EP2885819A2 - Halbleiterbauelement mit einer passivierungsschicht aus hydriertem aluminiumnitrid sowie verfahren zur oberflächenpassivierung von halbleiterbauelementen - Google Patents
Halbleiterbauelement mit einer passivierungsschicht aus hydriertem aluminiumnitrid sowie verfahren zur oberflächenpassivierung von halbleiterbauelementenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2885819A2 EP2885819A2 EP13752615.8A EP13752615A EP2885819A2 EP 2885819 A2 EP2885819 A2 EP 2885819A2 EP 13752615 A EP13752615 A EP 13752615A EP 2885819 A2 EP2885819 A2 EP 2885819A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- passivation layer
- vapor deposition
- passivation
- solar cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/30—Coatings
- H10F77/306—Coatings for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/311—Coatings for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/129—Passivating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/30—Coatings
- H10F77/306—Coatings for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/311—Coatings for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
- H10F77/315—Coatings for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the invention relates to a semiconductor component with a base emitter and electrical contacts as well as at least one passivation layer, which consists of hydrogenated aluminum nitride or contains this substantially. Likewise, the invention relates to a corresponding method for the surface passivation of semiconductor devices.
- Solar cells are devices that convert light into electrical energy. Usually they consist of a semiconductor material - usually solar cells are made of silicon having n- or p-doped Haibleiter Symposiume. The semiconductor areas are referred to in a conventional manner as an emitter or base. By incident on the solar cell light positive and negative charge carriers are generated within the solar cell, which are spatially separated at the interface between the n- (emitter) and p-doped (base) semiconductor region, the so-called pn junction. By means of metallic contacts which are connected to the emitter and to the base, these separate charge carriers can be dissipated.
- solar cells consist of full-surface base and emitter regions, the emitter lying on the side facing the light, the front side of the solar cell.
- the back of the solar cell is provided with a full-surface metal layer, are applied to the appropriate back contact pads, eg. From AgAl.
- the emitter region is contacted with a metal grid with the aim of losing as little light as possible due to reflection at the metal contact for the solar cell, ie the metal grid has a finger structure in order to cover as little solar cell surface as possible.
- To optimize the power output of the solar cell is also trying to keep the optical losses due to reflection as small as possible.
- ARC antireflection layers
- the layer thickness of the antireflection layers is chosen so that in the most energetically important spectral range just destructive interference of the reflected light results.
- Anti-friction materials used are, for example, titanium dioxide, silicon nitride and silicon dioxide.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- Another feature of highly efficient solar cells are narrow ( ⁇ 40 ⁇ and high front-side contacts ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ ) with low contact and line resistance.
- the surfaces of high efficiency solar cells are additionally characterized by a low surface recombination speed, i. the probability that minority carriers reach the surface of the solar cell and recombine there, and thus do not contribute to the generation of energy, resulting in a considerable reduction in efficiency, is very small.
- the prevention of the migration of the minority charge carriers to the surface can be achieved by generating a high doping of impurities in the region of the surface or by applying a dielectric layer to the surface and by incorporating fixed charges in the boundary layer between the semiconductor and the dielectric layer.
- a high doping is realized by the emitter doping on the front in different degrees of expression.
- a high doping always involves the disadvantage that although the recombination probability at the surfaces of the solar cell can be reduced, the recombination probability within the solar cell layer increases for this purpose.
- Charges may e.g. also by a layer of silicon nitride, which serves particularly well as an antireflection layer can be installed. The number of charges is characterized by the value Q.
- the reduction in the recombination at the surface can be realized by reducing the surface recombination states, for example by virtue of the fact that silicon bonds broken on the surface and thus not saturated by a layer of amorphous silicon, Saturated Siiiziumnitrid, alumina or silicon dioxide, as described above, at the front can be used in part as an antireflection layer, the number of broken bonds is characterized by the impurity density D it .
- the passivation can be applied to both the front and the back and is one of the most important features of highly efficient solar cells.
- Layers of SiN: H or SiNO: H deposited by means of CVD or PVD processes have high deposition rates and thus low production costs.
- the disadvantage lies more in the range of attainable passivation quality as a function of high temperature processes which follow the coating (SW Glum, A. Grohe, M. Hermle, M. Hofmann, S. Janz, T. Roth, O. Schultz, M. Vetter, I. Martin, R. Ferre, S. Bermejo, W. Cloud, W. Warta, R. Preu, and G. Witleke Comparison of different-purpose passive-passivation layers for application in industrially-fea- sible high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells.
- AIO In contrast to SiN: H, AIO has a high number of negative charges in the layer. In addition to the high negative charge density Q, deposition of AIO by PVD, CVD, or ALD achieves low defect densities D it (by 1 * 10 "eV '2 ), which results in a very good passivation effect of AIO. Si surface passivation machanism by the negative charge.
- alumina has an optically unfavorable refractive index of 1.7 for some applications.
- a solar cell is provided with a base, emitter and metal contacts which are electrically connected to the base and the emitter and at least one passivation layer for the front side facing the light source and / or the rear side facing away from the light source. It is important and essential here that the at least one passivation layer consists of hydrogenated ammonium nitride or essentially contains it.
- such a passivation layer has an extremely low surface recombination velocity, measured by means of quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC), and thus has an extremely long service life of the separated charge carriers.
- This low surface recombination rate can be further reduced when thermal treatment of the passivation layer (s) is performed.
- the at least one passivation layer has a refractive index, measured by means of ellipsometry at 600 nm, in the range from 1.9 to 2.2.
- the measuring methods mentioned are described in more detail below. This means that hydrated AIN beats very well as an anti-reflection coating. What an advantage over the initially described methods 1 and 3 results.
- the passivation layer On the side of the passivation layer facing away from the emitter, preferably at least one further layer, in particular a layer containing or consisting of hydrogenated silicon nitride, and / or a silicon oxide layer and / or a silicon oxynitride layer may be deposited.
- the passivation layer thus represents a first layer in a stacking system of several layers.
- an iterative arrangement of several passivation layers and several further layers in a stacking system is conceivable, e.g. an alternating array of 2-10 passivation layers and a corresponding number of additional layers.
- the mentioned further layers in particular the silicon-containing layers, have a greater refractive index than the passivation layer (s), antireflection of such a layer composite and thus an antireflection coating of the solar cell can be achieved at the same time.
- At least one, preferably each passivation layer and / or at least one, preferably each further layer preferably has a layer thickness in the range of 1 to 200 nm, in particular in the range of 30 to 80 nm.
- a method for the surface passivation of solar cells is likewise provided in which at least one passivation layer made of hydrogenated aluminum nitride by means of vapor deposition from an aluminum, nitrogen and hydrogen containing on the front surface facing the light source and / or on the back surface of the semiconductor device facing away from the light source Atmosphere is deposited.
- the principal components of the solar cells correspond to those mentioned above.
- vapor deposition occurs by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), atmospheric chemical vapor deposition (AP-CVD), or atomic layer deposition (ALD).
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PE-CVD plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition
- AP-CVD atmospheric chemical vapor deposition
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- nitrogen and hydrogen in atomic and / or molecular form in particular N 2 , H 2 and / or NH 3 is used.
- This has the advantage over the method 3 described at the outset that oxygen is used as the process gas.
- oxygen is on the one hand an order of magnitude more expensive than nitrogen, while on the other hand it is much more critical in terms of safety aspects, such as the risk of explosion with simultaneous use of oxygen and hydrogen (in the deposition of hydrogen-containing AIO: H layers) ).
- the process according to the invention thus has clear cost advantages and a simpler process technology handling compared to process 3.
- the use as an anti-reflex layer is possible.
- a noble gas in particular argon is preferably used.
- the introduction of the hydrogen into the passivation layer is accomplished with at least one of the following techniques:
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- a further preferred variant provides that after the vapor deposition, the passivation layer is subjected to a temperature treatment at temperatures of 350 to 900 ° C.
- a temperature treatment can, for example, as a rapid thermal
- RTP Thermal Processing
- a short thermal treatment is carried out at high temperatures, e.g. a treatment at temperatures between 700 ° C and 900 ° C, preferably between 800 ° C and 900 ° C over a period of 0.1 to 10 s, preferably 0.1 to 5 s.
- a temperature treatment over a relatively long space and at lower temperatures is possible and expedient, this being referred to as "annealing.”
- annealing a temperature treatment is preferred in the temperature range of 350 ° C. and 600 ° C., preferably 350 ° C. and 450 ° C is carried out over a period of 0.5 min to 1 h, preferably 1 min to 15 min.
- the temperature treatment leads to a significantly reduced impurity density in the passivation layer, which is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 eV 1 cm 2 , more preferably ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 10 eV "1 cm 2 " , preferably ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 10 eV "1 cm 2 ,
- Fig. 1 shows the schematic structure of a high-efficiency solar cell according to the prior art.
- Fig. 2 shows a graph of the dependence of the extinction coefficient on the wavelength for ruffled layers of hydrogenated aluminum of the dependence of the extinction coefficient on the wavelength for ruffled Layers of hydrogenated aluminum nitride and hydrogenated silicon nitride.
- Fig. 3 shows a graph of the dependence of the calculation index on the wavelength for layers of chopped hydrated aluminum nitride and hydrogenated silicon nitride.
- FIG. 4 shows a comparison of the charge carrier lifetime of hydrogenated aluminum nitride passivated solar cells before and after a high-temperature step.
- FIG. 1 shows a solar cell which has been described in the introduction to the description as state of the art.
- a highly efficient solar cell 1 is depicted here, which has passivation layers 4 and 5 on the front side 1 'and the back side 1 "of the solar cell in addition to the base 2 and the emitter 3.
- the front side has a texturing 6 in the form of inverted or even
- a metallization grid 7, which is connected to the selective emitter 8 is applied on the front side, and a so-called local back surface field 9 is arranged on the rear side next to the passivation layer 4.
- a metalization is found on the rear side 10th
- the AIN: H layer is not intended to be thermally grown but to be deposited by means of CVD or PVD methods (for example by argon sputtering of an aluminum target with the addition of nitrogen / ammonia and hydrogen).
- High-temperature processing of AiN H passivated silicon surfaces significantly improves surface passivation.
- the achievable with the method 2 saturation of the impurity for a high-temperature step is in a range of 1-5 * 10 12 eV ⁇ cm "2
- H was a very low impurity concentration of below 5 * 10 10 eV 'cm "2 can be observed after a high temperature step. This explains the good quality of the passivation.
- the method according to the invention has a clear advantage over the method 2.
- nitrogen and hydrogen and / or ammonia are required as the source gas.
- Figure 3 shows the wavelength dependent extinction coefficients of sputtered AIN: H and sputtered SiN: H.
- FIG. 4 the diagram depicted there shows the results of a quasi-stationary photometry measurement (QSSPC) of a semiconductor component according to the invention which has a passivation of hydrogenated aluminum nitride.
- the carrier lifetime was compared before and after the temperature treatment step at 800 ° C. for 1 s. It clearly shows that the charge carrier lifetime could be increased from 200 microseconds to 600 microseconds due to the high temperature treatment step.
- a pressure treatment can be carried out before or after the temperature treatment.
- the measuring methodology (QSSPC) is described in more detail below.
- Spectrally resolved ellipsometry is a method for investigating the optical properties of thin films. It allows the determination of the layer thickness and the complex refractive index.
- N ⁇ ) n (X) + ik ( ⁇ ) with
- k extinction coefficient imaginary part of the refractive index. k is a measure of the absorption a in the material X
- the measuring principle is shown in FIG.
- ellipsometry light of known polarization, i. known amount of the vectorial components "s-plane” and “p-plane", guided at a defined angle ("plane of incidence") to a sample (I) .
- the polarization of the light is changed (II ), ie there is a change in the amount of the vector components "s-plane” and "p-piane", after which the state of the polarization is measured (MI).
- the thin layer When light is applied to a sample with a thin layer (see Figure 6, which illustrates the principle of light reflection on a thin layer of thickness d on a substrate), the thin layer has the refractive index N 2 , the substrate the refractive index N 3 and the surrounding Medium, the refractive index N x ), typically occur multiple reflections on the surface of the layer. In this case, interference of the incident light takes place by reflection at the respective boundary surfaces of the thin layer, for example at the interface with air or vacuum (refractive index N or to the medium on which the thin layer has grown (refractive index N 3 ).) Any further transmission back in the medium 1, the intensity will be smaller than the previous one The infinite series of partial waves together make up the resulting reflected wave.
- Polarized light can be described by two vectors E and E p which are perpendicular to each other.
- R p is the reflection coefficient of the p-polarized light
- the reflection coefficient can be obtained from the following formulas exp (i (£ r -,))
- An ellipsometric measurement provides experimental data sets of ⁇ ⁇ and A exp , in order to obtain the desired values. For example, to determine layer thickness and refractive index, a fit procedure is performed using a model of the physical physical system. For the model, sets of ⁇ ⁇ and A exp are calculated and compared with the measured data. Then a small change is made to the model and compared again with the measurement data. This procedure is performed multiple times until a minimum in difference between the applied model and the real data is achieved. The difference between the real and model data is treated mathematically by applying the mean square error (MSE):
- MSE mean square error
- the simple Cauchy model for the real part of the refractive index is a limited series expansion
- This model is often successful for non-absorbent layers. be used.
- the WCT-100 also known as the Sinton Apparatus, was developed by Ronaid A. Sinton. It enables the determination of the injection-dependent effective carrier lifetime xeff ( ⁇ n).
- the device is based on the power absorption of semiconductors (in our case, silicon wafers) exposed to the alternating magnetic field of a parallel resonant circuit.
- semiconductors in our case, silicon wafers
- the inductive coupling of the Si wafer to the oscillating magnetic field generates eddy currents in it.
- the limited conductivity of the Si wafer causes part of the induced energy to be radiated as heat.
- the conductivity of the wafer in the area relevant for the evaluation is directly proportional to the number of free charge carriers in the wafer. Short-term irradiation with light from a flashlamp generates additional free charge carriers in the wafer and increases the conductivity of the wafer. So the energy loss of the resonant circuit is increased.
- FIG. 8b shows a schematic circuit diagram of an arrangement that is fundamentally similar to the Sinton apparatus.
- Vg amplitude of the gate voltage of the JFET, see Figure 8b
- Q (t) Q (t)
- the transistor and the capacitance C 0 form an infinite impedance detector with the (tappable) output voltage V 0 .
- the illumination time is chosen to be very large compared to the carrier lifetime. This measurement method is best suited for rather short lifetimes. Where G is valid
- Figure B4 shows an example of a temporal course of illumination intensity and photoconductivity taken with the Sinton-Appartur.
- the light-induced conductivity of the samples is correlated with the voltage observed at the output of the measuring apparatus by means of calibration samples.
- Figure 9 shows an example of a lighting and photoconductive process; recorded with the Sinton apparatus.
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Formation Of Insulating Films (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102012016298.7A DE102012016298A1 (de) | 2012-08-16 | 2012-08-16 | Halbleiterbauelement mit einer Passivierungsschicht aus hydriertem Aluminiumnitrid sowie Verfahren zur Oberflächenpassivierung von Halbleiterbauelementen |
| PCT/EP2013/067108 WO2014027075A2 (de) | 2012-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | Halbleiterbauelement mit einer passivierungsschicht aus hydriertem aluminiumnitrid sowie verfahren zur oberflächenpassivierung von halbleiterbauelementen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2885819A2 true EP2885819A2 (de) | 2015-06-24 |
Family
ID=49029084
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13752615.8A Withdrawn EP2885819A2 (de) | 2012-08-16 | 2013-08-16 | Halbleiterbauelement mit einer passivierungsschicht aus hydriertem aluminiumnitrid sowie verfahren zur oberflächenpassivierung von halbleiterbauelementen |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150206989A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2885819A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102012016298A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2014027075A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9825191B2 (en) * | 2014-06-27 | 2017-11-21 | Sunpower Corporation | Passivation of light-receiving surfaces of solar cells with high energy gap (EG) materials |
| EP3612867B1 (de) | 2017-04-17 | 2025-02-26 | 3e Nano Inc. | Energiekontrollbeschichtungen, strukturen, vorrichtungen und verfahren zur herstellung davon |
| CN109216473B (zh) * | 2018-07-20 | 2019-10-11 | 常州大学 | 一种晶硅太阳电池的表界面钝化层及其钝化方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101884116A (zh) * | 2008-04-17 | 2010-11-10 | Lg电子株式会社 | 太阳能电池及其制造方法 |
| DE102009054630B4 (de) * | 2008-12-15 | 2013-02-14 | Qimonda Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines photovoltaisches Bauelements |
| KR20110062598A (ko) * | 2009-12-03 | 2011-06-10 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 적층막 제조방법, 이를 이용한 태양전지의 제조방법 |
| DE102010017155B4 (de) * | 2010-05-31 | 2012-01-26 | Q-Cells Se | Solarzelle |
-
2012
- 2012-08-16 DE DE102012016298.7A patent/DE102012016298A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2013
- 2013-08-16 WO PCT/EP2013/067108 patent/WO2014027075A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2013-08-16 US US14/421,624 patent/US20150206989A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-08-16 EP EP13752615.8A patent/EP2885819A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2014027075A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2014027075A2 (de) | 2014-02-20 |
| DE102012016298A1 (de) | 2014-05-15 |
| US20150206989A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
| WO2014027075A3 (de) | 2014-06-26 |
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