EP2839518A1 - Concentrator for polychromatic light - Google Patents
Concentrator for polychromatic lightInfo
- Publication number
- EP2839518A1 EP2839518A1 EP20130778069 EP13778069A EP2839518A1 EP 2839518 A1 EP2839518 A1 EP 2839518A1 EP 20130778069 EP20130778069 EP 20130778069 EP 13778069 A EP13778069 A EP 13778069A EP 2839518 A1 EP2839518 A1 EP 2839518A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical device
- wavebands
- cell
- light
- optical element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Definitions
- Embodiments of the devices described and shown in this application may be within the scope of one or more of the following U.S. Patents and Patent Applications and/or equivalents in other countries: US Patents 6,639,733, issued October 28, 2003 in the names of Minano et al., and 7,460,985 issued December 2, 2008 in the names of Benitez et al.; WO 2007/016363 mentioned above, and US 2008/0316761 of the same title published December 25, 2008 also in the names of Minano et al; WO 2007/103994 titled “Multi-Junction Solar Cells with a Homogenizer System and Coupled Non-Imaging Light Concentrator” published Sept 13, 2007 in the names of Benitez et al; US 2008/0223443, titled “Optical Concentrator Especially for Solar Photovoltaic” published September 18, 2008 in the names of Benitez et al.; and US 2009/0071467 titled "Multi-Junction Solar Cells with a Homogenizer System and Couple
- POE Primary Optical Element
- Optical element (which may be one surface of a refractive element) that receives the light from the sun or other source and concentrates it towards the Secondary Optical Element.
- Secondary Optical Element (which may be one surface of a refractive element) that receives the light from the Primary Optical Element and concentrates it towards the solar cell or other target.
- the focal point of the primary optical element is deliberately not exactly coincident with the secondary optical element.
- Diagonal acceptance angle (a d ) -Angle with respect to the perfect-aim direction of incident rays in a plane parallel to the perfect-aim direction and containing one diagonal of the solar cell, at which the cell photocurrent drops by 10%.
- Concentration-Acceptance Product A parameter associated with any solar concentrating architecture, and which is defined as the product of the square root of the geometrical concentration times the sine of the acceptance angle (being the minimum of the parallel and diagonal acceptance angles).
- Some optical architectures have a higher CAP than others, enabling higher concentration and/or higher acceptance angle.
- the CAP is nearly constant when the geometrical concentration is changed, so that increasing the value of one parameter lowers the other.
- Perfect-aim position A central direction for incoming collimated light, or incoming sunlight (source diameter 0.5° centered on the nominal direction), away from which performance falls off in all directions.
- the perfect-aim position is a line of intersection of symmetry planes for the overall concentrator, but not necessarily for individual segments.
- the rate at which performance falls off may be different in different planes, see for example a p and a d above.
- a first drawback is that in the case of high illumination angles the reflecting surfaces of the light-pipe must be metalized, which reduces optical efficiency relative to the near-perfect reflectivity of total internal reflection off a polished surface in a dielectric-based light pipe.
- a second drawback is that for good homogenization a relatively long light-pipe is necessary, but increasing the length of the light-pipe both increases its absorption and reduces the mechanical stability of the apparatus.
- a third drawback is that light pipes are unsuitable for relatively thick (small) cells because of lateral light spillage from the edges of the bonding material holding the cell to the end of the light pipe (typically made of silicone rubber). Finally, the amount of bonding material used in the adhesion layer is critical.
- the first photovoltaic concentrator using Kohler integration was proposed (see Reference [8]) by Sandia Labs in the late 1980's, and subsequently was commercialized by Alpha Solarco. That design used a standard radial concentric Fresnel lens as its primary optical element (POE) and an imaging single surface lens (called SILO, for SIngLe Optical surface) that encapsulates the photovoltaic cell was its secondary optical element (SOE). That approach used two imaging optical lenses (the Fresnel lens and the SILO) where the SILO is placed at the focal plane of the Fresnel lens and the SILO images the Fresnel lens (which is uniformly illuminated) onto the photovoltaic cell. Thus, if the cell is square the primary can be square trimmed without losing optical efficiency.
- POE primary optical element
- SILO imaging single surface lens
- Suitable for a secondary optical element is the SMS designed RX concentrator described in References [10], [1 1], [12]. This is an imaging element that works near the thermodynamic limit of concentration. This concentrator was of only academic interest, because neither the double aspheric element nor the RX concentrator are economically feasible for practical application, and the thermal management of the photovoltaic cells is also impractical in such a configuration.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide different photovoltaic concentrators that combine high geometric concentration, high acceptance angle, and high irradiance uniformity on the solar cell.
- the primary and secondary optical elements are each lenticulated to form a plurality of segments.
- a segment of the primary optical element and a segment of the secondary optical element combine to form a Kohler integrator.
- the multiple segments result in a plurality of Kohler integrators that collectively focus their incident sunlight onto a common target, such as a multi-junction photovoltaic cell, taking into account the response to the different spectral bands of a multi-junction solar cell separately by means of a polychromatic optimization.
- Any hotspots are typically in different places for different individual Kohler integrators, with the plurality further averaging out the multiple hotspots over the target cell.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide optical devices comprising: a multi- junction photovoltaic cell, wherein each junction is operative to convert light of a respective waveband into electricity; a refractive first optical element having a plurality of segments each arranged to focus incoming collimated light from a common source; and a second optical element having a plurality of segments, each arranged to direct light from a respective segment of the first optical element onto the photovoltaic cell; wherein the acceptance angles for incoming light of two of the said wavebands are within a ratio of 5:4 to 4:5.
- the acceptance angles may be within the ratio of 5:4 to 4:5 for incoming light of the shortest and longest of the said wavebands, and advantageously for incoming light of all of the three or more wavebands.
- the ratio of a p (top) to aa( bottom) is desirably within the ratio of 5:4 to 4:5, where a p (top) is the acceptance angle of the shortest of the said wavebands, measured in a plane parallel to a side of the cell, ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4( bottom) is the acceptance angle of the longest of the said wavebands, measured in a plane containing a diagonal of the cell, and each of the said acceptance angles is defined as the angle between uniform incoming collimated light and a perfect-aim direction at which the light energy directed onto the cell is 90% of the energy directed onto the cell for identical incoming collimated light in the perfect-aim direction.
- the first optical element may be a Fresnel or other discontinuous-surface lens.
- the segments of the Fresnel lens may then comprise Fresnel lenses with different centers.
- the first optical element may then comprise a sheet formed on one face with a Fresnel lens common to all of the segments, and formed on the other face with a separate continuous-slope lens for each segment.
- the Fresnel lens may be domed.
- the CAP may be at least 0.45 for at least two of the wavebands, and preferably for all of the wavebands simultaneously.
- the uniformity in the perfect-aim direction may be at least 0.5, better at least 0.67, preferably at least 0.8, for all wavebands.
- An embodiment of the invention provides an optical device comprising: a primary optical element having a plurality of segments, which in an example are 4 in number; and a secondary optical element having a plurality of segments, which in an example are 4 lenticulations of an optical surface of a lens; wherein each segment of the primary optical element, along with a corresponding segment of the secondary optical element, forms one of a plurality of Kohler integrators.
- the plurality of Kohler integrators are arranged in position and orientation to direct light in multiple spectral bands from a common source onto a common target.
- the source is the sun. Whether it is the common source or the common target, the other may be part of the device or connected to it.
- the target may be a photovoltaic cell.
- Embodiments of the invention also provide other forms of concentrator and collimator, including light collectors and luminaires, having similar optical properties.
- the common source, where the device is a light collector, or the common target, where the device is a luminaire may be external to the device.
- the embodiments below are mainly intended for use as solar concentrators.
- the source and target are typically interchanged, so that the light is highly concentrated at a source behind the "secondary" optical element, and is largely collimated on its way to an external target in front of the "primary" optical element.
- Embodiments of the invention also provide methods of designing and making solar concentrators and other optical devices having the specified novel properties.
- Embodiments of the present invention make it possible to simultaneously solve, or at least mitigate the consequences of not simultaneously solving, three problems:
- the ray collection efficiency is to be as near 100% as possible for all of the three or more wavebands at normal (perfect-aim) incidence, that is, the three top, middle, and bottom junction rays are fully collected.
- the overall acceptance angle for the three bands is to be maximized, which usually requires the acceptance angle for the three bands to be balanced as equally as possible, because the minimum of the three acceptance angles effectively limits the overall acceptance of the device.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the primary and secondary lenses of a previously proposed 4-fold Kohler concentrator.
- FIG. 2 shows a set of three ray traces through the SOE of one embodiment of a solar concentrator for rays of three different wavelengths.
- FIG. 3A shows a ray trace in the parallel direction for a top-junction band for an incidence angle equal to 0.95 a.
- FIG. 3B shows a ray trace similar to that of FIG. 3 A, but in the diagonal direction and for a bottom-junction band.
- FIG. 4A is a plot of irradiance against position over the area of a photovoltaic cell for the top junction band of a flat-POE design using the furthest point optimization for the SOE.
- FIG. 4B is a plot similar to FIG. 4A for the bottom junction band.
- FIG. 4C is a plot similar to FIG. 4A using the closest point optimization for the
- FIG. 4D is a plot similar to FIG. 4C for the bottom junction band.
- FIG. 5A is a perspective view of the primary and secondary lenses of a RR domed
- FIG. 5B is an enlarged view of the SOE of FIG. 5A, showing a ray trace.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram in axial section illustrating the design of a domed concentrator.
- FIG. 7A is a 3D plot of irradiance for the top junction band of a concentrator with a domed POE optimized for maximum uniformity.
- FIG. 7B is a plot similar to FIG. 7A for the bottom junction band.
- FIG. 7C is a 3D plot of irradiance for the top junction band of a concentrator with a domed POE optimized for maximum CAP.
- FIG. 7D is a plot similar to FIG. 7C for the bottom junction band.
- FIG. 8A shows plan and perspective views of a circular domed Fresnel lens with four segments formed by lenticulations on the upper surface, and a common non- rotationally symmetric (spiral) Fresnel lens on the underside.
- FIG. 8B is a perspective view from above of a square Fresnel lens taken from the circular lens of FIG. 8A.
- FIG. 9A is a perspective view of the primary and secondary lenses of a 2-segment RR Fresnel Kohler concentrator.
- FIG. 9B is an enlarged view of the SOE of FIG. 9A, showing a ray trace.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the primary and secondary lenses of a 9-segment RR Fresnel Kohler concentrator, and two different enlarged views of the SOE, with and without ray trace.
- the primary optical elements (POE) described in these embodiments are formed into segments, exhibiting multi-fold symmetry.
- the secondary optical elements (SOE) have the same multi-fold symmetry as the respective POE.
- the plurality of Kohler integrator segments combine to concentrate incoming sunlight on a common photovoltaic cell.
- the top junction is sensitive from 350 to 690 nm, the middle junction from 690 nm to 900 nm, and the bottom junction beyond 900 nm (A germanium bottom junction can in principle use light down to about 1800 nm, while an InGaAs or InGaAsNSb bottom junction can use light down to only about 1400 nm.), the transition between the cell bands not necessarily being abrupt.
- the POE is a mirror, the directions of the reflected rays are not dependent on the wavelength, and a monochromatic concentrator design is enough to predict to full spectrum performance.
- the POE is refractive, and the variation of the refractive index of the lens material with wavelength (usually called material dispersion, responsible for the chromatic aberration in imaging optics) causes rays of different wavelengths to be refracted towards different directions, reaching different points of the SOE.
- these wavelength-dependent ray deviations for the different junction bands will cause two effects that should be taken into account: (1) there may be three different acceptance angles for the different junctions; and (2) the irradiance distribution may also be different for the different junctions.
- the first effect has the consequence that the effective acceptance angle for the concentrator as a whole is the smallest of the three, limiting the CAP of the device.
- the second effect degrades the overall solar cell efficiency, because the three junctions operate in series and the least brightly illuminated junction limits the current output of the stack.
- the irradiance distributions of the wavebands used by the three junctions differ, that minimum-brightness limitation occurs locally, only partially mitigated by lateral current flows, even when the total integrated illumination of the cell is the same for the three junctions.
- FIG. 1 shows one of the embodiments in the earlier US 8,000,018 B2, in which the POE is a flat Fresnel lens with 4-fold symmetry.
- Each of the four Fresnel lens segments is part of a lens having rotational symmetry with respect to one of four axes that do not coincide with each other, and do not coincide with the center of the overall optical system.
- the normal-incidence rays 1 1 are split into four disconnected bundles to reach the four lobes of 4-fold symmetric SOE.
- the foci 12 of the POE lens segments are formed close to the front surface of the SOE. That design ignores chromatic dispersion, and assumes that tracing a single set of rays is sufficient.
- the embodiments in the present application are optimized polychromatically to obtain solutions that can achieve high optical efficiency, and also correct the two effects mentioned above. That is to say, they can achieve as additional performance targets that: (1) the concentrator acceptance angle a, given by the smallest acceptance angle of the three junctions, is maximum, and (2) the irradiance distributions of the three junctions are very similar.
- the performance target (1) is obtained by the POE optimization.
- FIG.2 shows a side view, in cross-section along a diagonal, of a 4-fold SOE 202 with a triple junction cell 201 being illuminated by the rays 205 of the top junction waveband, rays 204 of the middle junction waveband, and rays 203 of the bottom junction waveband.
- the POE (not shown in FIG. 2) is assumed to be a Fresnel lens.
- the focal regions are located in three very different positions, 206, 207 and 208, shallowest for the top junction focus 206 and deepest into the SOE for the bottom junction focus 208.
- One focus can preferably be specified as the point where light of the chosen color would notionally be focused by the POE if the further refraction of the light rays by the SOE did not intervene.
- point 209 in FIG. 2 corresponds to such a notional focus for light of wavelength 550 nm.
- the two coordinates (x m ,z m ) of point 209 in the tilted coordinate system x-z shown in FIG.2 constitute the two parameters to vary for achieving performance target (1). Therefore, the objective is to solve the mathematical problem of finding the maximum of the two-variable function a(x m ,z m ).
- FIG. 3 A shows the ray trace for the top junction spectral band on an optimized design at an incidence angle equal to 0.95a along the parallel direction.
- FIG. 3B shows the ray trace at the same incidence angle 0.95a but for the bottom junction spectral band along the diagonal direction.
- the 10% drop that will occur at the incidence angle a in both direction will occur when the ray 301 that enters the SOE nearest the top cusp of the SOE reaches the adjacent lobe in the top junction parallel case (FIG. 3A), and when the ray 302 that enters the SOE lowest down misses the target cell in the bottom junction diagonal case (FIG. 3B).
- the refractive index of typical POE lens materials is not very different from middle to bottom junction bands, the foci 207 and 208 in FIG. 2 are relatively close and the middle and bottom acceptance angles are also close. As a consequence, instead of making the parallel top acceptance angle equal to the diagonal bottom acceptance angle, the parallel top and diagonal middle acceptance angles can be made equal. This is especially adequate for the case of solar cells in which there is an excess of bottom junction photocurrent (as in commercially available GalnP-GalnAs-Ge cells), so that the bottom-junction current is unlikely to be limiting.
- One of the devices was designed with the polychromatic optimization just described, while the other device was designed using the procedure disclosed in US 8,000,018.
- the acceptance angle at the selected wavelength was maximized.
- the selected wavelength was 550 nm, which is centered for the top junction band. This wavelength is commonly used in optics because at that wavelength the refractive index takes approximately the value of the median of the distribution.
- the choice of the 550 nm wavelength was not stated in US 8,000,018, but can be easily inferred from column 8, lines 40-50, where it is stated that a polychromatic ray trace analysis for the top junction band achieves an acceptance angle of ⁇ 1.43° and the monochromatic analysis ⁇ 1.47°. The proximity of these two values is consistent with the 550 nm selection.
- Table 1 shows the comparison of the performance parameters of the two designs obtained with a ray-trace analysis: TABLE 1
- the second difference is that while the acceptance angle for the three junctions is very well balanced in the polychromatic design, the bottom and middle junction acceptance angles are 30% lower than the top junction acceptance angle in the
- performance target (2) which is that the irradiance distributions of the three junctions must be very similar, is obtained by optimizing the SOE.
- a single third design parameter is enough to obtain excellent results, and that is the point along the cell diagonal to be imaged by each quadrant on its corresponding POE sector.
- a central wavelength can be used for the calculations since the SOE imaging required is very little affected by the chromatic dispersion due to the large field of view of view that the SOE is imaging. The actual optimum position depends on the specific embodiment.
- FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show the irradiance for the extreme bands of the top and bottom junctions, respectively, of a flat-POE design with PMMA POE and B270 glass SOE using the furthest point selection, which is the optimum for target (2) and thus they look extremely alike.
- FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D show the same graphs for a flat-POE design using the closest point selection, in which a significantly poorer uniformity balance is visible.
- Tables 2 and 3 show the numerical data describing the shape of the polychromatically optimized design just discussed whose performance data is given in the previous Table 1).
- a Cartesian coordinates system is used, with the origin at the cell center and with the X and Y axes parallel to the cell sides, while the z axis is perpendicular to the cell plane.
- the SOE sag list is given in Table 2:
- FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B disclose another preferred embodiment which consists of a 4- fold symmetric device in which the POE is a Fresnel lens 501 of a dome-like shape instead of flat.
- the POE is a Fresnel lens 501 of a dome-like shape instead of flat.
- the additional degree of freedom to choose the curve of the overall profile of the Fresnel lens makes it possible in the polychromatic optimization to control the positions of two foci for two junctions instead of one.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the steps in the design of a domed 4-fold concentrator.
- point A on the POE placed on the optical axis, is chosen.
- point C of the SOE on the symmetry axis, is chosen, and the SOE is designed as a Cartesian oval coupling spherical wavefronts with origins at A and at point E on the near edge of the cell passing through C.
- point D is chosen as the point of the SOE where the meridional tangent line to the SOE forms a certain angle with the vertical direction (typically 5° to allow for easy demolding of the SOE part).
- the POE is designed from A to B.
- the Kritchman method is modified as a polychromatic design, where rays focused in C are chosen to have a short wavelength in the solar spectrum (e.g. 450 nm, in the top junction band) and rays focused in D are chosen to have a long wavelength (e.g. 1,000 nm, in the bottom junction band). Rays impinging within ⁇ a on point A, after being refracted in POE and SOE, will go to E. Then, analogously to the
- Domed Fresnel designs can achieve lower depth to diameter ratios than flat Fresnel designs (0.7 to 0.9 for domed Fresnels compared with 0.9 to 1.2 for flat Fresnels) and higher CAPs due to the less constrained POE design (up to 0.73).
- the dome Fresnel is advantageous over the flat one in its smaller SOE (this implies a lower absorption inside the material and lower cost in the glass molding process).
- the combination of the lens convexity and high optical efficiency can result in the facets of the dome POE having negative draft angle, the manufacturing of the dome lens becomes challenging.
- One technique is based on the use of PMMA injection molding using a moveable mold, as the Japanese company Daido Steel has developed for rotationally symmetric lenses, see Ref. [5]. An alternative is shown in FIG.
- the Fresnel interior face of the lens is made with a spiral profile 81 (which can be demolded by a combination of rotation and pull, as a screw), truncated to the square projected aperture 82.
- the exterior surface has the four lobes 83 to produce the desired beam separation.
- the spiral is constructed from a 2D polygonal profile contained in a meridional plane in three steps available in many CAD software packages: (a) a linearly varying spiral is generated passing through the concave vertices, (b) the same as (a) for the convex vertices, and (c) the facet profile is swept along the spirals using the them as rails.
- the 4-fold front surface 83 of the POE in combination with a rotationally symmetric Fresnel inner surface.
- FIG. 9 shows a 1 2 design, in which the rectangular POE lens 91 is divided into two segments that concentrate the sun light onto a two-lobe SOE lens 92, splitting the beam into two channels that create the two foci 93 and 94.
- Devices with N different from M have the capacity to produce different acceptance angles in the N and M directions. This is of interest for setting the high acceptance angle direction parallel to the elevation axis, at which the mechanical constraint is higher in usual rectangular arrays.
- the acceptance of the 1 X 2 concentrator may be optimized analogously with the 2 x 2 concentrators described above. Defining the "long parallel" direction as parallel to the edge that extends first along one segment of the primary optical element 91 and then along the other segment, and defining the "short parallel” direction as parallel to the orthogonal edges, the optimization can be done in three ways:
- FIG. 10 shows a further embodiment of a Kohler integrating concentrator in the form of a 3 x 3 concentrator, for which the polychromatic optimization has to be applied.
- the POE is a Fresnel lens 100 comprising nine segments or sectors.
- the Fresnel lens is not fully rotationally symmetric, but comprises a symmetric central sector 106, four lateral sectors 105, each of them symmetric with each other relative to the Fresnel lens center, and four diagonal sectors 104, also symmetric with each other relative to the Fresnel lens center.
- the four lateral and four diagonal sectors may be made as an off-center square piece of a symmetric Fresnel lens.
- SOE lens 101 also comprises nine sectors, each aligned with corresponding sector of POE lens 100. All nine sector pairs send the sun rays within the acceptance angle to cell 102.
- the 9-fold produces a higher CAP (up to 0.65) in performance target (1) and an even better uniformity and irradiance balance in performance target (2).
- This device is attractive for solar cells 102 with specially high spectral sensitivity, as is expected to occur in future four and five junction solar cells.
- the inventors With the design of their previous US 8,000,018, the inventors have achieved a balance no better than 0.7: 1 between the top and bottom junctions, and a CAP for the worst of the three wavebands no better than 0.40.
- Embodiments of the present invention consistently achieve a CAP greater than 0.45, and a uniformity (ratio of minimum to maximum irradiance on the cell with the sun centered on the perfect-aim position) of at least 0.5 for all wavebands simultaneously.
- the inventors have found that with proper design a uniformity of at least 2/3, and usually at least 0.8, is consistently achievable for realistic configurations.
Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201261687002P | 2012-04-16 | 2012-04-16 | |
PCT/US2013/036771 WO2013158634A1 (en) | 2012-04-16 | 2013-04-16 | Concentrator for polychromatic light |
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EP2839518A1 true EP2839518A1 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
EP2839518A4 EP2839518A4 (en) | 2015-12-16 |
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EP13778069.8A Withdrawn EP2839518A4 (en) | 2012-04-16 | 2013-04-16 | Concentrator for polychromatic light |
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EP (1) | EP2839518A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN104350676B (en) |
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CA2909757C (en) | 2013-04-10 | 2016-03-22 | Opsun Technologies Inc. | Adiabatic secondary optics for solar concentrators used in concentrated photovoltaic systems |
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US8631787B2 (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2014-01-21 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Multi-junction solar cells with a homogenizer system and coupled non-imaging light concentrator |
DE102006007472B4 (en) * | 2006-02-17 | 2018-03-22 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Photovoltaic concentrator module with multifunctional frame |
EP2359072A4 (en) * | 2008-11-18 | 2012-05-02 | Light Prescriptions Innovators | Köhler concentrator |
US9995507B2 (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2018-06-12 | Richard Norman | Systems for cost-effective concentration and utilization of solar energy |
US9123849B2 (en) * | 2009-04-24 | 2015-09-01 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Photovoltaic device |
WO2011112842A1 (en) * | 2010-03-11 | 2011-09-15 | Greenvolts, Inc. | Optics within a concentrated photovoltaic receiver containing a cpv cell |
CN102158131B (en) * | 2011-03-22 | 2013-06-19 | 苏州震旦光伏科技有限公司 | Solar photovoltaic system |
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EP2839518A4 (en) | 2015-12-16 |
CN104350676A (en) | 2015-02-11 |
CN104350676B (en) | 2017-07-14 |
WO2013158634A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
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