Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2227—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond urea; derivatives thereof; urethane
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0259—Nitrogen containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
  • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/043—Kerosene, jet fuel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
  • C10L2200/0446—Diesel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/08—Inhibitors
  • C10L2230/081—Anti-oxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/22—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a gasoline fuel composition and process for its preparation.
• the present invention also relates to a method of supplying an internal combustion engine.
• one of the objectives is to determine the formulation that will improve the overall performance of the car. These performances are ultimately measured by the improvement of the lap time for a given circuit.
• PCI high low heating value
• the ICP represents the amount of energy included in a given volume or mass of fuel. The higher this value of energy, the more it will be possible to extract heat from a drop of fuel. This thermal energy can subsequently be converted by the motor into mechanical energy in order to extract more power.
• the increase in mass or volume PCI will increase the range of autonomy and thus reduce the frequency of refueling; • a high burn rate.
• the burning rate represents the rate at which the flame front propagates in the combustion chamber. The combustion rate makes it possible to reach the pressure peak in the chamber more rapidly during the combustion cycle process, which affects the quality of the engine efficiency.
• An increase in the combustion rate makes it possible to reduce the duration of a combustion phase, an essential parameter for the search for power on engines having a high rotational speed.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a novel gasoline fuel composition, in particular competition remedying these disadvantages.
• the invention proposes an alternative to existing high-performance gasoline fuel compositions, in particular, motor racing petrol fuels (rallies, circuits) whose characteristics, currently in force, are found in article 9.1 of the French regulations.
• the subject of the present invention relates to a gasoline fuel composition comprising at least 70% by weight of a gasoline fuel and at least one viscosifying compound capable of increasing the dynamic viscosity of the gasoline fuel up to a greater or equal dynamic viscosity value. at 10mPa.s, measured at a temperature of 40 ° C and at atmospheric pressure and give it a shear thinning character.
• the composition has a rheofluidifying behavior by applying a constraint of between 100 and 1000s -1 .
• the viscosifying compound is chosen from viscosifiers capable of conferring on said composition a thixotropic character.
• the viscosifying compound is chosen from N-substituted urea and N-substituted urea-urea derivatives, symmetrical or asymmetric, alone or as a mixture.
• the viscosifying compound is chosen from N-substituted, symmetrical or asymmetric bis-urea derivatives, alone or as a mixture.
• the viscosifying compound comprises at least one substituent borne by a nitrogen atom of a urea function of the viscosifying compound, said substituent being chosen from the group consisting of monocyclic or polycyclic C 5 to C aromatic rings, the heterocyclic C 5 to Cm, optionally substituted with one or more linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon chains, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S.
• the viscosifying compound comprises at least one substituent borne by a nitrogen atom of a urea function of the viscosifying compound, said substituent being selected from the group consisting of linear or branched hydrocarbon chains to C 24 saturated or unsaturated, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• the viscosifying compound is represented by the following formula (1):
• R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of:
• heterocyclic C 5 -C 10 optionally substituted by one or more hydrocarbon chains to C 10, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• the viscosifying compound is represented by the following formula (2): in which :
• Y represents a group selected from the group consisting of:
• heterocyclic C 5 -C 10 optionally substituted by one or more hydrocarbon chains to C 10, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, said chains optionally containing one or several heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S,
• R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently represent a group chosen from the group consisting of linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 to C 24 hydrocarbon-based chains, said chains possibly containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S and / or one or more C 5 to C 10 monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings.
• Y represents a group chosen from the group consisting of C 5 to C 10 monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings, C 5 to C 10 heterocyclics, optionally substituted by one or more linear or branched, saturated C 1 to C 10 hydrocarbon chains. or unsaturated, preferably C 1 -C 4, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently represent a group chosen from the group consisting of chains hydrocarbon to C 24, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S in the form of one or more functions chosen from ether, ester, ketone, amine, amide, imine, thiol, thioether or thioester and / or one or more C 5 -C 10 monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings, preferably C 5 or C 6 monocyclic aromatic rings, optionally substituted by one or more hydrocarbon chains in Ci to C, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, preferably C 1 -C 4.
• R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently represent the -CH (R 6 ) COOR 7 group in which:
• R 6 and R 7 are identical or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of the hydrocarbon chains to C-2 4, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic, preferably Ci to, said chains containing optionally one or more C 5 to C 10 monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings, preferably monocyclic C 5 or C 6 aromatic rings, optionally substituted by one or more linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 to C 10 hydrocarbon-based chains, preferably Ci at C.
• the viscosifying compound is represented by the following formula (3):
• R5 represents a group selected from the group consisting of the hydrocarbon chains to C 12, linear or branched. According to one development, the viscosifying compound has a molar mass of less than or equal to 2000 g. mol "1 .
• the gasoline fuel composition comprises between 0.01% and 5% by weight of the viscosifying compound.
• the gasoline fuel composition further comprises one or more additives chosen from detergent additives, anti-recession valve additives, antioxidants and additives increasing the electrical conductivity.
• the object of the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a gasoline fuel composition
• a gasoline fuel composition comprising the solubilization at a room temperature of a viscosifying compound in at least 70% by mass of a liquid gasoline fuel, said viscosifying compound being capable of increasing the dynamic viscosity of the petrol fuel to a dynamic viscosity value greater than or equal to 10 mPa.s, preferably 100 mPa.s, measured at a temperature of 40 ° C. and at atmospheric pressure and to give it a rheofluidifying character .
• the object of the present invention also relates to a use of a gasoline fuel composition according to the present invention as fuel for an internal combustion engine of a motorized competition vehicle.
• the motorized competition vehicle has a mass of less than 1000 kg.
• the use of a gasoline fuel composition makes it possible to improve the performance of the motorized competition vehicle, preferably the dynamic stability of the motorized competition vehicle and / or to improve the handling of the vehicle. motorized racing, by lowering the average center of gravity of said vehicle.
• the motorized competition vehicle comprises a reservoir for containing the fuel constituted by a single cell devoid of subdivision.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of supplying an internal combustion engine comprising supplying said engine with a gasoline fuel composition according to the present invention.
• FIG. 1 shows the flow curves for a fuel composition Ci according to a particular embodiment of the invention, for different temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ° C).
• FIG. 2 represents the instantaneous viscosity as a function of time for a gasoline fuel composition Ci according to one particular embodiment of the invention, at a temperature of 20 ° C.
• FIG. 3 represents the instantaneous viscosity as a function of time for a gasoline fuel composition Ci according to one particular embodiment of the invention, at a temperature of 40.degree.
• FIG. 4 represents the simulation curve of the trajectory along the x and y axes of the center of gravity of two fuels of different viscosity, Lot 1 and Lot 2, (OpenFOAM-2.2.2 simulation software).
• FIG. 5 represents the curve of the engine torque as a function of engine speed, obtained from a motor test carried out with gasoline compositions Co and Ci according to one particular embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 6 represents the curve of consumption as a function of the engine speed, obtained from a motor test carried out with gasoline compositions Co and Ci according to one particular embodiment of the invention.
• a viscosified gasoline fuel composition comprises at least 70% by weight, advantageously at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight, even more preferably at least 98% by weight. mass of a gasoline fuel and at least one viscosifying compound.
• gasolines Gasoline fuels
• gasolines can be used in spark-ignition engines, whether atmospheric or turbocharged, particularly those of traditional motor vehicles. Gasoline fuels have sufficiently high octane numbers to prevent knocking.
• gasoline fuels marketed in Europe, compliant with the EN 228 standard have a motor octane number (MON Motor Octane Number) greater than 85 and a research octane number (RON Research Octane Number) of a minimum of These gasoline fuels are suitable for the vast majority of automotive engines.
• the gasoline fuels according to the invention preferably have an RON of greater than or equal to 95 and a MON of greater than or equal to 85, the RON and MON being measured according to ASTM D 2699-86 or D 2700-86.
• the fuels of the gasoline type are selected from high-performance gasoline fuels, in particular motor racing petrol fuels (rallies, circuits) whose characteristics, currently in force, are to the article 9.1 of the prescriptions of the International Automobile Federation (FIA) in Appendix J-Art 252, published on 1/1 1/10 and are recalled below:
• MON and RON are measured according to ASTM D 2699-86 or D 2700-86.
• the viscosifying compound is capable of increasing the viscosity of the petrol fuel to a dynamic viscosity value greater than or equal to 10 mPa.s, preferably at 100 mPa.s, measured at a temperature of 40 ° C. and at atmospheric pressure.
• the gasoline fuel composition advantageously has a dynamic viscosity of between 10 and 50000mPa.s, preferably between 100 and 1000mPa.s, more preferably between 100 and 500mPa.s at a temperature of 40 ° C and at atmospheric pressure.
• the viscosifying compound is preferably capable of increasing the dynamic viscosity by a factor greater than or equal to 100, preferably 300, more preferably 800, the dynamic viscosity being measured at a temperature of 40 ° C., with low stress. shear, for example at a shear rate of 0.1 sec -1 .
• the content of viscosifying compound necessary to form a gasoline fuel composition having the required viscosity characteristics can be determined by any known method, in particular by routine tests accessible to those skilled in the art.
• the gasoline fuel composition preferably comprises between 0.01% and 5% by weight of the viscosifying compound, more preferably between 0.05 and 1% by weight, more preferably between 0.1 and 0.5% by weight.
• the preferred vicosifying compounds are at least partly soluble at room temperature in the petrol fuel and capable of modifying the rheological properties of said fuel.
• partly soluble it is meant that at least 95% by weight of the viscosifying compound is soluble, preferably at least 99% by weight.
• the viscosifying compound is preferably soluble in the petrol fuel at room temperature, it being understood that the solubility can be obtained by any known method.
• the viscosified gasoline fuel composition is prepared according to a process which comprises the formation of said composition by solubilization at a room temperature of the viscosifying compound in at least 70% by weight, advantageously at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight. mass, more preferably at least 95% by mass, even more preferably at least 98% by weight of a gasoline fuel as described above.
• the viscosifying compound is capable of giving the gasoline fuel a rheofluidifying character.
• the gasoline fuel composition containing such a viscosifying compound is viscoelastic with a decrease in viscosity when a mechanical stress applied to said composition increases.
• the mechanical stress is, for example, a shear stress.
• the viscosity is measured by any known method.
• the viscosified gasoline fuel composition preferably has a rheofluidifying behavior under the effect of a mechanical stress of between 100 and 1000 s -1 , advantageously between 300 and 1000 s -1 , more preferably between 500 and 1000 s -1 .
• the viscosified gasoline fuel composition may have a flow-rate rheofluidifying behavior, that is to say that the viscosity gasoline fuel composition is stable until a certain stress is applied to it, for example a shear stress. which corresponds to the flow threshold. Beyond this threshold, a rheofluidifying behavior is observed.
• a critical shear threshold y c corresponding to a stress value beyond which the viscous gasoline fuel composition flows with a drop in dynamic viscosity can be determined.
• This critical shear threshold value y c defines the boundary between the Newtonian domain or quasi-Newtonian shear thinning the composition and the field. Below this threshold value, the gasoline fuel composition is in viscosified form. For a stress greater than or equal to this threshold value, the viscosity of said composition decreases sharply.
• the critical shear threshold y c is determined by rheometric measurement and graphical determination.
• the viscosified gasoline fuel composition preferably has a critical shear threshold, determined by rheometric measurement, of less than 1000s -1 at a temperature of 20 ° C. and at atmospheric pressure, preferably less than 500 s -1 , more preferably less than 100 s -1 For a stress greater than or equal to this threshold value y c , the viscosity of said composition decreases sharply.
• the viscosifying compound is chosen from viscosifiers capable of giving the gasoline fuel a thixotropic character.
• the viscosity compound content in the gasoline fuel composition is adjusted so that the gasoline fuel composition containing such viscosifier compound is advantageously thixotropic.
• the viscosity recovery rate of the gasoline fuel composition is advantageously less than 1 hour, preferably less than 10 min, more preferably less than 1 min.
• the speed of recovery in viscosity after the disappearance of the mechanical stress is advantageously between 0.01 and 3 seconds (instantaneous).
• the viscosifying compound may be chosen from organogelling compounds capable of forming, with the petrol fuel, a stable reversible physical gel at a temperature of less than or equal to 60 ° C., preferably 40 ° C., still more preferably 25 ° C. C at a pressure of between 1.11 and 1.11 bar.
• physical gel is meant a gel obtained by reversible formation of a three-dimensional network, by self-assembly of the organogelling compounds via weak interactions of the hydrogen bonding, ⁇ - ⁇ and / or Van-der-Waals type.
• the gasoline fuel composition is in the form of a gel, under a stress greater than or equal to the threshold value y c , there is rupture of the gel (destructuration of the three-dimensional network).
• Stable at a temperature is understood to mean that the gasoline fuel is in the form of a single gel phase. Above this temperature, the petrol fuel is in the form of a ground phase.
• the rheological properties of organogels have been extensively studied in the literature. Concerning the characteristics of the organogels, reference may be made by way of example to the articles, Low Molecular Mass Gelators of Organic Liquids, Maity, GC 2007, Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 156-171; Acc. Chem.
• the organogelling compound will be chosen so as to further confer a thixotropic character on the gelled gasoline fuel.
• the viscosifying compound is preferably chosen from organogelling compounds capable of forming, with the gasoline fuel, a gel having a rheofluidifying behavior during the application of:
• the viscosifying compound may advantageously be chosen from organogelling compounds capable of forming, with the liquid hydrocarbon fuel or fuel, a stable thermoreversible gel at a temperature of less than or equal to 60 ° C., preferably at 40 ° C., more preferably at 25 ° C. ° C, at a pressure of between 1.11 and 1.11 Bar.
• Viscosifying organogelling compounds and forming low molecular weight shear thinning gels known by the acronym LMOG (in English “Low Molecular Weight Organic Gelators”), preferably having a molar mass less than or equal to 2000 g. mol "1 .
• organogelling compounds are known to be capable of modifying the rheological behavior of organic solvents, while rendering gelling reversible since they are very sensitive to shearing.
• the viscosifying compound is chosen from organogelling compounds derived from ureas and bis-ureas, alone or as a mixture, preferably from the derivatives of N-substituted ureas and N-substituted bis-ureas, which are symmetrical. or asymmetrical, alone or in mixture.
• the viscosifying compound may advantageously be chosen from organogelling compounds derived from N-substituted bis-ureas, symmetrical or asymmetric, preferably asymmetric, alone or as a mixture.
• organogelling compounds derived from N-substituted bis-ureas, symmetrical or asymmetric, preferably asymmetric, alone or as a mixture.
• the viscosifying compound may advantageously comprise a substituent compatibilizing the viscosifying compound. with the gasoline fuel. This substituent may be of aromatic nature and / or aliphatic nature apolar.
• the viscosifying compound comprises at least one substituent carried by a nitrogen atom of a urea function of the viscosifying compound.
• the substituent is chosen from the group consisting of monocyclic or polycyclic C 5 to C 10 aromatic rings, C 5 to C 6 heterocyclic rings, preferably C 5 -C 6 monocyclic aromatic rings, optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C hydrocarbon chains.
• at C 10 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, preferably C 1 -C 4, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S.
• the viscosifying compound preferably comprises at least one substituent carried by a nitrogen atom of a urea function of the viscosifying compound.
• the substituent is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched hydrocarbon chains to C 24 saturated or unsaturated, more preferably C3 to C10, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• the viscosifying compound is represented by the following formula (1):
• R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of:
• the viscosifying compound is represented by the following formula (2):
• Y represents a group selected from the group consisting of:
• C 5 to C 6 heterocyclic rings preferably C 5 -C 6 monocyclic aromatic rings, optionally substituted with one or more linear or branched C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon chains, saturated or unsaturated, preferably C 1 -C 4, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S,
• linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 to C 24 hydrocarbon chains preferably C 3 to C 18 , even more preferentially C 6 to C 12
• said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently represent a group chosen from the group consisting of linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 to C 24 hydrocarbon-based chains, preferably C 3 to C 18 , even more preferably at C12, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and / or one or more monocyclic or polycyclic C 5 to C aromatic aromatics, preferably monocyclic C 5 or C 6 aromatic aromatics.
• Y advantageously represents a group selected from the group consisting of monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings C 5 to C 10 heterocyclic C 5 C, preferably aromatic rings monocyclic C 5 -C 6, optionally substituted by a or more linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, preferably C 1 to C 4 hydrocarbon-based chains, said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S.
• R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently represent a group chosen from the group consisting of linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbon chains in d to C 24 , said chains optionally containing one or more heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S in the form of one or more functions chosen from ether, ester, ketone, amine, amide, imine, thiol, thioether or thioester functions and / or one or more monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic C-rings; 5 to C, preferably monocyclic aromatic C 5 or C 6 , optionally substituted by one or more linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon chains, preferably d to C.
• R 3 and R 4 are identical or different and independently represent the group -CH (R 6 ) COOR 7 in which:
• R 6 and R 7 are identical or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon chains -C 24 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic, preferably C 1 -C 18, said chains optionally containing one or more C 5 to C 10 monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings, preferably C 5 or C 6 monocyclic aromatic, optionally substituted with one or more linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon-based chains, preferably C 1 -C 4 .
• R 6 or R 7 may, for example, be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, 3,7-dimethyloctyl, 2-hexyl -decyl oleyl 2-hexyl-decyl, 2-butyl-octyl, farnesyl, 1-dodecyl, 2-dodecyl, cyclododecyl-methyl, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl.
• the viscosifying compound is represented by the following formula (3):
• R 3 and R 4 are as described above and R 5 represents a group chosen from the group consisting of linear or branched, preferably C 1 to C 6, more preferably C 1 to C 12 hydrocarbon-based chains; 3, even more preferentially in d.
• organogelling compound By way of example of an organogelling compound, mention may be made of N, N'-2,4-bis ((2-ethylhexyl) ureido) toluene (EHUT) corresponding to the formula (3) in which R 3 and R 4 are a 2-ethylhexyl substituent and R 5 is a methyl substituent.
• the organometallic compounds are preferably excluded from the list of viscosifiers covered by the present invention.
• the viscosified gasoline fuel composition may comprise one or more other additives different from the viscosifying compound according to the invention.
• the gasoline fuel composition may comprise at least one detergent additive, known per se, ensuring the cleanliness of the intake circuit.
• valve anti-recession additives may also be incorporated in the fuel compositions according to the invention, such as valve anti-recession additives and antioxidants.
• the electrical conductivity of the fuel is greater than 200pS / m. To do this, one can add at least one additive increasing the electrical conductivity.
• the viscosifiers described above may be added in the hydrocarbon compositions within the refinery, and / or be incorporated downstream of the refinery, optionally in admixture with other additives, in the form of an additive package.
• a viscosifying compound is particularly advantageous when the viscosifying compound is also capable of conferring a thixotropic character on the gasoline fuel composition.
• viscosity of the composition falls during pumping to a value compatible with the operation of the engine.
• the part of the gasoline fuel composition not consumed by the engine and re-circulated returns to its initial viscosity in the tank in the absence of shear stresses, by thixotropic effect.
• the viscosified gasoline fuel composition is particularly advantageous in that it can be used directly in a method of supplying an internal combustion engine. The method comprises, in particular, supplying said engine with the viscosified gasoline fuel composition according to any known method.
• the viscosity composition preferably gelled fuel essence according to the invention improves the performance of a competition vehicle.
• the use of a viscosified gasoline fuel composition as described above is particularly advantageous as a fuel for an internal combustion engine of a motorized competition vehicle.
• a motorized competition vehicle generally has a mass of less than 1000 kg, preferably less than 700 kg, more preferably between 600-700 kg.
• a motorized competition vehicle generally comprises a reservoir for containing the fuel.
• the tank is conventionally connected to the internal combustion engine so as to feed a combustion chamber of said engine.
• the viscous composition of gasoline fuel improves the performance of a motorized competition vehicle.
• the use of the viscosified gasoline fuel composition described above makes it possible to improve the dynamic stability of the motorized vehicle of competition.
• the gain affects, in particular, the lap time with an increase in the curve crossing speed.
• the gasoline fuel composition stored in the tank of the motorized competition vehicle moves by its inertia and impacts the walls of the tank. This displacement generates forces that come to oppose the change of direction or the acceleration of the motorized competition vehicle. If the gasoline fuel composition is viscosified, that is to say thickened, the amplitude of these forces resulting from the displacement of the gasoline fuel composition will be reduced or even canceled, thereby improving the dynamic stability of the motorized competition vehicle.
• the use of the viscous gasoline fuel composition described above also improves the handling of the motorized competition vehicle, by lowering the average center of gravity of the vehicle.
• the handling of a competition vehicle depends on the center of gravity of the vehicle, the lower it is and the better the handling.
• the level of a viscous gasoline fuel composition in the tank of a vehicle remains much more horizontal than that of the same non-viscosified gasoline fuel composition.
• the increase in the viscosity of the gasoline fuel composition causes a lowering of the center of gravity of said composition, and therefore lowers the center of gravity of the motorized competition vehicle.
• the use of a viscosified gasoline fuel composition as described above makes it possible to limit the unbalance of a fuel composition in the tank of a Formula 1 type competition vehicle.
• the only technical solution to limit excessive unbalance of a fuel composition in the tank of a Formula 1 racing vehicle is to subdivide the tank into smaller connected cells. between them, so that the displacement of the fuel composition under the effect of the different accelerations is done over a distance and a shorter mass (over the length of a cell).
• the gasoline fuel composition represents on average between 10 and 20% of the mass of a competition vehicle at the start of the race (generally between 640 and 690 kg).
• a motorized competition vehicle generally has a mass of less than 1000 kg. This subdivision system weighs about 1500 grams and therefore has the disadvantage of penalizing the weight of the competition vehicle (0.15% of the weight of the vehicle).
• the motorized competition vehicle comprises a reservoir for containing the fuel consisting of a single cell devoid of subdivision.
• the use of the viscosity gasoline fuel composition described above allows a weight gain on the motorized competition vehicle by removing the internal cells of the tank of said vehicle and thus improves the performance of the motorized competition vehicle, including the speed of said vehicle.
• the potential gain with viscosified gasoline fuel composition is estimated at a total gain of at least 0.13 s / rev, preferably at least 0.2 s / tr. This gain of 0.2 s / rev represents a substantial gain in competitive racing.
• Ci A fuel gasoline composition denoted Ci is prepared by solubilizing 7000 ppm by weight of N, N'-2,4-bis ((2-ethylhexyl) ureido) toluene (EHUT) in a mixture.
• Table 1 High-resolution gas phase chromatographic analysis results to determine the% volumic of paraffinic, olefinic, naphthenic and aromatic compounds according to ASTM standard test 6730, said analysis being known as PONA analysis, and results of analysis to determine the% by volume of saturated or unsaturated oxygen compounds by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID)
• GC-FID flame ionization detector
• the rheological characterizations of the C1 petrol fuel composition were carried out with a plane cone geometry of 2 ° angle and 60mm diameter, regulated in temperature by a Peltier device.
• the evolution of the viscosity of the gasoline fuel composition Ci as a function of the shear rate is followed.
• the flow curves are obtained by logarithmic variation of the shear rate from 0.01 to 100 s -1 for each temperature, 0 ° C, 10 ° C, 20 ° C, 30 ° C and 40 ° C.
• the presence of the organogelling compound EHUT in the gasoline fuel composition Ci increases the viscosity by a factor of between about 900 to about 4000, at low shear, compared with the gasoline fuel composition C 0 lacking the organogelling compound EHUT.
• the composition Ci is in gel form. As shown in Figure 1, there is a sharp decrease in the viscosity of the gasoline fuel composition Ci with the increase in temperature regardless of the shear rate. At temperatures of 0, 10 and 20 ° C which can be assimilated to storage temperatures in a tank of a vehicle equipped with a combustion engine fuel gasoline compositions, the viscosity is higher than at temperatures of 30.degree. and 40 ° C corresponding to the temperatures of use.
• use temperatures means the temperatures encountered in the supply circuit of the combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
• the curves obtained reflect a flow-rate rheofluidifier behavior of the gasoline composition d. For each temperature, a first Newtonian plateau is observed for the low values of the velocity of shearing, particularly for shear rate values less than 0.1 s -1 .
• the viscosity remains constant up to a critical shear threshold y c . From the critical shear threshold y c the value of the viscosity decreases rapidly, to tend towards a second quasi-Newtonian plateau.
• the value of the critical shear threshold y c can be determined graphically for each temperature. The results are listed in Table 5 below:
• the viscosity of the fuel composition Ci passes 1 Pa. s at about 0.05 Pa.s (at 20 ° C).
• the mechanical stresses imposed on the fuel composition Ci destructurate the three-dimensional network formed by the organogelling compound EHUT within said composition.
• the viscosity drops to a low viscosity value, compatible with the operating conditions of a combustion engine.
• Conditions of use are understood to mean the conditions to which the fuel composition is subjected in the supply circuits of a combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
• the shear thinning character of the fuel composition Ci according to the present invention avoids any risk of disturbance of the circulation of the fuel composition Ci in the tank feed circuit while keeping the advantages of a high viscosity of said gasoline fuel composition at storage temperatures in the tank.
• the viscosity recovery is almost immediate at 0.2 Pa.s and then stabilizes at a maximum value of 0.5 Pa.s at after about 15 minutes.
• the behavior of the gasoline fuel composition Ci is similar to 40 ° C., with a viscosity recovery after 15 minutes and a maximum viscosity value equal to 0.3 Pa ⁇ s.
• the gasoline fuel composition according to the present invention has a thixotropic character which reflects a strong ability to restructure.
• tank bottom feed pumps of a motor vehicle have a flow rate such that they generally provide a quantity of fuel composition up to twice the amount consumed by the combustion engine. So, a much of the gasoline fuel composition is re-circulated to the tank after passing through a booster pump.
• gasoline fuel composition Ci is no longer subjected to shear stresses after re-circulation, found in the tank a higher consistency relative to an increase in its viscosity.
• the thixotropic nature of the fuel composition Ci according to the present invention avoids any risk of disturbance of the circulation of the fuel composition Ci in the tank feed circuit while retaining the advantages of a high viscosity of said fuel gasoline composition at temperatures storage in the tank.
• the OpenFOAM-2.2.2 software. was used to simulate the behavior of two fuels, Lot 1 and Lot 2, of different viscosity subjected to a strong deceleration of 3G force in a 600mm cubic tank containing 72 liters of fuel at rest.
• a two-phase solver of type VOF (acronym corresponding to "Volume Of Fluid"), unsteady, with a model of turbulence of RANS type was used.
• Geometry and mesh of the tank 1 million cubic cells of 6mm of side
• Lot 1 Newtonian fluid with a constant viscosity of 4.36 ⁇ 10 -4 Pa.s (compressible model)
• Lot 2 Newtonian fluid with a viscosity dependent on the shear rate (imcompressible model).
• An interpolation method was added to the solver to vary the viscosity of the numerical model as a function of the shear rate. The interpolation function applied to calculate the viscosity at each cell of mesh according to the local value of the shear rate is deduced from the viscosity curve as a function of the shear rate at 10 ° C obtained in FIG.
• Gravitational acceleration An interpolation method has been added to the solver to vary the numerical model's gravitational constant as a function of time.
• a deceleration is then applied linearly along the x axis over a duration of 1 second, such as than
• the engine used is a Renault H5Ft four-cylinder engine, 1, 2 liters (1.198 cm 3 ), with a power of 1 15 HP, turbocharged and equipped with a direct injection system that can deliver a flow of 150 bar.
• the engine is used at full load from 1000 to 5500 rpm in jumps of 500 rpm.
• the values of the engine torque obtained as a function of the engine speed are shown in Figure 5 and the consumption values obtained as a function of the engine speed are shown in Figure 6.
• the repeatability of the measurement is ⁇ 3Nm for the motor torque measurements ( Figure 5) and 0.25kg / h for the consumption measurements (Figure 6).
• the viscosification in particular the gelling of the gasoline, does not affect the proper operation of the engine. Indeed, it is found that the gasoline fuel compositions C 0 and Ci induce almost identical responses whether the values of the engine torque ( Figure 5) or the consumption ( Figure 6) depending on the speed.

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