'aube de rotor selon un exemple de mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 4b représente une vue selon un axe radial du talon d'une aube de rotor de turbomachine après application à la pièce de brute de la figure 5a d'un procédé selon un exemple de mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 5a représente une vue en perspective du talon de la figure 4a,
  • la figure 5b représente une vue en perspective du talon de la figure 5a après dépôt de matériau anti-usure.
  • la figures 5c représente une vue en perspective du talon de l'aube de la figure 5b après usinage et ponçage,
  • la figure 6 représente sous forme de diagramme du procédé selon un exemple de mode de réalisation de l'invention.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear in the following description of an embodiment. In the accompanying drawings:
  • the figure 1 represents a detail of a turbomachine rotor blade according to the prior art,
  • the figure 2 represents a turbomachine rotor blade according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention,
  • the figure 3a represents a dawn lick of the figure 2 without the deposit of anti-wear material,
  • the figure 3b represents the lechette of the figure 3a with the deposit of anti-wear material,
  • the figure 4a represents a view along a radial axis of the heel of a rotor blade blank according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention,
  • the figure 4b represents a view along a radial axis of the heel of a turbomachine rotor blade after application to the rough part of the figure 5a a method according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention,
  • the figure 5a represents a perspective view of the heel of the figure 4a ,
  • the figure 5b represents a perspective view of the heel of the figure 5a after deposition of anti-wear material.
  • the Figures 5c represents a perspective view of the heel of the dawn of the figure 5b after machining and sanding,
  • the figure 6 is a diagram of the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Description détaillée de l'inventionDetailed description of the invention Exemple d'aubeDawn example Structure générale de l'aubeGeneral structure of dawn

En référence aux figures 2 à 5c, il est décrit un exemple d'aube de rotor de turbomachine. Une telle aube peut par exemple être une aube de turboréacteur d'avion, par exemple au niveau d'un étage basse pression.With reference to Figures 2 to 5c an example of a turbomachine rotor blade is described. Such a blade may for example be a dawn of an aircraft turbojet engine, for example at a low pressure stage.

L'aube comporte un côté intrados et un côté extrados disposés de part et d'autre d'un axe d'empilement d'aube. L'aube peut ainsi comprendre une pale 101 s'étendant suivant un axe d'empilement de l'aube. La pale 101 s'étend entre une extrémité proximale 102 et une extrémité distale 103 de l'aube.The blade comprises a lower surface and an extrados side disposed on either side of a blade stacking axis. The blade may thus comprise a blade 101 extending along a stacking axis of the blade. The blade 101 extends between a proximal end 102 and a distal end 103 of the blade.

L'aube comprend un pied 104 au niveau de son extrémité proximale 102, par lequel elle est par exemple fixée à un disque du rotor de turbomachine. Le disque permet d'entraîner l'aube en rotation autour d'un axe de la turbomachine.The blade comprises a foot 104 at its proximal end 102, by which it is for example fixed to a disk of the turbomachine rotor. The disk makes it possible to drive the blade in rotation about an axis of the turbomachine.

TalonHeel

L'aube présente à son extrémité distale 103 un talon 105. Le talon 105 peut être réalisé de telle sorte que, lorsque plusieurs aubes mobiles sont fixées sur un disque de rotor, leurs talons 105 sont disposés bord à bord de manière à former une couronne rotative délimitant une surface de révolution autour de l'axe de rotation des aubes. Cette couronne a, notamment, pour fonction de délimiter une surface extérieure d'une veine d'écoulement du gaz circulant entre les pales 101 et de limiter ainsi d'éventuelles fuites de gaz au niveau de l'extrémité distale 103 des aubes.The blade has a heel 105 at its distal end 103. The heel 105 can be made in such a way that, when a plurality of blades are attached to a rotor disc, their heels 105 are disposed edge to edge so as to form a crown. rotating device delimiting a surface of revolution about the axis of rotation of the blades. This ring has, in particular, the function of delimiting an outer surface of a flow vein of the gas flowing between the blades 101 and thus to limit possible leakage of gas at the distal end 103 of the blades.

Le talon 105 comprend une plateforme 2 présentant un premier bord 201 côté intrados et un second bord 202 côté extrados. Les premier et second bords 201 et 202 sont par exemple des bords latéraux opposés. La plateforme 2 peut délimiter extérieurement la veine d'écoulement du gaz circulant entre les pales 101.The heel 105 comprises a platform 2 having a first edge 201 on the pressure side and a second edge 202 on the extrados side. The first and second edges 201 and 202 are, for example, opposite lateral edges. The platform 2 may delimit externally the flow vein of the gas flowing between the blades 101.

Léchettewiper

Le talon 105 comprend au moins une léchette 3 d'étanchéité. La léchette 3 présente une première portion d'extrémité 301 côté intrados et une seconde portion d'extrémité 302 côté extrados. La léchette 3 présente un sommet de léchette s'étendant radialement vers l'extérieur à partir de ladite plateforme 2 entre lesdites première 301 et seconde 302 portions d'extrémité. Le talon 105 peut comprendre une léchette amont 3 et une léchette aval 4, l'amont et l'aval étant défini selon le sens d'écoulement du gaz. Les léchettes amont 3 et aval 4 peuvent être réalisées de telle sorte que, lorsque plusieurs aubes mobiles sont fixées sur un disque de rotor, les léchettes 3 et 4 des aubes sont disposées bord à bord de manière à former un anneau rotatif selon l'axe de rotation des aubes, cet anneau étant contenu sensiblement dans un plan radial. Un tel anneau permet de limiter le jeu existant entre les aubes et un stator, ou une virole de stator, qui entoure celles-ci, afin de limiter les éventuelles fuites de gaz à cet endroit.The heel 105 comprises at least one sealing lip 3. The wiper 3 has a first end portion 301 on the underside side and a second end portion 302 on the extrados side. The wiper 3 has a wiping tip extending radially outwardly from said platform 2 between said first 301 and second 302 end portions. The heel 105 may comprise an upstream wiper 3 and a downstream wiper 4, the upstream and the downstream being defined in the direction of flow of the gas. The upstream and downstream wipers 4 may be made in such a way that, when several moving blades are fixed on a rotor disk, the wipers 3 and 4 of the vanes are arranged edge to edge so as to form a rotary ring along the axis rotation of the blades, this ring being contained substantially in a radial plane. Such a ring makes it possible to limit the clearance existing between the blades and a stator, or a stator shell, which surrounds them, in order to limit any gas leaks at this point.

La partie de la plateforme 2 s'étendant en amont de la léchette amont 3 constitue une partie amont 203 ou becquet amont. La partie de la plateforme 2 s'étendant en aval de la léchette aval 4 constitue une partie aval 205 ou becquet aval. Entre, la partie amont 203 et la partie aval 205, la plateforme 2 présente une partie centrale 204 s'étendant entre les léchettes amont 3 et aval 4.The portion of the platform 2 extending upstream of the upstream wiper 3 is an upstream portion 203 or spoiler upstream. The portion of the platform 2 extending downstream of the downstream wiper 4 is a downstream portion 205 or downstream spoiler. Between the upstream portion 203 and the downstream portion 205, the platform 2 has a central portion 204 extending between the upstream wipers 3 and downstream 4.

Dans le but d'amortir les vibrations auxquelles les aubes sont soumises en fonctionnement, les aubes peuvent être montées sur leur disque de rotor avec une contrainte de torsion autour de leur axe d'empilement. Ainsi, les plateformes 2 peuvent être dimensionnées de telle sorte que chaque aube soit mise en contrainte de torsion par appui avec ses voisines au niveau des talons 105, principalement le long des portions d'extrémité des léchettes 3 et 4.In order to dampen the vibrations to which the blades are subjected in operation, the vanes can be mounted on their rotor disk with torsional stress around their axis. stacking. Thus, the platforms 2 can be dimensioned such that each blade is placed in torsional stress by bearing with its neighbors at the heels 105, mainly along the end portions of the wipers 3 and 4.

Portion formant cuvettePortion forming bowl

Pour au moins une léchette 3, par exemple pour chaque léchette 3, le talon 105 comprend, au niveau d'un des bords 201 ou 202 au moins, une portion formant une cuvette 5 s'étendant le long de la portion d'extrémité 301 ou 302 de la léchette 3 qui correspond au bord 201 ou 202, la portion formant cuvette 5 étant adaptée pour recevoir un dépôt de matériau anti-usure 7. Ainsi le talon 105 peut comprendre, pour au moins une léchette 3, par exemple pour chaque léchette 3, au niveau du premier 201, respectivement second 202 bord, une première, respectivement seconde, portion formant une cuvette 5 s'étendant le long de la première 301, respectivement seconde 302, portion d'extrémité de la léchette 3, la première, respectivement seconde, portion formant cuvette 5 étant adaptée pour recevoir un dépôt de matériau anti-usure 7. Comparativement à l'art antérieur, la portion formant cuvette 5, le long d'une portion d'extrémité 301 ou 302 de la léchette 3, permet une rigidification de cette léchette 3, et donc de mieux supporter les efforts provoqués par le contact avec les talons 105 adjacents. Les figures référencées représentent des portions formant cuvette 5 au niveau de la léchette amont 3, cependant de telles portions formant cuvettes 5 peuvent être présentes, alternativement ou en complément, au niveau de la léchette aval 4.For at least one wiper 3, for example for each wiper 3, the bead 105 comprises, at one of the edges 201 or 202 at least, a portion forming a bowl 5 extending along the end portion 301. or 302 of the wiper 3 which corresponds to the edge 201 or 202, the dish portion 5 being adapted to receive a deposit of anti-wear material 7. Thus the heel 105 may comprise, for at least one wiper 3, for example for each wiper 3, at the first 201, respectively second edge 202, a first, respectively second, portion forming a bowl 5 extending along the first 301, respectively second 302, end portion of the wiper 3, the first , respectively, second bowl portion 5 being adapted to receive a deposit of anti-wear material 7. Compared with the prior art, the bowl portion 5, along an end portion 301 or 302 of the wiper 3 , allows a rig idification of this wiper 3, and therefore better withstand the forces caused by contact with the adjacent heels 105. The referenced figures represent bowl portions 5 at the upstream wiper 3, however such bowl portions 5 may be present, alternatively or in addition, at the downstream wiper 4.

Chaque portion formant cuvette 5 peut comprendre deux parois 501 et 502 s'étendant de part et d'autre de la portion d'extrémité de léchette 3 correspondante. Ces parois forment ainsi deux faces 501 et 502 formant des parois latérales de la cuvette 5 et la portion d'extrémité de léchette 3 forme le fond de la cuvette 5. Ces parois 501 et 502 pourront être reprises lors d'un usinage ultérieur.Each bowl portion 5 may comprise two walls 501 and 502 extending on either side of the end portion of the wipe 3 corresponding. These walls thus form two faces 501 and 502 forming side walls of the bowl 5 and the end portion of the wiper 3 This wall 501 and 502 can be resumed during a subsequent machining.

Dépôt de matériau anti-usureDeposit of anti-wear material

Ainsi l'aube peut-elle comprendre une couche de matériau anti-usure 7 déposée dans chaque cuvette 5 ainsi formée. Le constituant l'aube est en général peu résistant à l'usure et le matériau anti-usure permet de prolonger sa durée de vie en protégeant les parties sujettes à l'usure.Thus the blade may comprise a layer of anti-wear material 7 deposited in each bowl 5 thus formed. The dawn component is generally not very resistant to wear and the anti-wear material can extend its life by protecting the parts subject to wear.

La couche de matériau anti-usure 7 peut être obtenue par brasage de plaquettes d'alliage spécifique de dureté élevée au niveau de la cuvette 5.The layer of anti-wear material 7 may be obtained by brazing platelets of specific alloy of high hardness at the bowl 5.

La couche de matériau anti-usure 7 peut être obtenue par chargement de cette face latérale avec un alliage mise en fusion. La chaleur nécessaire peut par exemple provenir d'un arc électrique gainé de gaz neutre ou bien par un faisceau laser. Le matériau anti-usure 7 peut être un alliage de base cobalt, par exemple un alliage de cobalt, de chrome de tungstène et de carbone, par exemple un tel alliage du type de ceux commercialisés sous la marque "Stellite", présentant de bonnes propriétés anti-usure. Le matériau anti-usure 7 peut ainsi être fait sur une pièce brute de fonderie d'aube avant usinage, par stellitage. La présence de la cuvette 5 au niveau de la léchette 3 permet de réaliser un dépôt en quantité faible et sans risque de débordement. En effet, la portion formant cuvette 5 agit comme une « gouttière » lors du dépôt de matériau en fusion, le débordement étant limité par les bords de la cuvette 5. Les bords de parois de cuvette 5 dépassant le matériau anti-usure déposé peuvent ensuite être enlevés lors d'un usinage ultérieur permettant d'obtenir l'aube usinée.The layer of anti-wear material 7 can be obtained by loading this side face with a molten alloy. The necessary heat can for example come from an electric arc sheathed with neutral gas or by a laser beam. The anti-wear material 7 may be a cobalt base alloy, for example an alloy of cobalt, tungsten chromium and carbon, for example such an alloy of the type sold under the trademark "Stellite", having good properties. antiwear. The anti-wear material 7 can thus be made on a blank piece of blade casting before machining, stellar. The presence of the bowl 5 at the wiper 3 makes it possible to deposit in a small quantity and without risk of overflow. Indeed, the bowl portion 5 acts as a "gutter" during the deposition of molten material, the overflow being limited by the edges of the bowl 5. The cup wall edges 5 protruding from the deposited anti-wear material can then to be removed during a subsequent machining to obtain the machined blade.

Les parois 501 et 502 de la portion cuvette 5 doivent ainsi présenter une épaisseur suffisante pour ne pas fondre complétement lors de la dépose du matériau anti-usure en fusion. Leur état après dépôt pourra cependant être modifié lors de l'usinage. Ainsi une épaisseur de 1,5 mm pour les parois 501 et 502, par exemple, est suffisante. De même le dépôt de matériau anti-usure 7 n'a pas besoin de présenter des imperfections car la forme de la couche pourra être modifiée lors d'un usinage ultérieur et éventuellement d'un ponçage ultérieur.The walls 501 and 502 of the bowl portion 5 must thus have a thickness sufficient not to melt completely when removing the anti-wear melt material. Their state after deposit however, be modified during machining. Thus a thickness of 1.5 mm for the walls 501 and 502, for example, is sufficient. Similarly the deposition of anti-wear material 7 does not need to have imperfections because the shape of the layer may be modified during a subsequent machining and possibly subsequent sanding.

Une telle aube permet ainsi un dépôt de stellite le long de la léchette 3, ce qui assure une plus grande longévité à l'aube car les zones protégés par le matériau anti-usure 7 prennent appui sur la léchette 3. Par ailleurs, une telle aube permet un dépôt automatisé de matériau anti-usure et ne nécessite plus d'opération manuelle. Le matériau se répartissant le long de la cuvette 5, il est ainsi plus aisé de réaliser un dépôt d'une quantité faible de matériau. Il est ainsi possible d'obtenir, après usinage, une couche de matériau anti-usure 7. La couche de matériau anti-usure 7 est par exemple d'une épaisseur de 1 mm ou d'une épaisseur supérieure.Such a blade thus makes it possible to deposit stellite along the wiper 3, which ensures a greater longevity at dawn because the zones protected by the anti-wear material 7 rest on the wiper 3. Moreover, such dawn allows automated deposition of anti-wear material and no longer requires manual operation. The material is distributed along the bowl 5, so it is easier to make a deposit of a small amount of material. It is thus possible to obtain, after machining, a layer of anti-wear material 7. The layer of anti-wear material 7 is for example of a thickness of 1 mm or a greater thickness.

De plus, une telle aube ne nécessite plus d'étape de contrôle ultérieur, la portion formant cuvette 5 évitant tout débordement et la forme finale de la portion étant obtenue après usinage. Il en résulte une simplification du procédé de dépôt de matériau anti-usure, et plus généralement du procédé de fabrication d'aubes de rotor de turbomachine.In addition, such a blade no longer requires a subsequent control step, the bowl portion 5 avoiding overflow and the final shape of the portion being obtained after machining. This results in a simplification of the deposition process of anti-wear material, and more generally the method of manufacturing turbomachine rotor blades.

Exemple de procédéExample of process

En référence à la figure 6, il est décrit un procédé de dépôt de matériau anti-usure sur une aube de rotor de turbomachine. Le procédé comprend une première étape 601 consistant à fournir une pièce brute d'aube de rotor de turbomachine telle que décrite ci-avant et telle que représentée figure 5a. Le procédé comprend une deuxième étape consistant à déposer une couche de matériau anti-usure 7 telle que décrite ci-avant dans chaque cuvette 5 formée, pour obtenir un talon 105 tel que représenté figure 5b. Le procédé comprend une troisième étape 603 consistant à usiner les bords de parois 501 et 502 de la cuvette 5 dépassant la couche de matériau anti-usure 7 déposée, de sorte à obtenir une aube usinée telle que représentée figure 5c.With reference to the figure 6 , there is described a method of depositing anti-wear material on a turbomachine rotor blade. The method comprises a first step 601 of providing a turbomachine rotor blade blank piece as described above and as shown figure 5a . The method comprises a second step of depositing a layer of anti-wear material 7 as described above in each bowl 5 formed, to obtain a heel 105 as shown figure 5b . The method comprises a third step 603 of machining the wall edges 501 and 502 of the bowl 5 protruding from the layer of anti-wear material 7 deposited, so as to obtain a blade machined as shown figure 5c .

Le procédé peut comprendre une quatrième étape 604 consistant à poncer la surface de la couche de matériau anti-usure 7 et de la portion formant cuvette 5 après usinage, de sorte à les lisser.The method may include a fourth step 604 of grinding the surface of the anti-wear material layer 7 and the cup portion 5 after machining so as to smooth them.

Claims (9)

  1. A rotor blade for a turbomachine, said blade having at its distal end (103) a heel (105) including:
    - a platform (2) having a first edge (201) on the lower side and a second edge (202) on the upper side,
    - at least one seal lip (3, 4) having a first end portion (301) on the lower side and a second end portion (302) on the upper side, said seal lip (3, 4) having a seal lip top extending radially outward from said platform (2) between said first and second end portions (301, 302),
    and for at least one seal lip (3, 4) the heel (105) including at one of the edges (201, 202), at least one portion forming a cup (5) extending along the end portion (301, 302) of the seal lip (3, 4) which corresponds to the edge (201, 202), the portion forming a cup (5) being designed to receive a deposit of an anti-wear material (7),
    and characterized in that it includes a layer of anti-wear material (7) deposited by loading with a melted alloy into each cup (5) thus formed.
  2. The rotor blade according to claim 1, characterized in that the heel (105) includes, for at least one seal lip (3, 4), at the first (201) respectively second (202) edge, a first, respectively second portion forming a cup (5) extending along the first, respectively second, end portion (301, 302) of the seal lip (3, 4), the first, respectively second portion forming a cup (5) being designed to receive a deposit of anti-wear material (7).
  3. The rotor blade according to claim 1, characterized in that each portion forming a cup (5) includes two walls (501, 502) extending on either side of the end portion (301, 302) of the corresponding seal lip (3, 4), the walls (501, 502) forming the lateral walls of the cup and the end portion (301, 302) of the seal lip (3, 4) forming the bottom of the cup (5).
  4. The rotor blade according to claim 1, characterized in that it includes an upstream seal lip (3) and a downstream seal lip (4).
  5. The rotor blade according to claim 1, characterized in that the anti-wear material is of the Stellite type.
  6. The rotor blade of a turbomachine according to claim 1, characterized in that the blade is a rough blade part prior to machining.
  7. The rotor blade of a turbomachine according to claim 1, characterized in that the blade is a machined blade.
  8. A method for depositing anti-wear material on a rotor blade of a turbomachine, including steps consisting of:
    - supplying a rough part of a rotor blade of a turbomachine prior to machining, said part having at its distal end (103) a heel (105) including:
    - a platform (2) having a first edge (201) on the lower side and a second edge (202) on the upper side,
    - at least one seal lip (3, 4) having a first end portion (301) on the lower side and a second end portion (302) on the upper side, said seal lip (3, 4) having a seal lip top extending radially outward from said platform (2) between said first and second end portions (301, 302), such that, for at least one seal lip (3, 4), the heel (105) includes at one of the edges (201, 202) at least one portion forming a cup (5) extending along the end portion (301, 302) of the seal lip (3, 4) which corresponds to the edge (201, 202), the portion forming a cup (5) being designed to receive a deposit of anti-wear material (7),
    - depositing a layer of anti-wear material (7) by loading with a melted alloy into each cup (5) formed, and
    - machining lateral walls (501, 502) of the cup (5) extending past the layer of anti-wear material (7) deposited.
  9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that it further includes a step consisting of sanding the surface of the layer of anti-wear material (7) and of the portion forming a machined cup (5) so as to smooth them.
EP14705841.6A 2013-02-01 2014-01-23 Turbomachine rotor blade Active EP2951397B1 (en)

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FR1350887A FR3001758B1 (en) 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 TURBOMACHINE ROTOR BLADE
PCT/FR2014/050129 WO2014118456A1 (en) 2013-02-01 2014-01-23 Turbomachine rotor blade

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CN104968895B (en) 2017-04-12
BR112015018390B1 (en) 2022-01-25
BR112015018390B8 (en) 2022-03-22
CA2899675A1 (en) 2014-08-07
BR112015018390A2 (en) 2017-07-18
JP2016511354A (en) 2016-04-14
CN104968895A (en) 2015-10-07
EP2951397A1 (en) 2015-12-09
FR3001758A1 (en) 2014-08-08
JP6887753B2 (en) 2021-06-16
RU2015137085A (en) 2017-03-06
FR3001758B1 (en) 2016-07-15
US9963980B2 (en) 2018-05-08
RU2658451C2 (en) 2018-06-21
US20150369058A1 (en) 2015-12-24
WO2014118456A1 (en) 2014-08-07
JP2019090417A (en) 2019-06-13
CA2899675C (en) 2020-12-15

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