EP2909544A1 - Building arrangement and method for utilizing solar energy - Google Patents

Building arrangement and method for utilizing solar energy

Info

Publication number
EP2909544A1
EP2909544A1 EP13811999.5A EP13811999A EP2909544A1 EP 2909544 A1 EP2909544 A1 EP 2909544A1 EP 13811999 A EP13811999 A EP 13811999A EP 2909544 A1 EP2909544 A1 EP 2909544A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
building
air gap
heat storage
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13811999.5A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Martti KALLINEN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Arkkitehtuuri MJK
Original Assignee
Arkkitehtuuri MJK
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Arkkitehtuuri MJK filed Critical Arkkitehtuuri MJK
Publication of EP2909544A1 publication Critical patent/EP2909544A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D5/00—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems
    • F24D5/06—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems operating without discharge of hot air into the space or area to be heated
    • F24D5/10—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems operating without discharge of hot air into the space or area to be heated with hot air led through heat-exchange ducts in the walls, floor or ceiling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
    • F24D11/02—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps
    • F24D11/0257—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps air heating system
    • F24D11/0264—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps air heating system combined with solar energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
    • F24D11/006—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses air heating system
    • F24D11/007—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses air heating system combined with solar energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/80—Solar heat collectors using working fluids comprising porous material or permeable masses directly contacting the working fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/67—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of roof constructions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/14—Solar energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D5/00—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems
    • F24D5/06—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems operating without discharge of hot air into the space or area to be heated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0052—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using the ground body or aquifers as heat storage medium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/13—Hot air central heating systems using heat pumps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is a building arrangement and method according to the preambles of the independent claims presented further below.
  • the invention relates to a new way of utilizing solar energy in the heating of the building.
  • patent publications WO 9721962 A1 , Fl 57841 C, EP 0479308 A2, DE 19849127 A1 and WO 9217664 A1 disclose attempts to build energy efficient buildings. The previous solutions don't utilize solar energy satisfactorily.
  • the object of the present invention is to reduce or even eliminate the aboye- mentioned problems appearing in prior art.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a building arrangement, in which solar energy is collected sufficiently during the year in order to satisfy the heating requirement of the building for the entire year.
  • An object of the present invention is to enable energy efficient building in new construction as well as in repair and reconstruction.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a collecting, storage and utilizing of solar energy that is more efficiently and reliably operating than the previous solutions.
  • a typical building arrangement of the invention comprises a building having an operational space and an enclosure, which comprises, listed from outside to inside, at least the following structures:
  • - second layer which comprises at least a solar energy absorbing layer and a counter-current insulation in order to transport air and thermal energy through the second layer
  • - third layer which is airtight and which comprises a thermal insulation layer, - innermost air gap
  • a typical building arrangement further comprises at least
  • - air recirculating means which comprise at least piping for the air to be recirculated in the building, which recirculating means are arranged to recirculate air at least in the outermost air gap, the central air gap, the innermost air gap, the operational space, the heat storage and in the air drying apparatus, - control means for collecting the information necessary for controlling air currents inside the building arrangement and for transmitting control commands to the air recirculating means and to the air drying apparatus.
  • the outermost air gap, central air gap and the second layer between them form a solar thermal collector using counter-current technique, which solar thermal collector is arranged to collect solar energy transferring through the outer layer, and the air recirculating means are arranged to transfer thermal energy with the air from the central air gap to the heat storage.
  • a counter-current insulation i.e. a so-called dynamic insulation
  • the air recirculating means comprise the necessary means for transferring air in the building arrangement.
  • Such means can be for example a necessary number of fans, pipings, valves and heat exchangers.
  • the control means can comprise for example a computer with software to be run in it, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, switches and data carriers.
  • the air recirculating means and control means can be mainly or entirely manually- operated, for example manually opened and closed valves and meters optically readable by human eyes.
  • the use of the means can also be automated. For example automatically readable sensors, computer controlled control means and remote-controlled valves or other air recirculating means are prior art and their operation will not be described here in more detail.
  • the third layer is a heat insulating outer wall or a translucent insulation or window, at which the structure doesn't have any outer layer, outer air gap, second layer and central air gap.
  • said heat insulating outer wall or translucent insulation or window can be considered to function in its own place of the structure as an outer layer, outermost air gap, second layer and as a central air gap.
  • the inner layer is a wall present in the renovation object, i.e. a wall of the building to be renovated. When needed, it can be provided with an air seal.
  • the building arrangement comprises a collector for solar power, such as a solar power collector between the translucent part of the outer layer and second layer.
  • the building arrangement comprises a collector for solar power, such as a solar power collector between the translucent insulation or window and the inner layer.
  • the second or the third layer or the inner layer comprises an apparatus, which enables maintenance measures, such as maintenance ladder, which apparatus is positioned to be used in the outermost or central or the innermost air gap.
  • the heat storage comprises for example piping for a heat storage arranged in the ground for transferring the thermal energy between the air to be recirculated in the building and the heat storage.
  • the piping of the heat storage can be positioned for example under the operational spaces or yard of the building or under street area, whereby heat rising from the heat storage can be utilized for heating said destinations, e.g. in winter time.
  • the piping for the heat storage is in direct communication with the piping for the air to be recirculated in the building in order to recirculate the same air in the piping for the heat storage and in the outermost, central or the innermost air gap of the building.
  • the piping for the heat storage is arranged via a heat exchanger to be in a heat exchanging connection with the piping for the air to be recirculated in the building. In this way the piping for the heat storage can be separate from the air recirculating means. For example, an appropriate gas or liquid can be recirculated in the piping for the heat storage.
  • outermost air gap (a), central air gap (b), innermost air gap (c), are arranged to be in their substantial part so wide, that it enables functioning, such as performing - maintenance measures, by a person.
  • Such space can for example have a width of at least 0.25 m, at least 0.4 m, at least 0.8 m or 0.25-3 m or 0.5-2 m.
  • the maintenance measures can be accomplished at least mainly without human action, for example with robots. Thus, very wide spaces are not necessary for the maintenance either.
  • a typical method for utilizing solar energy according to the invention comprises at least the following steps:
  • - heated air is led with the air recirculating means at least to an innermost air gap of the building, - thermal energy is led from the heated air of the innermost air gap through an inner layer of the structure to an operational space of the building.
  • the air to be recirculated is not led to the operational space, but only thermal energy is led through the inner layer.
  • the temperature of the innermost air gap in the range of +5— +30° C. In an embodiment it is attempted to keep the temperature of the innermost air gap in the range of +16— +30° C, for example near +17° C.
  • the threshold values can be set suitable for each situation.
  • the threshold values can always be set suitable for each situation.
  • the drying apparatus can also function as a dryer of an operational space of the building, such as laundry drying space or residential space.
  • a building according to the invention collects solar energy in the building enclosure during all light hours.
  • the received thermal energy is formed by the solar thermal collector operating with the counter-current principle even multiplied amounts in respect to the necessary heating requirement, and the amount of heat that is needed for the building in the heating period, or more, is left in the heat storage.
  • the building enclosure has many air gaps. Usually, at least one of them is wide enough for maintenance etc.
  • the humidity in the structures and spaces of the building can be controlled mechanically, which also secures the long life of the structures.
  • the possible excess solar heat is controlled by the thermal capacity of the heat storage and/or by recirculating air in the structures in a controlled way always to the necessary direction.
  • the outer layer can in many destinations function as a covering during the construction and it may not need to be demolished at all after the building is finished.
  • the outer layer can for example be right away in its place in the beginning of the constructions, almost ready except for example for the necessary crane routes.
  • the covering of the outer layer can be provided for equipment, for example solar power collectors.
  • the invention is suitable for new construction as well as for reconstruction.
  • the amount of insulations needed in the building can be reduced, when the enclosure is provided with layers, which have different temperatures and are mainly in a closed air recirculation.
  • air which is cooler than the outdoor air can be led to the outermost air gap in order to increase of output of the solar power collectors possibly mounted therein.
  • the outer layer of the building is airtight as well as the third layer and the inner layer defining the innermost air gap.
  • the outer layer can be airtight and steam-tight and the inner layer can be watertight and steam-tight or merely steam-tight.
  • the structures of the building can be dried with the air dryer, even after eventual water damage. In cold seasons, the cover of the outer layer can be kept condensation free with the dryer.
  • a dynamic insulation which has an absorption surface, is formed inside the outer cover.
  • Air recirculation in the building enclosure is mainly closed.
  • At least the main part of the enclosure has three air gaps. If the place of the window is formed as a part of the heat distribution, there are maybe only one or two air gaps at the place of the window.
  • Humidity can be removed mechanically from the air circulation. It can also function for humidity control of the operational space through a separate controllable enclosure.
  • Coolness can be brought to air gaps during i.a. maintenance.
  • An enclosure according to the invention can function as a cover during the construction of a construction work project.
  • the outer layer is lowered for example about one floor lower after the destination is finished.
  • the solar power collector can be cooled down with cool air and thus increase the electricity generation. If there are also solar power panels or respective membranes in the same room, they will also stay cool.
  • Electric power needed by the fan moving the air can be produced by solar heat, wind power or supply current.
  • An enclosure according to the invention functions well as a sound insulation.
  • Bigger air gap can also function as an emergency exit, balcony or greenhouse, if the temperature conditions in there are suitable.
  • the building according to the invention can distribute heat also to neighboring buildings, for example, if the buildings are connected with air pipings.
  • the heat storage is preferably dimensioned so large that during summer cool from the ground can be brought to the enclosure of the building. At the same time heat is provided for winter. There is an upper limit for the amount of cooling, except in the destinations, where moving groundwater or sea is present. They can be taken as help in the cooling.
  • the high temperature itself dries the structures. However, it contains increasingly water vapor, if humidity is present. Since the air to be recirculated in the structures is dried, it rehabilitates the structures and makes them an unfavorable environment for microbes. All kind of corrosion tolerance increases, even encouraging to use less corrosion-treated materials and making the construction cheaper in this way.
  • moisture technology air circulation is at times adjusted to be dryer in situations where the possibility of condensation increases.
  • Airtightness of the building is specially taken into consideration and thermographic surveys can be performed for example annually.
  • the condition of the air recirculation in the enclosure as well as in the heat storage is monitored from a computer. It is attempted to discover eventual fault situations with real-time analysis as soon as they appear.
  • Counter-current insulation i.e. insulation, through which air is led
  • the dynamic insulation which is visible through the translucent covering has preferably a dark, more preferably matt and black and preferably rough surface.
  • the inner layer can in some situations be almost of any type, except that it is expected to be airtight.
  • the old wall of the renovation object can function as an inner layer. This determines a part of the thermal resistance of the heating season. The other part is determined by the thickness and nature of the dynamic insulation.
  • a third cavity can be made between these for return circulation.
  • the third central cavity can be case-specifically left out and return air can be conveyed in their own specific air channels.
  • a surrounding support frame can surround the whole inner enclosure.
  • the frame can be made light, economical and industrially producible, wherein the structure can be made tight.
  • the method can also be used in a renovation object.
  • the structure of the surrounding support is dimensioned only for its own load considering winds.
  • the frame can be positioned in the inner structure of the outer wall inside the enclosure.
  • the humidity level i.e. dryness, is secured with an air drying apparatus.
  • the time and abrasion resistance of the frame is increased, and for example galvanizing of steel can be left out, since the metal is in a dried, relatively semi warm space, wherein anti-corrosion protection paint or light zinc electroplating are sufficient. Pure iron can also be used, since in normal use the load corresponds to a dry interior.
  • Wooden frame works are suitable as frames and they stay structurally functional and well protected against outdoor stress.
  • the construction can mainly be carried out inside.
  • the frame or the frames of the walls and roof covering are mounted after the foundation base. After that a tarpaulin cover and/or final weather cover for a part, such as acrylic matrix or roof glasses, can be mounted. In this way moisture damages are decreased.
  • High houses can be provided with fire escape for example to the maintenance space of the enclosure. Placing of additional stairs to the facade is rational and weather guarded.
  • Radon can be removed with known methods. The thermal energy to be removed can be recovered for example as an energy source for the air heat pump.
  • Ground pipes for fresh air intake can be placed to the same channel with the radon pipes. Such ground area cools the ground heat storage keeping it reasonable cool while thermal energy is being recovered.
  • the operational spaces can be over-pressurized, deviating from the general principle. This helps the air to exit from the space, the fireplace draught and the windows and doors to stay tight. This is possible at least, if the system has automated monitoring of air humidity.
  • Fresh air can for example be taken directly from outside through a valve or window which can be opened or for example being preheated with the heat from the heat storage.
  • exit air can be conveyed from the operational space directly to the outer wall, for example to the innermost air gap, where the air is transferred due to the pressure difference. If the requirement for exit air is measured in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide, the amount of air can be normally dimensioned for a level which is remarkably lower than required.
  • the outflow of the indoor air to the innermost air gap brings warm and humid indoor air therein, which increases heat and humidity of the recirculated air.
  • the humidity is removed with the drying apparatus. This way, the heat of the exit air can be recovered to the heat storage.
  • the method is simple, but it can generate a need for air filtering in the flow openings and may increase the maintenance need in the air gaps.
  • a tight outer layer secures a smooth air pressure for heat insulations.
  • the movement of air inside the wall is controlled. Earlier, in strong wind, it has been possible for the air to get in to the heat insulations. Now the enclosure is tight in the sections of the inner and outer layer. Thus, the cooling effect of wind is eliminated.
  • the air from one air gap can be arranged between the outer and inner glasses.
  • the window can also have its own separate air recirculation. If air is recirculated according to the invention inside the window, for example the glass of the window frame can be a 2-glass or 3-glass vacuum element, the innermost frame 1 -2-glass. If a selective coating is provided to the window, it is arranged to the inner surface of the inner glass, i.e. the place is different than usually.
  • the heat radiation in the gap between glasses is tried to leave the heat radiation in the gap between glasses and to direct it for example to a dark lattice, which gets warm and the heat can be led to the circulated air flowing past.
  • the radiation can also be collected for example with a cover-like translucent part of the construction, which collects radiation heat.
  • the air is taken to be utilized for example in the heat storage, for air preheating or as a heat source for an air heat pump.
  • the lattice can have a controllable position.
  • the aforementioned window gap can continue past the window to a part of the facade or to a larger part of the facade.
  • the directions of the windows can be freely chosen in relation to heating, since the enclosure of the building is kept cool throughout the year.
  • the excess heat arrived inside is conveyed to the heat storage through the semi warm walls.
  • This process can be case-specifically controlled intelligently, since the entirety of the heating system of the building is computer-analyzable and adaptable as well as controllable according to various pre-made settings and also manually.
  • the surfaces of the glasses can be kept clean by using nanotechnology, and all heat radiations without reflections can be recovered. Self-cleansing glasses are recommended for surfaces, which are exposed to sun and rain.
  • the building can comprise self-adjusting window films, which darken in light, or electricity generating glass coatings.
  • plastic cells or green house plastics can be the right solution to a destination.
  • the ground heat storage of the existing building to be renovated can be performed next to the building as a vertical drilling, and preferably as an inclined drilling under the building.
  • the dynamic insulation functions as such as an air dryer, but it is good to keep the vapor concentration always in a sufficiently dry level, so that when confronting the cool temperature of the heat storage the vapor would not condensate to water.
  • the maintenance space formed to the air gap enables a permanent repair route inside the wall. Passage can be designed for example from balconies or window sides or through stairs of an additional exit.
  • the structure according to the invention having several air gaps can be the entire enclosure of the building or only a part of it.
  • the part of the facade facing south can be coated with the enclosure according to the invention.
  • big and low-rise buildings only roof can be covered with the enclosure according to the invention.
  • the stored heat can at least in the future be used for generating electricity with equipment, which produce electricity from the temperature difference.
  • the efficient heat production and storage create thus a possibility to generate electricity also in the dark heating season.
  • the pressure level of the counter-current insulation is controlled by changing the density of the insulation or by placing a densifying cover on the insulation in places, where it is desired to control the air. It is good to select the density of the dynamic insulation so that the air flow through the insulation is as smooth as possible.
  • Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a building according to the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a partial enlargement of figure 1.
  • Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a building arrangement according to the invention 0. It comprises a building 1 , in the enclosure 9 of which there is an outer layer 1 , an outermost air gap a, a second layer 2, a central air gap b, a third layer 3, an innermost air gap c and an inner layer 4.
  • the operational spaces d, for example habitable rooms, of the building are located inside the inner layer 4.
  • the outer layer 1 is air- and watertight and translucent at least nearly in its entire area.
  • the translucent parts can be for example of acrylic matrix or roof glass.
  • the second layer 2 comprises on its outer surface a solar energy absorbing layer 2a and a counter-current insulation 2b for transporting air and thermal energy through the second layer, as wells as a maintenance ladder 2c.
  • the frame structure 2d carries the weight of the second layer.
  • the third layer 3 is airtight and comprises a heat insulation layer 3a.
  • the inner layer 4 is airtight.
  • a wall or roof structure or a part 4b of it present in the renovation object can function as an inner layer 4.
  • the airtightness 4b of the structure is secured either by sealing it or by arranging a new layer 4a outside the present structure 4b.
  • a solar power collector 5 is located in the outermost air gap in the inner surface of the outer layer 1. Between the translucent outer layer 1 and the second layer 2 it is protected from the weather. Next to the building 11 , there is a heat storage e under the ground, to which the solar energy recovered by the building is stored.
  • the heat storage (e) can be made for example by drilling the heat transfer piping in the rock or by building heat wells into a softer soil or loose soil.
  • an air drying apparatus f In the cellar space K there is an air drying apparatus f, with which air flowing inside the structures as well as air in the operational spaces can be dried.
  • the drying apparatus f comprises a control system, i.e.
  • the drying apparatus f takes care of drying the air.
  • the air recirculation in the structures, among others in air gaps a, b and c and in air pipings g, can be controlled, where necessary, by controlling among others the operation of fans and valves.
  • the outermost air gap a functions as a maintenance space for maintaining among others the outer layer , second layer 2 and solar power collector 5.
  • the outermost air gap a can be accessed through a service hatch 6, the location of which in the figure is exemplary.
  • the maintenance can also be organized with other appropriate measures, such as by partly opening or changing the outer surface.
  • the dried recirculation air is led to the outermost air gap a, from which air is led in sunshine through the warm counter-current insulation 2b into the central air gap b. Heated air can be led from the central air gap b directly to the heating, i.e. to the innermost air gap c or to the heat storage e. Some heat storages can be heated directly with warm air. In other type of heat storages the heat of the air is transferred with a heat exchanger to the gas or liquid flowing in the piping of the heat storage. The return air from the heat storage e or from the heat exchanger is case-specifically led either to the inner air gap c and/or to the outermost air gap a.
  • Air can be led from the air gap c to the cavity a or for example for preheating the fresh air.
  • the decisions concerning the directions of the air flows are manually made by the user or the function is automated comprising monitoring of optimal temperatures.
  • the heating or cooling of the operational spaces d of a building is mainly accomplished by controlling the temperature of the air recirculating in the innermost air gap c.
  • solar power collecting device parts such as solar power films, lattice bars or ordinary solar heat or power collectors can be located in the innermost air gap c.
  • the outer layer 1 and inner layer 4, 4a, 4b of the enclosure of the building form a mainly closed space, the air and moisture permeability of which in part of the outer layer 1 is as small as possible and the inner layer 4a, 4b is at least very airtight.
  • the air gaps a, b and c are airtight, except between the central air gap b and outer air gap a, where there is a counter-current 2b comprising a sun emitting absorption surface 2a.
  • a counter-current 2b comprising a sun emitting absorption surface 2a.
  • the air circulation circles concerning heating and cooling and two outer air gaps a and b form a solar heat collector by using a so-called counter-current technique. Where necessary, warm or cool air can be led from the heat storage to the air gaps a, b and c.
  • One or both surfaces of the enclosure i.e. the outer layer 1 , inner layer 4a, 4b or the translucent part 3b can be made of viscous translucent film, such as greenhouse plastic or the like.
  • the figures do not illustrate the flow of the indoor air, since it can be arranged in a conventional manner.
  • the ventilation can be natural or mechanical.

Abstract

The invention relates to a building arrangement (10) and a method for utilizing solar energy. The method comprises at least the following steps: - sunlight is led through a translucent part of an outer layer (1) of a building (11 ) and an outermost air gap (a) to a solar energy absorbing layer (2a), - air is heated with the heat from the absorbing layer (2a) and heated air is led from the outermost air gap (a) through a counter-current insulation (2b) to a central air gap (b) of the building, - thermal energy is led with the heated air with the air recirculating means from the central air gap (b) to the heat storage (e).

Description

BUILDING ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR UTILIZING SOLAR ENERGY
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is a building arrangement and method according to the preambles of the independent claims presented further below. The invention relates to a new way of utilizing solar energy in the heating of the building.
PRIOR ART
Among others, patent publications WO 9721962 A1 , Fl 57841 C, EP 0479308 A2, DE 19849127 A1 and WO 9217664 A1 disclose attempts to build energy efficient buildings. The previous solutions don't utilize solar energy satisfactorily.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to reduce or even eliminate the aboye- mentioned problems appearing in prior art.
An object of the present invention is to provide a building arrangement, in which solar energy is collected sufficiently during the year in order to satisfy the heating requirement of the building for the entire year.
An object of the present invention is to enable energy efficient building in new construction as well as in repair and reconstruction.
An object of the present invention is to provide a collecting, storage and utilizing of solar energy that is more efficiently and reliably operating than the previous solutions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In order to achieve among others the objects mentioned above, the building arrangement and the method and other objects of the invention are characterized by what is presented in the characterizing parts of the enclosed independent claims. The embodiments and advantages mentioned in this text relate, where applicable, to the building arrangement as well as to the method according to the invention, even if this is not always specifically mentioned. In this text, the terms airtight and watertight do not refer to absolute tightness. It is obvious that it is difficult or impossible to make the structures entirely tight. Airtight and watertight mean that it is attempted to make the structures as tight as possible or substantially or at least relatively tight. A typical building arrangement of the invention comprises a building having an operational space and an enclosure, which comprises, listed from outside to inside, at least the following structures:
- outer layer, which is watertight and airtight and at least partly translucent,
- outermost air gap,
- second layer, which comprises at least a solar energy absorbing layer and a counter-current insulation in order to transport air and thermal energy through the second layer,
- central air gap,
- third layer, which is airtight and which comprises a thermal insulation layer, - innermost air gap,
- inner layer, which is airtight.
Inside the enclosure there is an operational space of the building, such as residential space or a service space in a residential building. The enclosure according to the invention can surround the building from many directions or from one direction only. A typical building arrangement further comprises at least
- heat storage,
- air drying apparatus,
- air recirculating means, which comprise at least piping for the air to be recirculated in the building, which recirculating means are arranged to recirculate air at least in the outermost air gap, the central air gap, the innermost air gap, the operational space, the heat storage and in the air drying apparatus, - control means for collecting the information necessary for controlling air currents inside the building arrangement and for transmitting control commands to the air recirculating means and to the air drying apparatus. Typically, the outermost air gap, central air gap and the second layer between them form a solar thermal collector using counter-current technique, which solar thermal collector is arranged to collect solar energy transferring through the outer layer, and the air recirculating means are arranged to transfer thermal energy with the air from the central air gap to the heat storage. The use of a counter-current insulation, i.e. a so-called dynamic insulation, is prior known and its function will not be described here in more detail.
The air recirculating means comprise the necessary means for transferring air in the building arrangement. Such means can be for example a necessary number of fans, pipings, valves and heat exchangers.
The control means can comprise for example a computer with software to be run in it, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, switches and data carriers. The air recirculating means and control means can be mainly or entirely manually- operated, for example manually opened and closed valves and meters optically readable by human eyes. The use of the means can also be automated. For example automatically readable sensors, computer controlled control means and remote-controlled valves or other air recirculating means are prior art and their operation will not be described here in more detail.
Heated air can be led to the heat storage, but in some applications also for preheating the air or as heat source for an air heat pump. In an embodiment of the invention in a part of the building the third layer is a heat insulating outer wall or a translucent insulation or window, at which the structure doesn't have any outer layer, outer air gap, second layer and central air gap. On the other hand, said heat insulating outer wall or translucent insulation or window can be considered to function in its own place of the structure as an outer layer, outermost air gap, second layer and as a central air gap.
In an embodiment of the invention the inner layer is a wall present in the renovation object, i.e. a wall of the building to be renovated. When needed, it can be provided with an air seal.
In an embodiment of the invention the building arrangement comprises a collector for solar power, such as a solar power collector between the translucent part of the outer layer and second layer.
In an embodiment of the invention the building arrangement comprises a collector for solar power, such as a solar power collector between the translucent insulation or window and the inner layer.
In an embodiment of the invention the second or the third layer or the inner layer comprises an apparatus, which enables maintenance measures, such as maintenance ladder, which apparatus is positioned to be used in the outermost or central or the innermost air gap.
In an embodiment of the invention the heat storage comprises for example piping for a heat storage arranged in the ground for transferring the thermal energy between the air to be recirculated in the building and the heat storage. The piping of the heat storage can be positioned for example under the operational spaces or yard of the building or under street area, whereby heat rising from the heat storage can be utilized for heating said destinations, e.g. in winter time.
In an embodiment of the invention the piping for the heat storage is in direct communication with the piping for the air to be recirculated in the building in order to recirculate the same air in the piping for the heat storage and in the outermost, central or the innermost air gap of the building. In an embodiment of the invention the piping for the heat storage is arranged via a heat exchanger to be in a heat exchanging connection with the piping for the air to be recirculated in the building. In this way the piping for the heat storage can be separate from the air recirculating means. For example, an appropriate gas or liquid can be recirculated in the piping for the heat storage.
In an embodiment of the invention one or more of the following: outermost air gap (a), central air gap (b), innermost air gap (c), are arranged to be in their substantial part so wide, that it enables functioning, such as performing - maintenance measures, by a person. Such space can for example have a width of at least 0.25 m, at least 0.4 m, at least 0.8 m or 0.25-3 m or 0.5-2 m. In an embodiment of the invention the maintenance measures can be accomplished at least mainly without human action, for example with robots. Thus, very wide spaces are not necessary for the maintenance either.
A typical method for utilizing solar energy according to the invention comprises at least the following steps:
- sunlight is led through a translucent part of an outer layer of the building and an outermost air gap to a solar energy absorbing layer,
- air is heated with the heat from the absorbing layer and heated air is led from the outermost air gap through a counter-current insulation to a central air gap of the building,
- thermal energy is led with the heated air from the central air gap to the heat storage with the aid of the air recirculating means, such as piping for the air to be recirculated in the building.
This way, solar energy can be stored as heat for the future need.
In an embodiment of the invention
- air is heated with the thermal energy stored in the heat storage, whereby the heat storage cools down,
- heated air is led with the air recirculating means at least to an innermost air gap of the building, - thermal energy is led from the heated air of the innermost air gap through an inner layer of the structure to an operational space of the building.
Thus, the air to be recirculated is not led to the operational space, but only thermal energy is led through the inner layer.
In an embodiment of the invention
- air is heated with the thermal energy stored in the heat storage, whereby the heat storage cools down,
- outer layer of the building is heated by leading heated air with the aid of the air recirculating means at least to the outermost air gap of the building, and thus
- snow or ice on the outer surface of the outer layer of the building is melted or frost on the outer surface of the outer layer is removed. In an embodiment of the invention
- air is cooled down by heating the heat storage,
- cooled air is led with the aid of the air recirculating means, such as with the aid of the piping for air to be recirculated in the building, at least to the innermost air gap of the building,
- thermal energy is led from the operational space of the building through the inner layer of the structure to the innermost air gap and air present there is heated.
This way, the operational space of the building can be cooled with the cool stored in the heat storage.
In an embodiment of the invention
- temperature of the innermost air gap of the building is monitored, and
- if the temperature goes under a specific threshold value, air heated with the aid of the heat storage is brought to the innermost air gap, and
- if the temperature exceeds a specific threshold value, air cooled with the aid of the heat storage is brought to the innermost air gap.
In an embodiment it is attempted to keep the temperature of the innermost air gap in the range of +5— +30° C. In an embodiment it is attempted to keep the temperature of the innermost air gap in the range of +16— +30° C, for example near +17° C. The threshold values can be set suitable for each situation.
In an embodiment of the invention
- temperature of the operational space of the building is monitored, and if the temperature goes under a specific threshold value, air heated with the aid of the heat storage is brought to the innermost air gap surrounding the operational space, and
- if the temperature exceeds a specific threshold value, air cooled with the aid of the heat storage is brought to the innermost air gap surrounding the operational space.
The threshold values can always be set suitable for each situation.
In an embodiment of the invention
- air flowing in the air recirculating means is dried with the air drying apparatus.
This way it can for example be ensured that the structures stay dry. The drying apparatus can also function as a dryer of an operational space of the building, such as laundry drying space or residential space.
One way of describing the invention is to say that a building according to the invention collects solar energy in the building enclosure during all light hours. The received thermal energy is formed by the solar thermal collector operating with the counter-current principle even multiplied amounts in respect to the necessary heating requirement, and the amount of heat that is needed for the building in the heating period, or more, is left in the heat storage. The building enclosure has many air gaps. Usually, at least one of them is wide enough for maintenance etc. The humidity in the structures and spaces of the building can be controlled mechanically, which also secures the long life of the structures. The possible excess solar heat is controlled by the thermal capacity of the heat storage and/or by recirculating air in the structures in a controlled way always to the necessary direction. The outer layer can in many destinations function as a covering during the construction and it may not need to be demolished at all after the building is finished. The outer layer can for example be right away in its place in the beginning of the constructions, almost ready except for example for the necessary crane routes. The covering of the outer layer can be provided for equipment, for example solar power collectors. The invention is suitable for new construction as well as for reconstruction.
With the invention the amount of insulations needed in the building can be reduced, when the enclosure is provided with layers, which have different temperatures and are mainly in a closed air recirculation. E.g. in summer, air which is cooler than the outdoor air can be led to the outermost air gap in order to increase of output of the solar power collectors possibly mounted therein. The outer layer of the building is airtight as well as the third layer and the inner layer defining the innermost air gap. The outer layer can be airtight and steam-tight and the inner layer can be watertight and steam-tight or merely steam-tight. Previously it has been recommended to avoid this kind of steam-tightness in the entire structure. However, the structures of the building can be dried with the air dryer, even after eventual water damage. In cold seasons, the cover of the outer layer can be kept condensation free with the dryer. SOME EMBODIMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF THE INVENTION
Some applications and properties of the invention can be described as follows:
- A dynamic insulation, which has an absorption surface, is formed inside the outer cover.
- Air recirculation in the building enclosure is mainly closed.
- At least the main part of the enclosure has three air gaps. If the place of the window is formed as a part of the heat distribution, there are maybe only one or two air gaps at the place of the window.
- Humidity can be removed mechanically from the air circulation. It can also function for humidity control of the operational space through a separate controllable enclosure.
- In the outermost air gap there can be room for solar power and solar thermal collectors. Thus, solar power collectors can be cooled in order to increase the power output of the collector. - Volume of the heat storage, such as ground, can be designed for the annual temperature cycle and heating/cooling requirements. Geothermal storages can be built cheaper than before and in free form on fine-grained soil types, so that the form of the storage is as compact as possible, not an arrangement tied to a pile frame.
- It is possible to use intelligent technology for a smooth controlling of the heating and cooling process.
- Coolness can be brought to air gaps during i.a. maintenance.
- During winter, snow, ice or frost can be removed from the outer layer.
- An enclosure according to the invention, particularly the outer layer, can function as a cover during the construction of a construction work project. In some destinations it can be considered good that the outer layer is lowered for example about one floor lower after the destination is finished.
- With the present method, the solar power collector can be cooled down with cool air and thus increase the electricity generation. If there are also solar power panels or respective membranes in the same room, they will also stay cool.
- No separate cooling device or the electric power required by it are needed in the building. Electric power needed by the fan moving the air can be produced by solar heat, wind power or supply current.
- An enclosure according to the invention functions well as a sound insulation.
- Also new technique can be built later inside the air gap. Bigger air gap can also function as an emergency exit, balcony or greenhouse, if the temperature conditions in there are suitable.
- The building according to the invention can distribute heat also to neighboring buildings, for example, if the buildings are connected with air pipings.
- In large buildings, such as shopping malls, big air gaps can be used for installing horizontal or vertical air channels and other installations.
- The advantage of a big air gap is small air resistance, maintainability and possibility to use for example as balcony or emergency exit.
Normally in sunny seasons, snow melts from the roofs immediately, since semi warm air can be transferred to the outermost cavity to be heated in the dynamic insulation due to the impact of sun and inner heat flow. Melt water can be led through a space having plus temperature in a controlled manner to the drain. Water collection can be built to a size of a service ramp at the double facade. The cost saving is remarkable. For example in Helsinki, the average cost for snow removal in 2012 was about 8000 Euros per property.
The heat storage is preferably dimensioned so large that during summer cool from the ground can be brought to the enclosure of the building. At the same time heat is provided for winter. There is an upper limit for the amount of cooling, except in the destinations, where moving groundwater or sea is present. They can be taken as help in the cooling. The high temperature itself dries the structures. However, it contains increasingly water vapor, if humidity is present. Since the air to be recirculated in the structures is dried, it rehabilitates the structures and makes them an unfavorable environment for microbes. All kind of corrosion tolerance increases, even encouraging to use less corrosion-treated materials and making the construction cheaper in this way. Regarding moisture technology air circulation is at times adjusted to be dryer in situations where the possibility of condensation increases. Airtightness of the building is specially taken into consideration and thermographic surveys can be performed for example annually. The condition of the air recirculation in the enclosure as well as in the heat storage is monitored from a computer. It is attempted to discover eventual fault situations with real-time analysis as soon as they appear.
Counter-current insulation, i.e. insulation, through which air is led, can be for example dense rock wool with transverse fibers, the surface of which can be darkened with light resistant color. The dynamic insulation which is visible through the translucent covering has preferably a dark, more preferably matt and black and preferably rough surface.
The inner layer can in some situations be almost of any type, except that it is expected to be airtight. Thus, also the old wall of the renovation object can function as an inner layer. This determines a part of the thermal resistance of the heating season. The other part is determined by the thickness and nature of the dynamic insulation. In new constructions, a third cavity can be made between these for return circulation. The third central cavity can be case-specifically left out and return air can be conveyed in their own specific air channels.
A surrounding support frame can surround the whole inner enclosure. With the surrounding structure, the frame can be made light, economical and industrially producible, wherein the structure can be made tight. The method can also be used in a renovation object. Then, the structure of the surrounding support is dimensioned only for its own load considering winds. The frame can be positioned in the inner structure of the outer wall inside the enclosure. The humidity level, i.e. dryness, is secured with an air drying apparatus. The time and abrasion resistance of the frame is increased, and for example galvanizing of steel can be left out, since the metal is in a dried, relatively semi warm space, wherein anti-corrosion protection paint or light zinc electroplating are sufficient. Pure iron can also be used, since in normal use the load corresponds to a dry interior. Wooden frame works are suitable as frames and they stay structurally functional and well protected against outdoor stress.
The construction can mainly be carried out inside. The frame or the frames of the walls and roof covering are mounted after the foundation base. After that a tarpaulin cover and/or final weather cover for a part, such as acrylic matrix or roof glasses, can be mounted. In this way moisture damages are decreased.
High houses can be provided with fire escape for example to the maintenance space of the enclosure. Placing of additional stairs to the facade is rational and weather guarded. Radon can be removed with known methods. The thermal energy to be removed can be recovered for example as an energy source for the air heat pump. Ground pipes for fresh air intake can be placed to the same channel with the radon pipes. Such ground area cools the ground heat storage keeping it reasonable cool while thermal energy is being recovered.
The operational spaces can be over-pressurized, deviating from the general principle. This helps the air to exit from the space, the fireplace draught and the windows and doors to stay tight. This is possible at least, if the system has automated monitoring of air humidity.
It is possible to utilize differently pressurized parts of the structure as a part of the exit air change. Fresh air can for example be taken directly from outside through a valve or window which can be opened or for example being preheated with the heat from the heat storage. In this case, exit air can be conveyed from the operational space directly to the outer wall, for example to the innermost air gap, where the air is transferred due to the pressure difference. If the requirement for exit air is measured in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide, the amount of air can be normally dimensioned for a level which is remarkably lower than required.
The outflow of the indoor air to the innermost air gap brings warm and humid indoor air therein, which increases heat and humidity of the recirculated air. The humidity is removed with the drying apparatus. This way, the heat of the exit air can be recovered to the heat storage. The method is simple, but it can generate a need for air filtering in the flow openings and may increase the maintenance need in the air gaps. A tight outer layer secures a smooth air pressure for heat insulations. The movement of air inside the wall is controlled. Earlier, in strong wind, it has been possible for the air to get in to the heat insulations. Now the enclosure is tight in the sections of the inner and outer layer. Thus, the cooling effect of wind is eliminated.
In the beginning of the operation of the building, for example in the first and second operational year, external heating may be needed in order to get to the regular rate of the thermal capacity of the heat storage. At the window the air from one air gap can be arranged between the outer and inner glasses. The window can also have its own separate air recirculation. If air is recirculated according to the invention inside the window, for example the glass of the window frame can be a 2-glass or 3-glass vacuum element, the innermost frame 1 -2-glass. If a selective coating is provided to the window, it is arranged to the inner surface of the inner glass, i.e. the place is different than usually. In that case, it is tried to leave the heat radiation in the gap between glasses and to direct it for example to a dark lattice, which gets warm and the heat can be led to the circulated air flowing past. The radiation can also be collected for example with a cover-like translucent part of the construction, which collects radiation heat. The air is taken to be utilized for example in the heat storage, for air preheating or as a heat source for an air heat pump. The lattice can have a controllable position. Thus, it is normally not recommended to place a selective coating to the outer glass, which coating would prevent the heat to get to gap between glasses. The aforementioned window gap can continue past the window to a part of the facade or to a larger part of the facade.
The directions of the windows can be freely chosen in relation to heating, since the enclosure of the building is kept cool throughout the year. The excess heat arrived inside is conveyed to the heat storage through the semi warm walls. This process can be case-specifically controlled intelligently, since the entirety of the heating system of the building is computer-analyzable and adaptable as well as controllable according to various pre-made settings and also manually.
The surfaces of the glasses can be kept clean by using nanotechnology, and all heat radiations without reflections can be recovered. Self-cleansing glasses are recommended for surfaces, which are exposed to sun and rain. The building can comprise self-adjusting window films, which darken in light, or electricity generating glass coatings. In addition to normal building glasses having low steel content, for example plastic cells or green house plastics can be the right solution to a destination.
The ground heat storage of the existing building to be renovated can be performed next to the building as a vertical drilling, and preferably as an inclined drilling under the building.
The dynamic insulation functions as such as an air dryer, but it is good to keep the vapor concentration always in a sufficiently dry level, so that when confronting the cool temperature of the heat storage the vapor would not condensate to water.
In ordinary energy efficient houses large window areas must be sun protected in order to prevent the excess heat. In a building according to the invention it is allowed to let plenty of solar energy enter the building. On the other hand, the thick enclosure protects against direct light. The windows and other openings can be provided for example with dark Venetian blinds, to which heat is bound and led with the aid of the air recirculation to be recovered.
The maintenance space formed to the air gap enables a permanent repair route inside the wall. Passage can be designed for example from balconies or window sides or through stairs of an additional exit.
The structure according to the invention having several air gaps can be the entire enclosure of the building or only a part of it. For example in big and high buildings only the part of the facade facing south can be coated with the enclosure according to the invention. In big and low-rise buildings only roof can be covered with the enclosure according to the invention.
The stored heat can at least in the future be used for generating electricity with equipment, which produce electricity from the temperature difference. The efficient heat production and storage create thus a possibility to generate electricity also in the dark heating season. The pressure level of the counter-current insulation is controlled by changing the density of the insulation or by placing a densifying cover on the insulation in places, where it is desired to control the air. It is good to select the density of the dynamic insulation so that the air flow through the insulation is as smooth as possible.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The invention is described in more detail below with reference to the enclosed schematic drawing, in which
Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a building according to the invention, and Figure 2 shows a partial enlargement of figure 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES OF THE FIGURES
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a building arrangement according to the invention 0. It comprises a building 1 , in the enclosure 9 of which there is an outer layer 1 , an outermost air gap a, a second layer 2, a central air gap b, a third layer 3, an innermost air gap c and an inner layer 4. The operational spaces d, for example habitable rooms, of the building are located inside the inner layer 4. The outer layer 1 is air- and watertight and translucent at least nearly in its entire area. The translucent parts can be for example of acrylic matrix or roof glass. The second layer 2 comprises on its outer surface a solar energy absorbing layer 2a and a counter-current insulation 2b for transporting air and thermal energy through the second layer, as wells as a maintenance ladder 2c. The frame structure 2d carries the weight of the second layer. The third layer 3 is airtight and comprises a heat insulation layer 3a. The inner layer 4 is airtight.
A wall or roof structure or a part 4b of it present in the renovation object can function as an inner layer 4. The airtightness 4b of the structure is secured either by sealing it or by arranging a new layer 4a outside the present structure 4b.
A solar power collector 5 is located in the outermost air gap in the inner surface of the outer layer 1. Between the translucent outer layer 1 and the second layer 2 it is protected from the weather. Next to the building 11 , there is a heat storage e under the ground, to which the solar energy recovered by the building is stored. The heat storage (e) can be made for example by drilling the heat transfer piping in the rock or by building heat wells into a softer soil or loose soil. In the cellar space K there is an air drying apparatus f, with which air flowing inside the structures as well as air in the operational spaces can be dried. The drying apparatus f comprises a control system, i.e. a computer-controlled system, which monitors air humidity and other necessary variables in the spaces d and in air gaps a, b and c and possibly also in the heat storage e. When needed, the drying apparatus f takes care of drying the air. The air recirculation in the structures, among others in air gaps a, b and c and in air pipings g, can be controlled, where necessary, by controlling among others the operation of fans and valves. The outermost air gap a functions as a maintenance space for maintaining among others the outer layer , second layer 2 and solar power collector 5. The outermost air gap a can be accessed through a service hatch 6, the location of which in the figure is exemplary. The maintenance can also be organized with other appropriate measures, such as by partly opening or changing the outer surface.
The dried recirculation air is led to the outermost air gap a, from which air is led in sunshine through the warm counter-current insulation 2b into the central air gap b. Heated air can be led from the central air gap b directly to the heating, i.e. to the innermost air gap c or to the heat storage e. Some heat storages can be heated directly with warm air. In other type of heat storages the heat of the air is transferred with a heat exchanger to the gas or liquid flowing in the piping of the heat storage. The return air from the heat storage e or from the heat exchanger is case-specifically led either to the inner air gap c and/or to the outermost air gap a. Air can be led from the air gap c to the cavity a or for example for preheating the fresh air. The decisions concerning the directions of the air flows are manually made by the user or the function is automated comprising monitoring of optimal temperatures. The heating or cooling of the operational spaces d of a building is mainly accomplished by controlling the temperature of the air recirculating in the innermost air gap c. When located in the vertical wall as an air gap between for example the translucent part 3a, such as window, and the wall 4b, solar power collecting device parts, such as solar power films, lattice bars or ordinary solar heat or power collectors can be located in the innermost air gap c. The outer layer 1 and inner layer 4, 4a, 4b of the enclosure of the building form a mainly closed space, the air and moisture permeability of which in part of the outer layer 1 is as small as possible and the inner layer 4a, 4b is at least very airtight.
The air gaps a, b and c are airtight, except between the central air gap b and outer air gap a, where there is a counter-current 2b comprising a sun emitting absorption surface 2a. In the innermost air gap c the air circulation circles concerning heating and cooling and two outer air gaps a and b form a solar heat collector by using a so-called counter-current technique. Where necessary, warm or cool air can be led from the heat storage to the air gaps a, b and c.
One or both surfaces of the enclosure, i.e. the outer layer 1 , inner layer 4a, 4b or the translucent part 3b can be made of viscous translucent film, such as greenhouse plastic or the like. The figures do not illustrate the flow of the indoor air, since it can be arranged in a conventional manner. The ventilation can be natural or mechanical.
It is not intended to limit the scope of the invention with the examples mentioned in the application, but the scope is defined by the claims.

Claims

1. Building arrangement (10), which comprises a building ( ), which has, listed from outside to inside, at least the following structures
- outer layer (1 ), which is watertight and airtight and at least partly translucent,
- outermost air gap (a),
- second layer (2), which comprises at least a solar energy absorbing layer (2a) and a counter-current insulation (2b) in order to transport air and thermal energy through the second layer,
- central air gap (b),
- third layer (3), which is airtight and which comprises a thermal insulation layer (3a),
- innermost air gap (c),
- inner layer (4), which is airtight,
- operational space (d),
which building arrangement further comprises at least
- heat storage (e),
- air drying apparatus (f),
- air recirculating means, which comprise at least piping (g) for the air to be recirculated in the building, which recirculating means are arranged to recirculate air at least in the outermost air gap (a), in the central air gap (b), in the innermost air gap (c), in the operational space (d), in the heat storage (e) and in the air drying apparatus (f),
- control means for collecting the necessary information for controlling inner air currents of the building arrangement and for transmitting control commands to the air circulating means and to the air drying apparatus (f), wherein the outermost air gap (a), central air gap (b) and the second layer (2) between them form a solar thermal collector using counter-current technique, which solar thermal collector is arranged to collect solar energy transferring through the outer layer (1), and the air circulating means are arranged to transfer thermal energy with the aid of the air to be led from the central air gap (b) to the heat storage (e).
2. Building arrangement according to claim 1 , characterized in that in a part of the building the third layer is a heat-insulating outer wall or a translucent insulation or window (3b), at which place the structure doesn't have any outer layer (1 ), outermost air gap (a), second layer (2) or central air gap (b).
3. Building arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, the inner layer is a wall (4b) present in the renovation object.
4. Building arrangement according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that it comprises a solar energy collector (5) between the translucent part of the outer layer (1) and the second layer (2a).
5. Building arrangement according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises a solar energy collector (5) between the translucent insulation or window (3b) and the inner layer (4).
6. Building arrangement according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that the second layer (2) or the third layer (3) or the inner layer (4) comprises an apparatus (2c) which enables maintenance measures and which is located to be used in the outermost (a) or central (b) or the innermost (c) air gap.
7. Building arrangement according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that the heat storage (e) comprises piping for heat storage (e) for transferring thermal energy between the air to be recirculated in the building and the heat storage (e).
8. Building arrangement according to claim 7, characterized in that the piping for the heat storage (e) is in direct communication with the piping (g) for the air to be recirculated in the building in order to recirculate the same air in the piping for the heat storage (e) and in the outermost (a), central (b) or innermost (c) air gap.
9. Building arrangement according to claim 7 characterized in that the piping for the heat storage (e) is arranged to be in a heat exchanging connection with the piping (g) for the air to be recirculated in the building through a heat exchanger.
10. Building arrangement according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that one or more of the following: outermost air gap (a), central air gap (b), innermost air gap (c), are arranged to be in their substantial part so wide, that it enables performing maintenance measures.
11. Method for utilizing solar energy, which method comprises at least the following steps:
- leading sunlight through a translucent part of an outer layer (1) of a building (1 ) and through an outermost air gap (a) to a solar energy absorbing layer (2a),
- heating air with heat from the absorbing layer (2) and leading the heated air from the outermost air gap (a) through a counter-current insulation (2b) to a central air gap (b) of the building,
- leading thermal energy with heated air with air recirculating means from the central air gap (b) to the heat storage (e).
12. Method according to claim 11 , characterized in
- heating air with the thermal energy stored in the heat storage (e), wherein the heat storage (e) cools down,
- leading heated air with the air recirculating means at least to an innermost air gap (c) of the building,
- leading thermal energy from the heated air of the innermost air gap (c) through an inner layer (4) of the structure to an operational space (d) of the building.
13. Method according to any of the preceding claims 1 -12, characterized in
- heating air with the thermal energy stored in the heat storage (e), wherein the heat storage (e) cools down, - heating the outer layer (1 ) of the building by leading heated air with the air recirculating means at least to the outermost air gap (a) of the building, and thus
- melting snow or ice on an outer surface of the outer layer (1 ) of the building is or removing frost on the outer surface of the outer layer (1 ).
14. Method according to any of the preceding claims 11-13, characterized in
- cooling down air by heating the heat storage (e),
- leading the cooled air with the air recirculating means, such as with the aid of piping (g) for the air to be recirculated in the building, at least to the innermost air gap (c) of the building,
- leading thermal energy from the operational space (d) of the building through the inner layer (4) of the structure to the innermost air gap (c) and heating the air present in there.
15. Method according to any of the preceding claims 11-14, characterized in
- monitoring temperature of the innermost air gap (c) of the building, and
- if the temperature goes under a specific threshold value, bringing air heated with the aid of the heat storage (e) to the innermost air gap (c), and
- if the temperature exceeds a specific threshold value, bringing air cooled with the aid of the heat storage (e) to the innermost air gap (c).
16. Method according to any of the preceding claims 11-15, characterized in
- monitoring temperature of the operational space (d) of the building, and
- if the temperature goes under a specific threshold value, bringing air heated with the aid of the heat storage (e) to the innermost air gap (c) surrounding the operational space (d), and
- if the temperature exceeds a specific threshold value, bringing air cooled with the aid of the heat storage (e) to the innermost air gap (c) surrounding the operational space (d).
17. Method according to any of the preceding claims 11-16, characterized in drying air flowing in the air recirculating means with an air drying apparatus (f).
EP13811999.5A 2012-10-09 2013-10-09 Building arrangement and method for utilizing solar energy Withdrawn EP2909544A1 (en)

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FI20120343A FI20120343L (en) 2012-10-09 2012-10-09 Sustainable development construction method
PCT/FI2013/050978 WO2014057174A1 (en) 2012-10-09 2013-10-09 Building arrangement and method for utilizing solar energy

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ES2698725A1 (en) * 2017-08-04 2019-02-05 Ibanez Lazurtegui S L System of air conditioning of buildings, of almost null energy consumption, by means of the use of the thermal energy existing in the outside of the building (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

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GB2026679B (en) * 1978-07-24 1983-02-09 Solar Holding Sa Solar energy collector and system
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