EP2935851A1 - Verfahren zur regeneration eines egr-kühlers - Google Patents
Verfahren zur regeneration eines egr-kühlersInfo
- Publication number
- EP2935851A1 EP2935851A1 EP13802315.5A EP13802315A EP2935851A1 EP 2935851 A1 EP2935851 A1 EP 2935851A1 EP 13802315 A EP13802315 A EP 13802315A EP 2935851 A1 EP2935851 A1 EP 2935851A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- egr cooler
- exhaust gas
- flow path
- gas flow
- during
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D21/00—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas
- F02D21/06—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air
- F02D21/08—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air the other gas being the exhaust gas of engine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
- F02M26/25—Layout, e.g. schematics with coolers having bypasses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
- F02M26/28—Layout, e.g. schematics with liquid-cooled heat exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/33—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage controlling the temperature of the recirculated gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/35—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with means for cleaning or treating the recirculated gases, e.g. catalysts, condensate traps, particle filters or heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/37—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with temporary storage of recirculated exhaust gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/50—Arrangements or methods for preventing or reducing deposits, corrosion or wear caused by impurities
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the regeneration of an EGR cooler in an arranged between an exhaust and an intake system of an internal combustion engine EGR train, wherein in the EGR strand at least one at least a first exhaust gas flow path having EGR cooler is arranged, which has at least one at least A bypass conduit having a second exhaust gas flow path can be bypassed, a regeneration operation of the EGR cooler being performed during at least one cold start and warm-up phase of the internal combustion engine.
- EGR Exhaus Gas Recirculation
- EGR Exhaus Gas Recirculation
- a method for the regeneration of an EGR cooler in an arranged between an exhaust and an intake system of an internal combustion engine EGR train is known, wherein in the EGR train an EGR valve is arranged.
- the flow through the EGR cooler and / or the gas temperature of the EGR cooler is abruptly changed.
- the method is based on the observation that the performance of a load change in an internal combustion engine has a certain regenerative effect on the EGR cooler. It is believed that this regeneration effect is due to thermal stresses due to temperature changes, high shear stresses due to gas velocity, and vibrations of the EGR system with unsteady flow changes.
- US 6,826,903 B2 describes an exhaust gas recirculation system with an EGR cooler in an EGR train. Depending on the cooling performance of the EGR cooler, regeneration of the EGR cooler is initiated by increasing the temperature of the exhaust gas to thermally eliminate soot or unburned hydrocarbons in the EGR cooler. The disadvantage is that is intervened to increase the temperature of the exhaust gas in the internal engine control of the internal combustion engine, which leads to increased consumption and emissions. - -
- US Pat. No. 6,848,434 B2 and US Pat. No. 6,085,732 A disclose a method for calculating the efficiency losses of an EGR cooler.
- the object of the invention is to further improve a method of the type mentioned in order to enable a more effective regeneration of the EGR cooler.
- this is achieved by the following steps: a. Dividing the regeneration operation into a saturation phase and a subsequent to the saturation phase cleaning phase, wherein the saturation phase of the cold start and the cleaning phase is assigned to the warm-up of the internal combustion engine; b. Conveying a defined exhaust gas volume into the EGR cooler during the saturation phase; c. Maintaining the exhaust gas volume over a defined dwell time in the EGR cooler so that condensing water of the exhaust gas volume from the combustion process in the EGR cooler is absorbed by an exhaust side secondary wall of the wall fouling; d. Purging the defined exhaust gas volume from the EGR cooler after the defined dwell time has expired; e. Heating and expanding the absorbed water in the exhaust-gas side secondary layer during the cleaning phase during warm-up of the internal combustion engine, so that the secondary layer is removed.
- Thermophoresis Due to a temperature gradient between the particles in the hot exhaust gas and the cold wall of the EGR cooler, the hot particle moves to the cold wall of the EGR cooler.
- Inertia Particularly high-mass particles do not always follow the flow lines, but are directed against the wall of the EGR cooler due to the inertia, especially in the entrance area of the EGR cooler.
- the contamination originates from wall contamination consisting of a primary layer and a secondary layer.
- the wall-near primary layer has a temperature below 100 ° C - 150 ° C and consists of particles and condensed long-chain hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds, which gives the soil layer sticky and hydrophobic properties.
- the structure of the primary layer depends on both the temperature, as well as the gas-side wall roughness.
- the secondary layer has a higher temperature, which allows evaporation of hydrocarbon and sulfur compounds. Therefore, the secondary layer mainly consists of dry soot, which makes it possible to absorb condensed water during the start of the internal combustion engine.
- the structure and thickness of the contaminant layers depends on the content of particulate, hydrocarbon and sulfur emissions in the exhaust gas, as well as the heat transfer from the exhaust gas through the layers and cooler wall into the cooling water of the EGR cooler. Hot operating conditions with reduced hydrocarbon and sulfur emissions result in drying of the primary layer and conversion to the secondary layer, and vice versa.
- the second exhaust gas flow path is closed and / or the first exhaust gas flow path is opened, and during the step c) the second exhaust gas flow path is opened and / or the first exhaust gas flow path is closed.
- the residence time of the exhaust gas volume in the EGR cooler is determined by the opening time of the second exhaust gas flow path and / or the closing time of the first exhaust gas flow path.
- steps b), c) and d) are repeated until a predefined termination condition is met.
- the termination condition can be determined by a predefined saturation limit of the secondary layer, a predefined saturation phase duration-for example 100 to 200 seconds-and / or a defined maximum exit temperature-for example 50 ° C. to 70 ° C.-of the coolant from the EGR cooler ,
- a trade-off between high saturation of the water in the secondary layer and low hydrocarbon emissions can be achieved within a temperature window between 30 ° C and 50 ° C of the exit temperature of the coolant from the EGR cooler.
- the first and / or second exhaust gas flow path can be alternately opened and closed, wherein preferably the alternating opening and closing is performed with a defined frequency.
- the defined frequency is here understood to mean a defined number of closing and opening operations that are repeated within a unit of time.
- a particularly high saturation can be achieved if the defined frequency for closing and opening the first and / or second Abgasströmungsweges a maximum of about 10 minutes "1 , preferably at most about 6 min " 1 , preferably the closing and opening times of the first and / or second Abgasströmungsweges be chosen the same length.
- the closing and opening times may be, for example, a maximum of about 10 seconds, preferably a maximum of about 5 seconds.
- At least one bypass valve may be used which upstream. may be located downstream or downstream of the EGR cooler in the first exhaust gas flow path. Alternatively or additionally, the bypass valve may be arranged in the second flow path formed by the bypass line. The bypass valve may also be disposed in the region of the branch or the mouth of the second exhaust gas flow path from or into the first exhaust gas flow path and may be formed as a three-way valve or as a switching valve between the first and second flow paths.
- the bypass valve of the EGR cooler is generally open during cold start and warm-up of a diesel engine, such as a passenger car, to increase the inlet temperature. This allows a faster warm-up of the internal combustion engine and a reduction of the friction losses, the hydrocarbon and the carbon monoxide emissions, as well as an improved combustion stability.
- the bypass valve is closed when the coolant temperature reaches 50 ° C to 70 ° C.
- bypass valve is alternately closed and opened at a predefined frequency.
- the opening times and / or closing times of the bypass valve during the saturation operation of the EGR cooler can be a maximum of about 10 seconds, preferably a maximum of about 5 seconds. It is particularly advantageous if the bypass valve is opened and closed during the saturation operation of the EGR cooler with the same opening and closing times.
- the maximum saturation of the secondary layer during saturation operation is dependent on physical and geometric factors such as EGR temperature and pressure, EGR mass flow, EGR cooler geometry, wall temperature, heat transfer, mass-water vapor in EGR, etc.
- the optimum switching strategy of the bypass valve may be physical Model can be calculated exactly.
- the bypass valve during the saturation operation of the EGR cooler over a defined period of at least about 100 seconds, preferably over a period of about 200 seconds with the defined frequency continuously opened and closed.
- the alternating opening and closing of the bypass valve should only be carried out when the outlet temperature of the coolant from the EGR cooler in a defined temperature window, preferably between 30 ° C and 50 ° C. As soon as the outlet temperature of the coolant from the EGR cooler exceeds a defined maximum regeneration temperature of preferably approximately 50 ° C., the alternating opening and closing of the bypass valve is terminated.
- An EGR cooler upstream oxidation catalyst can reduce the primary layer and thus improve the regeneration behavior during the cold start.
- FIGS. show schematically:
- FIG. 1 shows an internal combustion engine for carrying out the method according to the invention
- Fig. 7 shows the course of the EGR cooler efficiency for several scenarios when using the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an internal combustion engine 1 with an intake line 2 and an outlet line 3, wherein an EGR system 4 with an EGR line 5 is arranged between the outlet line 3 and the intake line 2.
- the EGR train 5 has an EGR cooler 6 arranged in a first exhaust gas flow path 31 and an EGR valve 7. Furthermore, a bypass line 8 forming a second exhaust gas flow path 32 and a bypass valve 9 for bypassing the EGR cooler 6 are provided. As shown in FIG. 1, the by-pass valve 9 may be disposed in the bypass 8, upstream of the EGR cooler 6, or downstream of the EGR cooler 6.
- bypass valve 6 is designed as a 3-way valve or as a switching flap and is arranged in the region of the branch 5a (or junction 5b) of the second exhaust gas flow path 32 from (or into) the first exhaust gas flow path 31, as shown in FIGS 3a and 3b is indicated.
- Fig. 2 shows the EGR cooler 6 together with the bypass 8 in detail.
- Ti is the inlet temperature of the exhaust gas 24, with T 2, the outlet temperature of the exhaust gas 24, with Twi the inlet temperature of (coming from the coolant circuit of the internal combustion engine 1) coolant 25 and T w2, the outlet temperature of the coolant 25 from the EGR cooler 6 ,
- bypass 8 and EGR cooler 6, as well as formed by a three-way valve or a Umtschklappe bypass valve 9 may also be arranged in a common component, as shown in FIGS. 3a and FIG. 3b - for different positions of the bypass valve 9 - show.
- This regeneration can be carried out either in case of need, ie falling below the cooling capacity of the EGR cooler 6 below a defined threshold, or regularly in certain operating conditions of the internal combustion engine 1.
- the regeneration of the EGR cooler 6 is achieved by the evaporation of condensed water EGR cooler 6.
- the regeneration operation of the EGR cooler 6 is subdivided into a saturation phase and into a subsequent to the saturation phase cleaning phase.
- the saturation phase is assigned to the cold start, the cleaning phase to the subsequent to the cold start warm-up.
- the wall contaminants 20 (FIG. 4) on the wall 6a of the EGR cooler 6 generally consist of a sticky, hydrophobic primary layer 21 and a secondary layer 22 of dry soot.
- Condensation in the area of the EGR cooler 6 occurs in particular when an exhaust gas recirculation is carried out when the engine is cold, for example when cold starting. Due to the low cooling water temperature, water 23 condenses from the combustion process during the cold start on the cold walls 6a of the EGR cooler 6 (FIG. 4a). The condensed water 23 is absorbed in the secondary layer 22 during the saturation phase. During the warm-up of the internal combustion engine 1, the cleaning phase takes place, with the absorbed water 23 reaching the boiling point, which leads to a very rapid expansion of the water molecules with the break-up and removal of the secondary layer 22 (see FIG. 4b). The evaporation of the water 23 and the resulting saturation of the secondary layer 22 is a relatively slow process, which takes several seconds to minutes. The maximum water saturation of the secondary layer 22 depends on the heating time, the water content in the exhaust gas 24 and the temperature and pressure conditions in the EGR cooler 6.
- the EGR cooler 6 upstream oxidation catalyst 10 may reduce the primary layer 21 and thus improve the regeneration behavior during cold start and warm-up.
- bypass valve 9 of the EGR cooler 6 is used to achieve maximum saturation of the secondary layer 22 during the cold start with maximum removal of the secondary layer 22 during warm-up of the internal combustion engine 1.
- the bypass valve 9 of the EGR cooler 6 is generally open during cold start and warm-up of a diesel engine, for example, a passenger car, to increase the intake temperature. This allows a faster warm-up of the internal combustion engine 1 and a reduction of the friction losses, the hydrocarbon and the carbon monoxide emissions, as well as an improved combustion stability. Typically, the bypass valve 9 is closed as soon as the coolant outlet temperature T w2 reaches 50 ° C to 70 ° C.
- the bypass valve 9 is alternately opened and closed at a defined frequency during the regeneration phase.
- the frequency may be statically fixed or dynamically changed depending on at least one operating parameter during the regeneration phase.
- the outlet temperature T w2 of the coolant 25 and the outlet temperature T 2 of the exhaust gas 24 from the EGR cooler 6 are plotted over the time t for 300 seconds s.
- the positions of the bypass valve 9 are plotted over the time t, wherein with VI the closed position - for a blocked bypass line 8 - and with V2 the open position - for an open bypass line 8 - the bypass valve 9 is located.
- FIG. 6 shows the course of the outlet temperature T 2 over the time t over a period of time of more than 1600 seconds, where several scenarios SO, S1, S2, S3 are shown.
- T 20 shows a reference curve without regeneration of the EGR cooler 6 (scenario SO)
- T 2 i the situation with regeneration of the EGR cooler 6 with equal opening and closing times of the bypass valve 9, the opening and closing times being 5 seconds (Scenario S1).
- the curves T 22 and T 23 show temperature curves for asymmetric opening and closing of the bypass valve 9, wherein at T 22, the opening time for the second exhaust flow 32 32 seconds and the closing time 1 second (scenario S2), and at T 23, the opening time 10 seconds and the closing time is 1 second (scenario S3).
- the closure time ti of Ungehungsventils 9, while the second exhaust flow path 32 is closed during the saturation operation of the EGR cooler 6 (and the first exhaust flow path 31 is opened) is
- the opening time t 2 of the bypass valve 9 during which the second exhaust flow path 32 is opened during the saturation operation of the EGR cooler 6 (and the first exhaust flow path 31 is preferably closed) is at least about 5 Seconds and a maximum of about 10 seconds, it is particularly advantageous d abei when the bypass valve 9 during the saturation operation of the EGR cooler 6 with the same closing and opening times ti, t 2 is opened and closed.
- the saturation process should extend at least over a defined time period t 3 of at least about 100 seconds, preferably over a time period t 3 of about 200 seconds.
- the alternating closing and opening of the bypass valve 9 should only be carried out when the outlet temperature T w2 of the coolant from the EGR cooler 6 in a defined temperature window , preferably between 30 ° C and 50 ° C. As soon as the outlet temperature of the coolant from the EGR cooler 6 reaches a defined maximum temperature Preferably, it exceeds about 50 ° C, the alternating opening and closing of the bypass valve 9 is stopped.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATA50603/2012A AT513048B1 (de) | 2012-12-20 | 2012-12-20 | Verfahren zur Regeneration eines EGR-Kühlers |
| PCT/EP2013/075266 WO2014095329A1 (de) | 2012-12-20 | 2013-12-02 | Verfahren zur regeneration eines egr-kühlers |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2935851A1 true EP2935851A1 (de) | 2015-10-28 |
| EP2935851B1 EP2935851B1 (de) | 2016-05-04 |
Family
ID=49726743
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13802315.5A Active EP2935851B1 (de) | 2012-12-20 | 2013-12-02 | Verfahren zur regeneration eines egr-kühlers |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2935851B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | AT513048B1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2014095329A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016219097A1 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Brennkraftmaschine mit Abgasrückführung und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine |
| CN110374765A (zh) * | 2018-04-12 | 2019-10-25 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | 具有天然气燃料的废气循环系统及其发动机 |
| EP3617491B1 (de) | 2018-08-28 | 2023-05-31 | Borgwarner Inc. | Hocheffizienter turbolader mit agr-system |
| CN109339962A (zh) * | 2018-09-28 | 2019-02-15 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | 一种egr阀的控制方法和装置 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6085732A (en) * | 1999-01-25 | 2000-07-11 | Cummins Engine Co Inc | EGR fault diagnostic system |
| JP2003336549A (ja) * | 2002-05-20 | 2003-11-28 | Denso Corp | 内燃機関のegr装置 |
| US6848434B2 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2005-02-01 | Cummins, Inc. | System for diagnosing operation of an EGR cooler |
| JP4333230B2 (ja) * | 2003-06-25 | 2009-09-16 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化システム |
| US6904898B1 (en) * | 2003-09-09 | 2005-06-14 | Volvo Lastyagnar Ab | Method and arrangement for reducing particulate load in an EGR cooler |
| JP4400411B2 (ja) * | 2004-10-14 | 2010-01-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関のegr制御装置 |
| FR2880069B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-29 | 2007-04-20 | Renault Sas | Systeme et procede de nettoyage d'un circuit de recyclage de gaz d'echappement de moteur diesel |
| SE531599C2 (sv) * | 2007-10-08 | 2009-06-02 | Scania Cv Ab | Arrangemang och förfarande för återcirkulation av avgaser hos en förbränningsmotor |
| AT504741B1 (de) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-08-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Verfahren zur regeneration eines egr-kühlers |
-
2012
- 2012-12-20 AT ATA50603/2012A patent/AT513048B1/de active
-
2013
- 2013-12-02 EP EP13802315.5A patent/EP2935851B1/de active Active
- 2013-12-02 WO PCT/EP2013/075266 patent/WO2014095329A1/de not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2014095329A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2014095329A1 (de) | 2014-06-26 |
| AT513048A4 (de) | 2014-01-15 |
| EP2935851B1 (de) | 2016-05-04 |
| AT513048B1 (de) | 2014-01-15 |
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