EP2838128B1 - Dye-sensitized solar cells and methods of making same - Google Patents
Dye-sensitized solar cells and methods of making same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2838128B1 EP2838128B1 EP13180787.7A EP13180787A EP2838128B1 EP 2838128 B1 EP2838128 B1 EP 2838128B1 EP 13180787 A EP13180787 A EP 13180787A EP 2838128 B1 EP2838128 B1 EP 2838128B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dye
- alkyl
- layer
- sulfur
- oxygen
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 38
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 36
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 125000004171 alkoxy aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- -1 poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000006729 (C2-C5) alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920005570 flexible polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 0 *c(cc1)cc(I)c1N(*)c1ccccc1* Chemical compound *c(cc1)cc(I)c1N(*)c1ccccc1* 0.000 description 3
- YRUOEPDZAQDNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-2-methylimidazole;hydroiodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+]=1C=CNC=1C YRUOEPDZAQDNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RFFFKMOABOFIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCC#N RFFFKMOABOFIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229940006461 iodide ion Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- LLLVZDVNHNWSDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylidene-3,5-dioxabicyclo[5.2.2]undeca-1(9),7,10-triene-2,6-dione Chemical compound C1(C2=CC=C(C(=O)OC(=C)O1)C=C2)=O LLLVZDVNHNWSDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005035 Surlyn® Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003074 TiCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920005648 ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 150000002678 macrocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000075 oxide glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000886 photobiology Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISHFYECQSXFODS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazol-1-ium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C ISHFYECQSXFODS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001637 1-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenoxazine Chemical group C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001622 2-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 207739-72-8 Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C2=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC(=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=C13)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000339 4-pyridyl group Chemical group N1=C([H])C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004647 alkyl sulfenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004390 alkyl sulfonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004397 aminosulfonyl group Chemical group NS(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003435 aroyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005333 aroyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003917 carbamoyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005026 carboxyaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001752 chlorophylls and chlorophyllins Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004043 oxo group Chemical group O=* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/0008—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes substituted on the polymethine chain
- C09B23/005—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes substituted on the polymethine chain the substituent being a COOH and/or a functional derivative thereof
- C09B23/0058—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes substituted on the polymethine chain the substituent being a COOH and/or a functional derivative thereof the substituent being CN
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B19/00—Oxazine dyes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/0008—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes substituted on the polymethine chain
- C09B23/005—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes substituted on the polymethine chain the substituent being a COOH and/or a functional derivative thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/0075—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes the polymethine chain being part of an heterocyclic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
- C09B57/008—Triarylamine dyes containing no other chromophores
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/652—Cyanine dyes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to dye-sensitized solar cells and a method for making same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell that utilizes 10 H -phenoxazine- or triphenylamine-based dyes as the dye-sensitizers.
- Dye-sensitized solar cells provide a technically and economically credible alternative concept to present day p-n junction photovoltaic devices ( M. Grätzel, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 4: 145-153 (2003 ). See also, Wei-Hao Lai et al., Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 195: 307-313 (2008 ); and Xiao-Feng Wang et al., Langmuir 26: 6320-6327 (2010 )). A further relevant disclosure can be found in JP 2012-138269 which discloses a photoelectric conversion element and a solar battery.
- sensitizers having a broad absorption band in conjunction with oxide films of nanocrystalline morphology permits the harvesting of a large fraction of sunlight, with nearly quantitative conversion of incident photon into electric current over a large spectral range extending from the UV to the near IR region.
- Tetrapyrrole macrocycles including chlorophylls, have attracted attention in the past in DSSC applications as sensitizers primarily because they are known chromrophores that play an important role in natural photosynthetic processes. It is known, however, that tetrapyrrole macrocycles suffer some drawbacks due in part to their lack of red light and near IR absorption. There is therefore a need in the art for other sensitizers that do not suffer from some of these drawbacks. The embodiments of the present address this need.
- the embodiments of the present disclosure focus on 10 H -phenoxazine- or triphenylamine-base in DSSC applications.
- the invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I): wherein R 1 is a moiety of the formula (II): wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X 2 at the point where R 1 is located; X 1 is oxygen or sulfur; X 3 is absent or C 2 -C 5 alkenyl; R 4 is alkoxyaryl or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; and X 2 is oxygen or sulfur.
- the invention relates to a method of preparing a dye sensitized solar cell comprising:
- the invention relates to the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, further comprising:
- the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the R 1 is a moiety of the formula (II): wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the ring comprising X 2 at the point where R 1 is located; X 1 is oxygen or sulfur; X 3 is absent or C 2 -C 5 alkenyl; and R 4 is alkoxyaryl or C 3 -C 18 alkyl.
- the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the compound of the formula (I) is a compound of the formula: wherein X 1 is oxygen or sulfur; R 4 is alkoxyaryl or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; and X 2 is oxygen or sulfur; or wherein X 1 is oxygen or sulfur; R 4 is alkoxyaryl or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; and X 2 is oxygen or sulfur.
- the compound of the formula (I) is a compound of the formula: wherein X 1 is oxygen or sulfur; R 4 is alkoxyaryl or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or C 3
- the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein X 2 is oxygen.
- the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein X 2 is sulfur.
- the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein X 1 is oxygen and X 2 is oxygen; X 1 is sulfur and X 2 is sulfur; X 1 is oxygen and X 2 is sulfur; or X 1 is sulfur and X 2 is oxygen.
- the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the first and/or second substrate comprises glass or a flexible polymer.
- the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 10, wherein the first and/or second substrate comprises a flexible polymer comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) or mixtures thereof.
- the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the first conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony doped tin dioxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin dioxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide or conductive impurity doped titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
- the first conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony doped tin dioxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin dioxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide or conductive impurity doped titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
- the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the regenerating composition comprises iodide ions and iodine.
- the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the second conductive layer comprises platinum.
- the invention relates to a method of preparing a dye sensitized solar cell comprising:
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method of preparing a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the method comprises forming a first conductive layer 12 on a first substrate 10.
- a barrier layer 11 is then formed on the conductive layer 12.
- a nanoparticulate layer 14 is subsequently formed on the metal oxide layer 11.
- a microparticulate layer 13 is subsequently formed on the nanoparticulate layer 14.
- the nanoparticulate layer 14 and the microparticulate layer 13 are subsequently functionalized with a dye 16.
- a second substrate 20 comprising a second conductive layer 22 is provided and a regenerating composition 24 (e.g., an electrolyte composition for regenerating the dye 16) is applied between the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20, thereby completing the dye-sensitized solar cell 30.
- a regenerating composition 24 e.g., an electrolyte composition for regenerating the dye 16
- the regenerating composition 24 though shown as a layer in FIG. 1 , will permeate the space between the barrier layer 11 and the second conductive layer 22.
- the second substrate 20 comprises at least one orifice 18 that goes through the second substrate 20 and the second conductive layer 22 and allows for the application of the regenerating composition 24.
- FIG. 1 Although the layers shown in FIG. 1 (and others) are shown as being in direct contact with one another, it should be understood that, in some embodiments, there could be one or more layers in between the layers depicted in FIG. 1 .
- the first substrate 10 may comprises any suitable material and may be rigid, flexible, transparent, semitransparent, metallic or semiconducting.
- the first substrate 10 may be glass or polymeric in nature, e.g ., flexible polymers including, but not limited to, poly(ethylene terephthalate, poly(ethylene naphthalate) or mixtures thereof.
- a first conductive layer 12 is formed on the first substrate 10 to provide a path for electron flow.
- the first conductive layer 12 may be substantially smooth.
- the first conductive layer 12 may comprise protrusions that may be characterized as nanowires or nanorods. See, e.g., Published U.S. Patent Appl. No. 2008/0041446 , which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
- the first conductive layer 12 is formed by an in situ process including, but not limited to, thermal evaporation, sputtering or other applicable processes well-known in the art.
- the first conductive layer 12 comprising, e.g ., indium tin oxide, may be formed on the first substrate 10, and then stacked and saturated in a vapor of indium tin oxide by thermal evaporation.
- the first conductive layer 12 is formed at a temperature, e.g ., between 400°C and 950°C for 5 minutes to 60 minutes.
- the first conductive layer 12 comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony doped tin dioxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide or other semiconductor oxides.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- AZO aluminum doped zinc oxide
- ATO antimony doped tin dioxide
- FTO fluorine doped tin oxide
- tin-doped indium oxide or other semiconductor oxides tin-doped indium oxide or other semiconductor oxides.
- the first substrate 10 is flexible.
- the flexible substrate comprises poly(ethylene terephthalate) coated with a first conductive layer 12 comprising tin-doped indium oxide.
- the flexible substrate comprises poly(ethylene naphthalate) coated with tin-doped indium oxide.
- a barrier layer 11 is formed on the first conductive layer 12.
- the barrier layer 11 may be formed by, e.g ., immersing the first substrate 10, comprising the conductive layer 12, in a TiCl 4 solution at 70°C. Following the immersion in the TiCl 4 solution, the first substrate 10 is heated at about 450°C for about 40 minutes.
- the resulting barrier layer 11 is, in some embodiments, a TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer having a 100-150 nm thicknes and having nanoparticles having an average diameter of about 3 nm.
- the barrier layer 11 is formed to, among other things, avoid contact between the conductive layer 12 and the regenerating composition 24.
- a nanoparticulate layer 14 is then formed on the barrier layer 11 by, e . g ., the doctor blade method or any other method known in the art.
- the nanoparticulate layer 14 is formed to, among other things, increase surface contact with the subsequently applied dye-sensitizer.
- the nanoparticulate layer 14 may take the form of nanoparticles, nanorods ( e.g ., nanowires) or quantum dots.
- a microparticulate layer 13 is formed on the nanoparticulate layer 14.
- the microparticulate layer 13 may be formed by, e.g ., the doctor blade method or any other method known in the art.
- the newly-formed microparticulate layer 13 is heated at 450°C, for about 30 minutes and then allowed to cool slowly to a temperature of about 80°C. It is at about this temperature that the dye 16 is provided.
- a dye 16 is provided in the nanoparticulate layer 14 and in the microparticulate layer 13.
- the dye 16 is adsorbed on the nanoparticulate layer 14 and the microparticulate layer 13, e.g ., by dipping the substrate comprising the nanoparticulate layer 14 and the microparticulate layer 13 into a dye solution comprising the dye 16 at a concentration of about 0.3 mM to about 0.8 mM at room temperature for about 30 minutes to about 24 hours ( e.g ., from about 10 hours to about 24 hours).
- the dye 16 comprises one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I): wherein R 1 is a moiety of the formula (II): (II) wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X 2 at the point where R 1 is located; X 1 is oxygen or sulfur; X 3 is absent or C 2 -C 5 alkenyl; R 4 is alkoxyaryl or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 5 is alkoxy; R 6 is alkoxy; R 2 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; R 3 is hydrogen or C 3 -C 18 alkyl; and X 2 is oxygen or sulfur.
- the dye 16 comprises one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I) defined by the formulae (IV)(X), wherein X 1 -X 3 and R 1 -R 6 are as defined above: (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII) (IX) (X)
- R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g ., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g ., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl
- R 2 is C 3 -C 8 alkyl, e.g ., C 6 alkyl
- R 3 is hydrogen
- R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl, R 2 is C 3 -C 8 alkyl, e.g., C 6 alkyl, and R 3 is hydogen.
- R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formulae (VII), R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VII), R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl, R 2 is C 3 -C 8 alkyl, e.g ., C 6 alkyl, and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formulae (VII), R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl 1, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl
- R 2 is C 3 -C 8 alkyl, e.g., C 6 alkyl
- R 3 is hydrogen
- R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VIII), R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VIII), R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R 4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C 3 -C 8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C 6 -alkyl-O-phenyl, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is hydrogen.
- R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (X), R 4 is C 9 -C 15 alkyl, R 2 is hydrogen, and R 3 is C 3 -C 8 alkyl, e.g., C 6 alkyl.
- the dye 16 comprises one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I) defined by the formulae (XII)-(XVII), wherein n is an integer from 4 to 10, such that the alkyl chain on the nitrogen of the 10 H -phenoxazine moiety is a C 9 -C 15 alkyl chain: (XII) (XIII) (XIV) (XV) (XVI) (XVII)
- the dye 16 comprises one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I) defined by the formulae (XVIII)-(XXIV), wherein R 2 and R 3 are as defined above: (XVIII) (XIX) (XX) (XXI) (XXII) (XXIII) (XXIV)
- alkyl refers broadly to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon radical.
- Alkyl also refers broadly to cyclic (i.e., cycloalkyl) alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight chained alkyl groups including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and branched alkyl groups including isopropyl, tert-butyl, iso-amyl, neopentyl, iso-amyl, and the like.
- Cycloalkyl or "cyclic alkyl” as used herein refers to carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and includes mono-, bi- and tricyclic saturated carbocycles, as well as fused ring systems.
- Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
- the cycloalkyl can be substituted or unsubstituted. Such alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as described herein.
- the alkyl radical is a C 3 -C 18 alkyl radical ( e.g., C 6 -C 18 , C 3 -C 8 , C 6 -C 12 or C 5 -C 8 ); or a C 9 -C 15 alkyl radical ( e.g., C 9 -C 12 , C 10 -C 15 , C 12 -C 15 or C 10 -C 13 ).
- C 2 -C 5 alkenyl refers broadly to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The double bonds may be in the cis or trans configuration. Such C 2 -C 5 alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted as described herein Also contemplated are C 2 -C 3 alkenyl and C 3 -C 5 alkenyl. Examples of C 2 -C 5 alkenyl groups include those shown in Table I, below, where the wavy lines indicate points of attachment to the compound of the formula (I) and the moiety of formula (II). Table I Ethenyl Propenyl Butenyl Butadienyl Pentenyl Pentadienyl
- Substituted refers broadly to replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the group replaced by substituents known to those skilled in the art and resulting in a stable compound as described below.
- suitable replacement groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy (i.e., CO 2 H), carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, cyano, nitro and the like.
- aryl refers to an aromatic group, a heteroaryl group or to an optionally substituted aromatic group or heteroaryl group fused to one or more optionally substituted aromatic groups or heteroaryl groups, optionally substituted with suitable substituents including, but not limited to, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylsulfanyl, lower alkylsulfenyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, oxo, hydroxy, mercapto, amino optionally substituted by alkyl, carboxy, tetrazolyl, carbamoyl optionally substituted by alkyl, aminosulfonyl optionally substituted by alkyl, acyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, cyano, halogen, or lower perfluoroalkyl, multiple degrees of substitution being allowed.
- suitable substituents including, but not limited to, lower alkyl,
- alkoxy refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy group.
- Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy and the like.
- alkoxyaryl refers to the group alkoxy-aryl-.
- a second substrate 20 comprising a second conductive layer 22 is provided.
- the second conductive layer 22 is formed on the second substrate 20 by evaporation, sputtering, electroplating, deposition, or by any applicable process well-known in the art.
- the material of the second substrate 20 is the same or different from the material of the first substrate 10, as previously described.
- the second substrate 20 may comprise any suitable material and may be rigid, flexible, transparent, or semitransparent.
- the second substrate 20 may be glass or polymeric ( e.g ., poly(ethylene terephthalate or poly(ethylene naphthalate) in nature.
- the second conductive layer 22 may be metal comprising copper, platinum, silver, or any conductive material.
- the second substrate 20 comprises at least one orifice 18 that goes through the scond substrate 20 and the second conductive layer 22 and allows for the application of the regenerating composition 24.
- a regenerating composition 24 is applied ( e.g., by filling via orifice 18 that goes through the second substrate 20 and the second conductive layer 22) between the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20, to regenerate the dye 16.
- the regenerating composition 24 though shown as a layer in FIG. 1 , will permeate the space between the barrier layer 11 and the second conductive layer 22.
- the regenerating composition 24 comprises iodide ion and iodine.
- the regenerating composition 24 may be a solution of iodide ion and iodine.
- the regenerating composition 24 comprises lithium iodide (LiI) and iodine (I 2 ) each at a concentration of from about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M in an appropriate solvent such as acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or a 5:1 mixture of acetonitrile/valeronitrile.
- the regenerating composition 24 also comprises an imidazolium salt.
- Exemplary imidazolium salts include 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide and 1-butyl-2-methyl imidazolium iodide.
- the regenerating composition 24 also comprises a substituted pyridine.
- Exemplary substituted pyridines include 4-tert-butyl pyridine.
- Other electrolytes include the Co(II)/Co(III) based redox couples.
- the regenerating composition 24 may be in the form of a gel comprising iodide ion and iodine. See, e.g., Published U.S. Patent Appl. No. 2008/0041446 and U.S. Patent No. 8,034,260 , both of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
- Other regenerating compositions 24 are also known in the art and may be used in the embodiments of the present invention. See, e.g., U.S. patent No. 8,222,515 , which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
- the regenerating composition 24 comprises 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) or any other substance that can serve to regenerate the dye comprised in the dye layer 16 by reducing the dye comprised in the dye layer 16.
- spiro-MeOTAD 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene
- a sealant (not shown) is applied to seal the DSSC.
- One of the functions of the sealant is to prevent the regenerating composition 24 from escaping from between the barrier layer 11 and the second conductive layer 22.
- sealants include, but are not limited to Surlyn ® ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resins available from DuPontTM.
- FIG. 3 shows a dye-sensitized solar cell 30 according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the dye 16 comprised in the nanoparticulate layer 14 and the microparticulate layer 13 is excited with light and transmits electrons into the nanoparticulate layer 14, when dye 16 absorbs solar energy. At this point, the dye 16 is in an oxidized state.
- an electric flow path 32 in FIG. 3 electrons are transmitted to the conductive layer 12 to the second conductive layer 22 to generate a current. Thereafter, electrons from regenerating composition 24 are provided to dye 16 for reduction of oxidized dye 16. The above oxidization and reduction of dye 16 is repeatedly performed to generate current continually.
- FIG. 4 shows a flow chart for making a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the invention.
- a first substrate is provided, as step 100.
- a first conductive layer is formed on the first substrate, as step 102.
- a barrier layer is formed on the first conductive layer, as step 104.
- a nanoparticulate layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, is formed on the barrier layer, as step 106.
- a microparticulate layer is formed on the nanoparticulate layer, as step 107.
- a dye is then applied on the first substrate by dip coating, as step 108, such that the dye is present in the nanoparticulate layer and/or in the microparticulate layer.
- a second substrate is provided, as step 110, where the second substrate comprises a second conductive layer.
- a regenerating composition is applied between the substrates to yield a dye-sensitized solar cell, e.g., through an orifice present on the second substrate, that goes through the second conductive layer.
- a sealant is provided (step not shown) in a sealing step after the regenerating composition is applied.
- a DSSC is prepared by deposition of several layers, including a TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate.
- the substrate comprising the TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer is dipped in a 0.3 mM solution of dye and allowed to soak in the dye solution for 30 minutes. After soaking, the substrate comprising the TiO 2 layer is washed in deionized water, dried, and then washed again in isopropanol.
- the DSSC is assembled by placing the substrate comprising the TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer and dye on top of a back conductive surface having an orifice.
- An electrolyte containing 0.06 M LiI, 0.04 M I 2 , 0.5 M 1-butyl-2-methyl imidazolium iodide, 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine in 5:1 acetonitrile/valeronitrile is applied through the orifice, which is subsequently sealed.
- the completed DSSC is sealed with a low melting point polymer film that served as a gasket.
- a sealant (not shown) is applied to seal the DSSC.
- One of the functions of the sealant is to prevent the regenerating composition 24 from escaping from between the barrier layer 11 and the second conductive layer 22.
- sealants include, but are not limited to Surlyn ® ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resins available from DuPontTM.
- FIG. 3 shows a dye-sensitized solar cell 30 according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the dye 16 comprised in the nanoparticulate layer 14 and the microparticulate layer 13 is excited with light and transmits electrons into the nanoparticulate layer 14, when dye 16 absorbs solar energy. At this point, the dye 16 is in an oxidized state.
- an electric flow path 32 in FIG. 3 electrons are transmitted to the conductive layer 12 to the second conductive layer 22 to generate a current. Thereafter, electrons from regenerating composition 24 are provided to dye 16 for reduction of oxidized dye 16. The above oxidization and reduction of dye 16 is repeatedly performed to generate current continually.
- FIG. 4 shows a flow chart for making a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the invention.
- a first substrate is provided, as step 100.
- a first conductive layer is formed on the first substrate, as step 102.
- a barrier layer is formed on the first conductive layer, as step 104.
- a nanoparticulate layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, is formed on the barrier layer, as step 106.
- a microparticulate layer is formed on the nanoparticulate layer, as step 107.
- a dye is then applied on the first substrate by dip coating, as step 108, such that the dye is present in the nanoparticulate layer and/or in the microparticulate layer.
- a second substrate is provided, as step 110, where the second substrate comprises a second conductive layer.
- a regenerating composition is applied between the substrates to yield a dye-sensitized solar cell, e.g., through an orifice present on the second substrate, that goes through the second conductive layer.
- a sealant is provided (step not shown) in a sealing step after the regenerating composition is applied.
- a DSSC is prepared by deposition of several layers, including a TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate.
- the substrate comprising the TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer is dipped in a 0.3 mM solution of dye and allowed to soak in the dye solution for 30 minutes. After soaking, the substrate comprising the TiO 2 layer is washed in deionized water, dried, and then washed again in isopropanol.
- the DSSC is assembled by placing the substrate comprising the TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer and dye on top of a back conductive surface having an orifice.
- An electrolyte containing 0.06 M LiI, 0.04 M I 2 , 0.5 M 1-butyl-2-methyl imidazolium iodide, 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine in 5:1 acetonitrile/valeronitrile is applied through the orifice, which is subsequently sealed.
- the completed DSSC is sealed with a low melting point polymer film that served as a gasket.
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Description
- The present disclosure relates to dye-sensitized solar cells and a method for making same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell that utilizes 10H-phenoxazine- or triphenylamine-based dyes as the dye-sensitizers.
- Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) provide a technically and economically credible alternative concept to present day p-n junction photovoltaic devices (M. Grätzel, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 4: 145-153 (2003). See also, Wei-Hao Lai et al., Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 195: 307-313 (2008); and Xiao-Feng Wang et al., Langmuir 26: 6320-6327 (2010)). A further relevant disclosure can be found in
JP 2012-138269 - Tetrapyrrole macrocycles, including chlorophylls, have attracted attention in the past in DSSC applications as sensitizers primarily because they are known chromrophores that play an important role in natural photosynthetic processes. It is known, however, that tetrapyrrole macrocycles suffer some drawbacks due in part to their lack of red light and near IR absorption. There is therefore a need in the art for other sensitizers that do not suffer from some of these drawbacks. The embodiments of the present address this need.
- The embodiments of the present disclosure focus on 10H-phenoxazine- or triphenylamine-base in DSSC applications.
- In Embodiment 1, the invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell comprising one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I):
- In Embodiment 2, the invention relates to a method of preparing a dye sensitized solar cell comprising:
- forming a first conductive layer on a first substrate;
- forming a barrier layer on the first conductive layer;
- forming a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;
- forming a TiO2 microparticulate layer on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;
- disposing a dye on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer and/or the TiO2 microparticulate layer, wherein the dye comprises a compound of the formula (I):
- wherein R1 is a moiety of the formula (II):
- wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X2 at the point where R1 is located; X1 is oxygen or sulfur; X3 is absent or C2-C5 alkenyl; R4 is alkoxyaryl or C3-C18 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; and X2 is oxygen or sulfur;
- forming a second conductive layer on a second substrate; and
- providing a regenerating composition between the second conductive layer and the barrier layer.
- In Embodiment 3, the invention relates to the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, further comprising:
- a first conductive layer disposed on a first substrate;
- a barrier layer disposed on the first conductive layer;
- a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer disposed on the barrier layer;
- a TiO2 microparticulate layer disposed on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;
- a dye disposed on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer and/or the TiO2 microparticulate layer, wherein the dye comprises a compound of the formula (I):
- wherein R1 is a moiety of the formula (II):
- wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X2 at the point where R1 is located; X1 is oxygen or sulfur; X3 is absent or C2-C5 alkenyl; R4 is alkoxyaryl or C3-C18 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; and X2 is oxygen or sulfur;
- a second conductive layer disposed on a second substrate; and
- a regenerating composition disposed between the second conductive layer and
- the TiO2 microparticulate layer.
- In Embodiment 4, the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the R1 is a moiety of the formula (II):
- In Embodiment 5, the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the compound of the formula (I) is a compound of the formula:
- In Embodiment 7, the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein X2 is oxygen.
- In Embodiment 8, the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein X2 is sulfur.
- In Embodiment 9, the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein X1 is oxygen and X2 is oxygen; X1 is sulfur and X2 is sulfur; X1 is oxygen and X2 is sulfur; or X1 is sulfur and X2 is oxygen.
- In
Embodiment 10, the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the first and/or second substrate comprises glass or a flexible polymer. - In
Embodiment 11, the invention relates to the method or dye-sensitized solar cell ofEmbodiment 10, wherein the first and/or second substrate comprises a flexible polymer comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) or mixtures thereof. - In
Embodiment 12, the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the first conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony doped tin dioxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin dioxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide or conductive impurity doped titanium oxide (TiO2). - In
Embodiment 13, the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the regenerating composition comprises iodide ions and iodine. - In
Embodiment 14, the invention relates to the method of Embodiment 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of Embodiment 3, wherein the second conductive layer comprises platinum. - In Embodiment 15, the invention relates to a method of preparing a dye sensitized solar cell comprising:
- providing a first substrate comprising a first conductive layer and a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;
- disposing a dye on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer, wherein the dye comprises a compound of the formula (I):
- wherein R1 is a moiety of the formula (II):
- wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X2 at the point where R1 is located; X1 is oxygen or sulfur; X3 is absent or C2-C5 alkenyl; R4 is alkoxyaryl or C3-C18 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; and X2 is oxygen or sulfur; and
- providing a second substrate comprising a second conductive layer.
-
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a DSSC prepared by the methods disclosed herein. -
FIGS. 2A to 2F are cross-sections of a DSSC according to an embodiment of the invention, as it is prepared by the methods disclosed herein. -
FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a DSSC according to an embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the method of preparing a DSSC according to an embodiment of the invention. - Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method of preparing a dye-sensitized solar cell. Making reference to
FIG. 1 , the method comprises forming a firstconductive layer 12 on afirst substrate 10. Abarrier layer 11 is then formed on theconductive layer 12. Ananoparticulate layer 14 is subsequently formed on themetal oxide layer 11. Amicroparticulate layer 13 is subsequently formed on thenanoparticulate layer 14. Thenanoparticulate layer 14 and themicroparticulate layer 13 are subsequently functionalized with adye 16. Asecond substrate 20 comprising a secondconductive layer 22 is provided and a regenerating composition 24 (e.g., an electrolyte composition for regenerating the dye 16) is applied between thefirst substrate 10 and thesecond substrate 20, thereby completing the dye-sensitizedsolar cell 30. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the regeneratingcomposition 24, though shown as a layer inFIG. 1 , will permeate the space between thebarrier layer 11 and the secondconductive layer 22. In some embodiments, thesecond substrate 20 comprises at least oneorifice 18 that goes through thesecond substrate 20 and the secondconductive layer 22 and allows for the application of the regeneratingcomposition 24. - Although the layers shown in
FIG. 1 (and others) are shown as being in direct contact with one another, it should be understood that, in some embodiments, there could be one or more layers in between the layers depicted inFIG. 1 . - More specifically, referring to
FIG. 2A , afirst substrate 10 is provided. Thefirst substrate 10 may comprises any suitable material and may be rigid, flexible, transparent, semitransparent, metallic or semiconducting. In some embodiments, thefirst substrate 10 may be glass or polymeric in nature, e.g., flexible polymers including, but not limited to, poly(ethylene terephthalate, poly(ethylene naphthalate) or mixtures thereof. - In
FIG. 2A , a firstconductive layer 12 is formed on thefirst substrate 10 to provide a path for electron flow. In some embodiments, the firstconductive layer 12 may be substantially smooth. In other embodiments, the firstconductive layer 12 may comprise protrusions that may be characterized as nanowires or nanorods. See, e.g., PublishedU.S. Patent Appl. No. 2008/0041446 , which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. In some embodiments, the firstconductive layer 12 is formed by an in situ process including, but not limited to, thermal evaporation, sputtering or other applicable processes well-known in the art. For example, the firstconductive layer 12, comprising, e.g., indium tin oxide, may be formed on thefirst substrate 10, and then stacked and saturated in a vapor of indium tin oxide by thermal evaporation. The firstconductive layer 12 is formed at a temperature, e.g., between 400°C and 950°C for 5 minutes to 60 minutes. - In some embodiments, the first
conductive layer 12 comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony doped tin dioxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide or other semiconductor oxides. - In some embodiments, the
first substrate 10 is flexible. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate comprises poly(ethylene terephthalate) coated with a firstconductive layer 12 comprising tin-doped indium oxide. In other embodiments, the flexible substrate comprises poly(ethylene naphthalate) coated with tin-doped indium oxide. - As shown in
FIG. 2B , in some embodiments abarrier layer 11 is formed on the firstconductive layer 12. Thebarrier layer 11 may be formed by, e.g., immersing thefirst substrate 10, comprising theconductive layer 12, in a TiCl4 solution at 70°C. Following the immersion in the TiCl4 solution, thefirst substrate 10 is heated at about 450°C for about 40 minutes. The resultingbarrier layer 11 is, in some embodiments, a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer having a 100-150 nm thicknes and having nanoparticles having an average diameter of about 3 nm. Thebarrier layer 11 is formed to, among other things, avoid contact between theconductive layer 12 and the regeneratingcomposition 24. - As shown in
FIG. 2C , ananoparticulate layer 14 is then formed on thebarrier layer 11 by, e.g., the doctor blade method or any other method known in the art. Thenanoparticulate layer 14 is formed to, among other things, increase surface contact with the subsequently applied dye-sensitizer. Thenanoparticulate layer 14 may take the form of nanoparticles, nanorods (e.g., nanowires) or quantum dots. - In
FIG. 2D , amicroparticulate layer 13 is formed on thenanoparticulate layer 14. Themicroparticulate layer 13 may be formed by, e.g., the doctor blade method or any other method known in the art. The newly-formedmicroparticulate layer 13 is heated at 450°C, for about 30 minutes and then allowed to cool slowly to a temperature of about 80°C. It is at about this temperature that thedye 16 is provided. - In
FIG. 2E , adye 16 is provided in thenanoparticulate layer 14 and in themicroparticulate layer 13. In some embodiments, thedye 16 is adsorbed on thenanoparticulate layer 14 and themicroparticulate layer 13, e.g., by dipping the substrate comprising thenanoparticulate layer 14 and themicroparticulate layer 13 into a dye solution comprising thedye 16 at a concentration of about 0.3 mM to about 0.8 mM at room temperature for about 30 minutes to about 24 hours (e.g., from about 10 hours to about 24 hours). In some embodiments, thedye 16 comprises one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I):(II) -
- In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl, R2 is C3-C8 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
- In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VI), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl, R2 is C3-C8 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydogen.
- In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VII), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formulae (VII), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VII), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl, R2 is C3-C8 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
- In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VII), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formulae (VII), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl 1, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VII), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl, R2 is C3-C8 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, and R3 is hydrogen.
- In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VIII), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VIII), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VIII), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (VIII), R4 is alkoxyaryl, e.g., C3-C8 alkyl-O-phenyl, and C6-alkyl-O-phenyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is hydrogen.
- In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (X), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl. In some embodiments, with regard to the compound of the formula (X), R4 is C9-C15 alkyl, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is C3-C8 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl.
- In some embodiments, the
dye 16 comprises one or more dyes comprising a compound of the formula (I) defined by the formulae (XII)-(XVII), wherein n is an integer from 4 to 10, such that the alkyl chain on the nitrogen of the 10H-phenoxazine moiety is a C9-C15 alkyl chain:(XII) (XIII) (XIV) (XV) (XVI) (XVII) -
- As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers broadly to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon radical. "Alkyl" also refers broadly to cyclic (i.e., cycloalkyl) alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight chained alkyl groups including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and branched alkyl groups including isopropyl, tert-butyl, iso-amyl, neopentyl, iso-amyl, and the like. "Cycloalkyl" or "cyclic alkyl" as used herein refers to carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and includes mono-, bi- and tricyclic saturated carbocycles, as well as fused ring systems. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. The cycloalkyl can be substituted or unsubstituted. Such alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as described herein. In some embodiments, the alkyl radical is a C3-C18 alkyl radical (e.g., C6-C18, C3-C8, C6-C12 or C5-C8); or a C9-C15 alkyl radical (e.g., C9-C12, C10-C15, C12-C15 or C10-C13).
- As used herein, the term "C2-C5 alkenyl" refers broadly to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The double bonds may be in the cis or trans configuration. Such C2-C5 alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted as described herein Also contemplated are C2-C3 alkenyl and C3-C5 alkenyl. Examples of C2-C5 alkenyl groups include those shown in Table I, below, where the wavy lines indicate points of attachment to the compound of the formula (I) and the moiety of formula (II).
Table I Ethenyl Propenyl Butenyl Butadienyl Pentenyl Pentadienyl - "Substituted" as used herein refers broadly to replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the group replaced by substituents known to those skilled in the art and resulting in a stable compound as described below. Examples of suitable replacement groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy (i.e., CO2H), carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, cyano, nitro and the like.
- The term "aryl" as used herein refers to an aromatic group, a heteroaryl group or to an optionally substituted aromatic group or heteroaryl group fused to one or more optionally substituted aromatic groups or heteroaryl groups, optionally substituted with suitable substituents including, but not limited to, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylsulfanyl, lower alkylsulfenyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, oxo, hydroxy, mercapto, amino optionally substituted by alkyl, carboxy, tetrazolyl, carbamoyl optionally substituted by alkyl, aminosulfonyl optionally substituted by alkyl, acyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, cyano, halogen, or lower perfluoroalkyl, multiple degrees of substitution being allowed. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl, 4-pyridyl and the like.
- The term "alkoxy" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy group. Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy and the like.
- The term "alkoxyaryl" as used herein refers to the group alkoxy-aryl-.
-
- Referring to
FIG. 2F , asecond substrate 20 comprising a secondconductive layer 22 is provided. The secondconductive layer 22 is formed on thesecond substrate 20 by evaporation, sputtering, electroplating, deposition, or by any applicable process well-known in the art. The material of thesecond substrate 20 is the same or different from the material of thefirst substrate 10, as previously described. Thesecond substrate 20 may comprise any suitable material and may be rigid, flexible, transparent, or semitransparent. In some embodiments, thesecond substrate 20 may be glass or polymeric (e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate or poly(ethylene naphthalate) in nature. The secondconductive layer 22 may be metal comprising copper, platinum, silver, or any conductive material. In some embodiments, thesecond substrate 20 comprises at least oneorifice 18 that goes through thescond substrate 20 and the secondconductive layer 22 and allows for the application of the regeneratingcomposition 24. - In
FIG. 1 , a regeneratingcomposition 24 is applied (e.g., by filling viaorifice 18 that goes through thesecond substrate 20 and the second conductive layer 22) between thefirst substrate 10 and thesecond substrate 20, to regenerate thedye 16. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the regeneratingcomposition 24, though shown as a layer inFIG. 1 , will permeate the space between thebarrier layer 11 and the secondconductive layer 22. - In some embodiments, the regenerating
composition 24 comprises iodide ion and iodine. The regeneratingcomposition 24 may be a solution of iodide ion and iodine. For example, the regeneratingcomposition 24 comprises lithium iodide (LiI) and iodine (I2) each at a concentration of from about 0.1 M to about 0.2 M in an appropriate solvent such as acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine or a 5:1 mixture of acetonitrile/valeronitrile. In some embodiments, the regeneratingcomposition 24 also comprises an imidazolium salt. Exemplary imidazolium salts include 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide and 1-butyl-2-methyl imidazolium iodide. In some embodiments, the regeneratingcomposition 24 also comprises a substituted pyridine. Exemplary substituted pyridines include 4-tert-butyl pyridine. Other electrolytes include the Co(II)/Co(III) based redox couples. - Alternatively, the regenerating
composition 24 may be in the form of a gel comprising iodide ion and iodine. See, e.g., PublishedU.S. Patent Appl. No. 2008/0041446 andU.S. Patent No. 8,034,260 , both of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Other regeneratingcompositions 24 are also known in the art and may be used in the embodiments of the present invention. See, e.g.,U.S. patent No. 8,222,515 , which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. - In some embodiments, the regenerating
composition 24 comprises 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) or any other substance that can serve to regenerate the dye comprised in thedye layer 16 by reducing the dye comprised in thedye layer 16. - Following application of the regenerating composition 24 (e.g., by filling via
orifice 18 that goes through thesecond substrate 20 and the second conductive layer) between thefirst substrate 10 and thesecond substrate 20, in some embodiments, a sealant (not shown) is applied to seal the DSSC. One of the functions of the sealant is to prevent the regeneratingcomposition 24 from escaping from between thebarrier layer 11 and the secondconductive layer 22. Exemplary sealants include, but are not limited to Surlyn® ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resins available from DuPont™. -
FIG. 3 shows a dye-sensitizedsolar cell 30 according to an embodiment of the invention. Thedye 16 comprised in thenanoparticulate layer 14 and themicroparticulate layer 13 is excited with light and transmits electrons into thenanoparticulate layer 14, whendye 16 absorbs solar energy. At this point, thedye 16 is in an oxidized state. As shown, anelectric flow path 32 inFIG. 3 , electrons are transmitted to theconductive layer 12 to the secondconductive layer 22 to generate a current. Thereafter, electrons from regeneratingcomposition 24 are provided to dye 16 for reduction of oxidizeddye 16. The above oxidization and reduction ofdye 16 is repeatedly performed to generate current continually. -
FIG. 4 shows a flow chart for making a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the invention. A first substrate is provided, asstep 100. A first conductive layer is formed on the first substrate, asstep 102. A barrier layer is formed on the first conductive layer, asstep 104. A nanoparticulate layer, comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, is formed on the barrier layer, asstep 106. A microparticulate layer is formed on the nanoparticulate layer, asstep 107. A dye is then applied on the first substrate by dip coating, asstep 108, such that the dye is present in the nanoparticulate layer and/or in the microparticulate layer. Thereafter, a second substrate is provided, asstep 110, where the second substrate comprises a second conductive layer. As shown instep 112, a regenerating composition is applied between the substrates to yield a dye-sensitized solar cell, e.g., through an orifice present on the second substrate, that goes through the second conductive layer. In some embodiments, a sealant is provided (step not shown) in a sealing step after the regenerating composition is applied. - The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the embodiments of the invention and should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the embodiments of the invention described and claimed herein.
- A DSSC is prepared by deposition of several layers, including a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate. The substrate comprising the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer is dipped in a 0.3 mM solution of dye and allowed to soak in the dye solution for 30 minutes. After soaking, the substrate comprising the TiO2 layer is washed in deionized water, dried, and then washed again in isopropanol.
- The DSSC is assembled by placing the substrate comprising the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer and dye on top of a back conductive surface having an orifice. An electrolyte containing 0.06 M LiI, 0.04 M I2, 0.5 M 1-butyl-2-methyl imidazolium iodide, 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine in 5:1 acetonitrile/valeronitrile is applied through the orifice, which is subsequently sealed. The completed DSSC is sealed with a low melting point polymer film that served as a gasket.
- Embodiments of the invention described and claimed herein are not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustration of several aspects of the disclosure. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, various modifications of the embodiments in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
- All publications, including non-patent literature (e.g., scientific journal articles), patent application publications, and patents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference as if each were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
- Following application of the regenerating composition 24 (e.g., by filling via
orifice 18 that goes through thesecond substrate 20 and the second conductive layer) between thefirst substrate 10 and thesecond substrate 20, in some embodiments, a sealant (not shown) is applied to seal the DSSC. One of the functions of the sealant is to prevent the regeneratingcomposition 24 from escaping from between thebarrier layer 11 and the secondconductive layer 22. Exemplary sealants include, but are not limited to Surlyn® ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer resins available from DuPont™. -
FIG. 3 shows a dye-sensitizedsolar cell 30 according to an embodiment of the invention. Thedye 16 comprised in thenanoparticulate layer 14 and themicroparticulate layer 13 is excited with light and transmits electrons into thenanoparticulate layer 14, whendye 16 absorbs solar energy. At this point, thedye 16 is in an oxidized state. As shown, anelectric flow path 32 inFIG. 3 , electrons are transmitted to theconductive layer 12 to the secondconductive layer 22 to generate a current. Thereafter, electrons from regeneratingcomposition 24 are provided to dye 16 for reduction of oxidizeddye 16. The above oxidization and reduction ofdye 16 is repeatedly performed to generate current continually. -
FIG. 4 shows a flow chart for making a dye-sensitized solar cell according to an embodiment of the invention. A first substrate is provided, asstep 100. A first conductive layer is formed on the first substrate, asstep 102. A barrier layer is formed on the first conductive layer, asstep 104. A nanoparticulate layer, comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, is formed on the barrier layer, asstep 106. A microparticulate layer is formed on the nanoparticulate layer, asstep 107. A dye is then applied on the first substrate by dip coating, asstep 108, such that the dye is present in the nanoparticulate layer and/or in the microparticulate layer. Thereafter, a second substrate is provided, asstep 110, where the second substrate comprises a second conductive layer. As shown instep 112, a regenerating composition is applied between the substrates to yield a dye-sensitized solar cell, e.g., through an orifice present on the second substrate, that goes through the second conductive layer. In some embodiments, a sealant is provided (step not shown) in a sealing step after the regenerating composition is applied. - The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the embodiments of the invention and should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the embodiments of the invention described and claimed herein.
- A DSSC is prepared by deposition of several layers, including a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate. The substrate comprising the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer is dipped in a 0.3 mM solution of dye and allowed to soak in the dye solution for 30 minutes. After soaking, the substrate comprising the TiO2 layer is washed in deionized water, dried, and then washed again in isopropanol.
- The DSSC is assembled by placing the substrate comprising the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer and dye on top of a back conductive surface having an orifice. An electrolyte containing 0.06 M LiI, 0.04 M I2, 0.5 M 1-butyl-2-methyl imidazolium iodide, 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine in 5:1 acetonitrile/valeronitrile is applied through the orifice, which is subsequently sealed. The completed DSSC is sealed with a low melting point polymer film that served as a gasket.
- Embodiments of the invention described and claimed herein are not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustration of several aspects of the disclosure. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, various modifications of the embodiments in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (13)
- A dye-sensitized solar cell comprising one or more dyes characterised in that it comprises a compound of the formula (I):
- A method of preparing a dye sensitized solar cell comprising:forming a first conductive layer on a first substrate;forming a barrier layer on the first conductive layer;forming a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;forming a TiO2 microparticulate layer on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;disposing a dye on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer and/or the TiO2 microparticulate layer, wherein the dye comprises a compound of the formula (I):wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X2 at the point where R1 is located; X1 is oxygen or sulfur; X3 is absent or C2-C5 alkenyl; R4 is alkoxyaryl or C3-C18 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; and X2 is oxygen or sulfur;forming a second conductive layer on a second substrate; andproviding a regenerating composition between the second conductive layer andthe barrier layer.
- The dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 1, further comprising:a first conductive layer disposed on a first substrate;a barrier layer disposed on the first conductive layer;a TiO2 nanoparticulate layer disposed on the barrier layer;a TiO2 microparticulate layer disposed on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer;a dye disposed on the TiO2 nanoparticulate layer and/or the TiO2 microparticulate layer, wherein the dye comprises a compound of the formula (I):wherein the wavy lines indicate the point of attachment to the ring comprising X2 at the point where R1 is located; X1 is oxygen or sulfur; X3 is absent or C2-C5 alkenyl; R4 is alkoxyaryl or C3-C18 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or C3-C18 alkyl; and X2 is oxygen or sulfur;a second conductive layer disposed on a second substrate; anda regenerating composition disposed between the second conductive layer andthe TiO2 microparticulate layer.
- The method of claim 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 3, wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the ring comprising X2 at the point where R1 is located; X1 is oxygen or sulfur; X3 is absent or C2-C5 alkenyl; and R4 is alkoxyaryl or C3-C18 alkyl.
- The method of claim 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 3, wherein the compound of the formula (I) is a compound of the formula:
- The method or dye-sensitized solar cell of claims 1 to 5 , wherein X2 is oxygen.
- The method or dye-sensitized solar cell of claims 1 to 5 , wherein X2 is sulfur.
- The method or dye-sensitized solar cell of claims 1 to 5, wherein X1 is oxygen and X2 is oxygen; X1 is sulfur and X2 is sulfur; X1 is oxygen and X2 is sulfur; or X1 is sulfur and X2 is oxygen.
- The method of claim 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 3, wherein the first and/or second substrate comprises glass or a flexible polymer.
- The method or dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 8, wherein the first and/or second substrate comprises a flexible polymer comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) or mixtures thereof.
- The method of claim 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 3, wherein the first conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony doped tin dioxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin dioxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide or conductive impurity doped titanium oxide (TiO2).
- The method of claim 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 3, wherein the regenerating composition comprises iodide ions and iodine.
- The method of claim 2 or the dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 3, wherein the second conductive layer comprises platinum.
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