CN104350676B - The concentrator of polychromatic light - Google Patents
The concentrator of polychromatic light Download PDFInfo
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- CN104350676B CN104350676B CN201380028182.7A CN201380028182A CN104350676B CN 104350676 B CN104350676 B CN 104350676B CN 201380028182 A CN201380028182 A CN 201380028182A CN 104350676 B CN104350676 B CN 104350676B
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Abstract
One example of solar energy electric current concentrator, which has, includes the primary Fresnel Lenses of multiple panels, and each in this multiple panel strangles integrator with the corresponding panel composition section in lens Secondary lens.Thus obtained multiple integrators focus on sunshine on common multi-junction photovoltaic battery.Integrator provides the illumination of matching in the different-waveband needed for different knots.The use of the luminaire of similar geometry is also possible.
Description
The cross reference of related application
This application claims Benitez andEntitled " the Domed Fresnel submitted on April 16th, 2012Concentrator " numbering is the rights and interests of 61/687,002 U.S. Provisional Patent Application, and it is by reference
Entirety is hereby incorporated by.
Have references to all be withEt al. name submitted on November 18th, 2008 it is entitled "
U.S. Provisional Patent Application that Concentrator " numbering is 61/115,892 and submitted on June 8, in 2009 it is identical
U.S. Provisional Patent Application that the numbering of title is 61/268,129 and with Ben í tez et al. name October 6 in 2009
Day submit it is entitled "concentrator azimuthally combining radial-sub-
The commonly assigned U.S. Provisional Patent Application that concentrators " numbering is 61/278,476, and then occur
August in 2011 authorize within 16th it is entitled "Concentrator " numbering is 8,000,018 United States Patent (USP), and it leads to
Cross and quote and entirety is hereby incorporated by.
It has references toEt al. the numbering assigned be PCT/US 2006/029464 (WO 2007/016363) and
The numbering that Ben í tez et al. assign is PCT/US 2007/063522 (WO 2007/103994) commonly assigned international monopoly
Application, by reference, entirety is hereby incorporated by for it.
The embodiment for the equipment for showing and describing in the application can following U.S. patents and patent applications and/or other
In the range of one or more of equivalent of country：Et al. under one's name on October 28th, 2003 authorize
United States Patent (USP) 6,639,733, and the United States Patent (USP) 7,460 authorized on December 2nd, 2008 of Ben í tez et al. under one's name,
985；WO 2007/016363 above-mentioned, and equally existEt al. under one's name in public affairs on December 25th, 2008
The US 2008/0316761 for the same title opened；Ben í tez et al. under one's name entitled disclosed in September in 2007 13 days
“Multi-Junction Solar Cells with a Homogenizer System and Coupled Non-Imaging
Light Concentrator " WO 2007/103994；Ben í tez et al. being inscribed in September in 2008 disclosed in 18 days under one's name
For " Optical Concentrator Especially for Solar Photovoltaic " US 2008/0223443；
And " the Multi-Junction Solar Cells entitled disclosed in 19 days March in 2009 of Ben í tez et al. under one's name
With a Homogenizer System and Coupled Non-Imaging Light Concentrator " US
2009/0071467。
Nomenclature
Primary optical element (Primary Optical Element, POE)-from the sun or other sources receive light and by its
The optical element concentrated to secondary optics (it can be a surface of refracting element).
Secondary optics (Secondary Optical Element, SOE)-receive light from primary optical element and incite somebody to action
It is to solar cell or other optical elements that target tightening (it can be a surface of refracting element).
Section's Le integrator (Integrator)-strictly speaking it is that wherein source is imaged onto by primary optical element
In secondary optics and primary optical element is imaged onto the optics in target by secondary optics.In this specification
In, as described in below, the focus of primary optical element is not intentionally completely the same with secondary optics.
Parallel acceptance angle (αp)-for flat rectangle solar cell, comprising perfect alignment direction and parallel to
The angle relative to perfect alignment direction of incident light in the plane on two sides of solar cell, and along perfect alignment direction
Equal incident irradiance compared to dropping 10% under cell photoelectric stream at the angle.
Diagonal acceptance angle (αd)-cornerwise in one parallel to perfect alignment direction and comprising solar cell
The angle relative to perfect alignment direction of incident light in plane, 10% is dropped under cell photoelectric stream at the angle.
Geometry intensity (Geometrical concentration, the Cg)-POE projection perpendicular to solar core direction
The ratio of area and cell area.
Intensity receives product (Concentration-Acceptance Product, CAP)-and any Salar light-gathering frame
The related parameter of structure, and it is defined as the square root of geometry intensity and is multiplied by (as the minimum in parallel and diagonal acceptance angle
Value) the sinusoidal product of acceptance angle.Some optics frameworks have the CAP higher than other, are enable to obtain higher
Intensity and/or higher acceptance angle.For specific structure, when geometry intensity is changed, CAP is almost constant, so
The value of one parameter of increase can reduce the value of another parameter.
Fresnel facet (Fresnel Facet)-by refraction make light deviate discontinuous-slanted lenticular element.
Cartesian oval-be used for the given light of cluster being converted into another make a reservation in imaging and non imaging optical element
The curve (being strictly speaking family of curves) of cluster.Referring to bibliography [10], page 185, bibliography [14].
The center direction of perfect alignment position-incidence collimated light or incident sunlight (concentrates on nominal direction (nominal
Direction 0.5 ° of source diameter)), leaving directionality be able to can decline in all directions.All implementations being described below
In example, perfect alignment position is the cross spider of the symmetrical plane of overall concentrator, but not necessarily such for single section.So
And, the speed of hydraulic performance decline can be different in Different Plane, for example, see α abovepAnd αd。
The minimum irradiation level and maximum spoke of the uniformity-on battery in the case that the sun is centered on perfect alignment position
The ratio of illumination.
Background technology
Three knots (Triple-junction) photovoltaic solar cells are expensive, it is therefore desirable in practice with as far as possible
Many intensity is operated.However, when the local intensity of incident radiation surmounts 2,000~3,000 sun (sun), currently may be used
Grain will be become with the efficiency of many knot photovoltaic solar cells of acquisition.Some collector designs of prior art are on logical on battery
Amount distribution have a large amount of non-uniformities so that occur up to 20 × average intensity (have 500 × average intensity 9,
000-11,000 × intensity) " focus (hot spot) " so that significantly limit commercially viable maximum be averaged
Intensity.
By using the even beam device (light-pipe of long light pipe in classical optics element being known method
Homogenizer), it is potential to obtain the good irradiation level uniformity on the solar cell.See bibliography [1].When making
During beam device even with light pipe, solar cell is tightly attached to one end of light pipe and light reaches electricity on light pipe wall after some bounce-backs
Pond.As optical tube length is increased, the light distribution on battery becomes more uniform.However, light pipe is used for into condensation photovoltaic equipment
(CPV) there are some defects.First defect is, in the case of high light angle, and the reflecting surface of light pipe needs to be metallized,
This reduces optical efficiency relative to the almost Perfect reflectivity of the complete internal reflection of the polished surface in the light pipe based on dielectric.
Second defect is, for good even beam, relatively long light pipe is necessary, but increase optical tube length not only increased its absorb but also
Reduce the mechanical stability of device.3rd defect is, for the battery of relative thick (small), due to from for battery to be kept
Ambient light to the edge of the bond material (being generally made up of silicon rubber) of the end of light pipe overflows, and light pipe is simultaneously improper.Finally,
The amount of the bond material used in adhesive layer is vital.Material will be then between air on a part for battery very little
Gap, so as to cause to lose as caused by Fresnel reflection.Too many material will cause above-mentioned overflow problem.The area of battery is smaller,
The solar radiation of greater proportion is then lost by overflowing.Even so, light pipe has been proposed in CPV systems repeatedly, referring to ginseng
Document [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7] is examined, it uses the optical tube length more much longer than battery size, usually 4-5 times.
For realizing that another strategy of the good uniformity on battery is kohler's illumination device.The technology can be solved or extremely
Mitigate uniformity problems less, and without acceptance angle of trading off, will not also increase assembling difficulty.
Sandia Labs are proposed in the late nineteen eighties strangles the first photovoltaic optical condenser of integration (see reference using section
Document [8]), and be subsequently commercialized by Alpha Solarco.The design uses the radial concentric Fresnel Lenses conduct of standard
Its primary optical element (POE), and the imaging single face lens of encapsulation of photovoltaic cells (are referred to as SILO (SIngLe
Optical), for single optical surface) it is its secondary optics (SOE).This mode is (luxuriant and rich with fragrance using two image optics lens
Nie Er lens and SILO), wherein SILO be disposed in the focal plane of Fresnel Lenses and SILO by Fresnel Lenses, (it is non-
Equably illuminate) it is imaged onto photovoltaic cell.Therefore, if battery is square, the primary element can be cut by square, without
Lose optical efficiency.
Although battery has the illumination uniformity of simplicity and height, the practical application still office of Sandia Labs systems
It is limited to low intensity, because there is low intensity to receive product, about 0.3 ° (being ± 1 ° in 300 × when) for it.This is due to
Imaging secondary element can not obtain high light angle on battery, therefore be only also to produce 300 × when even in intensity ratio
Low acceptance angle.
Mode is strangled using 4 optical surfaces by the section of another Previous proposals, to obtain high acceptance angle and solar cell
The photovoltaic optical condenser (document that sees reference [9]) of upper relatively uniform radiation profiles.The POE of the concentrator is that the sun is imaged onto into SOE
Aperture (aperture) on double aspherical imaging lens.What it is suitable for secondary optics is in bibliography [10], [11]
[12] the RX concentrators designed by SMS described in.This is an imaging being operated near the thermodynamic limit of concentrator
Element.The concentrator only by academic interest because double non-spherical elements and RX concentrators for practical application in economy
On be all infeasible, and the heat management of photovoltaic cell is also unpractical in this configuration.
Compared with mode is strangled by previous section, in US 8,000,018B2, some in inventor here find increase
Intensity receives the actual solution of product.It, which includes POE and SOE being divided into, provides many of independent section's Le passage (channel)
Individual section (sector), so each SOE sections need to manage only corresponding more small field of view and provide corresponding smaller intensity.
In addition, much channel communication provides further improve and robustness due to principle of stacking：By any original of one of POE images
The deterioration caused by compare in the case of single channel (as previously mentioned due to the smaller contribution of its solar global irradiance to produced by
The problem of SILO) it is less notable.
The embodiment most noted in the B2 of US 8,000,018 includes the flat Fresnel Lenses of 4 weight symmetries and 4 weight single faces time
Level lens.The equipment is conceived using single wavelength designs each Fresnel Lenses quadrant.The position of monochromatic focus is instructed to
For on SOE surface, or positioned at SOE body interior deeper inside, from a certain string (chord) closer to.Do not indicated by
Optical element is responded to the different of different bands of multijunction solar cell --- and its combination behavior is strong non-linear
--- the secondary color design taken into account.
This secondary color optimization is not yet applied to other related frameworks, 9 weights such as also mentioned in the B2 of US 8,000,018
Design is strangled by Fresnel section.
Although most Fresnel Lenses used herein are flat, rotationally symmetrical domed lens are utilized
[5] more preferable intensity acceptance angle product is had been realized in.
As described in commonly assigned US 2010/0269885, obtaining optimum efficiency from multijunction solar cell can
The irradiation of the different batteries of minimum rational horizon weighing apparatus can be needed.
Occur when producing beam of white light from the luminaire (luminaire) with white light source most identical or very much like
The problem of, so as to reverse the direction of light.
The content of the invention
It is equal The embodiment provides high geometry intensity, high acceptance angle and high irradiance is combined on the solar cell
The different photovoltaic optical condensers of evenness.In all embodiments, primary optical element and secondary optics are respectively biconvex lens
Shape with formed it is multiple section (segment).The section of primary optical element and the section of secondary optics are combined, and are strangled and accumulated with the section of being formed
Divide device.Multiple sections cause multiple sections to strangle integrator, and integrator is strangled jointly by its incident solar light focusing to jointly by this multiple section
In target, on such as multi-junction photovoltaic battery, so that in view of secondary color optimization means not sharing the same light to multijunction solar cell respectively
The response of bands of a spectrum.Integrator is strangled for different independent sections, any focus is generally in different places, and integration is strangled by this multiple section
The further average multiple focuses in target battery of device.
The embodiment provides optical device, including：Multi-junction photovoltaic battery, wherein each knot is operable to phase
The light of wave band is answered to be converted to electric power；The first optical element is reflected, it has multiple sections, this multiple section, which is each arranged to focus on, to be come
From the incident collimated light of common source；And second optical element, it has multiple sections, this multiple section be each arranged to by from
The light of the corresponding section of first optical element is directed on the photovoltaic cell；Wherein, two wave bands in the wave band
The acceptance angle of incident light is 5:4 to 4:In 5 ratio.
Acceptance angle for the most short-wave band and the incident light of most long-wave band in the wave band and advantageously for three or
The incident light of all wave bands in person's more multiband can be 5:4 to 4:In 5 ratio.
If battery, the first optical element (projecting in the plane in perfect alignment direction) and the first optical element
In each section (by similarly projecting) be all square and be all aligned in the same direction, then αp(top) and αdThe ratio at (bottom)
Example is ideally 5:4 to 4:In 5 ratio, wherein αp(top) is the ripple measured in the plane parallel to one side of battery
The acceptance angle of most short-wave band in section, αd(bottom) be in the wave band measured in cornerwise plane comprising battery most
Each in the acceptance angle of long-wave band, and the acceptance angle be defined as uniform incident collimated light and perfect alignment direction it
Between angle, the luminous energy being directed into the acceptance angle on battery is for the identical incident collimated light quilt on perfect alignment direction
The 90% of the energy being directed on the battery.
First optical element can be Fresnel Lenses or other discontinuous surface lens.Each section in Fresnel Lenses
Then it can include that there is not concentric Fresnel Lenses.Alternatively, then the first optical element can be included in one
It is formed with face for the Fresnel Lenses common to all sections and is formed with the list saved for each on the other surface
The piece (sheet) of only continuous slope lens.Fresnel Lenses can be dome.
CAP is at least two wave bands in the wave band and preferably simultaneously for all wave bands in the wave band
0.45 can be at least.
For all wave bands, the uniformity on perfect alignment direction can be at least 0.5, preferably be at least 0.67, excellent
Selection of land is at least 0.8.
An embodiment provides a kind of optics, including：Primary optical element with multiple sections, its
Number is 4 in one example；And the secondary optics with multiple sections, it is lens optical surfaces in one example
4 lenticulations (lenticulation)；Each section wherein in primary optical element and the phase in secondary optics
One constituted together in multiple sections' Le integrators should be saved.This multiple section strangles integrator and is arranged on position and orientation in the future
It is directed to from the light in multiple bands of common source in common objective.
For example, in the case of solar photovoltaic spot light device, the source is the sun.No matter it is common source or common mesh
Mark, another can be a part for the equipment or be attached thereto.For example, in solar photovoltaic spot light device, target can be with
It is photovoltaic cell.
Embodiments of the invention additionally provide the concentrator and collimater (collimator) of other forms, including with class
Like the optical collector (light collectors) and luminaire of optical properties.Common source in the case of equipment is optical collector or
Common objective in the case of equipment is luminaire can be located at device external.The following examples are directed primarily to be used as solar energy
Concentrator.For luminaire, source and target is generally exchanged so that light is highly concentrated in the source behind " secondary " optical element
Place, and mainly arrive collimated on the road of the external object before " primary " optical element at it.
Embodiments of the invention additionally provide design and manufacture solar concentrator and other with specified novel properties
The method of optics.
Embodiments of the invention allow to while being solved when solving the problems, such as three below or at least mitigating different following
The consequence of three problems：
1. for all wave bands in three or more incident wave bands of vertical (perfect alignment), light collecting efficiency will
It is as close possible to 100%, that is, the light that three tops, middle part and bottoms are tied is gathered completely.
2. the irradiation level on battery for three or more wave bands is balanced.This such as section strangle integration without homogenizing
It is not obtained in the monochromatic design of scheme, wherein wave band produces focus at center in the middle of generally.
3. the overall acceptance angle of three sections will be maximized, this usually requires the acceptance angle of three sections by as far as possible equally
Balance, because the reckling in three acceptance angles effectively limits the overall receiving of device.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that the Primary lens of concentrator and the perspective view of Secondary lens are strangled by 4 weight sections of Previous proposals.
Fig. 2 shows the SOE's of one embodiment of the solar concentrator by the light for three different wave lengths
One group of three ray tracing (ray trace).
Fig. 3 A show that incidence angle is equal in the parallel direction of 0.95 α top knot section (top-junction band)
Ray tracing.
Fig. 3 B show the ray tracing similar with the ray tracing in Fig. 3 A, but in the diagonal direction and the bottom of for
Tie section in portion.
Fig. 4 A are the areas for the top knot section for being directed to the flat POE designs optimized in photovoltaic cell using SOE solstics
On position irradiation level drawing (plot).
Fig. 4 B are the drawing similar to Fig. 4 A that section is tied for bottom.
Fig. 4 C are the drawing similar to Fig. 4 A optimized using SOE closest approach.
Fig. 4 D are the drawing similar to Fig. 4 C that section is tied for bottom.
Fig. 5 A are that the Primary lens of concentrator and the perspective view of Secondary lens are strangled by RR dome Fresnels section.
Fig. 5 B are the SOE for Fig. 5 A for showing ray tracing amplification diagrams.
Fig. 6 is the axial section for the design for showing dome concentrator.
Fig. 7 A are that the 3D of the irradiation level of the top knot section of the concentrator with the dome POE for maximum uniformity optimization is painted
Figure.
Fig. 7 B are the drawing similar to Fig. 7 A that section is tied for bottom.
Fig. 7 C are that the 3D of the irradiation level of the top knot section with the concentrator for the maximum CAP dome POE optimized draws.
Fig. 7 D are the drawing similar to Fig. 7 C that section is tied for bottom.
Fig. 8 A show saturating by public rotation asymmetry (spiral) Fresnel on the lenticulation and downside on upper surface
The plan and perspective view of the rounded dome Fresnel Lenses with four sections of mirror formation.
Fig. 8 B are taken from the top of the square Fresnel Lenses of Fig. 8 A round lens to perspective view.
Fig. 9 A are the perspective views for the primary and secondary lens that concentrator is strangled by 2 section RR Fresnels sections.
Fig. 9 B are the enlarged drawings for showing the SOE in Fig. 9 A of ray tracing.
Figure 10 is the perspective view for the primary and secondary lens that concentrator is strangled by 9 section RR Fresnels sections, and with and without light
The SOE of line trace two different amplification diagrams.
Embodiment
By referring to the following detailed description to the embodiment of the present invention and elaborate example with various principles of the invention
The accompanying drawing of the property shown embodiment, can obtain and various features of the present invention and advantage are best understood from.
The primary optical element (POE) described in these embodiments is formed multiple sections, so as to show many weight symmetries
Property.In the embodiment that the application is instructed, secondary optics (SOE) have and the corresponding multiple symmetry of POE identicals.POE
Each section multiple sections constituted together with SOE correspondence section strangle one in integrator sections.Integrator nodule is strangled by this multiple section
Close to focus on incident sunlight on common photovoltaic cell.
The solar cell of the solar concentrator that can currently obtain using be commonly referred to as top (top), middle part (in)
With three knots at bottom (bottom), the different bands in these three peering solar radiations are sensitive.The Semiconductor Physics of knot is determined
The knot can be converted to the minimum photon energy (maximum wavelength) of the light of electric energy.Generally, top knot is sensitive from 350 to 690nm, in
Portion's knot is sensitive from 690nm to 900nm, and more than 900nm sensitivities, (germanium bottom knot can be used down to about bottom knot in principle
1800nm light, and indium gallium arsenic (InGaAs) or nitrogen antimony InGaAsP (InGaAsNSb) bottom knot can be used down to only about
1400nm light), the conversion between battery band is not necessarily unexpected.When POE is mirror, the direction of reflection light is not depended on
In wavelength, and monochromatic collector designs are enough to predict full spectrum property.
However, in all present examples, POE is refraction, and lens material refractive index with the change of wavelength
Changing (commonly known as material dispersion, the reason for it is the aberration in imaging optic element) causes the light of different wave length by not
Equidirectional refraction, so as to reach the difference in SOE.For solar condenser, these of difference knot sections depend on the light of wavelength
Line deviation will cause two effects should being taken into account：(1) three different acceptance angles be there may be for different knots；With
And (2) irradiance distribution is also likely to be different for different knots.The result of first effect is the overall effective receiving of concentrator
Angle is the reckling in three, so as to limit the CAP of equipment.Second effect reduces overall solar battery efficiency, and this is
Because three knot work in series and the minimum knot illuminated limit heap (stack) electric current output.When used in three knots
When the irradiance distribution of wave band is different, minimum brightness is limited in local generation, is only partially mitigated by transverse current, even if when electricity
Total integrated lighting in pond is also such when identical to three knots.
Fig. 1 shows one in the embodiment in the B2 of US 8,000,018 earlier, and wherein POE is that have 4 weight symmetries
Flat Fresnel Lenses.Each in four Fresnel Lenses sections is that one of relative to four axles have rotational symmetry
A part for lens, this four axles are misaligned each other and misaligned with the center of overall photosystem.The quilt of vertical incidence light 11
Four discontinuous beams are divided into reach 4 weight symmetry SOE four valves (lobe).The focus 12 of POE lens sections is formed
Close to SOE preceding surface.The design have ignored dispersion, and assume that it is enough to follow the trail of single group light.
Embodiment in the application is optimized by carry out secondary color can realize high optical efficiency and also correct for above to obtain
The solution for two effects mentioned.That is, they can be used as additional properties realization of goal：(1) in being tied by three
The concentrator acceptance angle α that minimum acceptance angle is provided is maximum, and the irradiance distribution of (2) three knots is very similar.
Although optimization described herein can be applied to general N × M symmetric designs, three particular preferred embodiments
It is included in the present invention：Symmetrical with flat or dome Fresnel Primary lens 2x2, it will be called 4 weights for short；With flat
The 3x3 of flat or dome Fresnel Lenses is symmetrical, and it will be called 9 weights for short；And with the primary 2x1 of flat or dome Fresnel
Symmetrically, it will be called 2 weights for short.
Performance objective (1) is to optimize to obtain by POE.In order to show the optimization, Fig. 2 is shown along 4 weight SOE 202
Cornerwise cross section side view, wherein three junction batteries 201 tie the light 205 of wave band, middle part by top ties the light of wave band
The light 203 of line 204 and bottom knot wave band is illuminated.POE (not shown in FIG. 2) is assumed Fresnel Lenses.Focal zone
Positioned at three very different positions 206,207 and 208, top coking point 206 is most shallow and coking point 208 in bottom is most deep
SOE。
Although only single focal zone is mentioned in the B2 of US 8,000,018, secondary color optimization disclosed herein will
In view of the position of three focuses.In the case of flat Fresnel POE, their position can not be independently controlled, so
We can specify the position of a focus and calculate two other.
If the further refraction of the SOE light carried out is not intervened, a focus can be preferably designated as so
One point --- choose that the light of color will be conceptive to focus on this by POE.For example, the point 209 in Fig. 2 corresponds to wavelength 550nm
Light this imagination focus.Two coordinate (x of the point 209 in the tilt coordinates system x-z shown in Fig. 2m,zm) be configured to
Realize performance objective (1) and two parameters to be changed.Therefore, target is to solve to find bivariate function α (xm,zm) most
The mathematical problem being worth greatly.Because α=min α (top), α (in), α (bottom) definition be very nonlinear and its derivative not
It is continuous, therefore is useful by the global shape visualization of the function.For example, in the case of 4 weight embodiments, below not
Equation is effective near optimal value.
αp(top)<αp(in)<αp(bottom)
.αd(bottom)<αd(in)<αd(top)
Wherein αpAnd αdRepresent the parallel and diagonal acceptance angle defined in nomenclature.First two equation rows (equation
Line) show that the parallel acceptance angle of top (short wavelength) knot is less than the parallel acceptance angle of another two knot, and for diagonal,
Bottom knot is the knot of limitation.
Latter two equation row shows, for constant zm, work as xmDuring increase, the parallel acceptance angle α of limitationp(top) increases, simultaneously
The parallel acceptance angle α of limitationd(bottom) reduces.Therefore, for each zm, exist with αp(top)=αdX when (bottom)mValue solve
Compromise, then acceptance angle α will be maximum.Therefore, we have found that obtaining mesh when top and bottom acceptance angle is balanced
Mark desired maximum in (1).
The z changed can be utilized nowmTo complete previous calculating, therefore we can be found in consistent acceptance angle αp
(top)=αdZ when (bottom) is maximummValue, so as to bring desired bare maximum.Notice because α (top)=min
{αp(top), αd(top) } and α (bottom)=min { αp(bottom), αd(bottom) }, we obtain α=α (top)=α (bottom)<α (in).
Fig. 3 A are shown at incidence angle along parallel direction, equal to 0.95 α, tie band for the top of optimization design
Ray tracing.Fig. 3 B are shown diagonally, at the identical α of incidence angle 0.95 but for bottom knot band
Ray tracing.Tied when entering the light 301 closest to the SOE of SOE top apex (top cusp) at top under parallel condition
(see Fig. 3 A) when reaching adjacent to valve, and when the light 302 into following minimum SOE is missed in the case of the peering linea angulata in bottom
During target battery (Fig. 3 B), all 10% reduction of generation will be occurred in the two directions at incident angle α.
Because it is not very different that the refractive index of typical case's POE lens materials ties section from middle part knot section to bottom, therefore in Fig. 2
Focus 207 and 208 close to and middle part acceptance angle and bottom acceptance angle also close to.As a result, it can connect parallel top portion
It is equal with diagonal middle part acceptance angle by angle, rather than parallel top acceptance angle is equal to diagonal bottom acceptance angle.This is particularly suitable for
Wherein there is a situation where the solar cell of excessive bottom knot photoelectric current (such as in the gallium indium phosphorus-GalnAs-germanium electricity being commercially available
Pond) so that bottom junction current is unlikely to be limitation.
In US 8,000,018, only monochromatic design is disclosed, and does not mention different parallel acceptance angle and diametrical connection
By angle.In US 8,000,018, it is proposed that by single focus be arranged on SOE surface or along be engaged through segmentation
The string at edge of warp-wise curve of optical axis single focus is set, its z corresponded in this specificationmPoint in=0 line.
As by shown in using an example, the monochromatic design selected with those focuses causes and this secondary color optimizes now
Compared to extremely low acceptance angle, and cause the not good balance between the acceptance angle at top, middle part and bottom knot.
Two 4 heavy equipments with flat Fresnel Lenses are designed, both of which have geometry intensity Cg=1024 ×,
The POE being made up of silicones on the glass of 160mm × 160mm sizes, with 21.8mm average diameters by Savosil glass
SOE, the gallium indium phosphorus-knot 5mm of GalnAs-germanium (GaInP-GaInAs-Ge) three × 5mm solar cells and the depth being made are arrived
POE diagonal ratio 1.08.One of equipment is to optimize to design using the secondary color just described, and another equipment is to use US
Process disclosed in 8,000,018 is designed.
In order to reproduce US 8,000,018 monochromatic design, the acceptance angle of selected wavelength is maximized.Selected ripple
Length is 550nm, and it is the center of top knot section.The wavelength is often used in optical element, because being rolled at the wavelength
Penetrate the intermediate value that rate about takes distribution.The selection of 550nm wavelength is not stated in US 8,000,018, but can be arranged from the 8th
40-50 rows are it is easily inferred that the 8th arranges 40-50 rows and set forth the secondary color ray tracing analysis of top knot section and realize
± 1.43 ° of acceptance angle and ± 1.47 ° of monochromatic analysis.The proximity of the two values is consistent with 550nm selections.
Table 1 shows the comparison for the performance parameter that two designs obtained are analyzed using ray tracing：
Table 1
| α (top) | α (in) | α (bottom) | α | CAP | xm(mm) | zm(mm) | |
| Secondary color optimizes | ±0.90° | ±0.94° | ±0.90° | ±0.90° | 0.51 | 11.7 | -5.1 |
| US 8,000,018 | ±0.92° | ±0.66° | ±0.63° | ±0.66° | 0.35 | 10.3 | 0 |
First significant difference between the result of two equipment is the focal length of the 550nm light in the optimization of this secondary color
Z in US 8,000,018m=0 line 5.1mm.The distance with big battery side so that indicate the secondary color optimization design with
Significant difference between disclosed in US 8,000,018.
Second difference is, although the acceptance angle of three knots is admirably balanced in secondary color design, in US 8,000,
Knot acceptance angle is low by 30% at the top of bottom and middle part knot acceptance angle ratio in 018 concentrator, therefore imbalance is significant.
3rd significant difference is, by α=min α (top), α (in), α (bottom) the thus obtained concentrator that provides connects
Also lacked 30% in US 8,000,018 equipment by angle and CAP.
Compare for this, the concentrators of US 8,000,018 are to be located at line z with 550nm focusesmDesigned at=0, still
As mentioned previously, in that patent it is proposed that focus is arranged on into SOE surfaces as substituting.The alternative causes even
Than with acceptance angle and CAP lower shown in upper table.
POE the and SOE materials that are selected for exemplified earlier now due to its be expected long durability and with special emerging
Interest.However, they have relatively low refractive index (at 550nm, silicones (silicone) have n=1.41 and
Savosil has n=1.46), this make it that especially for low depth that to POE diagonal ratio (1.08) they can reach
Acceptance angle and CAP ratio alternative materials it is lower.For example, being used for SOE by PMMA for POE and by B270 glass, (it has n respectively
=1.49 and n=1.52) --- they are also splendid candidate in terms of durability, in identical depth to POE diagonal
In the case of ratio, identical algorithm for design causes high 15% CAP values due to their higher refractive indexes.
On the other hand, performance objective (2) is obtained by optimizing SOE, performance objective (2) is the irradiance distribution of three knots
Must be very similar.In this case, single 3rd design parameter is enough to obtain splendid result, and that is along will be every
Individual quadrant is imaged onto the cornerwise point of battery of its correspondence POE section.Because required SOE imagings it is few by by SOE institutes into
As the visual field big visual field caused by dispersive influence, therefore centre wavelength can be used for calculate.Actual optimum position is depended on
Specific embodiment.
For example, in the case of the concentrator of the flat POE with 4 weights or 9 weights, when selected battery diagonal point
Obtain optimal when being the cornerwise end farthest apart from the paired sections of POE, such as in US 8, disclosed in 000,018.However,
For the POE of dome, Best Point is closest to cornerwise end of paired section.Although the selection is for the balance of irradiation level
(2) it is optimal, but it is for other standards that --- such as acceptance angle --- is not optimal.For example, B points of Fig. 4 A and Fig. 4
Do not show that the top of the designs of the flat POE with PMMA POE and B270 glass SOE using farthest point selection is tied and bottom
The irradiation level of the extreme band of knot, it is optimal for target (2) and therefore they seem pole picture.On the other hand, Fig. 4 C
The identical figure designed using the flat POE of nearest point selection is shown with Fig. 4 D, wherein significantly worse uniformity balance is can
See.However, the solstics configuration in Fig. 4 A and Fig. 4 B has CAP=0.59, and the closest approach configuration in Fig. 4 C and Fig. 4 D is real
Existing CAP=0.63.
In addition, the optimization of this secondary color makes it possible three much better uniformitys tied.For previous monochrome design,
As shown in Fig. 9 and 10 of Kritchman bibliography [15], the too perfect focusing at nominal frequency is occasionally resulted in the frequency
Locate extremely uneven irradiation, and/or from a wave band to the wide change of another the uniformity.
Table 2 below and table 3 show the numeric data of the shape for the secondary color optimization design that description was discussed just now, its performance number
According in previous table 1) in provide.For both POE and SOE, cartesian coordinate system is used, and wherein origin is located in battery
Entreat and X and Y-axis are parallel to each battery side, and z-axis is perpendicular to cell plane.The size of unit is arbitrary, and at this
Battery active area (active area) is 5 × 5 in a little units and POE is 160 × 160.Exist due to 4 weight symmetries, therefore only
Quadrant X>0 and Y>Need to describe lens in 0.Both POE and SOE are symmetrical relative to plane X=Y.
SOE surface is relative to by the battery angle at X=Y=-7.071 and Z=0 and " X=Y=113.2, Z=244.5 "
The straight line that the POE corner connections at place are closed has rotational symmetry.(sag) list of the SOE sagitta of arc is presented in table 2：
Table 2
Fresnel Lenses section has the rotationally symmetrical axle parallel to Z axis at X=Y=5.14468, and it is more to describe it
The summit of side shape profile is presented in table 3 below：
Table 3
Fig. 5 A and Fig. 5 B disclose another preferred embodiment being made up of 4 weight symmetry equipment, and wherein POE is dome like shape
And the Fresnel Lenses 501 of non-flat.The additional degree of the curve of the overall profile of Fresnel Lenses is selected to allow to
The position of two focuses of two knots of control rather than a knot in secondary color optimization.
Fig. 6 shows the step in the design of the weight concentrator of dome 4.First, the point A quilts on the POE on optical axis are arranged in
Selection.Then, the point C of the SOE on symmetry axis is chosen, and SOE is designed to the avette coupling spheric wave front of Descartes, wherein
Each origin is located at A and through at the point E on the near side (ns) of C battery.Next, point D is selected as SOE point, wherein to SOE
Warp-wise tangent line and vertical direction shape at an angle (being usually 5 ° of easy demouldings to allow SOE parts).Later, POE quilts
Designed from A to B.A kind of appropriate method is by Kritchman et al., Appl.Opt.18,2688-2695 (1979), bibliography
[15] describe, by reference, entirety is hereby incorporated by for it, so that by inclination+α parallel rays (since light c and with light
Line a terminates) focus on D and inclination-α parallel rays (start in light d and terminated with light b) is focused on into C, its
Middle α is desired acceptance angle.Kritchman only describes the design of cylindrical lens, but now in state of the art
Kritchman method is generalized to domed lens.Kritchman does not consider that the possibility of configuration is strangled by section, but still can quilt
For positioning primary focus 209.
In the present embodiment, Kritchman methods are modified to secondary color design, wherein the light for focusing on C is selected as
It is chosen to have with short wavelength's (for example, 450nm, being tied at top in section) in solar spectrum and the light that focuses on D
Long wavelength (for example, 1000nm, in the knot section of bottom).± α inner impacts (impinge) point A light by POE and SOE
E will be gone to after refraction.Then, optimize similar to the secondary color of description, point F, C coordinate and D abscissa are counted as free ginseng
Number, these free parameters are defined in which that acceptance angle is maximized to realize the space of performance objective (1).
Due to less limited POE designs, the design of dome Fresnel, which can be realized, designs lower depth than flat Fresnel
Degree (is up to diameter ratio (compared with 0.9 to the 1.2 of flat Fresnel, dome Fresnel is 0.7 to 0.9) and higher CAP
0.73)。
On the irradiance distribution of desired balance in performance objective (2), Fig. 7 C and Fig. 7 D are respectively illustrated for basis
The irradiation level for extreme band, Cg=1,234 the design that the top knot of the dome of previous paragraph design and bottom are tied.It shows spoke
Illumination is significantly more uneven and more dissimilar compared with the flat Fresnel situation in Fig. 4 A to Fig. 4 D.Reason is, because
Lens are not flat, even if therefore its projection side of being in the plane perpendicular to solar direction, the angle that SOE valves are seen
Domain is not square, and the image of SOE projections is very distortion, and due to low depth and POE diagonal ratio
It is to depend on wavelength.CAP=0.73 is realized in the design.If C and D abscissa is reduced, balance can be provided much
The uniformity, such as shown in Fig. 7 A and Fig. 7 B, but with lower CAP=0.55.
In addition to higher compactedness and CAP, dome Fresnel is that it is smaller than the advantage of flat Fresnel
SOE (this means more inexpensive during the lower absorption of material internal and glass molding).However, because camera lens convexity
Combination with high optical efficiency can cause dome POE facet to have negative drafting angle, therefore the manufacture of domed lens becomes
Obtain challenging.A kind of technology is the use based on the PMMA injection mouldings using removable moving mold, such as Japanese firm Daido
Steel has been developed for rotation-symmetric lenses, referring to bibliography [5].A kind of alternative is illustrated in fig. 8,
The Fresnel inside face of wherein lens is that (it can be demolded by the combination for rotating and drawing, as spiral shell using spiral profile 81
Bolt is the same) be made, it is truncated as square prominent aperture 82.Outer surface has four valves 83 to produce desired light beam point
From.According to three steps that can be obtained in many CAD software bags according to the 2D polygonal profiles included in meridional plane come structure
Build spiral：(a) generation is through the spiral of the linear change of concave crown point, and (b) is also identical with (a) for concave vertex, and (c) is used
Spiral is as track along inswept (sweep) the facet profile of spiral.It is of course also possible to reference to rotationally symmetrical Fresnel inner surface
To use the POE preceding surface 83 of 4 weights.
Following two tables 4 and 5 show the numeric data of the shape for the secondary color optimization dome design that description was discussed just now, its
Middle CAP=0.73.For both POE and SOE, cartesian coordinate system is defined, wherein origin be located at battery center and X and
Y-axis is parallel to each battery side, and z-axis is perpendicular to cell plane.The size of unit is arbitrary, and electric in these units
Pond active area is 5 × 5 and POE is 176 × 176.Due to 4 weight symmetries, therefore only in quadrant X>0 and Y>Description is needed in 0
Lens.Both POE and SOE are symmetrical relative to plane X=Y.
SOE surface is relative to by the POE at the battery angle at X=Y=7.071 and Z=0 and X=Y=0 and Z=200
The straight line of summit engagement has rotational symmetry.The list of the SOE sagitta of arc is presented in table 4：
Table 4
Dome Fresnel Lenses section has the rotationally symmetrical axle parallel to Z axis at X=Y=5.211, and describes interior
The point of many sliding exterior contours of edge profile peace in portion is presented in table 5 below：
So far, embodiment has had 2 × 2 symmetrical cell, but described secondary color optimization can be applied to
Other more generally N × M schemes.Fig. 9 shows 1 × 2 design, and wherein rectangle POE lens 91 are divided into sunshine collection
In to two on bivalve SOE lens 92 sections, so that light beam is divided into two passages, the two passages produce two Hes of focus 93
94.The equipment that N is different from M has the ability that different acceptance angles are produced on N and M direction.This is for being arranged parallel to pitching
The height of axle (elevation axis) receive angular direction be it is beneficial, this mechanical constraint in common rectangular array it is higher.
Design in Fig. 9 has Cg=312 × and ± 1.37 ° and 1.62 ° of acceptance angle (on the direction on the long side of POE rectangles more
Greatly).
The acceptance angle of 1 × 2 concentrator can similarly be optimized with 2 × 2 concentrator described above.Will " long parallel (long
Parallel) " direction is defined as parallel to then along another section prolong first along a section extension of primary optical element 91
The edge stretched, and " short parallel (short parallel) " direction is defined as parallel to orthogonal edges, optimization can be with three
The mode of kind is completed.
(1) as in the case of 4 weights, when simplest mode is searching α _ length (top)=α _ length (bottom) and maximum most
Big value.In this case, α _ short (top) and α _ short (bottom) typically will not be equal with another.
(2) x is usedmAnd zmTo adjust two equation α _ length (top)=α _ length (bottom) and α _ short (top)=α _ short (bottom).At this
In the case of kind, α _ length will not be maximum.
(3) maximum when α _ short (top)=α _ short (bottom) and maximum is found.In this case, α _ length (top) and α _ length
(bottom) typically will not be equal with another.This is identical with exchanging long and short (1).
Figure 10 shows that another embodiment of integration concentrator is strangled by the section of 3 × 3 concentrator forms, and the embodiment has been employed
Secondary color optimizes.POE is to include nine Fresnel Lenses 100 for saving section in other words.Fresnel Lenses is not fully rotating symmetrical
, but including symmetrical centre section 106, (each of which is relative to luxuriant and rich with fragrance alunite for four side (lateral) sections 105
Your lens centre and be mutually symmetrical), and same four diagonal sections being mutually symmetrical relative to Fresnel Lenses center
104.Four side sections and four diagonal sections can be manufactured such that bias (off-center) square piece of symmetrical Fresnel Lenses.
SOE lens 101 also include nine sections, and this nine sections are each aligned with the respective segments in POE lens 100.All nine
Section by the sunray in acceptance angle to being sent to battery 102.
Compared with the flat Fresnel design of 4 weights, 9 produce higher CAP (up to 0.65) and property in performance objective (1) again
The even preferably uniformity and irradiation level balance in energy target (2).For example, 9 weights in Figure 10 are real with ± 1.18 ° of acceptance angle
Existing Cg=1000 × geometry intensity (i.e. CAP=0.65).The equipment is to the solar cell with special EO-1 hyperion sensitiveness
102 is attractive, as being expected in following four knots and five-junction solar to occur.
Using their previous US 8,000,018, inventor have been realized in top knot and bottom tie between being no better than
0.7:The CAP of worst person in 1 balance, and three wave bands is no better than 0.40.They believe 0.75:1 balance and 0.45
CAP by it is improved design be able to will obtain.Using these equipment, by contrast, even with flat primary optical
Element is also that can obtain be at least 0.99 between top knot and bottom knot:Worst person in 1 balance and three wave bands
Be at least 0.63 CAP.
Embodiments of the invention as one man realize the CAP's and at least 0.5 more than 0.45 for all wave bands simultaneously
The uniformity (the ratio of minimum irradiation level and maximum irradiation level on battery in the case that the sun is centered on perfect alignment position
Example).Inventor, which has found, can as one man realize at least 2/3 and typically at least for reality configuration using appropriate design
For 0.8 uniformity.
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Claims (17)
1. a kind of optics, including：
Multi-junction photovoltaic battery, wherein each knot is operable to the light of corresponding wave band being converted to electric power；
The first optical element is reflected, it has multiple sections, and it is accurate that the plurality of section is each arranged to focus on the incidence from common source
Direct light；And
Second optical element, it has multiple sections, and the plurality of section is each arranged to the phase from first optical element
The light that should be saved is directed on the photovoltaic cell；
Wherein, ratio respectively with the acceptance angle of the incident light of two wave bands in the corresponding wave band of each knot 5: 4 to 4: 5
It is interior.
2. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, respectively with the most short-wave band in the corresponding wave band of each knot and most long
The acceptance angle of the incident light of wave band is in 5: 4 to 4: 5 ratio.
3. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, respectively with the incidence of all wave bands in the corresponding wave band of each knot
The acceptance angle of light is in 5: 4 to 4: 5 ratio.
4. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the battery is square, and first optical element is to vertically
Projection in the plane in perfect alignment direction is square, and each section in first optical element is to perpendicular to described
Projection in the plane in perfect alignment direction is square.
5. optics as claimed in claim 4, wherein, αp(top) and αdThe ratio at (bottom) in 5: 4 to 4: 5 ratio, its
Middle αp(top) be measured in the plane parallel to one side of the battery respectively with it is most short in the corresponding wave band of each knot
The acceptance angle of wave band, αd(bottom) be measured in cornerwise plane comprising the battery respectively with the corresponding ripple of each knot
The acceptance angle of most long-wave band in section, and each in the acceptance angle is defined as uniform incident collimated light and perfection is right
Angle between quasi- direction, the luminous energy being directed into the acceptance angle on the battery is on the perfect alignment direction
Identical incident collimated light be directed into 90% of the energy on the battery.
6. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, first optical element is Fresnel Lenses.
7. optics as claimed in claim 6, wherein, each section in the Fresnel Lenses is included with not concentric
Fresnel Lenses.
8. optics as claimed in claim 6, wherein, first optical element includes being formed on one face for institute
There is the Fresnel Lenses common to section and form the piece of the independent continuous slope lens for each section on the other surface.
9. optics as claimed in claim 6, wherein, the Fresnel Lenses is dome.
10. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, for respectively with least two in the corresponding wave band of each knot
Wave band, intensity receives product CAP and is at least 0.45.
11. optics as claimed in claim 10, wherein, for respectively with all ripples in the corresponding wave band of each knot
Section, the CAP is at least 0.45.
12. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the uniformity on perfect alignment direction for all wave bands at least
It is 0.5.
13. optics as claimed in claim 12, wherein, the uniformity on the perfect alignment direction is for all wave bands
At least 0.67.
14. optics as claimed in claim 13, wherein, the uniformity on the perfect alignment direction is for all wave bands
At least 0.8.
15. optics as claimed in claim 1, wherein, second optical element is the preceding surface of solid transparent body, should
The rear surface of solid transparent body is contacted with the photovoltaic cell；And wherein incident collimated light is by first optical element
Each saves the focus refractive into the transparent body；And if wherein string is defined within corresponding second light of the transparent body
Learn element surface on warp-wise curve end points between, then for respectively with least two ripples in the corresponding wave band of each knot
Section, the focus is between the string and the photovoltaic cell.
16. optics as claimed in claim 15, wherein, for respectively with all ripples in the corresponding wave band of each knot
Section, the focus is between the string and the photovoltaic cell.
17. optics as claimed in claim 15, wherein, the distance between the string and described focus are at least equal to described
The length on the side of photovoltaic cell.
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| US61/687,002 | 2012-04-16 | ||
| PCT/US2013/036771 WO2013158634A1 (en) | 2012-04-16 | 2013-04-16 | Concentrator for polychromatic light |
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| EP (1) | EP2839518A4 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN104350676B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2013158634A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CA2909757C (en) | 2013-04-10 | 2016-03-22 | Opsun Technologies Inc. | Adiabatic secondary optics for solar concentrators used in concentrated photovoltaic systems |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102158131A (en) * | 2011-03-22 | 2011-08-17 | 苏州震旦光伏科技有限公司 | Solar photovoltaic system |
| CN102282429A (en) * | 2008-11-18 | 2011-12-14 | 光处方革新有限公司 | Kohler concentrator |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US8631787B2 (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2014-01-21 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Multi-junction solar cells with a homogenizer system and coupled non-imaging light concentrator |
| DE102006007472B4 (en) * | 2006-02-17 | 2018-03-22 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Photovoltaic concentrator module with multifunctional frame |
| US9995507B2 (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2018-06-12 | Richard Norman | Systems for cost-effective concentration and utilization of solar energy |
| US9123849B2 (en) * | 2009-04-24 | 2015-09-01 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Photovoltaic device |
| WO2011112842A1 (en) * | 2010-03-11 | 2011-09-15 | Greenvolts, Inc. | Optics within a concentrated photovoltaic receiver containing a cpv cell |
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2013
- 2013-04-16 WO PCT/US2013/036771 patent/WO2013158634A1/en active Application Filing
- 2013-04-16 EP EP13778069.8A patent/EP2839518A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102282429A (en) * | 2008-11-18 | 2011-12-14 | 光处方革新有限公司 | Kohler concentrator |
| CN102158131A (en) * | 2011-03-22 | 2011-08-17 | 苏州震旦光伏科技有限公司 | Solar photovoltaic system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2839518A4 (en) | 2015-12-16 |
| CN104350676A (en) | 2015-02-11 |
| EP2839518A1 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
| WO2013158634A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
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