EP2841532A1 - Reactor and method for gasifying and/or cleaning a starting material - Google Patents

Reactor and method for gasifying and/or cleaning a starting material

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Publication number
EP2841532A1
EP2841532A1 EP13718509.6A EP13718509A EP2841532A1 EP 2841532 A1 EP2841532 A1 EP 2841532A1 EP 13718509 A EP13718509 A EP 13718509A EP 2841532 A1 EP2841532 A1 EP 2841532A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal bath
reactor vessel
reactor
starting material
vessel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13718509.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Adam Handerek
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP2841532A1 publication Critical patent/EP2841532A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/30—Loose or shaped packing elements, e.g. Raschig rings or Berl saddles, for pouring into the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J19/0013—Controlling the temperature of the process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B49/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
    • C10B49/14—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot liquids, e.g. molten metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/34—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00002—Chemical plants
    • B01J2219/00027—Process aspects
    • B01J2219/0004—Processes in series
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00121—Controlling the temperature by direct heating or cooling
    • B01J2219/00123—Controlling the temperature by direct heating or cooling adding a temperature modifying medium to the reactants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00139—Controlling the temperature using electromagnetic heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
    • B01J2219/302—Basic shape of the elements
    • B01J2219/30207—Sphere
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
    • B01J2219/304—Composition or microstructure of the elements
    • B01J2219/30408—Metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a reactor for gasifying and / or purifying a starting material, in particular for depolymerizing plastics material, with (a) a reactor vessel for receiving the starting material, in particular the plastics material, (b ) a metal bath disposed in the reactor vessel and comprising a liquid metallic substance having a metal bath melting temperature, a plurality of filler elements at least partially disposed in the metal bath, and (d) a heater, in particular an induction heater, for Heating the starting material in the reactor vessel. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating such a reactor.
  • Such a reactor and a corresponding method are known from WO 2010/130404 and serve to depolymerize plastic material in order to make it easier to recycle.
  • DE 10 2010 002 704 A1 describes a device for continuous pyrolysis of organic starting materials.
  • the organic starting materials are transported through a tin bath having a temperature of about 480 ° C, whereby the endothermic pyrolysis reaction is triggered.
  • the device also has an opening for supplying additional metal externally. During gasification or depolymerization, residues remain which stick to the filling elements. It is therefore usually necessary to use the filling elements in
  • the invention has for its object to facilitate the cleaning of the filling elements.
  • the invention solves the problem by a generic reactor having a metal bath storage device connected to the reactor vessel for withdrawing at least a portion of the metal bath from the reactor and guiding the metal bath into the reactor vessel, and comprising a metal bath conveying device wherein the conveying device has a pressure increasing unit, by means of the metal bath by applying gas pressure can be conveyed. Furthermore, the invention solves the problem by a method of operating such a reactor comprising the steps of: (i) increasing a metal bath level of the metal bath so that residuals floating on the metal bath overflow; (ii) draining the residuals through the overflow and (iii) lowering the metal bath level of the metal bath.
  • An advantage of the invention is that only a small number of components of the reactor comes into contact with the metal bath. Unlike with the use of pumps, no components can be damaged by solidifying metal. Another advantage is the simple construction of the metal bath intermediate storage device, since the energy required to convey the metal bath can be applied by gas pressure.
  • reactor is understood to mean, in particular, a thermocatalytic depolymerization reactor.
  • This is understood to mean a reactor which is designed to thermally and / or catalytically depolymerize supplied polymers and / or to decompose them into substances having a lower melting or boiling point.
  • the reactor can also be designed to clean plastic material.
  • the tempera in the reactor is then preferably chosen so that the impurity decomposes, but the plastic material remains unaffected.
  • the carbonization temperature is understood to mean, in particular, that temperature above which at least 3% by weight of the starting material remains carbonized at a reaction time of one day, that is to say it is solid at the corresponding temperature and therefore must be discharged firmly from the reactor.
  • the conveying device is understood to be any device by means of which the metal bath can be completely or partially removed from the reactor vessel and can be returned to it.
  • the pressure booster unit is in particular a device understood the, by means of the gas is deliverable, which is under such a high pressure that the metal bath from the reactor vessel and / or is conveyed into the reactor vessel.
  • the pressure increasing unit may for example have a compressed gas storage and a gas cylinder. But it is also possible that the pressure increasing unit comprises a pump, is compressed by means of the gas, which serves for conveying. It is also conceivable that the pressure increasing unit comprises two chemical substances which react with each other to evolve gas.
  • the metal bath consists of Wood's metal, the Lipowitz alloy, the Newton alloy, the Lichtenberg alloy, and / or an alloy comprising gallium and indium.
  • the metal bath typically has a density of at least more than 9 grams per cubic centimeter so that the starting material experiences a strong buoyancy.
  • a melting temperature of the metallic substance is in particular at least 300 ° C. Preferably, the melting temperature is at most 600 ° C
  • the reactor preferably comprises a removal tube arranged centrally in the reactor vessel, by means of which residual substances floating on the metal bath can be withdrawn, the removal tube in particular comprising a ferromagnetic net tube material.
  • the residuals may be, for example, organic or inorganic contaminants of the starting material or reaction products that have passed through the reactor vessel before they are fully gasified.
  • the sampling tube is warmer than the surrounding metal bath. This can be achieved by the sampling tube being ferromagnetic.
  • the tubing may have a tubing curie temperature that differs from a wall material Curie temperature of the reactor vessel and / or the pad Curie temperature of the padding elements by at least 10 Kelvin.
  • the tubing curie temperature may be greater than the wall material Curie temperature and / or a Curie Curve temperature.
  • the metal bath container is at least partially disposed below the reactor vessel so that the metal bath is at least partially drainable in the metal bath vessel. In this way, the metal bath can be easily removed from the reactor vessel.
  • the metal bath intermediate storage device comprises a metal bath tank, which is initially disposed partially above the reactor vessel, such that the metal bath is dischargeable into the reactor vessel.
  • the pressure increase unit is set up to increase a pressure in the reactor vessel, so that the metal bath can be pressed into the metal bath vessel.
  • the metal bath intermediate storage device comprises two metal bath containers, wherein a metal bath container is arranged so that the metal bath from the reactor vessel in this first metal bath container is drainable, wherein the metal bath intermediate storage device comprises at least a second metal bath container, from which the metal bath is discharged into the reactor vessel.
  • the pressure increasing unit is configured to increase the pressure in the first metal bath tank so that metal bath can be pressurized from the lower metal bath tank into the upper metal bath tank by gas pressure.
  • the volume of the at least one metal bath container prefferably be configured to completely accommodate the metal bath.
  • FIG. 1 shows a reactor according to the invention for carrying out a method according to the invention according to a first embodiment
  • FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a reactor according to the invention for carrying out a method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a reactor 10 according to the invention for gasifying starting material in the form of plastic material 12, in particular of polyolefin polymers.
  • the reactor comprises an example, substantially cylindrical reactor vessel 14 for heating the plastic material 12, which is introduced via an extruder 16 in the reactor vessel 14.
  • the reactor 10 comprises a heater, for example an induction heater 8, which has a plurality of coils 20.1, 20.2, 20.4, by means of which an alternating magnetic field is generated in an interior 22 of the reactor vessel 14.
  • the coils 20 (reference numerals without counting suffix denote the object as such) are connected to a not shown power supply unit which applies an alternating current to the coils.
  • the frequency f of the alternating current is for example in the range of 4 to 50 kHz. Higher frequencies are possible, but lead to an increase in the so-called skin effect, which is undesirable.
  • a braking device 24 is arranged, by means of which the flow of liquefied plastic material 12 in the reactor vessel 14 can be slowed down.
  • the braking device 24 includes a plurality of in the interior 22 movably arranged filling elements 25.1, 25.2, ... of ferromagnetic material, which are formed in the present case by balls with a spherical radius R.
  • the ball radius R can be, for example, between 0.5 and 50 millimeters.
  • the filling elements 25 are heated by the induction heating 18 and thus heat a metal tank 26 of liquid metal present in the reactor vessel 14.
  • the statement that an object such as the filling elements are formed from ferromagnetic material always means that the object is ferromagnetic at room temperature of 23 ° C.
  • the metal bath 26, together with the plastic material 12, fills at least part of the interstices of the filling elements 25.
  • the metal bath 26 generally has a density of more than 9 grams per cubic centimeter, so that the plastic material 12 experiences a strong buoyancy. This buoyancy accelerates the plastic material 12.
  • the filling elements 25 counteract this acceleration.
  • the reactor vessel 14 there is a metal bath temperature T which is above a reaction temperature T R at which the plastic material 12 successively decomposes. Gas bubbles 28 are formed which rise upwards.
  • the metal bath 26 can have a catalytic effect on the decomposition process so that the reactor 10 can be a thermocatalytic polymerization reactor.
  • the supplied through the extruder 16 plastic material 12 passes through an inlet opening 30, which is preferably arranged at the bottom of the reactor vessel 14, in the interior 22nd
  • the braking device 24 may include restraint devices, such as frame strained meshes, whose meshes are so small that the filler elements 25 can not pass upwardly. But that is not necessary, as a rule, the filling elements 25 are sufficient to achieve a sufficiently large braking effect.
  • the distribution of the filling elements 25, in the present case the balls, is drawn purely schematically in FIG.
  • FIG. 1 also shows a removal tube 36 arranged centrally in the reactor vessel 14, through which residues 38 floating on the metal bath can be removed.
  • the removal tube 36 runs coaxially to a longitudinal axis L of the reactor vessel 14.
  • the residual substances 38 are, for example, contaminants of the plastic material 12 and / or optionally added catalyst 32, which can be supplied together with the plastic material 2.
  • the sampling tube 36 may be made of ferromagnetic tubing having a tube Curie temperature T c , 36. As a result, the removal tube 36 heats up to Tc, 36 when the induction heater 18 is operated at a sufficiently high power.
  • the pipe material Curie temperature Tc, 36 may correspond, for example, to the filler element Curie temperature Tc, 25, 1, it may but also be smaller or larger. But it is also possible that the sampling tube 36 is constructed of a non-ferromagnetic material, such as titanium or non-ferromagnetic steel.
  • the reactor vessel 14 is constructed at least on its side facing the interior 22 of a wall material.
  • the wall material may be ferromagnetic, for example iron or magnetic steel. Alternatively, the wall material may also be non-magnetic.
  • the wall material is ferromagnetic, then it has a wall material Curie temperature T C , 14. This may be less than the filling element Curie temperature Tc, 25. In this case, the wall of the reactor vessel 14 is colder than the filling elements 25 during operation.
  • the sampling tube 36 is part of a contaminant drain 40. Since typical contaminants of the plastic material 12, for example sand, are lighter than the metal bath 26, they float and can be pulled off at the top.
  • the contaminant removal 40 also includes a settling tank 48 in which residue 38 collects.
  • the residue 38 may not contain completely depolymerized organic material in addition to inorganic material.
  • the organic material floats on the inorganic material and may be recycled to the bottom of the reactor vessel 14 through a recycle line 50.
  • the reactor 10 also includes a gas vent 42, which opens into a condenser 44 and withdrawing gas produced. Liquid material emerging from the condenser 44 passes into a collector 46.
  • the described reactor can also be operated as a starting material instead of plastic material, for example with waste oil, and then serve for the preparation.
  • FIG. 1 also shows a metal bath storage device 52 comprising a metal bath container 54.
  • the metal bath intermediate storage device 52 is connected to the reactor vessel 14 at the bottom side thereof by means of a withdrawal line 56. By opening a valve 58, the metal bath 26 can be substantially completely deflated. By this is meant that, though certain residual amounts of metal bath 26 remain in the reactor vessel 14, but that these residual amounts make up only a small fraction of the total metal bath, for example less than 5%.
  • the metal bath intermediate storage device 52 further comprises a pressure increasing unit 60, which in the present case comprises a gas cylinder 62 and a gas valve 63.
  • the gas valve 63 can be controlled electronically by a control unit, not shown, so that the pressure p in the metal bath tank 54 can be adjusted.
  • the pressure increasing unit 60 forms, together with the withdrawal conduit 56 has a conveying device 64.
  • the metal bath level which is determined Hf u n by the filling level, for example, by raised that an elevated ter influx of plastic material 12 is conveyed through the extruder 16 in the reactor vessel 14.
  • the pressure increasing unit 60 is activated so that liquid metal material is forced out of the metal bath tank 54 through the extraction line 56 into the reactor vessel 14.
  • the metal bath level Hf ü n increases and the metal 26 floating residues 38 pass into the overflow, which is formed in the present case through the draw tube 36th
  • the metal bath level of the metal bath 26 is lowered, for example, by opening a drain valve 66, so that the gas pressure p in the metal bath tank 54 decreases.
  • the valve 58 is opened, part of the metal bath 26 flows into the metal bath container 54.
  • a method according to the invention is additionally carried out by first conveying metal bath 26, that is to say the entire metal bath or only a part thereof, out of the reactor vessel 14 into the metal bath intermediate storage device 52, in particular into the metal bath vessel 54. This is done by opening the valve 54, the gas pressure p in the metal bath container 54 being smaller than a pressure p 2 6 of the metal bath 26 at the bottom of the reactor vessel 14. then the filling elements 25 removed and cleaned or in the reactor vessel 14, without being removed. Subsequently, the metal bath 20 is returned from the metal bath tank to the reactor vessel 14 by closing the drain valve 66 and keeping the valve 58 open and pressurizing the metal bath tank 54 with gas pressure. If a predetermined metal bath level is reached, the valve 58 is closed.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a reactor for gasifying and/or cleaning a starting material (12), especially for depolymerizing plastic material (12), which reactor comprises: a reactor vessel (14) for receiving the starting material (12), especially the plastic material (12); a metal bath (26) which is arranged in the reactor vessel (14) and includes a liquid metallic material having a metal bath melting temperature (TSchmelz); a plurality of filling elements (25) which are at least partially arranged in the metal bath (26); and a heater, especially an induction heater (18) for heating the starting material (12) in the reactor vessel (14). According to the invention, a metal bath intermediate storage device (52) is provided and is connected to the reactor vessel (14) and is designed to remove at least part of the metal bath (26) from the reactor vessel (14) and to return the metal bath (26) to the reactor vessel (14), and comprises a delivery device (64) for delivering the metal bath (26), the delivery device (64) having a pressure increasing unit (60) by means of which the metal bath (26) can be delivered by applying the gas pressure (p).

Description

Reaktor und Verfahren zum Vergasen und/oder Reinigen eines Ausgangsmaterials Die Erfindung betrifft einen Reaktor zum Vergasen und/oder Reinigen eines Ausgangsmaterials, insbesondere zum Depolymerisieren von Kunststoffmateri- al, mit (a) einem Reaktorbehälter zur Aufnahme des Ausgangsmaterials, insbesondere des Kunststoffmaterials, (b) einem Metallbad, das im Reaktorbehälter angeordnet ist und einen flüssigen metallischen Stoff umfasst, der eine Metall- bad-Schmelztemperatur hat, einer Mehrzahl an Füllelementen, die zumindest teilweise im Metallbad angeordnet sind, und (d) einer Heizung, insbesondere einer Induktionsheizung, zum Heizen des Ausgangsmaterials im Reaktorbehälter. Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen Reaktors.  The invention relates to a reactor for gasifying and / or purifying a starting material, in particular for depolymerizing plastics material, with (a) a reactor vessel for receiving the starting material, in particular the plastics material, (b ) a metal bath disposed in the reactor vessel and comprising a liquid metallic substance having a metal bath melting temperature, a plurality of filler elements at least partially disposed in the metal bath, and (d) a heater, in particular an induction heater, for Heating the starting material in the reactor vessel. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating such a reactor.
Ein derartiger Reaktor und ein entsprechendes Verfahrens sind aus der WO 2010/130404 bekannt und dient dazu, Kunststoffmaterial zu depolymerisieren, um es leichter recyceln zu können. Die DE 10 2010 002 704 A1 beschreibt eine Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Pyrolyse organischer Ausgangsstoffe. Die organischen Ausgangsstoffe werden durch ein Zinnbad, das eine Temperatur von etwa 480 °C hat, transportiert, wodurch die endotherme Pyrolysereaktion ausgelöst wird. Um im Betrieb ein Absinken des Flüssigkeitsspiegels im Zinnbad zu vermeiden, kann eventuell zusammen mit den Feststoffen aus dem Reaktor transportiertes Metall mittels einer Metallrückführung zurück in den Reaktor transportiert werden. Die Vorrichtung weist ebenfalls eine Öffnung auf, um zusätzliches Metall von extern her zuzuführen. Beim Vergasen oder Depolymerisieren bleiben Reststoffe zurück, die an den Füllelementen kleben. Es ist daher in der Regel notwendig, die Füllelemente in Such a reactor and a corresponding method are known from WO 2010/130404 and serve to depolymerize plastic material in order to make it easier to recycle. DE 10 2010 002 704 A1 describes a device for continuous pyrolysis of organic starting materials. The organic starting materials are transported through a tin bath having a temperature of about 480 ° C, whereby the endothermic pyrolysis reaction is triggered. In order to avoid a decrease in the liquid level in the tin bath during operation, possibly transported together with the solids from the reactor transported metal by means of a metal recycling back into the reactor. The device also has an opening for supplying additional metal externally. During gasification or depolymerization, residues remain which stick to the filling elements. It is therefore usually necessary to use the filling elements in
BESTÄTtGUNGSKOPiE regelmäßigen Zeitabständen zu reinigen. Das Entnehmen der Füllelemente ist bei bisherigen Reaktoren aufwändig. BESTÄTtGUNGSKOPiE to clean at regular intervals. The removal of the filling elements is complicated in previous reactors.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das Reinigen der Füllelemente zu erleichtern. The invention has for its object to facilitate the cleaning of the filling elements.
Die Erfindung löst das Problem durch einen gattungsgemäßen Reaktor mit einer Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung, die mit dem Reaktorbehälter verbunden, zum Abziehen zumindest eines Teils des Metallbads aus dem Reaktor und zum Führen des Metallbads in den Reaktorbehälter ausgebildet ist, und eine Fördervorrichtung zum Fördern von Metallbad umfasst, wobei die Fördervorrichtung eine Druckerhöhungseinheit aufweist, mittels der Metallbad durch Aufbringen von Gasdruck förderbar ist. Weiterhin löst die Erfindung das Problem durch ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen Reaktors mit den Schritten: (i) Erhöhen eines Metallbad-Pegels des Metallbads, so dass auf dem Metallbad schwimmende Reststoffe in einen Überlauf gelangen, (ii) abziehen der Reststoffe durch den Überlauf und (iii) Absenken des Metallbad-Pegels des Metallbads. Vorteilhaft an der Erfindung ist, dass nur eine geringe Anzahl an Bauelementen des Reaktors mit dem Metallbad in Berührung kommt. Anders als bei der Verwendung von Pumpen können keine Komponenten durch erstarrendes Metall geschädigt werden. Vorteilhaft ist zudem der einfache Aufbau der Metallbad- Zwischenlagervorrichtung, da die zum Fördern des Metallbads notwendige Energie durch Gasdruck aufgebracht werden kann. The invention solves the problem by a generic reactor having a metal bath storage device connected to the reactor vessel for withdrawing at least a portion of the metal bath from the reactor and guiding the metal bath into the reactor vessel, and comprising a metal bath conveying device wherein the conveying device has a pressure increasing unit, by means of the metal bath by applying gas pressure can be conveyed. Furthermore, the invention solves the problem by a method of operating such a reactor comprising the steps of: (i) increasing a metal bath level of the metal bath so that residuals floating on the metal bath overflow; (ii) draining the residuals through the overflow and (iii) lowering the metal bath level of the metal bath. An advantage of the invention is that only a small number of components of the reactor comes into contact with the metal bath. Unlike with the use of pumps, no components can be damaged by solidifying metal. Another advantage is the simple construction of the metal bath intermediate storage device, since the energy required to convey the metal bath can be applied by gas pressure.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Beschreibung wird unter dem Reaktor insbesondere ein thermokatalytischer Depolymerisationsreaktor verstanden. Hierunter wird ein Reaktor verstanden, der dazu ausgebildet ist, um zugeführte Polymere thermisch und/oder katalytisch zu depolymerisieren und/oder in Stoffe mit einem niedrigeren Schmelz- oder Siedepunkt zu zerlegen. Der Reaktor kann aber auch zum Reinigen von Kunststoff material ausgebildet sein. Die Tempera- tur im Reaktor wird dann vorzugsweise so gewählt, dass sich die Verunreinigung zersetzt, das Kunststoffmaterial aber unbeeinflusst bleibt. In the context of the present description, the term "reactor" is understood to mean, in particular, a thermocatalytic depolymerization reactor. This is understood to mean a reactor which is designed to thermally and / or catalytically depolymerize supplied polymers and / or to decompose them into substances having a lower melting or boiling point. The reactor can also be designed to clean plastic material. The tempera in the reactor is then preferably chosen so that the impurity decomposes, but the plastic material remains unaffected.
Unter der Heizung ist jede Vorrichtung zu verstehen, die dazu ausgebildet ist, um dem Kunststoff material im Reaktorbehälter Wärmeenergie zuzuführen. Das kann indirekt über die Füllelemente erfolgen, vorzugsweise mittels Induktion. Under the heater is any device to understand that is designed to supply heat energy to the plastic material in the reactor vessel. This can be done indirectly via the filling elements, preferably by induction.
Vorzugsweise enthält der Reaktorbehälter ein zu vergasendes und/oder zu reinigendes Ausgangsmaterial, dass eine Reaktionstemperatur besitzt, ab der das Ausgangsmaterial zumindest teilweise depolymerisiert und/oder verdampft, wobei das Ausgangsmaterial eine Karbonisierungstemperatur hat, wobei das Ausgangsmaterial zumindest teilweise verkohlt und wobei die die Metallbad- Schmelztemperatur oberhalb der Reaktionstemperatur und unterhalb der Karbonisierungstemperatur liegt. Unter der Reaktionstemperatur ist dabei insbe- sondere die Temperatur zu verstehen, oberhalb der das Ausgangsmaterial innerhalb von einer Stunde zumindest 25 Masse-% vergast wird. Preferably, the reactor vessel contains a starting material to be gasified and / or purified having a reaction temperature at which the starting material is at least partially depolymerized and / or vaporized, the starting material having a carbonization temperature, the starting material being at least partially carbonized and the metal baths being at least partially carbonized. Melting temperature above the reaction temperature and below the Karbonisierungstemperatur. In this context, the reaction temperature is to be understood as meaning, in particular, the temperature above which the starting material is gassed within at least 25% by mass within one hour.
Unter der Karbonisierungstemperatur wird insbesondere diejenige Temperatur verstanden, oberhalb der bei einer Reaktionszeit von einem Tag zumindest 3 Masse-% der Ausgangsmasse verkohlt zurückbleibt, das heißt, dass sie bei der entsprechenden Temperatur fest ist und daher aus dem Reaktor fest ausgetragen werden muss. The carbonization temperature is understood to mean, in particular, that temperature above which at least 3% by weight of the starting material remains carbonized at a reaction time of one day, that is to say it is solid at the corresponding temperature and therefore must be discharged firmly from the reactor.
Vorzugsweise liegt die Metallbad-Temperatur des Metallbads oberhalb der Re- aktionstemperatur und unterhalb der Karbonisierungstemperatur, insbesondere zwischen 350°C und 600°C. The metal bath temperature of the metal bath is preferably above the reaction temperature and below the carbonization temperature, in particular between 350 ° C. and 600 ° C.
Unter der Fördervorrichtung wird insbesondere jegliche Vorrichtung verstanden, mittels der das Metallbad ganz oder teilweise aus dem Reaktorbehälter ent- fernbar ist und in diesen zurückführbar ist. In particular, the conveying device is understood to be any device by means of which the metal bath can be completely or partially removed from the reactor vessel and can be returned to it.
Unter der Druckerhöhungseinheit wird insbesondere eine Vorrichtung verstan- den, mittels der Gas abgebbar ist, das unter einem so hohen Druck steht, dass das Metallbad aus dem Reaktorbehälter und/oder in den Reaktorbehälter förderbar ist. Die Druckerhöhungseinheit kann beispielsweise einen Druckgasspeicher sowie eine Gasflasche aufweisen. Es ist aber auch möglich, dass die Druckerhöhungseinheit eine Pumpe aufweist, mittels der Gas komprimiert wird, das zum Fördern dient. Denkbar ist zudem, dass die Druckerhöhungseinheit zwei chemische Stoffe umfasst, die miteinander unter Gasentwicklung reagieren. Insbesondere besteht das Metallbad aus Wood'schem Metall, der Lipowitz- Legierung, der Newton-Legierung, der Lichtenberg-Legierung und/oder aus einer Legierung, die Gallium und Indium umfasst. Das Metallbad hat in der Regel eine Dichte von zumindest mehr als 9 Gramm pro Kubikzentimeter, so dass das Ausgangsmaterial einen starken Auftrieb erfährt. Eine Schmelztemperatur des metallischen Stoffs beträgt insbesondere zumindest 300°C. Vorzugsweise beträgt die Schmelztemperatur höchstens 600°C Under the pressure booster unit is in particular a device understood the, by means of the gas is deliverable, which is under such a high pressure that the metal bath from the reactor vessel and / or is conveyed into the reactor vessel. The pressure increasing unit may for example have a compressed gas storage and a gas cylinder. But it is also possible that the pressure increasing unit comprises a pump, is compressed by means of the gas, which serves for conveying. It is also conceivable that the pressure increasing unit comprises two chemical substances which react with each other to evolve gas. In particular, the metal bath consists of Wood's metal, the Lipowitz alloy, the Newton alloy, the Lichtenberg alloy, and / or an alloy comprising gallium and indium. The metal bath typically has a density of at least more than 9 grams per cubic centimeter so that the starting material experiences a strong buoyancy. A melting temperature of the metallic substance is in particular at least 300 ° C. Preferably, the melting temperature is at most 600 ° C
Vorzugsweise umfasst die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung einen Metallbad-Behälter, der vom Reaktorbehälter beabstandet ist. Dieser Metallbad- Behälter ist so ausgebildet, dass er mit dem Metallbad nicht reagiert und durch das Metallbad nicht angegriffen wird. Preferably, the metal bath storage device comprises a metal bath vessel spaced from the reactor vessel. This metal bath container is designed so that it does not react with the metal bath and is not attacked by the metal bath.
Vorzugweise umfasst der Reaktor ein zentrisch im Reaktorbehälter angeordnetes Entnahmerohr, durch das auf dem Metallbad schwimmende Reststoffe ab- ziehbar sind, wobei das Entnahmerohr insbesondere ein ferromag netisches Rohrmaterial umfasst. Bei den Reststoffen kann es sich beispielsweise um organische oder anorganische Verunreinigungen des Ausgangsmaterials handeln oder um Reaktionsprodukte, die den Reaktorbehälter durchlaufen haben, bevor sie vollständig vergast sind. The reactor preferably comprises a removal tube arranged centrally in the reactor vessel, by means of which residual substances floating on the metal bath can be withdrawn, the removal tube in particular comprising a ferromagnetic net tube material. The residuals may be, for example, organic or inorganic contaminants of the starting material or reaction products that have passed through the reactor vessel before they are fully gasified.
Da derartige Reststoffe häufig eine höhere Schmelztemperatur aufweisen, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn das Entnahmerohr wärmer ist als das umgebende Metall- bad. Das kann dadurch erreicht werden, dass das Entnahmerohr ferromagne- tisch ist. Insbesondere kann das Rohrmaterial eine Rohrmaterial-Curie- Temperatur aufweisen, die sich von einer Wandmaterial-Curie-Temperatur des Reaktorbehälters und/oder der Füllelement-Curie-Temperatur der Füllelemente um zumindest 10 Kelvin unterscheiden. Insbesondere kann die Rohrmaterial- Kurie-Temperatur größer sein als die Wandmaterial-Curie-Temperatur und/oder einer Füllelement-Curie-Temperatur. Since such residues often have a higher melting temperature, it is advantageous if the sampling tube is warmer than the surrounding metal bath. This can be achieved by the sampling tube being ferromagnetic. In particular, the tubing may have a tubing curie temperature that differs from a wall material Curie temperature of the reactor vessel and / or the pad Curie temperature of the padding elements by at least 10 Kelvin. In particular, the tubing curie temperature may be greater than the wall material Curie temperature and / or a Curie Curve temperature.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist der Metallbadbehälter zumin- dest teilweise unterhalb des Reaktorbehälters angeordnet, so dass das Metallbad zumindest zum Teil in dem Metallbadbehälter ablassbar ist. Auf diese Weise kann das Metallbad sehr einfach aus dem Reaktorbehälter entfernt werden. According to a preferred embodiment, the metal bath container is at least partially disposed below the reactor vessel so that the metal bath is at least partially drainable in the metal bath vessel. In this way, the metal bath can be easily removed from the reactor vessel.
Besonders günstig ist es, wenn die Druckerhöhungseinheit eingerichtet ist zum Erhöhen eines Drucks, insbesondere des Gasdrucks, im Metallbadbehälter, so dass das Metallbad in den Reaktorbehälter zurückdrückbar ist. Es ist dabei möglich, nicht aber notwendig, dass das Metallbad direkt in den Reaktorbehälter zurückdrückbar ist. Es ist auch möglich, dass die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung einen zweiten oder mehrere Metallbadbehälter aufweist, in die das Metallbad umförderbar ist. Es ist möglich, nicht aber notwendig, dass der Metallbadbehälter eine Heizung aufweist, mittels der das Metallbad beheizbar ist. In der Regel ist die Verweildauer des Metallbads in dem Metallbehälter so kurz, dass es nicht erstarrt. Vorzugsweise umfasst die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung einen Metallbadbehälter, der zunächst teilweise oberhalb des Reaktorbehälters angeordnet ist, so dass das Metallbad in den Reaktorbehälter ablassbar ist. In diesem Fall ist es besonders günstig, wenn die Druckerhöhungseinheit eingerichtet ist zum Erhöhen eines Drucks im Reaktorbehälter, so dass das Metallbad in den Me- tallbadbehälter drückbar ist. Es ist allerdings auch möglich, dass die Metallbad- Zwischenlagervorrichtung zwei Metallbadbehälter aufweist, wobei ein Metallbadbehälter so angeordnet ist, dass das Metallbad aus dem Reaktorbehälter in diesen ersten Metallbadbehälter ablassbar ist, wobei die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung zumindest einen zweiten Metallbadbehälter aufweist, aus dem das Metallbad in den Reaktorbehälter ablassbar ist. In diesem Fall ist die Druckerhöhungseinheit zum Erhöhen des Drucks im ersten Metallbadbehälter ausgebildet, so dass Metallbad mittels Gasdruck aus dem unteren Metallbadbehälter in den oberen Metallbadbehälter drückbar ist. It is particularly favorable when the pressure-increasing unit is set up to increase a pressure, in particular the gas pressure, in the metal bath container, so that the metal bath can be pushed back into the reactor vessel. It is possible, but not necessary, for the metal bath to be pressed back directly into the reactor vessel. It is also possible for the metal bath intermediate storage device to have a second or more metal bath container into which the metal bath can be circulated. It is possible, but not necessary, for the metal bath container to have a heater by means of which the metal bath can be heated. In general, the residence time of the metal bath in the metal container is so short that it does not solidify. Preferably, the metal bath intermediate storage device comprises a metal bath tank, which is initially disposed partially above the reactor vessel, such that the metal bath is dischargeable into the reactor vessel. In this case, it is particularly favorable if the pressure increase unit is set up to increase a pressure in the reactor vessel, so that the metal bath can be pressed into the metal bath vessel. However, it is also possible that the metal bath intermediate storage device comprises two metal bath containers, wherein a metal bath container is arranged so that the metal bath from the reactor vessel in this first metal bath container is drainable, wherein the metal bath intermediate storage device comprises at least a second metal bath container, from which the metal bath is discharged into the reactor vessel. In this case, the pressure increasing unit is configured to increase the pressure in the first metal bath tank so that metal bath can be pressurized from the lower metal bath tank into the upper metal bath tank by gas pressure.
Es ist günstig, nicht aber notwendig, dass das Volumen des zumindest einen Metallbadbehälters ausgebildet ist, um das Metallbad vollständig aufzunehmen. It is convenient, but not necessary, for the volume of the at least one metal bath container to be configured to completely accommodate the metal bath.
Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Dabei zeigt In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It shows
Figur 1 einen erfindungsgemäßen Reaktor zum Durchführen eines erfin- dungsgemäßen Verfahrens gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform und 1 shows a reactor according to the invention for carrying out a method according to the invention according to a first embodiment and
Figur 2 eine zweite Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Reaktors zum Durchführen eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. 2 shows a second embodiment of a reactor according to the invention for carrying out a method according to the invention.
Figur 1 zeigt einen erfindungsgemäßen Reaktor 10 zum Vergasen von Ausgangsmaterial in Form von Kunststoffmaterial 12, insbesondere von Polyolefin- Polymeren. Der Reaktor umfasst einen beispielsweise im Wesentlichen zylinderförmigen Reaktorbehälter 14 zum Erhitzen des Kunststoffmaterials 12, das über einen Extruder 16 in den Reaktorbehälter 14 eingebracht wird. FIG. 1 shows a reactor 10 according to the invention for gasifying starting material in the form of plastic material 12, in particular of polyolefin polymers. The reactor comprises an example, substantially cylindrical reactor vessel 14 for heating the plastic material 12, which is introduced via an extruder 16 in the reactor vessel 14.
Der Reaktor 10 umfasst eine Heizung, beispielsweise eine Induktionsheizung 8, die eine Mehrzahl an Spulen 20.1 , 20.2 20.4 aufweist, mittels derer ein magnetisches Wechselfeld in einem Innenraum 22 des Reaktorbehälters 14 erzeugt wird. Die Spulen 20 (Bezugszeichen ohne Zählsuffix bezeichnen das Objekt als solches) sind mit einer nicht eingezeichneten Stromversorgungseinheit verbunden, die einen Wechselstrom an die Spulen anlegt. Die Frequenz f des Wechselstroms liegt beispielsweise im Bereich von 4 bis 50 kHz. Höhere Frequenzen sind möglich, führen jedoch zur Zunahme des so genannten Skin- Effekts, was unerwünscht ist. Im Innenraum 22 des Reaktorbehälters 14 ist eine Bremsvorrichtung 24 angeordnet, mittels der der Strom verflüssigten Kunststoffmaterials 12 im Reaktorbehälter 14 verlangsamt werden kann. Die Bremsvorrichtung 24 umfasst eine Vielzahl an im Innenraum 22 beweglich angeordneter Füllelemente 25.1 , 25.2, ... aus ferromagnetischem Material, die im vorliegenden Fall durch Kugeln mit einem Kugelradius R gebildet sind. Der Kugelradius R kann beispielsweise zwischen 0,5 und 50 Millimeter betragen. The reactor 10 comprises a heater, for example an induction heater 8, which has a plurality of coils 20.1, 20.2, 20.4, by means of which an alternating magnetic field is generated in an interior 22 of the reactor vessel 14. The coils 20 (reference numerals without counting suffix denote the object as such) are connected to a not shown power supply unit which applies an alternating current to the coils. The frequency f of the alternating current is for example in the range of 4 to 50 kHz. Higher frequencies are possible, but lead to an increase in the so-called skin effect, which is undesirable. In the interior 22 of the reactor vessel 14, a braking device 24 is arranged, by means of which the flow of liquefied plastic material 12 in the reactor vessel 14 can be slowed down. The braking device 24 includes a plurality of in the interior 22 movably arranged filling elements 25.1, 25.2, ... of ferromagnetic material, which are formed in the present case by balls with a spherical radius R. The ball radius R can be, for example, between 0.5 and 50 millimeters.
Aufgrund ihrer ferromagnetischen Eigenschaften werden die Füllelemente 25 durch die Induktionsheizung 18 erwärmt und erwärmen damit ein im Reaktor- behälter 14 vorhandenes Metallbad 26 aus flüssigem Metall. Die Angabe, dass ein Objekt wie die Füllelemente aus ferromagnetischem Material gebildet sind, bedeutet stets, dass das Objekt bei Raumtemperatur von 23°C ferromag netisch ist. Das Metallbad 26 besitzt einen Schmelzpunkt von höchstens Tschmeiz = 300°C und ist bis zu einem Metallbad-Pegel Hfün in den Reaktorbehälter 14 eingefüllt. Das Metallbad 26 füllt zusammen mit dem Kunststoffmaterial 12 zumindest einen Teil der Zwischenräume der Füllelemente 25. Das Metallbad 26 hat in der Regel eine Dichte von mehr als 9 Gramm pro Kubikzentimeter, so dass das Kunststoffmaterial 12 einen starken Auftrieb erfährt. Durch diesen Auftrieb wird das Kunststoffmaterial 12 beschleunigt. Die Füllelemente 25 wirken dieser Beschleunigung entgegen. Due to their ferromagnetic properties, the filling elements 25 are heated by the induction heating 18 and thus heat a metal tank 26 of liquid metal present in the reactor vessel 14. The statement that an object such as the filling elements are formed from ferromagnetic material always means that the object is ferromagnetic at room temperature of 23 ° C. The metal bath 26 has a melting point of at most Tschmeiz = 300 ° C and is filled up to a metal bath level Hf ü n in the reactor vessel 14. The metal bath 26, together with the plastic material 12, fills at least part of the interstices of the filling elements 25. The metal bath 26 generally has a density of more than 9 grams per cubic centimeter, so that the plastic material 12 experiences a strong buoyancy. This buoyancy accelerates the plastic material 12. The filling elements 25 counteract this acceleration.
Im Reaktorbehälter 14 herrscht eine Metallbad-Temperatur T, die oberhalb ei- ner Reaktionstemperatur TR liegt, bei der sich das Kunststoffmaterial 12 sukzessive zersetzt. Es bilden sich dabei Gasblasen 28, die nach oben aufsteigen. Das Metallbad 26 kann eine katalytische Wirkung auf den Zersetzungsprozess haben, so dass es sich bei dem Reaktor 10 um einen thermokatalytischen De- polymerisationsreaktor handeln kann. Das durch den Extruder 16 zugeführte Kunststoffmaterial 12 gelangt durch eine Eintrittsöffnung 30, die vorzugsweise am Boden des Reaktorbehälters 14 angeordnet ist, in den Innenraum 22. In the reactor vessel 14 there is a metal bath temperature T which is above a reaction temperature T R at which the plastic material 12 successively decomposes. Gas bubbles 28 are formed which rise upwards. The metal bath 26 can have a catalytic effect on the decomposition process so that the reactor 10 can be a thermocatalytic polymerization reactor. The supplied through the extruder 16 plastic material 12 passes through an inlet opening 30, which is preferably arranged at the bottom of the reactor vessel 14, in the interior 22nd
Die Bremsvorrichtung 24 kann Rückhaltevorrichtungen wie Rahmen gespannte Gitternetze umfassen, deren Maschen so klein sind, dass die Füllelemente 25 nicht nach oben hindurchtreten können. Das ist aber nicht notwendig, in der Regel sind die Füllelemente 25 ausreichend, um eine hinreichend große Bremswirkung zu erreichen. Die Verteilung der Füllelemente 25, im vorliegenden Fall der Kugeln, ist in Figur 1 rein schematisch gezeichnet. The braking device 24 may include restraint devices, such as frame strained meshes, whose meshes are so small that the filler elements 25 can not pass upwardly. But that is not necessary, as a rule, the filling elements 25 are sufficient to achieve a sufficiently large braking effect. The distribution of the filling elements 25, in the present case the balls, is drawn purely schematically in FIG.
Aufgrund ihres Auftriebs schwimmt ein Teil der Füllelemente 25 auf dem Metallbad 26 und ein anderer Teil wird von weiter oben liegenden Füllelementen 25 in das Metallbad 26 gedrückt. Die Füllelemente 25 sind in Figur 1 zudem in einem konstanten Radius R eingezeichnet. Möglich ist, dass die Füllelemente variable Radien haben, wobei der Radius R beispielsweise nach oben hin abnimmt. Figur 1 zeigt zudem ein zentrisch im Reaktorbehälter 14 angeordnetes Entnahmerohr 36, durch das auf dem Metallbad schwimmende Reststoffe 38 abziehbar sind. Das Entnahmerohr 36 verläuft im vorliegenden Fall koaxial zu einer Längsachse L des Reaktorbehälters 14. Die Reststoffe 38 sind beispielsweise Verunreinigungen des Kunststoffmaterials 12 und/oder gegebenenfalls zuge- fügter Katalysator 32, der zusammen mit dem Kunststoffmaterial 2 zugeführt werden kann. Due to their buoyancy, one part of the filling elements 25 floats on the metal bath 26 and another part is pressed into the metal bath 26 by filling elements 25 situated further upwards. The filling elements 25 are also shown in Figure 1 in a constant radius R. It is possible that the filling elements have variable radii, wherein the radius R decreases, for example, towards the top. FIG. 1 also shows a removal tube 36 arranged centrally in the reactor vessel 14, through which residues 38 floating on the metal bath can be removed. In the present case, the removal tube 36 runs coaxially to a longitudinal axis L of the reactor vessel 14. The residual substances 38 are, for example, contaminants of the plastic material 12 and / or optionally added catalyst 32, which can be supplied together with the plastic material 2.
Das Entnahmerohr 36 kann aus ferromagnetischem Rohrmaterial mit einer Rohrmaterial-Curie-Temperatur Tc,36 bestehen. Dadurch heizt sich das Ent- nahmerohr 36 auf Tc,36 auf, wenn die Induktionsheizung 18 mit hinreichend hoher Leistung betrieben wird. Die Rohrmaterial-Curie-Temperatur Tc,36 kann beispielsweise der Füllelement-Curie-Temperatur Tc,25, 1 entsprechen, sie kann aber auch kleiner oder größer sein. Es ist aber auch möglich, dass das Entnahmerohr 36 aus einem nicht ferromagnetischen Stoff aufgebaut ist, beispielsweise Titan oder nicht ferromagnetischem Stahl. Der Reaktorbehälter 14 ist zumindest auf seiner dem Innenraum 22 zugewandten Seite aus einem Wandmaterial aufgebaut. Das Wandmaterial kann ferro- magnetisch sein, beispielsweise Eisen oder magnetischer Stahl. Alternativ kann das Wandmaterial auch nichtmagnetisch sein. Ist das Wandmaterial ferromag- netisch, so hat es eine Wandmaterial-Curie-Temperatur TC,14. Diese kann klei- ner sein als die Füllelement-Curie-Temperatur Tc,25- In diesem Fall ist die Wand des Reaktorbehälters 14 im Betrieb kälter als die Füllelemente 25. The sampling tube 36 may be made of ferromagnetic tubing having a tube Curie temperature T c , 36. As a result, the removal tube 36 heats up to Tc, 36 when the induction heater 18 is operated at a sufficiently high power. The pipe material Curie temperature Tc, 36 may correspond, for example, to the filler element Curie temperature Tc, 25, 1, it may but also be smaller or larger. But it is also possible that the sampling tube 36 is constructed of a non-ferromagnetic material, such as titanium or non-ferromagnetic steel. The reactor vessel 14 is constructed at least on its side facing the interior 22 of a wall material. The wall material may be ferromagnetic, for example iron or magnetic steel. Alternatively, the wall material may also be non-magnetic. If the wall material is ferromagnetic, then it has a wall material Curie temperature T C , 14. This may be less than the filling element Curie temperature Tc, 25. In this case, the wall of the reactor vessel 14 is colder than the filling elements 25 during operation.
Das Entnahmerohr 36 ist Teil einer Verschmutzungsabfuhr 40. Da typische Verunreinigungen des Kunststoffmaterials 12, beispielsweise Sand, leichter sind als das Metallbad 26, schwimmen sie auf und können oben abgezogen werden. Die Verschmutzungsabfuhr 40 umfasst zudem einen Absetzbehälter 48, in dem sich Reststoff 38 sammelt. Der Reststoff 38 kann neben anorganischem Material noch nicht vollständig depolymerisiertes organisches Material enthalten. Das organische Material schwimmt auf dem anorganischen Material und kann durch eine Rezyklierleitung 50 bodenseitig in den Reaktorbehälter 14 zurückgeführt werden. Der Reaktor 10 umfasst zudem einen Gasabzug 42, der in einen Kondensator 44 mündet und entstehendes Gas abzieht. Aus dem Kondensator 44 austretendes flüssiges Material gelangt in einen Sammler 46. Der beschriebene Reaktor kann als Ausgangsmaterial anstelle von Kunststoff- material auch beispielsweise mit Altöl betrieben werden und dann der Aufbereitung dienen. The sampling tube 36 is part of a contaminant drain 40. Since typical contaminants of the plastic material 12, for example sand, are lighter than the metal bath 26, they float and can be pulled off at the top. The contaminant removal 40 also includes a settling tank 48 in which residue 38 collects. The residue 38 may not contain completely depolymerized organic material in addition to inorganic material. The organic material floats on the inorganic material and may be recycled to the bottom of the reactor vessel 14 through a recycle line 50. The reactor 10 also includes a gas vent 42, which opens into a condenser 44 and withdrawing gas produced. Liquid material emerging from the condenser 44 passes into a collector 46. The described reactor can also be operated as a starting material instead of plastic material, for example with waste oil, and then serve for the preparation.
Figur 1 zeigt zudem eine Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung 52, die einen Metallbadbehälter 54 umfasst. Die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung 52 ist mit- tels einer Entnahmeleitung 56 mit dem Reaktorbehälter 14 an dessen Bodenseite verbunden. Durch Öffnen eines Ventils 58 kann das Metallbad 26 im Wesentlichen vollständig abgelassen werden. Darunter ist zu verstehen, dass zwar gewisse Restmengen an Metallbad 26 im Reaktorbehälter 14 verbleiben, dass diese Restmengen aber nur einen kleinen Bruchteil am Gesamtmetallbad ausmachen, beispielsweise weniger als 5%. Die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung 52 umfasst zudem eine Druckerhöhungseinheit 60, die im vorliegenden Fall eine Gasflasche 62 und ein Gasventil 63 umfasst. Das Gasventil 63 ist elektronisch von einer nicht eingezeichneten Ansteuereinheit ansteuerbar, so dass der Druck p im Metallbadbehälter 54 einstellbar ist. FIG. 1 also shows a metal bath storage device 52 comprising a metal bath container 54. The metal bath intermediate storage device 52 is connected to the reactor vessel 14 at the bottom side thereof by means of a withdrawal line 56. By opening a valve 58, the metal bath 26 can be substantially completely deflated. By this is meant that, though certain residual amounts of metal bath 26 remain in the reactor vessel 14, but that these residual amounts make up only a small fraction of the total metal bath, for example less than 5%. The metal bath intermediate storage device 52 further comprises a pressure increasing unit 60, which in the present case comprises a gas cylinder 62 and a gas valve 63. The gas valve 63 can be controlled electronically by a control unit, not shown, so that the pressure p in the metal bath tank 54 can be adjusted.
Im vorliegenden Fall bildet die Druckerhöhungseinheit 60 zusammen mit der Entnahmeleitung 56 eine Fördervorrichtung 64. Zum Durchführen eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird zunächst der Metallbad-Pegel, der durch die Füllhöhe Hfün bestimmt ist, beispielsweise dadurch angehoben, dass ein erhöh- ter Zustrom an Kunststoff material 12 durch den Extruder 16 in den Reaktorbehälter 14 gefördert wird. Alternativ wird die Druckerhöhungseinheit 60 aktiviert, so dass flüssiger metallischer Stoff aus dem Metallbadbehälter 54 durch die Entnahmeleitung 56 in den Reaktorbehälter 14 gedrückt wird. Daraufhin steigt der Metallbad-Pegel Hfün an und auf dem Metallbad 26 schwimmende Reststoffe 38 gelangen in den Überlauf, der im vorliegenden Fall durch das Entnahmerohr 36 gebildet ist. Nachfolgend wird der Metallbad-Pegel des Metallbads 26 abgesenkt, beispielsweise indem ein Ablassventil 66 geöffnet wird, so dass der Gasdruck p im Metallbadbehälter 54 sinkt. Ist das Ventil 58 geöffnet, so strömt ein Teil des Metallbads 26 in den Metallbadbehälter 54. In the present case, the pressure increasing unit 60 forms, together with the withdrawal conduit 56 has a conveying device 64. For carrying out a method according to the invention, first the metal bath level which is determined Hf u n by the filling level, for example, by raised that an elevated ter influx of plastic material 12 is conveyed through the extruder 16 in the reactor vessel 14. Alternatively, the pressure increasing unit 60 is activated so that liquid metal material is forced out of the metal bath tank 54 through the extraction line 56 into the reactor vessel 14. Then, the metal bath level Hf ü n increases and the metal 26 floating residues 38 pass into the overflow, which is formed in the present case through the draw tube 36th Subsequently, the metal bath level of the metal bath 26 is lowered, for example, by opening a drain valve 66, so that the gas pressure p in the metal bath tank 54 decreases. When the valve 58 is opened, part of the metal bath 26 flows into the metal bath container 54.
Ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren wird zudem durchgeführt, indem zunächst Metallbad 26, dass heißt das gesamte Metallbad oder nur ein Teil davon, aus dem Reaktorbehälter 14 in die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung 52, insbe- sondere in den Metallbadbehälter 54, gefördert wird. Das geschieht durch Öffnen des Ventils 54, wobei der Gasdruck p im Metallbadbehälter 54 kleiner ist als ein Druck p26 des Metallbads 26 am Fuße des Reaktorbehälters 14. Es wer- den dann die Füllelemente 25 entnommen und gereinigt oder im Reaktorbehälter 14, ohne entnommen zu werden. Nachfolgend wird das Metallbad 20 aus dem Metallbadbehälter in den Reaktorbehälter 14 zurückbefördert, indem das Ablassventil 66 geschlossen und das Ventil 58 geöffnet gehalten wird und der Metallbadbehälter 54 mit Gasdruck beaufschlagt wird. Ist ein vorgegebener Metallbad-Pegel erreicht, so wird das Ventil 58 geschlossen. A method according to the invention is additionally carried out by first conveying metal bath 26, that is to say the entire metal bath or only a part thereof, out of the reactor vessel 14 into the metal bath intermediate storage device 52, in particular into the metal bath vessel 54. This is done by opening the valve 54, the gas pressure p in the metal bath container 54 being smaller than a pressure p 2 6 of the metal bath 26 at the bottom of the reactor vessel 14. then the filling elements 25 removed and cleaned or in the reactor vessel 14, without being removed. Subsequently, the metal bath 20 is returned from the metal bath tank to the reactor vessel 14 by closing the drain valve 66 and keeping the valve 58 open and pressurizing the metal bath tank 54 with gas pressure. If a predetermined metal bath level is reached, the valve 58 is closed.
Figur 2 zeigt eine weitere Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Reaktors 10, bei dem der Metallbadbehälter 54 oberhalb des Reaktorbehälters 14 ange- ordnet ist, so dass das Metallbad 26 in den Reaktorbehälter 14 ablassbar ist. Es ist zudem zu erkennen, dass die Druckerhöhungseinheit 60 eingereicht ist zum Erhöhen des Drucks pi4 im Reaktorbehälter 14, indem ein Gasventil 68 geöffnet wird. Durch Öffnen des Gasventils 62 kann zudem der Metallbadbehälter 54 mit Gasdruck beaufschlagt werden, so dass das Metallbad 26, das im Metallbadbehälter 54 vorhanden ist, durch Aufbringen des Gasdrucks p vollständig in den Reaktorbehälter 14 förderbar ist. FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of a reactor 10 according to the invention, in which the metal bath container 54 is arranged above the reactor vessel 14, so that the metal bath 26 can be discharged into the reactor vessel 14. It can also be seen that the pressure increasing unit 60 is filed to increase the pressure pi 4 in the reactor vessel 14 by opening a gas valve 68. In addition, by opening the gas valve 62, the metal bath container 54 can be subjected to gas pressure, so that the metal bath 26, which is present in the metal bath container 54, can be conveyed completely into the reactor container 14 by applying the gas pressure p.
Bezugszeichenliste LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
10 Reaktor 10 reactor
50 Rezyklierleitung  50 recycling line
12 Kunststoffmaterial  12 plastic material
52 Metallbad-Zwischenlager¬ 52 metal bath Zwischenlager¬
14 Reaktorbehälter vorrichtung 14 reactor vessel device
16 Extruder  16 extruders
54 Metallbadbehälter  54 metal bath tanks
18 Induktionsheizung  18 induction heating
56 Entnahmeleitung  56 sampling line
20 Spule 58 Ventil  20 coil 58 valve
22 Innenraum  22 interior
60 Druckerhöhungseinheit 60 booster unit
24 Bremsvorrichtung 24 brake device
62 Gasflasche  62 gas bottle
25 Füllelemente  25 filling elements
63 Gasventil  63 gas valve
26 Metallbad  26 metal bath
64 Fördervorrichtung  64 conveyor device
28 Gasblase 28 gas bubble
66 Ablassventil  66 drain valve
30 Eintrittsöffnung 68 Gasventil  30 inlet opening 68 gas valve
32 Katalysator  32 catalyst
χ magnetische Suszeptibilität χ magnetic susceptibility
34 Außenwand 34 outer wall
36 Entnahmerohr/Überlauf f Frequenz  36 Extraction tube / overflow f Frequency
38 Reststoff p Gasdruck  38 residue p gas pressure
L Längsachse  L longitudinal axis
40 Verschmutzungsabfuhr R Kugelradius  40 Pollution discharge R Ball radius
42 Gasabzug Hfuii Füllhöhe  42 Gas vent Hfuii filling height
44 Kondensator  44 capacitor
46 Sammler Tschmeiz Metallbad-Schmelztempera- 46 collectors toffee metal bath-melting temperature
48 Absetzbehälter tur 48 settling tank tur

Claims

Ansprüche: Claims:
Reaktor zum Vergasen und/oder Reinigen eines Ausgangsmaterials (12), insbesondere zum Depolymerisieren von Kunststoffmaterial (12), mitReactor for gasifying and / or purifying a starting material (12), in particular for depolymerizing plastic material (12), with
(a) einem Reaktorbehälter ( 4) zur Aufnahme des Ausgangsmaterials (12), insbesondere des Kunststoffmaterials (12), (a) a reactor vessel (4) for receiving the starting material (12), in particular the plastic material (12),
(b) einem Metallbad (26), das  (b) a metal bath (26)
- im Reaktorbehälter (14) angeordnet ist und  - In the reactor vessel (14) is arranged and
- einen flüssigen metallischen Stoff umfasst, der eine Metallbad- Schmelztemperatur (Tschmelz) hat,  comprising a liquid metallic substance having a metal bath melting temperature (melt),
(c) einer Mehrzahl an Füllelementen (25), die zumindest teilweise im Metallbad (26) angeordnet sind, und  (C) a plurality of filling elements (25) which are at least partially disposed in the metal bath (26), and
(d) einer Heizung, insbesondere einer Induktionsheizung (18), zum Heizen des Ausgangsmaterials im Reaktorbehälter (14),  (d) a heater, in particular an induction heater (18), for heating the starting material in the reactor vessel (14),
gekennzeichnet durch  marked by
(e) eine Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung (52), die  (e) a metal bath intermediate storage device (52)
- mit dem Reaktorbehälter (14) verbunden,  connected to the reactor vessel (14),
- zum Abziehen zumindest eines Teils des Metallbad (26) aus dem Reaktorbehälter (14) und zum Rückführen des Metallbads (26) in den Reaktorbehälter (14) ausgebildet ist, und  - For withdrawing at least a portion of the metal bath (26) from the reactor vessel (14) and for returning the metal bath (26) is formed in the reactor vessel (14), and
- eine Fördervorrichtung (64) zum Fördern von Metallbad (26) umfasst,  a conveying device (64) for conveying metal bath (26),
- wobei die Fördervorrichtung (64) eine Druckerhöhungseinheit (60) aufweist, mittels der Metallbad (26) durch Aufbringen von Gasdruck (p) förderbar ist.  - wherein the conveying device (64) has a pressure increasing unit (60) by means of the metal bath (26) by applying gas pressure (p) is conveyed.
Reaktor nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Metallbad- Zwischenlagervorrichtung (52) einen Metallbadbehälter (54) umfasst, der unterhalb des Reaktorbehälters (14) angeordnet ist, so dass das Metallbad (26) zumindest zum Teil in den Metallbadbehälter (54) ablassbar ist. Reaktor nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Druckerhöhungseinheit (60) eingerichtet ist zum Erhöhen eines Drucks, insbesondere des Gasdrucks (p), im Metallbadbehälter (54), so dass das Metallbad (26) in den Reaktorbehälter (14) zurückdrückbar ist. Reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that said metal bath storage device (52) comprises a metal bath tank (54) disposed below said reactor vessel (14) such that said metal bath (26) is at least partially drainable into said metal bath tank (54) is. Reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that the pressure increasing unit (60) is arranged to increase a pressure, in particular the gas pressure (p), in the metal bath tank (54) so that the metal bath (26) can be pushed back into the reactor tank (14).
Reaktor nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung (52) einen Metallbadbehälter (54) umfasst, der oberhalb des Reaktorbehälters (14) angeordnet ist, so dass das Metallbad (26) in den Reaktorbehälter (14) ablassbar ist. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the metal bath storage device (52) comprises a metal bath container (54) which is arranged above the reactor vessel (14), so that the metal bath (26) in the reactor vessel (14) is drainable ,
Reaktor nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Druckerhöhungseinheit (60) eingerichtet ist zum Erhöhen eines Drucks, insbesondere des Gasdrucks (p), im Reaktorbehälter (14), so dass das Metallbad (26) in den Metallbadbehälter (54) drückbar ist. Reactor according to claim 4, characterized in that the pressure increasing unit (60) is arranged to increase a pressure, in particular the gas pressure (p), in the reactor vessel (14) so that the metal bath (26) can be pressed into the metal bath vessel (54).
6. Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Reaktors (10) zum Vergasen und/oder Reinigen eines Ausgangsmaterials (12), insbesondere zum Depolymeri- sieren von Kunststoff material (12), der 6. A method for operating a reactor (10) for gasifying and / or cleaning a starting material (12), in particular for depolymerizing plastic material (12), the
(a) einen Reaktorbehälter (14) zur Aufnahme des Ausgangsmaterials (12), insbesondere des Kunststoffmaterials (12),  (a) a reactor vessel (14) for receiving the starting material (12), in particular the plastic material (12),
(b) ein Metallbad (26), das  (b) a metal bath (26)
- im Reaktorbehälter (14) angeordnet ist und  - In the reactor vessel (14) is arranged and
- einen flüssigen metallischen Stoff umfasst, der eine Metallbad- Schmelztemperatur (Tschmelz) hat,  comprising a liquid metallic substance having a metal bath melting temperature (melt),
(c) eine Mehrzahl an Füllelementen (25), insbesondere aus einem fer- romagnetischen Stoff,  (c) a plurality of filling elements (25), in particular of a ferromagnetic substance,
(d) eine Heizung, insbesondere eine Induktionsheizung (18), zum Heizen des Ausgangsmaterials im Reaktorbehälter (14) und  (D) a heater, in particular an induction heater (18), for heating the starting material in the reactor vessel (14) and
(e) eine Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung (52), die  (e) a metal bath intermediate storage device (52)
- mit dem Reaktorbehälter (14) verbunden ist,  - connected to the reactor vessel (14),
- eine Fördervorrichtung (64) zum Fördern von Metallbad (26) umfasst,  a conveying device (64) for conveying metal bath (26),
- wobei die Fördervorrichtung (64) eine Druckerhöhungseinheit (60) aufweist,  - wherein the conveying device (64) has a pressure increasing unit (60),
umfasst,  includes,
mit den Schritten:  with the steps:
(i) Erhöhen eines Metallbad-Pegels (Hfün) des Metallbads (26), so dass auf dem Metallbad (26) schwimmende Reststoffe (38)in einen Überlauf gelangen, (i) increasing a metal bath level (H fü n) of the metal bath (26) so that floating residues (38) on the metal bath (26) pass into an overflow,
(ii) Abziehen der Reststoffe durch den Überlauf (36) und  (ii) removing the residues through the overflow (36) and
(iii) Absenken des Metallbad-Pegels des Metallbads (26). Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Reaktors (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, gekennzeichnet durch die Schritte: (iii) lowering the metal bath level of the metal bath (26). Method for operating a reactor (10) according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized by the steps:
(i) Fördern von Metallbad (26) aus dem Reaktorbehälter (14) in die Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung (52) und  (i) conveying metal bath (26) from the reactor vessel (14) into the metal bath storage facility (52) and
(ii) Fördern von Metallbad (26) aus der Metallbad-Zwischenlagervorrichtung (52) in den Reaktorbehälter (14),  (ii) conveying metal bath (26) from the metal bath storage facility (52) into the reactor vessel (14),
(iii) wobei das Fördern in Schritt (i) und/oder Schritt (ii) mittels Gasdruck (p) erfolgt.  (iii) wherein the conveying in step (i) and / or step (ii) takes place by means of gas pressure (p).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Metallbad-Temperatur 350°C bis 600°C beträgt. Method according to one of claims 6 or 7, characterized in that a metal bath temperature is 350 ° C to 600 ° C.
EP13718509.6A 2012-04-24 2013-04-23 Reactor and method for gasifying and/or cleaning a starting material Withdrawn EP2841532A1 (en)

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