EP2864265A2 - Vitrocéramiques de chalcogénures à propriétés photoélectriques et leur procédé de fabrication - Google Patents
Vitrocéramiques de chalcogénures à propriétés photoélectriques et leur procédé de fabricationInfo
- Publication number
- EP2864265A2 EP2864265A2 EP13744598.7A EP13744598A EP2864265A2 EP 2864265 A2 EP2864265 A2 EP 2864265A2 EP 13744598 A EP13744598 A EP 13744598A EP 2864265 A2 EP2864265 A2 EP 2864265A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- crystalline phase
- ceramic
- composition
- crystals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/08—Halides
- B01J27/122—Halides of copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/057—Selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/0573—Selenium; Compounds thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B32/00—Thermal after-treatment of glass products not provided for in groups C03B19/00, C03B25/00 - C03B31/00 or C03B37/00, e.g. crystallisation, eliminating gas inclusions or other impurities; Hot-pressing vitrified, non-porous, shaped glass products
- C03B32/02—Thermal crystallisation, e.g. for crystallising glass bodies into glass-ceramic articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
- C03C10/16—Halogen containing crystalline phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C15/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by etching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C19/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by mechanical means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/32—Non-oxide glass compositions, e.g. binary or ternary halides, sulfides or nitrides of germanium, selenium or tellurium
- C03C3/321—Chalcogenide glasses, e.g. containing S, Se, Te
- C03C3/323—Chalcogenide glasses, e.g. containing S, Se, Te containing halogen, e.g. chalcohalide glasses
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
- C03C4/14—Compositions for glass with special properties for electro-conductive glass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/20—Electrodes
- H10F77/244—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. transparent conductive oxide [TCO] layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2204/00—Glasses, glazes or enamels with special properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to chalcogenetic glass-ceramides having photoelectric properties, their method of manufacture, and the use of such glass-ceramics for photovoltaic or photocatalytic applications.
- a glass is defined as a non-crystalline solid exhibiting the glass transition phenomenon. It has an amorphous structure due to the freezing of the liquid during the synthesis and only presents a short-range order. A glass is not very resistant to mechanical shocks due to the presence of defects within it, it is also defined as brittle and fragile.
- glasses of oxides, fluorides, metallic, organic and chalcogenide glasses These are often based on sulfur (S), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te).
- Chalcogenide glasses are now studied for their large range of transmission that extends from the visible to the infrared, they are especially marketed for thermal imaging. Chalcogenide glasses have relatively weak chemical bonds, which gives them poor thermomechanical properties. In order to overcome these properties, glass-ceramics have been manufactured by simple thermal treatment of chalcogenide glasses. Considered today as a material in its own right, glass ceramics are defined as composites consisting of crystals within a vitreous matrix. Their mechanical (toughness, hardness, etc.), optical and thermal properties are modified thanks to the birth of crystallites of various sizes within the structure.
- WO 2005/005334 describes chalcoceramics of chalcogenides having a transparency in the infrared.
- the photoelectric effect consists of creating electron / hole pairs in a material when it is exposed to illumination. The electrons are excited by a flow of photons, due to the illumination, and are then more or less free to move in the structure. The energy of the absorbed photon creates a pair of free carriers: an electron (or photoelectron) in the conduction band and a hole in the valence band. The electron / hole pair then generates an electric current called photocurrent.
- the potential applications of the photoelectric effect are numerous, the photocurrent can be either measured to serve as detectors (photodiode, photocell) or harvested to provide electricity (photovoltaic cell).
- titanium dioxide ( ⁇ 2) is today the most studied photocatalyst.
- this material has a relatively low absorption rate of sunlight (about 4%) because it has a forbidden band corresponding to a light irradiation in the near-UV spectral region.
- Document FR-B1-2,831,467 describes a photocatalyst comprising TiO 2 .
- the object of the invention is in particular to provide a simple, effective and economical solution to the abovementioned problems of the prior art by means of a material that can be used for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications and that does not have the problems of the abovementioned materials. prior art.
- the invention proposes a chalcogenide glass-ceramic whose composition comprises, in mol%, Ge + Sn + Pb 3-25
- M is a transition metal such that Cu and X is a halogen such as I, Cl or Br, and the sum of all the molar percentages of the composition is equal to 100,
- the glass-ceramic comprising at least one crystalline phase, characterized in that the crystallization rate and the crystal dimensions in the crystalline phase are such that the crystals are substantially in contact with each other so that this crystalline phase exhibits a crystalline phase.
- electrical conductivity greater than or equal to 10 -4 s cm -1 which increases under illumination due to the creation of charge carriers within the crystalline phase.
- the crystalline phase thus has semiconducting properties, the charge carriers created within the crystalline phase under illumination being mobile and causing the formation of a photo-current in the glass-ceramic.
- the lifetime of the minority charge carriers is for example typically between 10-20 s.
- the subject of the invention is therefore a material having particularly advantageous photoelectric properties, in particular because it is capable of generating a relatively large photo-current when the material is subjected to a light radiation, for example visible.
- This material does not have the drawbacks of the aforementioned materials of the prior art in particular because it can absorb wavelengths in the field of UV and visible and that its manufacturing process is relatively simple and inexpensive.
- the inventors have found that the electrical properties of a chalcogenide glass can be significantly improved through training of crystallites in which the charge carriers are mobile.
- the size of the crystals and the degree of crystallization can be optimized so that the crystals are substantially in contact with one another.
- the inventors have observed a continuous increase in the electrical conductivity of the glass-ceramic as a function of the ceramization time (FIG. 2).
- the chalcogenide glass-ceramic is able to generate mobile charge carriers when exposed to light, which creates a photo-current.
- the crystals generated thus fundamentally change the electrical properties of the starting glasses which are electrical insulators.
- charge carriers are understood to mean a particle carrying an electric charge (the electrons carry a negative charge and the holes carry a positive charge). When moving, the charge carriers create an electric current.
- the majority charge carriers are the electrons and the minority charge carriers are the holes.
- crystals or crystallites substantially in contact is meant crystals which are in physical contact with one another or which are in the immediate vicinity of each other (the inter-crystal distances then being very small, for example of the order of the nanometer).
- the vitreous phase which is electrically insulating (because the carriers created charge are immobile in this phase), extends between the crystals and thus hinders the mobility of the charge carriers.
- Each crystal may not be in contact with all the other crystals and all the crystals are not necessarily in contact with at least one other crystal.
- the glass-ceramic may comprise one or more crystalline phases, each crystalline phase may comprise a certain amount of crystals which are in contact with one another and are capable of generating carriers of mobile charges and therefore a photo-current. The greater the number of crystals in contact, the greater the conductivity of the glass-ceramic.
- the chalcogenide glasses are electrically insulating
- the chalcogenetic glass-ceramides according to the invention thus have a significant electrical conductivity and increase under illumination. This is made possible by a strong absorption of light visible by the material, which produces mobile charge carriers capable of moving within the crystalline phase.
- the charge carriers have a long life (typically between 10-20 s) and do not recombine quickly, which gives the material increased electrical conductivity when illuminated.
- the electrical conductivity of the glass-ceramics according to the invention may be between 1 and 10 -4 s cm -1 , preferably between 10 -4 and 10 -1 s. cm “1 , more preferably between 10 " 3 and 10 "1 s “ cm “1 , and for example between 10 " 2 and 10 "1 s. cm “1 .
- Controlled crystallization of chalcogenide glasses thus makes it possible to significantly increase their electrical conductivity and their photoelectric properties.
- the glass-ceramics according to the invention are then comparable to semiconductors.
- the glass ceramic may have a behavior of the type n, the type p, or the type p and n.
- the same glass-ceramic may comprise several distinct crystalline phases that may have the same behavior (p / n) or behaviors different from each other.
- the applications of this type of material relate generally to the transformation of solar energy into electrical or chemical energy.
- Chalcogenide glass ceramics have the advantage of having a direct band gap (between 1 and 2 eV approximately) and therefore relatively light absorption coefficients. important. Furthermore, they can be made in the form of a thin layer (thickness of the order of 1 to 2 ⁇ for example), which reduces the amount of material used.
- the charge carriers generated within the glass-ceramic may be p type, n type, or p and n type.
- the glass-ceramics of chalcogenides according to the invention can thus be equipped with p-n junctions particularly useful for the manufacture of photovoltaic solar cells for example.
- the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy represents the photocatalytic effect.
- the glass-ceramics of chalcogenides according to the invention have the advantage of having a high chemical stability.
- the chalcogenide glass-ceramic according to the invention may have one of the following compositions: GeSe 2 - Sb 2 Si 3 - Cul; SnSe2 - Sb2Se3 - Ass; PbSe 2 - Sb 2 Se 3 - Ass; GeSe 2 - As 2 Se 3 - Ass; GeSe 2 - ln 2 Se 3 - Ass; GeSe 2 - Bi 2 Se 3 - Ass; GeTe 2 - Sb 2 Se 3 - Ass; GeSe 2 - Sb 2 Se 3 - CuCl and GeSe 2 - Sb 2 Se 3 - CuBr.
- composition of the glass-ceramic according to the invention comprises, for example, in mol%,
- the glass-ceramic may be free from one or more of the following elements: Ga, Ge, S, Cs, Zn, Cd, Rb, Na, K, B and La. Some of these elements may not be used because of their toxicity. (such as Cd) and others because of their rarity and therefore their cost (such as Ge, In, Ga).
- the glass-ceramic has the following composition GeSe2 - Sb2Se3 - Cul, whose respective molar percentages are:
- the degree of crystallization (which can be defined as the ratio of the total volume occupied by the crystals or crystallites to the volume of the crystalline phase or the glass-ceramic) of the crystalline phase can be greater than 50%, preferably greater than at 70%, and more preferably greater than or equal to 80% by volume.
- the degree of crystallization may be between 50 and 100%, preferably between 60 and 95%, more preferably between 70 and 90%, and for example between 80 and 90%.
- the crystals of the crystalline phase may have a mean diameter of between 0.1 m and 10 ⁇ , preferably between 0.5 and 5 ⁇ , and more preferably between 1 and 3 ⁇ .
- their length can be between 0.1 and 10 ⁇ , and preferably between 1 and 5 ⁇ .
- the crystal form factor can have an influence on their rate and size within the crystalline phase, so that the crystals are substantially in contact with each other and allow the crystalline phase to have the above photoelectric properties.
- the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a glass-ceramic, from a chalcogenide glass whose composition comprises, in mol%, Ge + Sn + Pb 3-25
- M is a transition metal such that Cu and X is a halogen such as I, Cl or Br, and the sum of all the molar percentages of the composition is equal to 100,
- crystalline phase characterized in that it comprises a step of subjecting the glass to a heat treatment whose duration and time are determined to create at least one crystalline phase in the glass, the crystallization rate and the dimensions of at least some crystals of the crystalline phase being such that the crystals are substantially in contact with each other so that this crystalline phase has an electrical conductivity greater than or equal to 10 -4 sec cm -1 , which increases under illumination due to the creation of charge carriers within the crystalline phase.
- the method according to the invention may comprise one or more of the following additional steps:
- the duration of the heat treatment may depend on the treatment temperature. It is for example between 1 and 15h and preferably between 3 and 6h.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is for example greater by more than 10 °, preferably by more than 30 °, and more preferably by at least 50 ° of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the glass.
- the temperature of the heat treatment can be between Tg + 10 ° C and Tg + 150 ° C, preferably between Tg + 20 ° C and Tg + 100 ° C, more preferably between Tg + 40 ° C and Tg + 70 ° C .
- the duration of the heat treatment may be greater than 1 h, preferably greater than 2 h, and more preferably greater than 3 h for the crystalline phase to generate a photo-current of the p and n type.
- the duration of the heat treatment can be between 1 and 10h, preferably between 2 and 8h, and more preferably between 3 and 6h.
- the invention also relates to the use of a glass-ceramic as described above, for the production of electricity by photovoltaic effect, or for the degradation or transformation of a chemical or biological substance by photocatalytic effect, and in particular pollutant degradation, hydrogen generation, CO2 reduction.
- the invention finally relates to a product chosen from a photovoltaic cell, a means of degradation or transformation of a chemical or biological substance such as a pollutant, water or CO2, characterized in that it comprises at least a glass-ceramic as described above.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the evolution of the nucleation rate and the growth rate of crystallites of a glass-ceramic as a function of temperature (T);
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the evolution of the electrical conductivity ( ⁇ ) of a chalcogenide glass-ceramic according to the invention as a function of the duration (t) of a heat treatment at 250 ° C. for a specific composition;
- FIG. 3 is a very schematic view of an assembly for measuring the photo-current generated by a chalcogenide glass-ceramic according to the invention
- FIGS. 4 to 8 represent photoelectric analysis curves of various chalcogenetic glass-ceramic samples according to the invention, and representing the evolution of the current (I) generated in the samples as a function of an applied potential (E);
- FIGS. 9 and 10 are SEM images of two vitroceramics of chalcogenides according to the invention.
- FIGS. 11 to 25 represent photoelectric analysis curves of other samples of chalcogenide glass-ceramics according to the invention.
- a glass-ceramic and a ceramized glass are two expressions for the same material obtained by ceramizing a glass of the same composition.
- the chalcogenide glasses contain at least one chalcogen element, such as S, Se, or Te.
- the elements S and Se are capable of vitrifying individually and are therefore excellent glass formers.
- These elements are generally associated with one or more other elements such as silicon, germanium, gallium, or else with pseudo-chalcogenic elements which are arsenic, antimony, bismuth in order to improve certain properties according to the envisaged applications.
- Chalcogenide glasses have the distinction of being transparent in the far infrared.
- the chalcogenide glasses containing sulfur are transparent from visible to 1 1 ⁇ and display shades ranging from yellow to red.
- glasses containing selenium or tellurium are generally not transparent in the visible and are characterized by a black appearance having a metallic reflection.
- Se or tellurium glasses have a bandgap width of less than 1.4 eV. ; they absorb all the electromagnetic waves of the visible range and the UV.
- the glasses obtained can transmit up to 15 ⁇ for selenides and more than 20 ⁇ for tellurium glasses.
- selenium-based chalcogenide glasses are electrical insulators. Glasses containing predominantly tellurium, such as for example Te 75 Gei 5 Gaio can be semiconductors and can produce a low photocurrent.
- Chalcogens have a non-negligible vapor pressure when they are melted.
- chalcogenide glasses are generally synthesized in a vacuum sealed silica tube, which is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the synthesis of glasses Chalcogenides were carried out in a vacuum silica mount to avoid contaminating the feedstock with oxygen or impurities.
- a vacuum trap filled with nitrogen is used to condense potential volatiles and improve vacuum.
- the raw materials are heated slowly (2 ° C / min) to a temperature of 830 ° C and maintained at this temperature for ten hours to properly homogenize the mixture.
- the temperature is then lowered to 750 ° C and the reaction mixture is quenched in water at room temperature.
- it is annealed at a temperature close to its glass transition temperature for a few hours.
- the glass is finally slowly cooled to room temperature and then removed from the silica tube.
- these glasses Associated with their transmission domain, these glasses have relatively weak chemical bonds leading to poor thermomechanical properties compared to oxide glasses, for example.
- One of the techniques to improve these properties is to manufacture composite materials such as glass-ceramics.
- Chalcogenide glasses based on Ge, Se and Sb and containing copper iodide were studied (xGeSe2-ySb2Se3-zCul). It turns out that the contribution of copper in the form of Cul makes it possible to obtain a broad vitreous domain. The result was confirmed by introducing up to 38 mol% of Cul in the GeSe2-Sb2Se3 binary diagram. It is well known that the glassy area can be considerably expanded with faster quenching speed.
- One of the motivations for introducing Cu + into the glass is the possibility of obtaining a photosensitive material and that metal particles may precipitate with laser illumination for example.
- the glasses selected for the study have a Tg greater than 200 ° C. and have a difference between the crystallization temperature Tx and the Tg greater than 100 ° C. It is generally accepted that glasses having a ⁇ greater than 100 ° C are considered sufficiently stable to be shaped by fiber drawing or by hot pressing.
- the duration and temperature of heat treatment to partially crystallize the glass are determined according to the stability of the sample and the size of the crystals that it is desired to obtain.
- the glass-ceramics are cooled in ambient air before undergoing annealing at 10 ° C. under Tg in order to reduce the mechanical stresses within the vitreous matrix.
- An example of a nucleation and growth rate is shown in FIG. 1, the control of this speed being well known to those skilled in the art.
- the most used method in the industrial environment is to achieve a nucleation step at a temperature slightly higher than Tg followed by a second so-called growth stage, this technique is possible when the glass nucleation and crystal growth temperatures have been increased. previously determined by thermodynamic study.
- the glasses selected during the study of the vitreous diagram underwent a heat treatment of 10 to 20 ° C above Tg in periods ranging from 1 to 5 hours.
- the inventors have found that low annealing times cause a very slight shift in the beginning of transmission and high transmission losses at long wavelengths. These transmission losses, recorded only for ceramized glasses and regardless of the composition treated, increase from a wavelength of 2 ⁇ . These transmission losses are similar to those observed in GaSb type III-V semiconductors. The transmission losses are here caused by the presence of free charge carriers.
- p is the resistivity (Q.cm)
- V is the measured voltage (V)
- I is the applied intensity (A)
- e is the thickness of the sample (cm)
- ⁇ is the conductivity (Q ⁇ 1 .cm ⁇ 1 ) and 4.5325 is a constant related to the apparatus.
- the conductivity of the glass-ceramic is greater than 10 -4 sec cm -1 after one hour of heat treatment at 250 ° C. and greater than 10 -2 s.cm -1 after 5 hours of treatment.
- Transmission spectra were recorded on glasses of a first series of composition 50GeSe2-50Sb2Se3 + yCul in order to study their optical properties.
- the transmission measurements were made over a wavelength range of 750 nm to 2000 nm using a Perkin-Elmer-Lambda 1050 spectrometer.
- the transmission spectrum in the MIR and the FIR was realized. with a Bruker T37 FT-IR spectrometer.
- the samples are measured in the form of polished pellets 1 to 2 mm thick.
- the bandgap wavelengths and their associated energies are summarized in Table 2.
- the bandgap of each glass was calculated from the Beer-Lambert law. Composition Series (mol%)
- the value of the forbidden band is shifted towards the longest wavelengths when the proportion of Cul increases.
- the difference between the conduction band (BC) and the valence band (BV) decreases from 1.34 eV (10% Cul) to 1.26 eV (30% Cul).
- the different characteristic temperatures of the glasses were measured and grouped together in Table 3 so as to study their thermomechanical properties.
- the characteristic glass temperatures were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) using TA Q20. All measurements were made in a temperature range between 20 ° C and 450 ° C, at a heating rate of 5 ° C / min and in bulk samples of mass between 5 mg and 10 mg.
- the analyzes were carried out under an inert gas (N 2 ) to avoid any reaction of the material with the furnace atmosphere.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases as the proportion of Cul increases, it varies between 247 ° C and 195 ° C. A drop of approximately 50 ° C between the GeSe 2 -Sb 2 Se 3 base glass and the 35GeSe 2 -35Sb 2 Se3-30Cul composition glass can be noted. These glasses have a low thermal stability, in fact only two compositions have a value of ⁇ of the order of 100 ° C. The stability of the glass tends to decrease when the level of Cul increases.
- Table 4 presents the results of the transmission measurements made on these glasses. The values of band gap energies were calculated from their wavelengths.
- the characteristic temperatures of the glasses of the second series were determined by DSC analysis. The results are summarized in Table 5.
- Table 5 Characteristic temperatures of the glasses of the second series
- the glass transition temperature T g varies between 204 ° C and 214 ° C, it increases when the GeSe2 Sb2Se3 ratio increases.
- Photoelectric measurements have been made on several chalcogenide glass-ceramic compositions, the composition of which is as follows: 40GeSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3 -20Cul.
- FIG. 3 represents an assembly for measuring the photo-current generated by these glass-ceramics.
- Each glass ceramic 10 was prepared as a pellet embedded in an epoxy resin and then polished to obtain a very flat and smooth surface. Photocurrent measurements can be made by contact between a copper wire 14 and the pellet. The contact is made using a silver lacquer which is embedded in the resin.
- the pellet is immersed in a solution of 0.5M LiClO 4 .
- the photoelectric measurements were made using a three-electrode assembly:
- a reference electrode 18 (Ag / AgCl)
- a working electrode 20 (the pellet 10).
- a potential difference is set and measured between the reference electrode 18 and the working electrode 20, and an intensity is measured between the auxiliary electrode 16 and the working electrode 20.
- the chip is illuminated by a 150 W white light lamp 24 having a lighting intensity of 30 W / cm 2 .
- the reference 28 in FIG. 3 very schematically denotes the power supply means and the measurement means used. Data were recorded for applied potentials ranging from -1 V to +1 V.
- Figures 4 to 7 show the photoelectric analysis curves of the above ceramized samples (with heat treatment times of 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 10 h, respectively).
- a photo-current is visible by an increase in the absolute value of the current detected when the sample is illuminated.
- each photo-current is characterized by a sudden change in the current. Due to the repeated interruption of the illumination by the shutter disk 26, the curves comprise several current jumps which induce the curve a serrated or crenellated shape, each tooth representing the creation of a photo-current. The amplitude of this jump of current makes it possible to determine the value of the photo-current (here in ⁇ ).
- n-type and p-type When a photo-current is generated both in the reduction phase and the oxidation phase of the sample (voltammetry curve), this indicates that the sample is n-type and p-type at the same time. This behavior is exceptional and can be very useful for the design of materials to build the p-n junction of a solar cell for example.
- the doping (n, p, or n and p) of a glass-ceramic according to the invention can also be determined by the Van der Pauw method, which is known to those skilled in the art.
- Table 6 groups together the different n-type and p-type photo-current values as a function of the ceramization time of a glass of composition 40GeSe2-40Sb2Se3-20Cul.
- the intensity of this photo-current may depend on a number of parameters such as the conductivity, the thickness of the sample and the number of charge carriers created under illumination.
- the photo-current is stable over time.
- composition 40GeSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se3-20Cul ceramized for 6 hours at T g + 50 ° C was measured. It has been previously polished after ceramization, before being included in a resin.
- Figure 8 shows the photoelectric analysis curve of this sample. A sharp increase in the n-type photo-current (40 ⁇ ) compared to the unpolished sample is then observed (FIG. 6). The photo-current of type p decreases slightly (55 ⁇ ). It can thus be concluded that surface ceramization and ceramization inside the glass are different, which has an influence on the photoelectric effect of the glass. Scanning electron microscopy analyzes were then performed on the glass composition 40GeSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3 -20Cu I.
- the MEB-EDS analysis also made it possible to determine the composition in the center of the glass.
- the inventors have also tried to determine if there is a difference in composition between the edges of the glasses and the center of the sample.
- EDS OXFORD LINK ISIS Energy Dispersive Spectrometer
- Tables 7 and 8 respectively group the different atomic compositions measured samples ceramized 3h and 6h at T g + 50 ° C.
- the results 1 to 9 represent the measurement points, moving away from the edge of the sample, over a distance of approximately 30 ⁇ .
- composition of our sample and the theoretical composition are generally the same. We do not notice any major difference between the composition in the center of our glass and the edge of the sample. The difference in photo-current values between the unpolished and repolished samples therefore does not seem to be explained by the variation in composition between the center and the edge of the glass. This difference This could be explained by the fact that the larger crystals in the center of the glass-ceramic are more easily in contact with each other and represent a higher percentage by volume than smaller crystals at the edge of the glass-ceramic.
- composition (Atomic%)
- Table 7 Atomic compositions of glass 40GeSe2-40Sb2Se3-20Cultified ceramic 3h
- composition (Atomic%)
- Table 8 Atomic compositions of glass 40GeSe2-40Sb2Se3-20Cultified ceramic 6h
- FIG. 11 represents the photoelectric analysis curve of another sample of composition 40GeSe2-40Sb2Se3-20Cul ceramized at
- the glass-ceramic makes it possible to produce a relatively stable photo-current under illumination.
- composition 40MSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3-20Ag Other glasses of composition 40MSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se3-20Cul were tested, M being Sn or Pb. Photoelectric measurements were carried out on the compositions 40SnSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3 -20Cul and 40PbSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3 - 20Cul.
- the glasses were synthesized according to the sealed tubes method.
- the samples obtained were completely (40PbSe 2 - 40Sb 2 Se 3 -20Cul) or partially (40SnSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3 -20Cul) crystallized. Each of these samples was polished and included in resin for photocurrent measurements.
- Photoelectric measurements were performed on the sample composition 40SnSe 2 -40Sb 2 Se 3 -20Cul.
- Figure 12 shows the photoelectric analysis curve. A p-type photo-current of about 10 ⁇ and a n-type photoinflict of about 3 ⁇ are observed.
- composition of glasses 40GeSe 2 -40As 2 Se 3 -20Cul tested and photoelectric measurements were performed on these glasses after heat treatments of different durations.
- Table 9 groups the different photocurrent values of type n and p as a function of the cerating time.
- compositions tested have been tested to determine their thermal conductivity as well as their ability to generate photocurrent.
- the compositions tested are indicated in the following tables.
- Table 10 shows the resistance and electrical conductivity of some of the above compositions.
- the inventors have found that the composition of chalcogenide glass-ceramics has an influence on their electrical conductivity and their ability to generate a photo-current under illumination. They also found that the requirement of contact or low proximity between the crystals of the glass-ceramics was important to generate a photo-current.
- the duration of the heat treatment and the crystallization rate of the glass-ceramics may be different depending on the compositions under consideration, to create at least one crystalline phase comprising crystals in contact with each other.
- chalcogenetic glass-ceramides can be used to produce electricity by photovoltaic effect (photodiode, a photovoltaic cell), or to degrade or transform a photovoltaic cell. chemical or biological substance by photocatalytic effect. In the latter case, glass-ceramics can be used to degrade pollutants, generate hydrogen by decomposing water, reduce CO2, etc.
- the first is to grind the glass ceramic so as to obtain a powder of particle size less than 100 nm.
- the second method is to make a selective etching on the surface of the glass ceramic taking advantage of the difference in solubility of the crystalline phases and the glassy phase, which can increase its surface area for example by a factor of about 7000 .
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1255801A FR2992310B1 (fr) | 2012-06-20 | 2012-06-20 | Vitroceramiques de chalcogenures a proprietes photoelectriques et leur procede de fabrication |
| PCT/FR2013/051432 WO2013190235A2 (fr) | 2012-06-20 | 2013-06-19 | Vitrocéramiques de chalcogénures à propriétés photoélectriques et leur procédé de fabrication |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2864265A2 true EP2864265A2 (fr) | 2015-04-29 |
Family
ID=46889228
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13744598.7A Withdrawn EP2864265A2 (fr) | 2012-06-20 | 2013-06-19 | Vitrocéramiques de chalcogénures à propriétés photoélectriques et leur procédé de fabrication |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9492815B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2864265A2 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN104755440B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2992310B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013190235A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10099957B2 (en) * | 2015-06-17 | 2018-10-16 | Schott Corporation | Infrared transmission chalcogenide glasses |
| CN108290773B (zh) * | 2015-11-20 | 2020-10-16 | Agc株式会社 | 光学玻璃 |
| WO2018232185A1 (fr) * | 2017-06-14 | 2018-12-20 | Flir Commercial Systems, Inc. | Systèmes de lentilles et procédés de fabrication |
| CN109786485A (zh) * | 2017-11-15 | 2019-05-21 | 张家港市六福新材料科技有限公司 | 半导体材料及其制备方法、太阳能电池 |
| CN109999846B (zh) * | 2019-04-02 | 2020-08-11 | 浙江大学 | 一种少层GeTe纳米片@TiO2纳米棒复合光阳极及制备方法 |
| CN110981205A (zh) * | 2019-12-25 | 2020-04-10 | 中建材蚌埠玻璃工业设计研究院有限公司 | 一种处理放射性铯污染土壤用微晶玻璃的制备方法 |
| CN118515501B (zh) * | 2023-08-23 | 2026-04-03 | 许昌学院 | 一种碘化亚铜陶瓷釉及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2831467B1 (fr) | 2001-10-29 | 2003-12-19 | Sicat | Photocatalyseur et procede de purification d'effluents gazeux par photocatalyse d'oxydation |
| FR2857354B1 (fr) * | 2003-07-07 | 2005-09-16 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Composition vitreuses, de type vitroceramique, transparentes dans l'infrarouge |
| CN101215092B (zh) * | 2008-01-10 | 2012-04-04 | 武汉理工大学 | 具有倍频功能的透红外硫系卤化物玻璃陶瓷及其制备方法 |
| FR2967524B1 (fr) * | 2010-11-16 | 2013-07-19 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Dispositif thermoélectrique et procédé d'utilisation du dispositif dans un véhicule |
-
2012
- 2012-06-20 FR FR1255801A patent/FR2992310B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-06-19 CN CN201380044154.4A patent/CN104755440B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-06-19 US US14/409,635 patent/US9492815B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-06-19 EP EP13744598.7A patent/EP2864265A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-06-19 WO PCT/FR2013/051432 patent/WO2013190235A2/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2013190235A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150196898A1 (en) | 2015-07-16 |
| CN104755440B (zh) | 2018-07-27 |
| FR2992310A1 (fr) | 2013-12-27 |
| WO2013190235A3 (fr) | 2014-03-13 |
| WO2013190235A2 (fr) | 2013-12-27 |
| CN104755440A (zh) | 2015-07-01 |
| FR2992310B1 (fr) | 2014-07-25 |
| US9492815B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP2864265A2 (fr) | Vitrocéramiques de chalcogénures à propriétés photoélectriques et leur procédé de fabrication | |
| Oh et al. | Solar-blind metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors based on an exfoliated β-Ga2O3 micro-flake | |
| JP6302405B2 (ja) | ヘテロ接合太陽電池を処理する方法および太陽電池の製造方法 | |
| Ren et al. | Fundamental physical characterization of Sb2Se3-based quasi-homojunction thin film solar cells | |
| Liang et al. | Ion doping simultaneously increased the carrier density and modified the conduction type of Sb2Se3 thin films towards quasi-homojunction solar cell | |
| CN101868862A (zh) | 紫外线用光电探测器及其制造方法 | |
| Nwofe et al. | Thickness dependent optical properties of thermally evaporated SnS thin films | |
| Rani et al. | Structural, morphological, optical and compositional characterization of spray deposited Ga doped ZnO thin film for dye-sensitized solar cell application | |
| CN102496638A (zh) | 深能级杂质掺杂的晶体硅红外探测器及其制备方法 | |
| US20130298992A1 (en) | Photovoltaic device | |
| TW201133887A (en) | Thin-film photoelectric conversion device | |
| Chetri et al. | Modification of defects in SnO2 nanowire arrays by gallium doping for enhanced photodetection | |
| US20110265875A1 (en) | Copper and indium based photovoltaic devices and associated methods | |
| JP2009130013A (ja) | 酸化ガリウム基板用電極の製造方法及びそれにより製造される酸化ガリウム基板用電極 | |
| Mulama et al. | Optical properties and Raman studies of amorphous Se-Bi thin films | |
| JP5357632B2 (ja) | 光電変換装置 | |
| JP7362734B2 (ja) | V族ドーピングを有する光起電デバイスの緩衝層 | |
| US20130160810A1 (en) | Photovoltaic device and method of making | |
| Afzal et al. | Exploring the impact of air annealing on zinc sulfide thin films for enhancing ultraviolet photodetection in environmental monitoring applications | |
| Yang et al. | Bandgap engineered ultraviolet photodetectors with gallium-zinc-oxide via co-sputtering method | |
| Singh et al. | Pulsed laser deposition of transition metal dichalcogenides-based heterostructures for efficient photodetection | |
| WO2023236106A1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire à film mince à base de cdte avec un profil d'indice de réfraction gradué dans la couche absorbante à base de cdte et cellule solaire à film mince à base de cdte avec un profil d'indice de réfraction gradué | |
| Hussein et al. | Laser pulse tuning for optimized photodetector performance in CsPbI3/Si heterojunctions | |
| Ele et al. | Influence of Magnesium Doping Concentrations and annealing on the Transmittance and Energy Band-gap of Sb2S3 Thin Films Deposited via Chemical Bath Deposition Technique | |
| El-Mahalawy et al. | Synergistic enhancement of the polychromatic light photodetection properties of in doped CdSe-based devices triggered by the effect of substrate temperature |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20141212 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: ZHANG, XIANGHUA Inventor name: MA, HONG LI Inventor name: LAFOND, ALAIN Inventor name: XU, YANG Inventor name: CALVEZ, LAURENT Inventor name: FAN, XIANPING |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20170313 |
|
| GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
| INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20190701 |
|
| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: LAFOND, ALAIN Inventor name: FAN, XIANPING Inventor name: ZHANG, XIANGHUA Inventor name: XU, YANG Inventor name: MA, HONG LI Inventor name: CALVEZ, LAURENT |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20191112 |