EP2885439A1 - Anchoring system for a support in construction, and method for using same - Google Patents

Anchoring system for a support in construction, and method for using same

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Publication number
EP2885439A1
EP2885439A1 EP13758714.3A EP13758714A EP2885439A1 EP 2885439 A1 EP2885439 A1 EP 2885439A1 EP 13758714 A EP13758714 A EP 13758714A EP 2885439 A1 EP2885439 A1 EP 2885439A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anchor rod
anchor
anchoring system
sma
rod
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP13758714.3A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2885439B1 (en
Inventor
Josef Scherer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
S&P Clever Reinforcement Co AG
Original Assignee
S&P Clever Reinforcement Co AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by S&P Clever Reinforcement Co AG filed Critical S&P Clever Reinforcement Co AG
Publication of EP2885439A1 publication Critical patent/EP2885439A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2885439B1 publication Critical patent/EP2885439B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
    • E04B1/41—Connecting devices specially adapted for embedding in concrete or masonry
    • E04B1/4157—Longitudinally-externally threaded elements extending from the concrete or masonry, e.g. anchoring bolt with embedded head
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2201/00—Treatment for obtaining particular effects
    • C21D2201/01—Shape memory effect

Definitions

  • Anchorage system for a traqqrund in construction as well as methods of using the same
  • This invention relates to an anchoring system for use in any base, no matter what type of support.
  • the anchoring system is also suitable for setting rock and concrete anchors, as are indispensable for many projects in the construction industry, and moreover the invention relates to the method of applying this system.
  • the base may be of any shape, such as a natural base such as rock or ice, or an artificially created base of concrete, reinforced concrete, wood or other material.
  • the anchors play a major role. If tie rods are to carry high loads in a hole made in the structure, the transmission of power from the structure to the tie rod is more crucial Meaning.
  • Common systems use steel bars with different surface structures such as threads, ribbed or other structures as tie rods, and these are glued by means of a filling material in the anchor hole with the support frictionally.
  • the filler preferably consists of polymer compounds on a two-component basis or on a cementitious basis. The filling compound is injected or inserted as a two-component cartridge in the hole. After curing of the filling compound, the anchor is loadable.
  • WO 2009/027543 shows such an end anchoring system.
  • a cavity is cleared, in which after setting the anchor an epoxy resin is pumped as anchoring medium under pressure.
  • a remaining gap between the wall of the blind bore and the anchor rod ensures the venting of the filling space of the expansion cavity, which is formed with a textured surface, such as with circumferential grooves for a particularly good clawing.
  • anchors with mechanical barbs are known in their end region. But all end anchors have the disadvantage that the length of the anchor rod is not used for a power transmission to the concrete, but the anchor just transmits power only in its end.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an anchoring system and a method for its application, in which the power transmission of the steel anchor takes place in the support base over the entire anchoring length.
  • the method of application should allow after curing of the filling compound a linear bias of the armature over its entire length.
  • an anchoring system for solid support reasons, which is characterized in that the anchor rod made of a shape memory alloy ("Shape Memory Alloy" - SMA) of polymorphic and polycrystalline structure, which by increasing their temperature from their martensitic state can be brought to its austenite state, in which it passes into a prestressed state when it is firmly anchored (mortared).
  • shape memory alloy shape Memory Alloy
  • the object is further achieved by the method for applying this anchoring system, which is characterized in that a) An anchor hole is created in the supporting ground to be reinforced,
  • a shape memory alloy (SMA) anchor rod in the form of a rod having a rough surface structure is placed in the anchor bore;
  • SMA shape memory alloy
  • the anchor rod made of shape memory alloy (SMA) after curing of the filling material from its protruding from the filling compound stub is heated by heat input to the temperature of its austenite phase, so that a linear bias is generated within the filling.
  • SMA shape memory alloy
  • Figure 1 A prepared anchor hole
  • Figure 2 An anchor hole with inserted anchor rod before filling the
  • Figure 3 An anchor hole with inserted anchor rod and backfilling of the remaining space with the anchoring medium, when introducing heat into the threaded rod;
  • Figure 4 The finished set and prestressed anchor.
  • SMA Shape Memory Ailoy
  • SMA's contain more than one crystal structure, so are polymorphic and thus polycrystalline metals.
  • the dominant crystal structure of the SMAs depends on the one hand on their temperature, on the other hand on the externally acting tension - be it train or pressure.
  • the high-temperature phase is called austenite, and the martensite at low temperature.
  • austenite The high-temperature phase is called austenite, and the martensite at low temperature.
  • the special feature of these SMAs is that they resume their initial structure and shape after raising the temperature to the high temperature phase, even if they were previously deformed in the low temperature phase. This effect can be exploited to apply prestressing forces in building structures.
  • the SMAs are stable within a species-specific temperature range, ie their structure does not change within certain limits of the mechanical load. For applications in the construction industry in the outdoor area, the fluctuation range of the ambient temperature of -20 ° C to + 60 ° C is required. Within this temperature band, therefore, an SMA used here should not change its structure.
  • the transformation temperatures at which the structure of the SMA changes, may vary considerably depending on the composition of the SMAs. The transformation temperatures are also load-dependent. As the mechanical load on SMA increases, its transformation temperatures also increase. If the SMA is to remain stable within certain load limits, then great attention must be paid to these limits.
  • Structural fatigue involves the accumulation of microstructural defects as well as the formation and propagation of surface cracks until the material eventually breaks.
  • Functional fatigue is the result of the gradual degradation of either the shape memory effect or the damping capacity due to microstructural changes in the SMA. The latter is associated with the Modification of the stress-strain curve under cyclic load. The transformation temperatures are also changed.
  • SMA on the basis of iron Fe, manganese Mn and silicon Si are suitable for picking up permanent loads in the construction sector, with the addition of up to 10% chromium Cr and nickel Ni bringing the SMA to a similar corrosion behavior as stainless steel , It is found in the literature that the addition of carbon C, cobalt Co, copper Cu, nitrogen N, niobium Nb, niobium carbide NbC, vanadium nitrogen VN and zirconium carbide ZrC can improve the shape memory properties in various ways.
  • An SMA made of Fe-Ni-Co-Ti shows particularly good properties, which absorbs loads of up to 1000 MPa, is highly resistant to corrosion, and whose upper temperature for transferring to the austenite state is about 100 ° C.
  • the present anchoring system takes advantage of the characteristics of SMAs.
  • the anchors in the form of round steels with rough surfaces, for example with threaded surfaces, are inserted into the anchor bores and the anchor bores are filled with a heat-resistant polymer mass, whereby the anchors are anchored therein.
  • the anchor rods consist of a shape memory alloy (SMA), which is designed so that the alloy returns to its original state through heat input, that is, into a contracted state.
  • SMA shape memory alloy
  • the anchor rods embedded in the heat-resistant filling compound produce a prestress after heating due to the reformation of their shape-memory alloy (SMA) prevented by the concreting in, this prestressing extending uniformly or linearly over the entire length of the anchors.
  • SMA shape-memory alloy
  • the hardened filling compound ensures that anchors are anchored in the anchorage bore with very high permanent adhesive forces.
  • an armature 4 in the form of a steel rod made of a shape memory alloy (SMA) with a rough surface structure is inserted into the anchor hole 3 so that it runs as coaxially as possible in the bore, as shown in FIG.
  • SMA shape memory alloy
  • a threaded rod is particularly suitable because of their specific surface structure as an anchor rod, but the surface of an anchor rod can also have any other shaped nubs or ribs.
  • the space between this anchor rod 4 and the wall of the anchor hole 3 is completely filled with a heat-resistant filling compound 5, advantageously with a heat-resistant polymer matrix.
  • the anchor rod is now firmly mortared into the hardened filling compound.
  • the anchor rod 4 is heated by heating from its outer, protruding from the anchor hole stub forth to a temperature between 150 ° C and 300 ° C.
  • This can be done in the simplest case by means of a gas burner by the flame is directed to the protruding from the anchor hole 3 stub of the anchor rod 4.
  • an electric or gas-operated heater 7 is externally applied around the armature rod 4 protruding from the building structure, and heat H is introduced into the armature bar 4 in a controlled manner.
  • the arrows in the heater 7 indicate the heat flow from the device in the anchor rod 4.
  • the required temperature should be 150 ° to 300 ° C, depending on the used shape memory alloy (SMA) of the anchor rod 4.
  • the heater 7 with electric cable 8 may for this purpose have a temperature sensor which rests on the protruding anchor rod 4 and measures its temperature , The temperature must simply ensure that the Austen it state of the anchor rod 4 is reached safely over its entire length. It will take a while for the heat H to flow into the end of the anchor rod 4 at least to the utmost extent.
  • the anchor rod 4 also heats the applied filling compound, which is why it must be heat-resistant and at least must withstand the temperatures reached between 150 ° to 300 ° C without damage, without changing their structure.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)

Abstract

The anchoring system is suitable for rock and concrete (2) and any solid support. The anchor rod (4), which is made, for example, of a threaded rod made of a shape memory alloy (SMA), is held in the anchor bore (3) by means of a filling compound (5) as the anchoring medium. In order to fill the anchor bore (3) between the anchor rod (4) and the wall of the anchor bore (3), a heat-resistant filling compound (5) is used which consists of a two-component polymer compound or of polymer compound on a cementitious basis. The anchor rod (4) is then heated to its austenite phase by applying heat externally via its stub that protrudes from the filling compound, thus pre-stressing the anchor rod (4). The anchor rod (4) is subsequently cooled to the external temperature after the filling compound has cooled (5). An abutment plate (10) lies on the external wall (1) around the opening of the anchor bore (3), and is clamped with the anchor rod (4).

Description

Verankerunqssystem für einen Traqqrund im Bauwesen, sowie Verfahren zur Anwendung desselben  Anchorage system for a traqqrund in construction, as well as methods of using the same
[0001] Diese Erfindung betrifft ein Verankerungssystem zum Einsatz in irgendeinem Traggrund, egal welcher Art der Traggrund ist. Das Verankerungssystem ist auch dazu geeignet, Fels- und Betonanker zu setzen, wie solche in der Bauindustrie für viele Vorhaben unabdingbar sind, und ausserdem betrifft die Erfindung das Verfahren zur Applikation dieses Systems. This invention relates to an anchoring system for use in any base, no matter what type of support. The anchoring system is also suitable for setting rock and concrete anchors, as are indispensable for many projects in the construction industry, and moreover the invention relates to the method of applying this system.
[0002] Beim Erstellen eines Bauwerkes oder beim Sanieren eines bereits erstellen Bauwerks werden oftmals Anker zur Stabilisierung und Sicherung in einen bestehenden Traggrund gesetzt. Der Traggrund kann von beliebiger Gestalt sein, etwa ein natürlicher Traggrund wie zum Beispiel Fels oder Eis, oder ein künstlich erstellter Traggrund aus Beton, Stahlbeton, Holz oder einem anderen Material. When creating a building or renovating an already building building often anchor for stabilization and security are placed in an existing base. The base may be of any shape, such as a natural base such as rock or ice, or an artificially created base of concrete, reinforced concrete, wood or other material.
[0003] Bisher werden für die Sanierung von Baustrukturen, deren Lastaufnahme- Kapazitäten sich erniedrigten, oder solchen, die dem Risiko einer wesentlichen Deformation infolge von unvermittelt steigenden Lasten ausgesetzt sind, vor allem äussere mechanische Spannungselemente eingesetzt, die mechanisch oder hydraulisch vorgespannt werden. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Anbringen solcher Spannungselemente spielen die Anker eine grosse Rolle. Sollen Ankerstäbe in einem in das Bauwerk eingebrachten Loch hohe Lasten aufnehmen, so ist die Kraftübertragung vom Bauwerk auf den Ankerstab von entscheidender Bedeutung. Gebräuchliche Systeme setzen Stahlstangen mit unterschiedlichen Oberflächenstrukturen wie beispielsweise Gewinde, gerippte oder andere Strukturen als Ankerstäbe ein, und diese werden mittels einer Füllmasse im Ankerloch mit dem Traggrund kraftschlüssig verklebt. Die Füllmasse besteht vorzugsweise aus Polymerverbindungen auf Zweikomponenten-Basis oder solchen auf zementöser Basis. Die Füllmasse wird injiziert oder als Zweikomponenten-Patrone in das Bohrloch eingelegt. Nach Aushärtung der Füllmasse ist der Anker belastbar. So far, for the rehabilitation of building structures whose load-carrying capacity decreased, or those who are exposed to the risk of substantial deformation due to sudden increases in loads, especially external mechanical tension elements are used, which are biased mechanically or hydraulically. In connection with the attachment of such tension elements, the anchors play a major role. If tie rods are to carry high loads in a hole made in the structure, the transmission of power from the structure to the tie rod is more crucial Meaning. Common systems use steel bars with different surface structures such as threads, ribbed or other structures as tie rods, and these are glued by means of a filling material in the anchor hole with the support frictionally. The filler preferably consists of polymer compounds on a two-component basis or on a cementitious basis. The filling compound is injected or inserted as a two-component cartridge in the hole. After curing of the filling compound, the anchor is loadable.
[0004] Bei vielen Bauwerken mit weit auskragenden Betondecken werden dieselben randständig und auch durch Säulen abgestützt, etwa bei Tiefgaragen. Die Ansatzstellen bei den Säulen sind besonders belastet und es droht dort ein „Durchstanzeffekt" bei Überbelastung. Zur Verhinderung dieses Effektes werden Durchstanzbewehrungen in die Betonabdeckung eingebaut. Bei einigen Bauwerken sind diese Durchstanzbewehrungen zu wenig stark ausgeführt oder fehlen überhaupt und sie sollten entsprechend saniert werden. Hierzu werden ebenfalls Anker im Bereich der Säulenabstützungen nachträglich eingebaut, wozu zylindrische Bohrungen in den Beton eingebracht werden. Die eingelassenen Anker in Form von Stahlstangen werden hernach mittels eines Injektionsmörtels oder Klebstoffes, zum Beispiel mittels eines Epoxyharzes, im Loch verklebt und mittels einer Gewindemutter und Widerlagerplatte von der Abdeckungsseite her vorgespannt. In many buildings with cantilevered concrete ceilings the same marginal and supported by columns, such as underground garages. The points where the pillars are placed are particularly stressed and there is a threat of "punching" in the event of overloading.To prevent this effect, punching reinforcements are built into the concrete cover.For some structures, these puncture reinforcements are underpowered or missing altogether and should be rehabilitated accordingly. Anchors in the form of steel bars are then glued in the hole by means of an injection mortar or adhesive, for example by means of an epoxy resin, and by means of a threaded nut and abutment plate biased from the cover side.
[0005] Das Einkleben der Stahlstangen ist allerdings anfällig für Fehler. Grössere oder kleinere Lufteinschlüsse in der verankernden Masse können nicht mit Sicherheit ausgeschlossen werden. Ein weiterer Nachteil dieses Verankerns liegt darin, dass der Anker-verstärkte Bereich der Abdeckung sich weitgehend einer wärmebedingten Verformung starr widersetzt, womit bei hoher Wärmebelastung die Gefahr besteht, dass Spannungsrisse und entsprechende Abdeckungsbrüche sich von den Säulenbereichen in die freitragenden Abdeckungsbereiche verlagern. Aufgrund der entlang der Ankerstabes verteilten Verankerungsverklebung ist ein Spannen des Ankerstabes, etwa durch Anziehen einer widergelagerten Mutter an einem Endgewinde des Ankerstabes nach dem Aushärten der Klebemasse nicht mehr möglich. However, the sticking of the steel bars is prone to errors. Larger or smaller air pockets in the anchoring mass can not be ruled out with certainty. Another disadvantage of this anchoring is that the armature-reinforced portion of the cover is largely rigid with heat-induced deformation, so that there is a risk of stress cracks and corresponding breakages of cover displacing from the pillar portions to the cantilevered cover portions at high heat loads. Due to the anchoring bond distributed along the anchor rod, tensioning of the tie rod is required, for example by tightening a non-attached nut a final thread of the anchor rod after curing of the adhesive is no longer possible.
[0006] Alternative Verankerungssysteme arbeiten mit einer Endverankerung. Zum Beispiel zeigt die WO 2009/027543 ein solches Endverankerungssystem. Am Ende des erstellten Sackloches wird eine Kavität ausgeräumt, in welche nach dem Setzen des Ankers ein Epoxyharz als Verankerungsmedium unter Druck eingepumpt wird. Dabei sichert ein verbleibender Zwischenraum zwischen der Wandung der Sackbohrung und dem Ankerstab die Entlüftung des sich füllenden Raumes der Aufweitungskavität, die mit einer strukturierten Oberfläche ausgebildet wird, etwa mit umlaufenden Rillen für eine besonders gute Verkrallung. Des Weiteren sind Anker mit mechanischen Widerhaken in ihrem Endbereich bekannt. Alle Endverankerungen aber weisen den Nachteil auf, dass die Länge des Ankerstabes nicht für eine Kraftübertragung auf den Beton genutzt wird, sondern der Anker eben nur in seinem Endbereich Kraft überträgt. Alternative anchoring systems operate with a final anchorage. For example, WO 2009/027543 shows such an end anchoring system. At the end of the created blind hole a cavity is cleared, in which after setting the anchor an epoxy resin is pumped as anchoring medium under pressure. In this case, a remaining gap between the wall of the blind bore and the anchor rod ensures the venting of the filling space of the expansion cavity, which is formed with a textured surface, such as with circumferential grooves for a particularly good clawing. Furthermore, anchors with mechanical barbs are known in their end region. But all end anchors have the disadvantage that the length of the anchor rod is not used for a power transmission to the concrete, but the anchor just transmits power only in its end.
[0007] Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, ein Verankerungssystem und ein Verfahren zu dessen Applikation anzugeben, bei welchem die Kraftübertragung des Stahlankers in den Traggrund über die gesamte Verankerungslänge erfolgt. Das Verfahren zur Applikation soll nach Aushärtung der Füllmasse eine lineare Vorspannung des Ankers über seine gesamte Länge ermöglichen. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide an anchoring system and a method for its application, in which the power transmission of the steel anchor takes place in the support base over the entire anchoring length. The method of application should allow after curing of the filling compound a linear bias of the armature over its entire length.
[0008] Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst von einem Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe, das sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass der Ankerstab aus einer Formgedächtnis-Legierung („Shape Memory Alloy" - SMA) von polymorpher und polykristalliner Struktur besteht, welche durch Erhöhung ihrer Temperatur aus ihrem martensiten Zustand auf ihren austeniten Zustand bringbar ist, in welchem sie in einen vorgespannten Zustand übergeht wenn sie fest verankert (eingemörtelt) ist. This object is achieved by an anchoring system for solid support reasons, which is characterized in that the anchor rod made of a shape memory alloy ("Shape Memory Alloy" - SMA) of polymorphic and polycrystalline structure, which by increasing their temperature from their martensitic state can be brought to its austenite state, in which it passes into a prestressed state when it is firmly anchored (mortared).
[0009] Die Aufgabe wird weiter gelöst durch das Verfahren zur Applikation dieses Verankerungssystems, das sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass a) eine Ankerbohrung im zu verstärkenden Traggrund erstellt wird, The object is further achieved by the method for applying this anchoring system, which is characterized in that a) An anchor hole is created in the supporting ground to be reinforced,
b) ein Ankerstab aus einer Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) in Form einer Stange mit rauer Oberflächenstruktur in die Ankerbohrung gesetzt wird, c) der Raum zwischen Ankerstab und Wandung der Ankerbohrung vollständig mit einer hitzebeständigen Füllmasse verfüllt wird, b) a shape memory alloy (SMA) anchor rod in the form of a rod having a rough surface structure is placed in the anchor bore; c) the space between anchor rod and anchor bore wall is completely filled with a refractory filler;
d) der Ankerstab aus Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) nach Aushärtung der Füllmasse von seinem aus der Füllmasse herausragenden Stummel her durch Wärmeeinbringung auf die Temperatur seiner austeniten Phase erhitzt wird, sodass eine lineare Vorspannung innerhalb der Füllmasse erzeugt wird. d) the anchor rod made of shape memory alloy (SMA) after curing of the filling material from its protruding from the filling compound stub is heated by heat input to the temperature of its austenite phase, so that a linear bias is generated within the filling.
[0010] Anhand der Zeichnungen wird das Verankerungssystem vorgestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung beschrieben und seine Funktion und Wirkung wird erklärt. Ausserdem wird das Verfahren zum Applizieren diese Verankerungssystems beschrieben und erklärt. With reference to the drawings, the anchoring system is presented and described in the following description and its function and effect will be explained. In addition, the method of applying this anchoring system will be described and explained.
Es zeigt: It shows:
Figur 1 : Ein vorbereitetes Ankerloch; Figure 1: A prepared anchor hole;
Figur 2: Ein Ankerloch mit eingesetztem Ankerstab vor der Verfüllung des Figure 2: An anchor hole with inserted anchor rod before filling the
Ankerlochs;  Anchor hole;
Figur 3: Ein Ankerloch mit eingesetztem Ankerstab und Verfüllung des freibleibenden Raumes mit dem Verankerungsmedium, beim Einbringen von Wärme in den Gewindestab; Figure 3: An anchor hole with inserted anchor rod and backfilling of the remaining space with the anchoring medium, when introducing heat into the threaded rod;
Figur 4: Den fertig gesetzten und vorgespannten Anker. Figure 4: The finished set and prestressed anchor.
[001 1] Zunächst muss das Wesen von Formgedächtnis-Legierungen [engl. Shape Memory Ailoy (SMA)] verstanden werden. Es handelt sich um Legierungen, die eine bestimmte Struktur aufweisen, die wärmeabhängig veränderbar ist, jedoch nach Wärmeabfuhr wieder in ihren Ausgangszustand zurückkehrt. Wie andere Metalle und Legierungen, enthalten SMA's mehr als eine Kristallstruktur, sind also polymorph und somit polykristalline Metalle. Die dominierende Kristallstruktur der SMAs hängt einerseits von ihrer Temperatur ab, andrerseits von der von aussen wirkenden Spannung - sei es Zug oder Druck. Die Phase auf hoher Temperatur heisst austenit, jene auf der tiefen Temperatur martensit. Das Besondere an diesen SMAs ist, dass sie ihre initiale Struktur und Form nach Erhöhen der Temperatur in die hohe Temperaturphase wieder annehmen, auch wenn sie zuvor in der tiefen Temperaturphase deformiert wurden. Dieser Effekt kann ausgenutzt werden, um Vorspannkräfte in Baustrukturen zu applizieren. [001 1] First, the nature of shape memory alloys has to be considered. Shape Memory Ailoy (SMA)]. These are alloys that have a specific structure that can be changed depending on the heat, but returns to their initial state after heat dissipation. Like other metals and alloys, SMA's contain more than one crystal structure, so are polymorphic and thus polycrystalline metals. The dominant crystal structure of the SMAs depends on the one hand on their temperature, on the other hand on the externally acting tension - be it train or pressure. The high-temperature phase is called austenite, and the martensite at low temperature. The special feature of these SMAs is that they resume their initial structure and shape after raising the temperature to the high temperature phase, even if they were previously deformed in the low temperature phase. This effect can be exploited to apply prestressing forces in building structures.
[0012] Wenn keine Wärme künstlich in das SMA eingebracht oder aus ihm abgeführt wird, so befindet es sich auf der Umgebungstemperatur. Die SMAs sind innerhalb eines artspezifischen Temperaturbereichs stabil, das heisst ihre Struktur ändert sich innerhalb von gewissen Grenzen der mechanischen Belastung nicht. Für Anwendungen in der Baubranche im Aussenbereich wird der Schwankungsbereich der Umgebungstemperatur von -20°C bis +60°C vorausgesetzt. Innerhalb dieses Temperaturbandes sollte also ein SMA, das hier zum Einsatz kommt, seine Struktur nicht verändern. Die Transformations- Temperaturen, bei denen sich die Struktur des SMA's ändert, kann je nach Zusammensetzung der SMAs beträchtlich variieren. Die Transformationstemperaturen sind auch lastabhängig. Mit steigender mechanischer Belastung der SMA steigen auch seine Transformationstemperaturen. Wenn das SMA innerhalb gewisser Belastungsgrenzen stabil bleiben soll, so ist diesen Grenzen grosse Beachtung zu schenken. Werden SMAs für Bauverstärkungen eingesetzt, so muss nebst der Korrosionsbeständigkeit und Relaxationseffekte auch die Ermüdungsqualität der SMAs berücksichtigt werden, besonders wenn die Lasten über die Zeit variieren. Dabei unterscheidet man zwischen der strukturellen Ermüdung und der funktionelle Ermüdung. Die strukturelle Ermüdung betrifft die Akkumulation von mikrostrukturellen Defekten wie auch die Formation und die Ausbreitung von Oberflächen-Rissen, bis das Material letztendlich bricht. Die funktionelle Ermüdung hingegen ist die Folge der graduellen Degradation entweder des Formgedächtnis-Effektes oder der Dämpfungskapazität durch auftretende mikrostrukturelle Veränderungen im SMA. Das Letztere ist verbunden mit der Modifikation der Spannungs-Dehnungskurve unter zyklischer Belastung. Die Transformations-Temperaturen werden dabei ebenfalls verändert. If no heat is artificially introduced into the SMA or removed from it, so it is at the ambient temperature. The SMAs are stable within a species-specific temperature range, ie their structure does not change within certain limits of the mechanical load. For applications in the construction industry in the outdoor area, the fluctuation range of the ambient temperature of -20 ° C to + 60 ° C is required. Within this temperature band, therefore, an SMA used here should not change its structure. The transformation temperatures, at which the structure of the SMA changes, may vary considerably depending on the composition of the SMAs. The transformation temperatures are also load-dependent. As the mechanical load on SMA increases, its transformation temperatures also increase. If the SMA is to remain stable within certain load limits, then great attention must be paid to these limits. When SMAs are used for building reinforcement, the corrosion resistance and relaxation effects, as well as the fatigue quality of the SMAs must be taken into account, especially if the loads vary over time. A distinction is made between structural fatigue and functional fatigue. Structural fatigue involves the accumulation of microstructural defects as well as the formation and propagation of surface cracks until the material eventually breaks. Functional fatigue, on the other hand, is the result of the gradual degradation of either the shape memory effect or the damping capacity due to microstructural changes in the SMA. The latter is associated with the Modification of the stress-strain curve under cyclic load. The transformation temperatures are also changed.
[0013] Für das Aufnehmen von dauerhaften Lasten im Bausektor eignen sich SMA auf der Basis von Eisen Fe, Mangan Mn und Silizium Si, wobei die Zugabe von bis zu 10% Chrom Cr und Nickel Ni das SMA zu einem ähnlichen Korrosionsverhalten bringt wie rostfeier Stahl. In der Literatur findet man, dass die Zugabe von Kohlenstoff C, Kobalt Co, Kupfer Cu, Stickstoff N, Niobium Nb, Niobium-Karbid NbC, Vanadium-Stickstoff VN und Zirkonium-Karbid ZrC die Formgedächtnis- Eigenschaften in verschiedener Weise zu verbessern vermögen. Besonders gute Eigenschaften zeigt ein SMA aus Fe-Ni-Co-Ti, welches Lasten bis zu 1000 MPa aufnimmt, hoch resistent gegen Korrosion ist, und dessen obere Temperatur zur Überführung in den austeniten Zustand ca. 100°C beträgt. SMA on the basis of iron Fe, manganese Mn and silicon Si are suitable for picking up permanent loads in the construction sector, with the addition of up to 10% chromium Cr and nickel Ni bringing the SMA to a similar corrosion behavior as stainless steel , It is found in the literature that the addition of carbon C, cobalt Co, copper Cu, nitrogen N, niobium Nb, niobium carbide NbC, vanadium nitrogen VN and zirconium carbide ZrC can improve the shape memory properties in various ways. An SMA made of Fe-Ni-Co-Ti shows particularly good properties, which absorbs loads of up to 1000 MPa, is highly resistant to corrosion, and whose upper temperature for transferring to the austenite state is about 100 ° C.
[0014] Das vorliegende Verankerungssystem macht sich die Eigenschaften von SMAs zunutze. Die Anker in Form von Rundstählen mit rauen Oberflächen, zum Beispiel mit Gewindeoberflächen, werden in die Ankerbohrungen eingesetzt und die Ankerbohrungen mit einer hitzebeständige Polymer-Masse verfüllt, wodurch die Anker darin verankert werden. Als Besonderheit bestehen die Ankerstäbe aus einer Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA), welche so ausgelegt ist, dass durch Wärmeintrag die Legierung in ihren Ursprungszustand zurückkehrt, das heisst in einen kontrahierten Zustand. Werden die Ankerstäbe also auf die Temperatur für den austeniten Zustand erhitzt, so nehmen sie ihre ursprüngliche Form an und behalten diese bei, auch unter Last. Der erzielte Effekt ist, dass die in die hitzebeständige Füllmasse eingegossenen Ankerstäbe nach Erhitzung infolge der durch die Einbetonierung verhinderten Rückformung ihrer Formgedächtnis- Legierung (SMA) eine Vorspannung erzeugen, wobei sich diese Vorspannung gleichmässig bzw. linear über die gesamte Länge der Anker erstreckt. Die ausgehärtete Füllmasse gewährleistet, dass Anker in der Ankerbohrung mit sehr hohen dauerhaften Klebkräften verankert ist. The present anchoring system takes advantage of the characteristics of SMAs. The anchors in the form of round steels with rough surfaces, for example with threaded surfaces, are inserted into the anchor bores and the anchor bores are filled with a heat-resistant polymer mass, whereby the anchors are anchored therein. As a special feature, the anchor rods consist of a shape memory alloy (SMA), which is designed so that the alloy returns to its original state through heat input, that is, into a contracted state. Thus, when the tie rods are heated to the austenitic temperature, they assume their original shape and retain it, even under load. The effect achieved is that the anchor rods embedded in the heat-resistant filling compound produce a prestress after heating due to the reformation of their shape-memory alloy (SMA) prevented by the concreting in, this prestressing extending uniformly or linearly over the entire length of the anchors. The hardened filling compound ensures that anchors are anchored in the anchorage bore with very high permanent adhesive forces.
[0015] Für das praktische Setzen eines solchen Ankers wird daher wie folgt vorgegangen: Zunächst wird von der Aussenwand 1 der Baustruktur aus eine Ankerbohrung 3 im Beton 2 oder Fels erstellt, wie in Figur 1 dargestellt. Dann wird ein Anker 4 in Form einer Stahlstange aus einer Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) mit rauer Oberflächenstruktur in die Ankerbohrung 3 eingesetzt, sodass diese in der Bohrung möglichst koaxial verläuft, wie das in Figur 2 gezeigt ist. Eine Gewindestange eignet sich besonders wegen ihrer spezifischen Oberflächenstruktur als Ankerstab, wobei die Oberfläche eines Ankerstabes aber auch irgendwelche anders geformten Noppen oder Rippen aufweisen kann. Dann wird der Raum zwischen diesem Ankerstab 4 und der Wandung der Ankerbohrung 3 vollständig mit einer hitzebeständigen Füllmasse 5 verfüllt, vorteilhaft mit einer hitzebeständigen Polymermatrix. Dieser Zustand ist in Figur 3 gezeigt. Der Ankerstab ist jetzt fest in die ausgehärtete Füllmasse eingemörtelt. Im nächsten Schritt wird der Ankerstab 4 durch Wärmeeinbringung von seinem äusseren, aus der Ankerbohrung herausragenden Stummel her auf eine Temperatur zwischen 150°C und 300°C erhitzt. Das kann im einfachsten Fall mittels eines Gasbrenners erfolgen, indem dessen Flamme auf den aus der Ankerbohrung 3 herausragenden Stummel der Ankerstange 4 gerichtet wird. Vorteilhafter aber wird ein elektrisch oder mittels Gas betriebenes Heizgerät 7 aussen um den aus der Gebäudestruktur herausragenden Ankerstab 4 angelegt, und Wärme H wird von demselben kontrolliert in den Ankerstab 4 eingeleitet. Die Pfeile im Heizgerät 7 deuten den Wärmefluss vom Gerät in den Ankerstab 4 an. Die nötige Temperatur soll 150° bis 300°C betragen, je nach der eingesetzten Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) des Ankerstabs 4. Das Heizgerät 7 mit elektrischem Kabel 8 kann hierzu einen Temperaturfühler aufweisen, welcher auf dem herausragenden Ankerstab 4 anliegt und dessen Temperatur misst. Die Temperatur muss einfach sicherstellen, dass der Austen it-Zustand des Ankerstabs 4 über seine ganze Länge sicher erreicht wird. Es wird eine Zeitlang dauern, bis die Wärme H bis zuhinderst in das Ende des Ankerstabs 4 geflossen ist. Der Ankerstab 4 erwärmt auch die anliegende Füllmasse, weswegen diese hitzebeständig sein muss und wenigstens die erreichten Temperaturen von zwischen 150° bis 300° C unbeschadet aushalten muss, ohne ihre Struktur zu verändern. For the practical setting of such an anchor is therefore proceeded as follows: First, of the outer wall 1 of the building structure of a Anchor bore 3 created in concrete 2 or rock, as shown in Figure 1. Then, an armature 4 in the form of a steel rod made of a shape memory alloy (SMA) with a rough surface structure is inserted into the anchor hole 3 so that it runs as coaxially as possible in the bore, as shown in FIG. A threaded rod is particularly suitable because of their specific surface structure as an anchor rod, but the surface of an anchor rod can also have any other shaped nubs or ribs. Then, the space between this anchor rod 4 and the wall of the anchor hole 3 is completely filled with a heat-resistant filling compound 5, advantageously with a heat-resistant polymer matrix. This condition is shown in FIG. The anchor rod is now firmly mortared into the hardened filling compound. In the next step, the anchor rod 4 is heated by heating from its outer, protruding from the anchor hole stub forth to a temperature between 150 ° C and 300 ° C. This can be done in the simplest case by means of a gas burner by the flame is directed to the protruding from the anchor hole 3 stub of the anchor rod 4. More advantageously, however, an electric or gas-operated heater 7 is externally applied around the armature rod 4 protruding from the building structure, and heat H is introduced into the armature bar 4 in a controlled manner. The arrows in the heater 7 indicate the heat flow from the device in the anchor rod 4. The required temperature should be 150 ° to 300 ° C, depending on the used shape memory alloy (SMA) of the anchor rod 4. The heater 7 with electric cable 8 may for this purpose have a temperature sensor which rests on the protruding anchor rod 4 and measures its temperature , The temperature must simply ensure that the Austen it state of the anchor rod 4 is reached safely over its entire length. It will take a while for the heat H to flow into the end of the anchor rod 4 at least to the utmost extent. The anchor rod 4 also heats the applied filling compound, which is why it must be heat-resistant and at least must withstand the temperatures reached between 150 ° to 300 ° C without damage, without changing their structure.
[0016] Nach Abkühlung der Füllmasse 5 auf die Aussentemperatur bleibt der nun innerhalb seiner Verankerung vorgespannte Ankerstab 4 dank seiner Materialeigenschaft dauerhaft weiter vorgespannt, auf einem Zug von 200 bis 500 Mega-Pascal (1 MPa = 106 N/m2). Er kann mittels einer Gewindemutter 9 und einer Widerlagerplatte 10, welche auf die Aussenwand 1 um die Ankerbohrung 3 gelegt wird, auf dieselbe einwirken. Solchermassen befestigte Ankerstäbe 4 sind aber in jedem Fall über ihre gesamte Länge gleichmässig gespannt. After cooling of the filling compound 5 to the outside temperature of now biased within its anchorage anchor rod 4 remains thanks to his Material property permanently further biased, on a train of 200 to 500 mega pascals (1 MPa = 10 6 N / m 2 ). He can by means of a threaded nut 9 and an abutment plate 10, which is placed on the outer wall 1 to the anchor hole 3, act on the same. However anchor rods 4 fastened in such a way are in every case stretched uniformly over their entire length.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1 . Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe aller Art, mit einer Ankerbohrung (3) im Traggrund und in der Ankerbohrung (3) eingemörteltem Ankerstab (4), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Ankerstab (4) aus einer Formgedächtnis- Legierung (SMA) von polymorpher und polykristalliner Struktur besteht, welche durch Erhöhung ihrer Temperatur aus ihrem martensiten Zustand auf ihren austeniten Zustand bringbar ist, in welchem sie in einen vorgespannten Zustand übergeht wenn sie fest verankert (eingemörtelt) ist. 1 . Anchorage system for solid support surfaces of all kinds, with an anchor hole (3) in the support base and in the anchor hole (3) mortared anchor rod (4), characterized in that the anchor rod (4) made of a shape memory alloy (SMA) of polymorphic and polycrystalline structure which, by raising its temperature from its martensitic state, can be brought to its austenite state, in which it passes into a prestressed state when it is firmly anchored (mortared).
2. Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe aller Art nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Ankerstab (4) aus einer Formgedächtnis- Legierung (SMA) aus Eisen Fe, Mangan Mn und Silizium Si, mit einer Zugabe von bis zu 10% Chrom Cr und Nickel Ni besteht. 2. anchoring system for solid support surfaces of all kinds according to claim 1, characterized in that the anchor rod (4) of a shape memory alloy (SMA) of iron Fe, manganese Mn and silicon Si, with an addition of up to 10% chromium Cr and Nickel Ni exists.
3. Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe aller Art nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Ankerstab (4) aus einer Formgedächtnis- Legierung (SMA) aus Eisen Fe, Nickel Ni, Cobalt CO und Titanium Tl besteht, welche Lasten bis zu 1000 MPa aufnimmt und hoch resistent gegen Korrosion ist, und die einen Übergang in die austenite Phase auf ca. 100°C aufweist. 3. anchoring system for solid support surfaces of all kinds according to claim 1, characterized in that the anchor rod (4) consists of a shape memory alloy (SMA) of iron Fe, nickel Ni, cobalt CO and titanium Tl, which receives loads up to 1000 MPa and highly resistant to corrosion, and having a transition to the austenite phase at about 100 ° C.
4. Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Ankerstab (4) aus einer Formgedächtnis-Legierung besteht, die zusätzlich versetzt ist mit einem oder mehreren der folgenden Elemente: Kohlenstoff C, Kobalt Co, Kupfer Cu, Stickstoff N, Niobium Nb, Niobium-Karbid NbC, Vanadium-Stickstoff VN und Zirkonium-Karbid ZrC. 4. An anchoring system for solid support according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anchor rod (4) consists of a shape memory alloy, which is additionally offset with one or more of the following elements: carbon C, cobalt Co, copper Cu, nitrogen N, niobium Nb, niobium carbide NbC, vanadium nitrogen VN and zirconium carbide ZrC.
5. Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Ankerstab (4) aussen die Form eines Gewindestabes aufweist. 5. anchoring system for solid support according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anchor rod (4) outside the shape of a threaded rod.
6. Verankerungssystem für feste Traggründe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Oberfläche des Ankerstabs (4) mit unterschiedlich ausgerichtete Rippen nach Art von Armierungsstäben geformt ist. 6. anchoring system for solid support according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the surface of the anchor rod (4) is formed with differently oriented ribs in the manner of Armierungsstäben.
7. Verfahren zur Applikation dieses Verankerungssystems, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass 7. A method for applying this anchoring system, characterized in that
a) eine Ankerbohrung (3) im zu verstärkenden Traggrund (2) erstellt wird, b) ein Ankerstab (4) aus einer Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) in Form einer Stange mit rauer Oberflächenstruktur in die Ankerbohrung (3 gesetzt wird,  a) an anchor hole (3) is created in the support base (2) to be reinforced, b) an anchor rod (4) made of a shape memory alloy (SMA) in the form of a rod with a rough surface structure is placed in the anchor hole (3)
c) der Raum zwischen Ankerstab (4) und Wandung der Ankerbohrung (3) vollständig mit einer hitzebeständigen Füllmasse (5) verfüllt wird, d) der Ankerstab (4) aus Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) nach Aushärtung der Füllmasse (5) von seinem aus der Füllmasse herausragenden Stummel her durch Wärmeeinbringung auf die Temperatur seiner austeniten Phase erhitzt wird, sodass er infolge der verhinderten Kontraktion eine lineare Vorspannung innerhalb der Füllmasse (5) erzeugt.  c) the space between anchor rod (4) and wall of the anchor hole (3) is completely filled with a heat-resistant filling compound (5), d) the anchor rod (4) made of shape memory alloy (SMA) after curing of the filling compound (5) of his is heated from the filling material projecting stub forth by heat input to the temperature of its austenite phase, so that it produces a linear bias within the filling compound (5) due to the prevented contraction.
8. Verfahren zur Applikation dieses Verankerungssystems nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass unter 8. A method of applying this anchoring system according to claim 7, characterized in that under
c) der Raum zwischen Ankerstab (4) und Wandung der Ankerbohrung (3) vollständig mit einer hitzebeständigen Füllmasse (5) aus einer Polymerverbindung auf Zweikomponenten-Basis oder einer solchen auf zementöser Basis verfüllt wird,  c) the space between anchor rod (4) and wall of the anchor hole (3) is completely filled with a heat-resistant filling compound (5) made of a polymer compound based on two components or on a cementitious basis,
d) der Ankerstab (4) aus Formgedächtnis-Legierung (SMA) nach Aushärtung der Füllmasse (5) von seinem aus der Füllmasse (5) herausragenden Stummel her durch Wärmeeinbringung auf eine Temperatur zwischen 150°C und 300°C in seine austenite Phase überführt wird, sodass er infolge der verhinderten Kontraktion eine lineare Vorspannung innerhalb der Füllmasse (5) im Bereich von 200 bis 500 Mega-Pascal (1 MPa = 106 N/m2) erzeugt. d) the anchor rod (4) made of shape memory alloy (SMA) after hardening of the filling compound (5) from its from the filling compound (5) projecting stub forth by heat input to a Temperature between 150 ° C and 300 ° C is transferred to its austenite phase, so that he due to the prevented contraction, a linear bias within the filling mass (5) in the range of 200 to 500 mega pascals (1 MPa = 10 6 N / m 2 ) generated.
9. Verfahren zur Applikation dieses Verankerungssystems nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nach Vorspannung des Ankerstabes (4) in der Füllmasse (5) eine Widerlagerplatte (10) den Bereich um die Mündung der Ankerbohrung (3) aufgelegt wird und mit dem Ankerstab (4) verspannt wird. 9. A method for applying this anchoring system according to one of claims 7 to 8, characterized in that after biasing of the anchor rod (4) in the filling compound (5) an abutment plate (10) the area around the mouth of the anchor hole (3) is placed and with the anchor rod (4) is clamped.
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WO2014026299A1 (en) 2014-02-20
CH706824A2 (en) 2014-02-14
CA2882097A1 (en) 2014-02-20
CH706824B1 (en) 2016-10-14
CA2882097C (en) 2021-07-27
US20150218797A1 (en) 2015-08-06
US9476195B2 (en) 2016-10-25
EP2885439B1 (en) 2020-01-15
PT2885439T (en) 2020-04-21

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