EP2888338A1

EP2888338A1 - A method and apparatus for treating human remains

Info

Publication number: EP2888338A1
Application number: EP13732259.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Damian TINSLEY; Joe ENNIS
Original assignee: Ecolegacy Ltd
Current assignee: Ecolegacy Ltd
Priority date: 2012-05-04
Filing date: 2013-05-07
Publication date: 2015-07-01
Also published as: US20150090580A1; WO2013164809A1

Abstract

A process for treating a human remains comprises the steps of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains.

Description

Title

A method and apparatus for treating human remains

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating human remains. In particular, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating the human remains for burial or other means of disposal.

Background Art

Traditionally, human remains are stored after death for a period of time prior to commitment. In most cases, the remains are initially embalmed, which involves draining the blood from the body and replacing it with an embalming fluid such as formalin, which serves to delay the decaying process. The remains are then generally either buried in a cask in the ground, or cremated.

There are a number of problems associated with these established practices. The problems associated with burial include ecological problems, namely that the toxins in the body eventually make their way into the ground and water table. These toxins include formalin, which is toxic and has recently been recognised as a carcinogen, mercury (which is present in dental fillings), and numerous other carcinogens. In addition, the body may also contain microbiological pathogens, including bacteria such as E.coli and S.aureus, viral pathogens and prions. A further problem associated with burial is that the conditions prevent mouldering of the body, with the result that the body rots under the influence of sulphur-producing bacteria, taking 80 years or more to fully decompose. Cremation is perceived as a cleaner, and more ecologically friendly, commitment process, and involves burning the remains at a high temperature of approximately 900°C for a period of one to a few hours, depending on the size of the body. Any remaining skeletal bones may be crushed to provide the final ash, which is placed in an urn for final disposition. This is an energy intensive process, producing flue gases which are released into the atmosphere. These flue gases are known to include many toxins, including mercury.

Various attempts have been made to provide more ecologically, and environmentally, friendly methods of treating and disposing of human remains. For example, the literature includes details of numerous alternative processes, where the human remains are chilled, generally in liquid nitrogen, then fractured into particulate matter, and then freeze-dried to remove water, before finally being buried in shallow ground to allow aerobic decomposition take place. Examples of this prior art include the following documents:

US Patent 4067091 (Backman - 1976) - describes a process of treating human remains which involves cryogenically cooling the remains in liquid nitrogen, size reducing the remains using mechanical means, freeze-drying the particulate matter to remove about 95% of water, and depositing the freeze-dried material in a storage container.

International (PCT) Application No: WO01/03516 (Max World Technology Inc - 1999) - describes a process for treatment of biological waste similar to that of Backman (above) except that prior to cryogenically cooling the biological waste is subject to a dehydration step where at least 80% of water is removed. The process of the invention is intended for use with food, animal waste etc; use with human remains is not suggested.

European Patent Application No: EP1234151 (Promessa AB - 2000) - describes a process for treating organic matter, including vegetable and animal waste, which employs cryogenically cooling and freeze-drying steps, and an additional intermediate step in which the chilled matter is subjected to a splitting process in which the chilled matter is perforated with high pressure water, steam or oil, or a high energy laser.

International (PCT) Patent Application No: WO2007/053078 (Wiigh-Masak et al - 2006) - this application addresses the problems associated with, mouldering of remains following burial, and provides coffins having a specific C:N:P ratio suitable for promoting mouldering of the remains following burial. The process for treating the remains described in this Application includes cryogenically cooling, size reduction and freeze-drying.

International (PCT) Patent Application No: WO2008/147292 (Ecof-Fin GmbH - 2008) - this process describes a method in which remains are put in a coffin that includes a mineral based filler and a polyolefin binder, cryogenically cooling the body and coffin, disintegration of the chilled matter using mechanical or ultrasound means, and freeze-drying the disintegrated matter. The problem that the invention addresses is the low pH of human remains that result from conventional alternative processes such as promession, which causes acidification of the soil; this process overcomes this problem. International (PCT) Patent Application No: WO2008/116820 (DEmaco Holland BV - 2008) - this process describes a method for treatment of human or animal remains including the steps of cryogenicaily cooling the body, size reduction of the chilled matter using mechanical or ultrasound means, and freeze-drying the size-reduced matter. The problem that the invention addresses is the inefficiency associated with freeze-drying human remains (time required, energy input), and the suggested solution is to dehydrate the remains (either prior to cooling or after size reduction) at a temperature higher than body temperature (generally less than 100°C).

All of the above-referenced processes employ freeze-drying as a means of removing water from the remains. However, freeze-drying is recognised as being an energy intensive process, which is inefficient in terms of the process time and the amount of energy required to adequately remove water from the body. Moreover, it has been recognised that freeze-drying fails to kill all microbial pathogens, including virus and prions, which results in these microorganisms remaining in the dried tissue and generally being put back into the environment. Attempts have been made to address this issue by chemical (peroxide) treatment of the freeze-dried particulate matter, however while this has partially addressed the microbial contamination issue, it results in more toxic chemicals being employed in the process. Additionally, the methods of the prior art have failed to address the issue of formalin and mercury contamination.

It is also recognised that freeze-drying does not remove all water from the remains, and generally anything between 10% to 30% of the water in the remains will not be removed during freeze-drying. This also means that a substantial amount of embalming fluid is not removed from the remains, resulting in this embalming fluid being buried in the ground with the remains. The most common constituent of commercial embalming fluid, formalin, which is a solution of formaldehyde in water, is toxic and a known carcinogen. Thus, conventional burial of human remains, and also known alternative processes such as promession, lead to environmental contamination with a known carcinogen.

It is an object of the invention to overcome at least one of the above-referenced problems.

Statements of Invention Broadly, the invention provides a process for treating human remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the remains to biochar remains.

Surprisingly, the. process results in remains (biochar) that is free from mercury and other heavy metals, the toxic metals having been removed from the remains as a vapour to be subsequently condensed and stored away from the environment. Furthermore, the process of pyrolysis results in all microbial pathogens being destroyed.

In a preferred embodiment, the process comprises a further step of oxidation of the biochar subsequent to the pyrolysis step. This further step results in any volatile hydrocarbons in the biochar being oxidised, and also the removal of tar from the biochar by oxidation which facilitates subsequent handling of the biochar.

Suitably, the remains are dried prior to pyrolysis. Methods of drying the remains are described below, and include evaporative drying and freeze-drying. Other methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the drying step, aqueous fractions, mainly water but also toxic aqueous fractions, for example formalin, are removed from the remains to reduce the water content of the remains. Typically, the remains are dried until the water content of the remains is 1-20%, preferably 5-10%, more preferably 7-9%, and ideally about 8% (w/w).

Typically, the remains are fragmented prior to pyrolysis. The fragmentation step may take place after drying, or preferably prior to drying. Methods of fragmenting the remains are described below, and other methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Ideally, the remains are chilled prior to fragmentation by subjecting the remains, ideally the intact remains, to a cryogenic environment to reduce the temperature of the remains to a core temperature of -20°C or below.

In a preferred embodiment, the process involves the steps of subjecting the remains to a cryogenic environment to reduce the temperature of the remains to a core temperature of -20°C or below, subjecting the frozen remains to a fragmentation step to provide a frozen fragmented material, and drying of the frozen fragmented material ideally by evaporative drying, typically to a water content of 5-10% (w/w). Compared with the prior art methods of treating human remains, the method of this preferred embodiment of the invention has a number of advantages. First, the method of the invention employs an initial evaporation step which removes a substantial amount of water from the corpse, followed by a pyrolysis step which converts the organic matter to biochar and, combustible gas byproducts. This results in the energy needs of the process being reduced as the combustible gas byproducts may be re-cycled to power the evaporation and/or pyrolysis steps. Further, the step of evaporation which is carried out prior to pyrolysis greatly reduces the amount of energy required to convert the particulate matter to biochar.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process includes a step of removing gas byproducts from the pyrolysis chamber. Examples of gas by-products generated during pyrolysis include methane. The gas by-products may be stored for recycling, or they may be directly recycled to power the evaporation and/or pyrolysis steps. In some embodiments, the gas by-products are fractionated to separate combustible gases from non-combustible gases.

The temperature and time of pyrolysis may be varied, but generally the temperature of operation will be at least 800°C, and generally higher. In one embodiment, pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature of 900°C, for a typical period from 30 minutes to four hours. Further, it will be appreciated that if a lower temperature is employed, the pyrolysis time may be increased, and vice- versa. It will also be appreciated that the pyrolysis conditions may be varied depending on the amount of particulate and the desirable features of the biochar to be produced (which of course depends on the size and composition of the remains).

Generally, the process of pyrolysis includes an initial step of hydrous pyrolysis and a subsequent step of anhydrous pyrolysis.

Generally, the drying step reduces the water content of the remains by 87-97%, preferably about 95%. This ensures that the remains include some water (generally about 5-10%, preferably 7-9%, and ideally about 8% (w/w) is desired) so that the initial pyrolysis step is anhydrous pyrolysis, ideally ablative flash pyrolysis. Preferably, drying is achieved by heating the remains, which is generally in the form of a frozen fragmented material, ideally by evaporative drying, to a temperature of generally above 100"C, typically about 150°C- to 250°C, for a period of time suitable to reduce to water content of the remains to the desired level. Evaporated liquid is generally continually removed from the evaporation chamber, and is ideally condensed and either ^^ll Dr^Orlr^er jr^e^e^ one embodiment, the liquid is distilled to remove toxic components such as, for example, formalin, which may be recycled to provide energy for the pyrolysis process. In another embodiment, the water removed from the particulate is subjected to a flash evaporation step.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process of the invention includes a further step of separating mercury (optionally including other heavy metals) from the gaseous products of pyrolysis. This may be achieved by means of a water based cleaning process, where the mercury (and/or any other condensable toxic vapour) is removed by means of a water spray system, whereby the flue gas is sprayed with water and heavy mercury vapour (and any other condensable toxic vapour) will condense and be recovered. In another embodiment of the invention, mercury and other condensable toxic vapours may be removed from the combustion gases before they are allowed to exhaust to atmosphere. It will be appreciate that there are other methods of removing electrically conducting gas or vapour such as mercury from a mixture of other components.

Typically, the invention includes a further step of depositing the biochar remains in a container which may be sealed against ambient air.

The invention also provides a process for treating human remains to remove mercury or other heavy metals from the remains comprising the step of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains, wherein flue gases expelled from the pyrolysis chamber are sprayed with an aqueous liquid, typically water, to condense the mercury or other metals for recovery.

Preferably, the method involves the steps of:

subjecting the remains to a cryogenic treatment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature of -20°C or below;

subjecting the frozen remains to a fragmentation step to provide a frozen fragmented material;

removing water from the frozen fragmented material to reduce the water content of the frozen fragmented material, ideally to 5-10% water content (w/w);

subjecting the partially de-watered fragmented material to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains; and treating the gases generated as a result of the pyrolysis process to remove the mercury or other heavy metals from the gases.

Preferably, the gases are subjected to a water based spray cleaning step to condense the heavy metals from the gases. However, an electrostatic precipitation process may also be employed to remove the heavy metals or mercury from the gases. Ideally, the biochar remaining is free from mercury.

The invention also provides an apparatus for treating a human remains comprising a cryogenic chamber for subjecting the remains (generally intact remains) to cryogenic conditions, optionally means for providing a cryogenic fluid to the cryogenic chamber, a fragmentation apparatus adapted to receive the remains from the cryogenic chamber and capable of fragmenting the remains to a fragmented material, a drying chamber capable of removing liquid from matter contained therein (ideally by evaporative drying) and removing the liquid, and a pyrolysis chamber adapted for thermally decomposing the particulate matter in the absence of oxygen.

It will be appreciated that the apparatus of the invention may be employed to treat animal as well as human waste, and may also be employed to treat biological material such as, for example, medical and clinical waste and biohazardous waste.

It will be appreciated that the drying chamber and pyrolysis chamber may be provided as a single chamber, adapted to perform an initial de-watering step and a subsequent pyrolysis step.

In this embodiment, typically, the drying chamber is operably connected to a source of inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with this inert gas. This enables a process of pyrolysis to occur, as charging the chamber with inert gas ensures that no oxygen remains within the chamber.

In one embodiment, the process of the invention includes a flash evaporation apparatus operably connected to the drying chamber and capable of performing flash evaporation on the evaporated water removed from the drying chamber. Preferably, the drying chamber may be operably connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas by-products of the pyrolysis process during the pyrolysis process and storing the gas by-products in the gas storage device.

Generally, the drying chamber comprises a burner for heating the chamber, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling gas from the gas storage device to the burner for heating the drying chamber. In some embodiments of the invention the gas storage device is omitted and the gaseous by-products of the pyrolysis are directly fed back to combustion for heating the pyrolysis chamber and/or the drying chamber.

Suitably, the apparatus includes a water spray adapted to remove heavy metal vapours, especially mercury, from the evolved gases.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the step of treating the remains with heat to evaporate volatile components of the embalming fluid and optionally water vapour from the remains. The method of the invention results in remains which are substantially free of toxic volatile components such as formaldehyde, thus preventing these toxic components being returned to the environment.

Typically, the volatile components are recovered by condensation or dissolution in a solvent.

Suitably, the recovered volatile components are recycled to power the evaporation step, or another step in the process such as pyrolysis or fragmentation.

In one embodiment, the dehydrated remains are subjected to pyrolysis to convert the remains to a biochar.

Preferably, the recovered volatile components are recycled to power the evaporation step, the pyrolysis step, or both.

Typically, the recovered volatile components are stored prior to recycling.

In a preferred embodiment, the remains are fragmented prior to the evaporation step. Suitably, the remains are subjected to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below -20°C prior to fragmentation.

Preferably, the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to 1-20% (w/w), more preferably to 6-10% (w/w), and ideally to about 8% (w/w).

Suitably, the volatile components, evaporated water vapour and other liquid by-products of the evaporation step are combined prior to separation by distillation.

Typically, the volatile components, evaporated water vapour and liquid by-products of the pyrolysis step are combined prior to separation by distillation.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below - 20°C, and subjecting the chilled remains to a size reduction step to provide a chilled particulate material. Volatile components of embalming fluid and water vapour (including aqueous fractions from the remains) are then evaporated from the chilled particulate material to reduce the water content of the chilled particulate material, generally until about 8% (w/w) is retained in the remains, and the partially de-watered particulate is then ideally subjected to pyrolysis to generate biochar and gaseous by-products of pyrolysis. The vapour fractions, including formaldehyde gas are preferably condensed and subsequently distilled to remove toxic materials from the environment, including formaldehyde.

The term "embalming fluid" as employed herein should be understood to mean the fluid that is employed by undertakers to preserve and fix a corpse prior to burial or commitment. These fluids exist under various trade names, and contain active ingredients usually including but not limited to alcohols, phenols and formalin, which is a solution of formaldehyde gas in water. Thus, process of the invention involves removal of formalin from the body as part of the aqueous fractions (which may be removed as formalin vapour, water vapour, and gaseous formaldehyde), and then subsequent distillation of the aqueous fractions to separate out and remove the formaldehyde for recycling. The process of the invention, including the evaporation and pyroiysis steps, provides remains that are effectively free of water and embalming fluids. Thus, the problem of toxic or carcinogenic embalming fluids, or toxic or carcinogenic components thereof, being put back into the environment is obviated. The process of the invention also results in recovery of embalming fluids, or components thereof, in a purified form, and thus allows for re-cycling of the toxic components away from the environment.

Generally, the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to about 8% by weight. This ensures that the remains include some water (generally about 5-15%, 8-12%, and ideally about 8% is desired) to facilitate the pyroiysis process step. Evaporation is achieved by heating the remains to an elevated temperature (i.e. a temperature greater than body temperature) of generally above 100°C, typically from 150°C to 250°C, for a period of time suitable to reduce to water content of the remains to approximately 8%. Evaporated aqueous fractions are generally continually removed from the evaporation chamber, and are then optionally condensed before further processing. In an embodiment in which distillation is performed on both the aqueous fractions and the liquid by-product stream of pyroiysis, the aqueous fractions and the liquid by-products may be combined prior to distillation. In another embodiment, the water removed from the particulate is subjected to a flash evaporation step.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process includes a step of removing gas byproducts from the pyroiysis chamber. Examples of gas by-products generated during pyroiysis include carbon containing gases such as C0₂, CO, and methane. The gas by-products may be stored for recycling, or they may be directly recycled to power the evaporation and/or pyroiysis steps. In some embodiments, the gas by-products are fractionated to separate combustible gases from non- combustible gases, wherein the combustible gases may be recycled to power the evaporation and/or pyroiysis steps.

The temperature and time of pyroiysis may be varied, but generally the temperature of operation will be at least 250°C, 30(rC, 350°C, 400°C, 45CTC, 50CTC, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, or 800°C. In one embodiment, pyroiysis is carried out at a temperature of from 300°C to 1200°C, 400°C to 1200°C, 500°C to 1200°C, 600°C to 1200°C, 700°C to 1200"C, or 800°C to 1200°C. Suitably, pyroiysis is carried out for a period of from 1 minute onwards, 1-24, 2-12, 3-10, 4-8 hours. Further, it will be appreciated that if a lower temperature is employed, the pyroiysis time may be increased, and vice- versa. It will also be appreciated that the pyroiysis conditions and duration may be varied depending on the amount of particulate (which of course depends on the mass and volume of the funereal remains).

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process of the invention includes a further step of separating mercury or other heavy metals from the biochar remains. This may be achieved by means of a condensation process, whereby the vaporised mercury is condensed by lowering its temperature to below 450°C in temperature and the mercury (and any other vaporised metals present) will condense and be recovered. In one embodiment of the invention this may be achieved by using a water scrubbing process to lower the temperature of the flue gases. In another embodiment, a heat exchanger is employed to recover energy from the flue gases, thereby reducing the gas temperature to below 450°C and condensing the mercury vapour from the flue gas stream.

The invention also provides an apparatus suitable for treating human remains comprising (a) a heating chamber adapted to receive human remains and heat the remains to evaporate water vapour and volatile components of embalming fluids from the remains, (b) optionally a pyrolysis chamber adapted to receive the dehydrated remains, subject the dehydrated remains to pyrolysis, and remove a liquid fraction by-product from the remains, (c) a distillation apparatus adapted to receive the evaporated water vapour and volatile components from the heating chamber and optionally the liquid fraction by-products from the pyrolysis chamber and distil the evaporated water vapour, volatile components and optionally the liquid fraction by-products to separate out and recover the volatile components, and (d) optionally a volatile component storage vessel adapted to receive and store the recovered volatile component.

The invention also provides an apparatus suitable for treating human remains comprising (a) a heating chamber adapted to receive human remains and heat the remains to evaporate water vapour and volatile components of embalming fluids from the remains, (b) a pyrolysis chamber adapted to receive the dehydrated remains, subject the dehydrated remains to pyrolysis, and remove a liquid fraction by-product from the remains, (c) a distillation apparatus adapted to receive the evaporated water vapour and volatile components from the heating chamber and the liquid fraction by-products from the pyrolysis chamber and distil the evaporated water vapour, volatile components and the liquid fraction by-products to separate out and recover the volatile components, and (d) optionally a volatile component storage vessel adapted to receive and store the recovered volatile component.

Preferably, the apparatus includes a condensation apparatus adapted to condense the evaporated water vapour and volatile components prior to distillation.

In one embodiment, the heating chamber and the pyrolysis chamber are provided as a single chamber adapted to perform evaporation and subsequently pyrolysis on the human remains.

Typically, the apparatus further includes a flash evaporation apparatus operably connected to the heating chamber and capable of performing flash evaporation on the evaporated aqueous fraction removed from the heating chamber.

Suitably, the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a source of an inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with an inert gas.

Typically, the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas by-products of pyrolysis and storing the gas by-products in the gas byproducts storage device.

In a preferred embodiment, the pyrolysis combustion chamber comprises a burner, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling the gas-by-products from the pyrolysis retort device to the combustion chamber burner for heating the pyrolysis chamber.

In another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for treating human remains to remove embalming fluids, or toxic or carcinogenic components thereof, from the corpse, the apparatus comprising: a cryogenic chamber adapted to receive human remains and subject them to cryogenic conditions;

a size reduction device adapted to receive the chilled remains from the cryogenic chamber and size reduce those remains to a chilled particulate material;

a heating chamber adapted to receive the particulate from the size reduction device, evaporate volatile components and optionally water vapour from particulate material and remove the volatile components and water vapour; a pyrolysis chamber adapted to receive the at least partially de-watered particulate material from the heating chamber, subject the particulate matter to pyrolysis, and remove a gaseous by-product of pyrolysis;

a distillation apparatus adapted to receive the evaporated volatile components and optionally water vapour from the heating chamber and subject them to distillation to separate out and recover some toxic materials; and

a storage vessel for receiving formaldehyde gas from the distillation apparatus and appropriately storing the material for recycling.

Suitably, the apparatus comprises a dispensing apparatus for placing the remaining bio char in an urn or pod for final disposition.

Preferably, the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a source of an inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with an inert gas. This enables a process of pyrolysis to occur, as charging the chamber with inert gas ensures that no oxygen remains within the chamber.

Suitably, the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas by-products of pyrolysis and storing the gas by-products in the gas byproducts storage device. Typically, the pyrolysis chamber comprises a burner, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling the gas-by-products from the pyrolysis chamber to the burner for heating of the pyrolysis chamber to the correct temperature, typically about 900°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a condensation process adapted to receive combustion gases from the heating chamber and remove heavy metals such as mercury from the gas by means of a heat exchanger or a water scrubbing process. It will be appreciated that other methods of removal of metal vapour such as electrostatic precipitation might be employed instead of, or as well as the water scrub or heat exchanger.

In this specification, the term "human remains" should be understood to mean a deceased human body, typically intact.

Although not the primary focus, it will be appreciated that the methods of the invention may be employed generally with biological matter, for example with animal remains, for example, agricultural animals such as cows, sheep, goats and poultry, domestic animals such as cats, dogs, and birds, and larger animals such as elephants and giraffes, where the remains are, typically, substantially intact, and clinical and medical waste, biohazardous waste and body parts. In this specification, the term "cryogenic treatment" refers to bringing the remains into contact with a cryogenic fluid, such as nitrogen or helium, having a temperature of not greater than -100°C, ideally not greater than -150°C. The term "cryogenic fluid" should be understood to mean a fluid that exists in a liquid or gaseous form at least -100°C, preferably at least -150°C.

In this specification, the term "core temperature" should be understood to mean the temperature at the core of the remains. In humans, this would be, for example, the temperature in the centre of the torso. Generally this will be the highest temperature recorded within the remains during the cooling process.

In this specification, the term "fragmentation" should be understood to mean the process in which a mass is size-reduced into smaller particles. The term "fragmented material" should be understood to mean composed of particles that are produced as a result of size reduction or fragmentation. The particulate may be of any size, but generally has an average particle size of 10mm or less (i.e. the particles have a diameter when measured at their widest of 10mm or less). Ideally, the particulate has a particle size of less than 10mm. Examples of fragmentation of frozen human remains are described in the documents referenced above, and include mechanical fragmentation, milling, grinding, exposure to ultrasonic sound waves, or exposure to pressure waves. When the human remains have been frozen to a core temperature of -20°C or below, the remains will be very brittle and prone to shattering upon the application of force.

In this specification, the term "pyrolysis" is an art-recognised term and should be understood to mean the process of thermochemical decomposition of matter in the absence of oxygen. It is generally achieved by heating in the absence of oxygen to a temperature of at least 300°C, and often much higher, resulting in the long chain hydrocarbons being converted to short chain hydrocarbons, and a great increase in the elemental carbon content of the matter. In the process of the invention, the matter is converted into "biochar", which should be understood to mean the matter that remains when biomass is subjected to pyrolysis. During the pyrolysis process, combustible gases are produced, and these gases may be removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and optionally combusted to power the pyrolysis process. Generally, these gases are lower alkane gases, such as methane or ethane. In one embodiment, the gas by-products removed from the pyrolysis chamber may be fractionated to separate the lower alkanes from other gases produced. In another embodiment, the gases removed may be stored. Methods and apparatus for performing pyrolysis are described in the literature, for example in WO2012012191 and US20110278149.

In this specification, the term "heavy metals" should be understood to mean mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, arsenic, gold, silver and platinum.

In this specification, the term "flash evaporation" should be understood to mean an evaporation process when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device.

In this specification, the term "inert gas" should be understood to mean a gas that does not undergo oxidation or hydrolysis reactions, for example nitrogen.

In this specification, the term "domestic animal" should be understood to means domestic pets, for example, dogs, cats, and rodents.

In this specification, the term "biological material" should be understood to mean waste material that contains biological subject matter such as blood, serum, cells, tissue, organs or limbs. Examples of such material include clinical and medical waste material, waste from hospitals, and other types of biohazardous waste.

In this specification, the term "aqueous components" should be understood to mean water, aqueous solutions such as embalming fluids (i.e. formalin and polyethylene glycol-based embalming solutions), and components of embalming fluids that are susceptible to evaporation (for example formaldehyde, alcohols, phenols etc.).

The term "fractional distillation" should be understood to mean the process of separating components (fractions) of a liquid mixture on the basis of their differing boiling points. Thus, a fluid containing a mixture of water and formalin can be separated into its components parts using fractional distillation, where the water will boil at or about 100°C and the formaldehyde will boil off at or about 96°C, depending on its concentration in the formalin. The term "particulate" should be understood to mean composed of particles that are produced as a result of size reduction. The particulate may be of any size, but generally has an average particle size of 10mm or less (i.e. the particles have a diameter when measured at their widest of 10mm or less. Ideally, the particulate has a particle size of less than 40mm, 30mm, 20mm, 15mm or 10mm.

In this specification, the term "electrolysis" should be understood to mean the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen due to an electric current being passed through the water. Generally, an electrical power source is connected to two electrodes made from an inert metal such as platinum, which are placed in the water. Hydrogen will appear at the negative electrode and oxygen at the positive electrode. In one embodiment, an electrolyte such as salt is added to the water prior to electrolysis to increase the electrical conductivity of the water. Such equipment is commercially available and can provide the required quantities of hydrogen and oxygen gas.

The process of the invention is intended primarily for treatment of human remains, but it may also be employed for treatment of animal remains, such as domestic pets, and biological material such as hazardous biological waste from a clinical or medical environment. In this specification, the term "domestic animal" should be understood to means domestic pets, for example, dogs, cats, and rodents.

The term "animal remains" should be understood to mean agricultural animals such as cows, sheep, goats and poultry, and larger animals such as elephants and giraffes, where the remains are, typically, substantially intact.

Brief Description of the Figures

The invention will be more clearly understood by the following description of some embodiments thereof, given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures in which: Fig. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the process according to a first embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the process according to an alternative embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the process according to a further alternative embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 4 is an illustration of an apparatus according to another aspect of the invention. Fig. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a process according to another aspect of the invention; Fig. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a process according to another aspect of the invention; and Fig. 7 is an illustration of an apparatus according to another aspect invention.

Detailed Description of the Invention

Referring to the drawings, and initially to figure 1, a flow chart is provided illustrating the process of the invention, indicated generally by the reference numeral 1. The process involves an initial freezing stage 20, where the remains are subject to a freezing process, a subsequent fragmentation stage 30, where the frozen remains are treated to size reduce them to a particulate material, a drying stage 40 where the particulate material is heat treated to evaporate water from the particulate matter, and then a pyrolysis stage 50 where the partially de-watered particulate matter is subjected to thermal decomposition conditions in the absence of oxygen to provide a biochar, which once cooled is deposited in an urn. Each of the individual steps will now be described in more detail.

In the Freezing (cooling) stage 20, the remains are placed in a cooling bath in a cooling vessel, and liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196°C is poured into the bath until the remains are completely immersed in liquid nitrogen. The remains are left immersed in the liquid nitrogen for a period of 1 hour, which is sufficient to reduce their core temperature to -100°C or less. The chilled remains are then removed from the bath and cooling vessel for further processing. It will be appreciated that other methods of cooling the remains will be available, for example immersing them in liquid helium or liquid hydrogen or other cryogenic liquids or gases. In the fragmentation (size reduction) stage 30, the chilled remains are subjected to a size reduction process where the remains are converted to a particulate matter having a particle size of about 10mm. In the present embodiment, the chilled remains are subjected to a milling process which converts the remains to a particulate matter, which is then passed through one or more screens to ensure that the particulate matter has the desired average particle diameter of about 10mm. The screening also removes large metal objects from the particulate, for example metal prostheses such as replacement hips or joints. The particulate matter may also be subjected to a magnetic screen to remove ferrous metal objects from the coarse particulate, prior to further processing. It will be appreciated that other methods of size reducing the remains are possible, for example subjecting the remains to ultrasound frequency or high pressure shock waves generated by the initiation of combustible gases.

In the drying (de-watering) stage 40, the particulate matter generated during the size-reduction stage is subjected to a heat treatment to remove aqueous fractions, including water and water soluble toxins such as embalming fluids and components of embalming fluids. The particulate matter is placed in a heater chamber, and heated at a temperature of up to 250°C for a period of 30 minutes, whereupon most of the water (about 96%) in the particulate is removed by evaporation at atmospheric pressure. Aqueous fractions removed from the particulate are condensed 41 and collected 42. This evaporation step has been found to be particularly beneficial insofar as it reduces the energy input required to convert the particulate matter to biochar during the subsequent pyrolysis step. Ideally, the remains have about 8% water (w/w) at the end of the drying stage.

In the pyrolysis stage 50, the at least partially de-watered particulate is placed in a pyrolysis chamber and heated in the absence of oxygen to a temperature of 900°C for a period of 1 hour. During this process, the particulate matter is thermally decomposed to biochar having an initially high elemental carbon content. The pyrolysis process denatures/destroys all bacteria, virus, and prions. Further, the resultant biochar is provided in a form free of mercury.

In a final storage stage 60, the biochar is placed in an urn capable of being sealed to the environment, before being provided to the relatives for final disposition.

Referring now to Fig. 2, an alternative embodiment of the process of the invention is described in which parts described with reference to the previous embodiment are assigned the same reference numerals. In this embodiment, the process involves a further stage of mercury removal 70, which occurs after the pyrolysis stage 50. Mercury removal involves cleaning the gases generated by the pyrolysis or oxidation process in a spray as the gases exit the pyrolysis retort or combustion chamber in a flue, and thus condensing the mercury vapour to separate heavy metals from the rest of the gases on the basis of mass differential. Another embodiment of the same invention would remove the mercury and other toxic metals from the gas stream by cleaning it after the combustion process.

Referring now to Fig. 3, an alternative embodiment of the process of the invention is described in which parts described with reference to the previous embodiment are assigned the same reference numerals. In this embodiment, the process involves a further stage of latent heat recovery 80, where gases produced during the pyrolysis process are removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and are recycled back into the pyrolysis unit to power combustion or are stored in a gas storage chamber 81. The gases removed from the pyrolysis chamber may be fractionated prior to recycling, to separate out lower alkane combustible gases such as methane or ethane.

Referring to Fig. 4, there is illustrated an apparatus for treating human remains according to the invention, and indicated generally by the reference numeral 100. The apparatus 100 comprises a cooling vessel 120 having a freezing bath 121 into which the remains (not shown) are placed. A cryogenic fluid line 122 is provided for conveying liquid nitrogen from a liquid nitrogen storage or production system 123 to the cooling bath. Conveyor means 124 are provided to convey the chilled remains from the chamber 120 to a size reduction device 130, in this case a mechanical fragmentation device 131, where the frozen remains are fragmented to a particulate having a particle diameter of 10mm. A conveyor 132 screens the particulate to separate any matter having a particle size greater than 10mm.. The particulate matter is then subjected to a magnetic separation step 134 where any magnetic ferrous metal objects, are removed from the particulate.

A conveyor 136 conveys the particulate matter to a drying chamber 140, where the particulate is heated to evaporate water from the particulate. The heating chamber 140 includes a water vapour removal line 141 from which water vapour in the chamber is removed and conveyed to a condenser 142 and water storage chamber 143. A conveyor 144 conveys the de-watered particulate to a pyrolysis chamber 150. The pyrolysis chamber 150 includes an inert gas supply line 151 for charging the chamber with an inert gas prior to the start of the pyrolysis process, and optionally a gas removal line 152 for removing gaseous pyrolysis by-products from the pyrolysis chamber during the pyrolysis process to a gaseous by-product storage chamber 153. A further gas line 154 is provided for supply of gas by-products to the pyrolysis chamber for combustion.

The apparatus 100 optionally also includes a water spray 160 adapted to clean gases evolved in the pyrolysis chamber 150 via a heat exchanger and flue system 161 and remove heavy metals, especially mercury, from the gases through condensation.

Various ways of performing the method of the invention are envisaged, including the methods shown in Tables 1 to 5 below:

Table 1

Method Steps

A 1. Freeze the remains

2. Fragment the remains

3. Dry the remains

4. Pyrolyse - hydrous

5. Pyrolyse - anhydrous

B 1. Freeze the remains

2. Fragment the remains

3. Dry the remains

4. Pyrolyse - anhydrous

C 1. Freeze the remains

2. Fragment the remains

3. Dry the remains

4. Pyrolyse - hydrous

Table 2

Method Steps

D 1. Fragment the remains

2. Dry the remains

3. Pyrolyse - hydrous

4. Pyrolyse - anhydrous

E 1. Fragment the remains

2. Dry the remains

3. Pyrolyse - anhydrous

F 1. Fragment the remains

2. Pyrolyse - hydrous Table 3

It will be appreciated that the methods described above may be embodied in a variety of different apparatus without altering the method used.

Referring to Fig 5, a flow chart is provided illustrating a process according to an embodiment of the invention relating to formalin removal. The process involves an initial cooling stage 220, where the remains are subject to a cooling process, a subsequent size reduction (fragmentation) stage 230, where the chilled remains are treated to size reduce them to a particulate material, an evaporation stage 240 where the particulate material is heat treated to evaporate volatile components from embalming fluids and water vapour (including aqueous fractions from the remains) from the particulate matter, and then a pyrolysis stage 250 where the partially de-watered particulate matter is subjected to thermal decomposition conditions in the absence of oxygen to provide a biochar, which once cooled is deposited in an urn. In a distillation step 260, aqueous fractions are distilled to separate and recover embalming fluids and toxic components thereof. Each of the individual steps will now be described in more detail.

In the cooling stage 220, the remains are placed in a cooling bath in a cooling chamber, and liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196°C is poured into the bath until the remains are completely immersed in liquid nitrogen. The remains are left immersed in the liquid nitrogen for a period of 1 hour, which is sufficient to reduce their core temperature to -20°C or less. The chilled remains are then removed from the bath and cooling chamber for further processing. It will be appreciated that other methods of cooling the remains will be available, for example immersing them in liquid helium or liquid hydrogen or another cryogenic liquids or gases.

In the size reduction stage 230, the frozen remains are subjected to a size reduction process where they are converted to a particulate matter by means of a pressure wave generated through initiation of an oxygen and hydrogen gas mixture . The frozen particulate matter is then optionally screened to ensure that the particulate matter has the desired average particle size. The screening also removes large metal objects from the particulate, for example metal prostheses such as replacement hips or joints. The particulate matter may also be subjected to a magnetic screening process to remove small ferrous metal objects from the coarse particulate, prior to further processing.

It will be appreciated that other methods of size reducing the corpse are possible, for example subjecting in the corpse to ultrasound frequency or high pressure shock waves or other mechanical means.

In the de-watering stage 240, the particulate matter generated during the size-reduction stage is subjected to a heat treatment to remove aqueous fractions, including water and water soluble toxins such as embalming fluids and components of embalming fluids. The particulate matter is placed in a heater chamber, and heated at a temperature of up to 250°C for a period of 30 minutes, whereupon most of the water (about 96%) in the particulate is removed by evaporation at atmospheric pressure. Aqueous fractions removed from the particulate are condensed 241 and collected 242. This evaporation step has been found to be particularly beneficial insofar as it reduces the energy input required to convert the particulate matter to biochar during the subsequent pyrolysis step.

In the pyrolysis stage 250, the at least partially de-watered particulate is placed in a pyrolysis chamber and heated in the absence of oxygen to a temperature of 900°C for a period of from 1 minute to 1 hour. During this process, the particulate matter is thermally decomposed to biochar having an initially high elemental carbon content. The pyrolysis process denatures/destroys all bacteria, virus and prions. Further, the resultant biochar is provided in a form free of mercury.

In the distillation stage 260, the aqueous fraction from the de-watering stage 240 is subjected to fractional distillation to separate out embalming fluids (i.e. formalin) or components of the embalming fluids (i.e. formaldehyde) from the water. The separated embalming fluids or components are stored 261 or recycled in the process via combustion to heat the pyrolysis chamber.

Referring now to Fig. 6, an alternative embodiment of the process of the invention is described in which parts described with reference to the previous embodiment are assigned the same reference numerals. In this embodiment, the pyrolysis stage 250 includes a step of removal of liquid by products 251 which are circulated to the condensation stage 241 where they combine with the aqueous fractions from the de-watering stage 240, and are then subjected to the distillation stage 260 along with the aqueous fractions. In this embodiment, any embalming fluids or components thereof that remain in the particulate matter following evaporation are removed as a liquid byproduct of pyrolysis, and separated out and recovered in the distillation stage 260.

Referring to Fig. 7, there is illustrated an apparatus for treating human remains according to the invention, in this embodiment to remove formalin and/or formaldehyde from the remains, and indicated generally by the reference numeral 200. The apparatus 200 comprises a cooling chamber 220 having a cooling bath 221 into which the remains (not shown) are placed. A cryogenic fluid line 222 is provided for conveying liquid nitrogen from a liquid nitrogen storage vessel 223 to the cooling bath. Conveyor means 224 are provided to convey the chilled remains from the cooling chamber 220 to a size reduction device 230, where the chilled remains are size reduced in a pressure wave operation to a particulate having a particle diameter of 10mm or less. A conveyor 232 screens the particulate to separate any particulate matter having a particle size greater than 10mm. The particulate matter is then subjected to a magnetic separation step 234 where any magnetic ferrous metal objects, are removed from the particulate.

A conveyor 236 conveys the particulate matter to a heating chamber 240, where the particulate is heated to evaporate aqueous fractions from the particulate. The heating chamber 240 includes a vapour removal line 241 from which the aqueous fractions in the chamber are removed as vapour and conveyed to a condenser 242 where the vapour is condensed. The condensed vapours are then transferred to a fractional distillation apparatus 260 where the aqueous fractions are subjected to fractional distillation to separate out and recover the formaldehyde or formalin and other toxic materials. A conveyor 244 conveys the de-watered particulate to a pyrolysis chamber 250. The pyrolysis chamber 250 includes an inert gas supply line 251 for charging the chamber with an inert gas prior to the start of the pyrolysis process, and optionally a gas removal line 252 for removing gaseous pyrolysis by-products from the pyrolysis chamber during the pyrolysis process to a gaseous by-product storage chamber 253. A further gas line 254 is provided for supply of gaseous byproducts to the pyrolysis chamber for combustion.

In a further example, human remains are placed in a heating chamber, and subjected to heating at a temperature of 150°C for a period of time until the water content of the remains is determined to be approximately 8% (w/w). During the heating period, water vapour (including aqueous fractions from the remains) and formaldehyde (from the embalming fluid) are evaporated from the remains and withdrawn from the heating chamber to a condensation unit where they are condensed or dissolved, prior to being distilled in a distillation apparatus to separate out and recover substantially pure formaldehyde. The formaldehyde is stored prior to re-use to power the evaporation unit, or other steps in the process. It will be appreciated that the stored formaldehyde may also be stored and packaged for re-use in industry.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described which may be varied in construction and detail without departing from the invention.

Claims

1. A process for treating human remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the remains to biochar remains.

2. A process as claimed in Claim 1 and comprising a further step of oxidation of the biochar subsequent to the pyrolysis step.

3. A process as claimed in Claim 1 or 2 in which the remains are dried prior to pyrolysis.

4. A process as claimed in Claim 3 in which the remains are dried to have a water content of about 6-12% (w/w).

5. A process as claimed in Claim 3 in which the remains are dried to have a water content of about 8% (w/w).

6. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim in which the remains are fragmented prior to pyrolysis.

7. A process as claimed in Claim 6 in which the remains are chilled prior to fragmentation by subjecting the remains, ideally the intact remains, to a cryogenic environment to reduce the temperature of the remains to a core temperature of -20°C or below.

8. A process according to Claim 1 comprising the steps of:

subjecting the. frozen remains to a fragmentation step to provide a chilled fragmented material;

drying the chilled fragmented material from the particulate to reduce the water content and

subjecting the partially dried fragmented material to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains, whilst releasing the latent chemical energy within the remains.

9. A process as claimed in Claim 8 in which the step of pyrolysis generates combustible gases which are removed from the pyrolysis chamber and re-cycled to power the pyrolysis and/or evaporation steps.

10. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim including a further step of removing mercury from flue gases produced in the pyrolysis step, optionally by means of a gaseous cleaning process.

11. A process as claimed in any of Claims 3 to 9 in which the drying step reduces the water content of the remains to 1-20% (w/w).

12. A process as claimed in any of Claims 3 to 9 in which the drying step reduces the water content of the remains to 5-10% (w/w).

13. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim in which pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature of at least 800°C.

14. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim in which the pyrolysis step comprises an anhydrous pyrolysis step, or a hydrous pyrolysis step, or both anhydrous and hydrous pyrolysis steps.

15. A process as claimed in Claim 14 in which the pyrolysis step is carried out in two stages, a first hydrous stage where the partially de-watered particulate matter is heated in the absence of oxygen and presence of water to generate a fully de-watered particulate matter, and a second anhydrous stage where the fully de-watered particulate matter is heated in the absence of oxygen and water.

16. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim including a further step of depositing the biochar remains in a container which may be sealed against ambient air.

17. A process for treating human remains to remove mercury or other heavy metals from the remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains, wherein flue gases expelled from the pyrolysis chamber are sprayed with an aqueous liquid, typically water, to condense the mercury or other metals for recovery.

18. A process as claimed in Claim 17 and comprising the steps of:

subjecting the frozen remains to a fragmentation step to provide a chilled fragmented material;

drying the chilled fragmented material to reduce the water content of the frozen particulate material;

subjecting the partially de-watered fragmented material to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains; and treating the flue gases produced by pyrolysis to recover the mercury or heavy metals.

19. A process as claimed in Claim 18 in which the gas produced is subjected to a cleaning step to remove the heavy metals from the gas.

20. An apparatus (100) for treating human remains comprising a cryogenic chamber (120) for subjecting the remains to cryogenic conditions; means for providing a cryogenic fluid to the cryogenic chamber, a fragmentation apparatus (130) operably adapted to receive the remains from the cryogenic chamber and capable of size reducing the remains to a particulate material, a drying chamber (140) capable of removing water from matter contained therein and removing the water from the chamber, and a pyrolysis chamber (150) adapted for thermally decomposing the particulate matter in the absence of oxygen.

21. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20 in which the drying chamber (140) and pyrolysis chamber (150) are provided as a single chamber adapted to perform evaporation and then pyrolysis.

22. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20 or 21 further including a flash evaporation apparatus operably connected to the drying chamber (140) and capable of performing flash evaporation on the water to be removed from the heating chamber.

23. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20, 21 or 22 in which the drying chamber (140) is operably connected to a source of an inert gas (151) and includes means for charging the chamber with an inert gas.

24. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 20 to 23 in which the drying chamber is operably connected to a gas storage device (153) and includes means (152) for removing combustible gas by-products of the pyrolysis process during the pyrolysis process and storing the gas byproducts in the gas storage device.

25. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 20 to 24 in which drying chamber comprises a burner for heating the chamber, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling gas from the gas storage device to the burner for heating the heating chamber.

26. A process for treating domestic animal remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the remains to biochar remains.

27. A process for treating biological material-such as clinical or medical waste and comprising the steps of subjecting the material to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the material to biochar remains.

28. A process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the step of treating the remains with heat to evaporate volatile components of the embalming fluid and water vapour from the remains.

29. A process as claimed in Claim 28 in which the volatile components are recovered by condensation or dissolution in a solvent or storage as a gas.

30. A process as claimed in Claim 29 in which the recovered volatile components are recycled to power the evaporation step, or another step in the process.

31. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 30 in which the dehydrated remains are subjected to pyrolysis to convert the remains to a biochar.

32. A process as claimed in Claim 31, in which the recovered volatile components are recycled to power the evaporation step, the pyrolysis step, or both.

33. A process as claimed in any of Claims 29 to 32 in which the recovered volatile components are stored prior to recycling.

34. A process according to any of Claims 28 to 33 in which the remains are fragmented prior to the evaporation step.

35. A process as claimed in Claim 34 in which the remains are subjected to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below -20°C prior to fragmentation.

36. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 35 in which the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to 1-20% (w/w).

37. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 36 in which the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to 6-10% (w/w).

38. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 37 in which the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to about 8% (w/w).

39. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 38 in which the volatile components, evaporated water vapour and other liquid by-products of the evaporation step are combined prior to separation by distillation.

40. A process as claimed in any of Claims 30 to 39 in which the volatile components, evaporated water vapour and any liquid by-products of the pyrolysis step are combined prior to separation by distillation.

41. A process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below -20°C, fragmenting the chilled remains, treating the fragmented remains with heat to evaporate volatile components and water vapour from the remains, and subjecting the dehydrated remains to pyrolysis.

42. A process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below -20°C, fragmenting the chilled remains, treating the fragmented remains with heat to evaporate volatile components and water vapour from the remains, and subjecting the dehydrated remains to pyrolysis, wherein the volatile components are recovered and recycled to power at least part of the evaporation step, at least part of the pyrolysis step, or both.

43. A process as claimed in Claim 41 or 42 in which the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to about 8% (w/w).

44. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 43 for treating domestic animal remains or treating biological material.

45. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 44 in which the evaporation step includes a step of flash evaporation.

46. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 45in which the evaporation step is carried out at a temperature of at least 100°C.

47. A process as claimed in any of Claims 31 to 46 in which the pyrolysis step is carried out in two stages, a first hydrous stage where the partially de-watered particulate matter is heated in the absence of oxygen and presence of water to generate a fully de-watered particulate matter, and a second anhydrous stage where the fully de-watered particulate matter is heated in the absence of oxygen and water.

48. A process as claimed in any of Claims 28 to 47 in which the embalming fluid is formalin or a formaldehyde-based embalming fluid, and the volatile component comprises formaldehyde.

49. An apparatus for treating human remains comprising (a) a heating chamber (240) adapted to receive human remains and heat the remains to evaporate water vapour and volatile components of embalming fluids from the remains, (b) a distillation apparatus (260) adapted to receive the evaporated water vapour and volatile components from the heating chamber and distil the evaporated water vapour and volatile components to separate out and recover the volatile components, and optionally (c) a volatile component storage vessel adapted to receive and store the recovered volatile component.

50. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 49 further including a pyroiysis chamber (250) adapted to receive the dehydrated remains, subject the dehydrated remains to pyroiysis, and remove a liquid fraction by-product from the remains, wherein the distillation apparatus (260) is adapted to receive the evaporated water vapour and volatile components from the heating chamber (240) and the liquid fraction by-product from the pyroiysis chamber, and distil the evaporated water vapour, volatile components, and liquid fraction by-product to separate out and recover the volatile components.

51. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 49 or 50 including a condensation apparatus (242) adapted to condense the evaporated water vapour and volatile components prior to distillation.

52. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 49 to 51 in which the heating chamber (240) and the pyroiysis chamber (250) are provided as a single chamber adapted to perform evaporation and subsequently pyroiysis on the human remains.

53. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 49 to 52 and further including a flash evaporation apparatus operabiy connected to the heating chamber and capable of performing flash evaporation on the evaporated aqueous fraction removed from the heating chamber.

54. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 49 to 53 in which the pyroiysis chamber is operabiy connected to a source of an inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with an inert gas.

55. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 49 to 54 in which the pyroiysis chamber is operabiy connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas byproducts of pyroiysis and storing the gas by-products in the gas by-products storage device.

56. An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 49 to 55 in which the pyroiysis combustion chamber comprises a burner, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling the gas- by-products from the pyrolysis retort device to the combustion chamber burner for heating the pyrolysis chamber.