EP2810848B1 - Method and device for the inspection of rail magnets for inductive securing with rail bound traffic - Google Patents

Method and device for the inspection of rail magnets for inductive securing with rail bound traffic Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2810848B1
EP2810848B1 EP14157745.2A EP14157745A EP2810848B1 EP 2810848 B1 EP2810848 B1 EP 2810848B1 EP 14157745 A EP14157745 A EP 14157745A EP 2810848 B1 EP2810848 B1 EP 2810848B1
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Prior art keywords
frequency
track
signal
test
rail
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2810848A2 (en
EP2810848A3 (en
Inventor
Johannes Sütterlin
Jens Hopbach
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Deutsche Bahn AG
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Deutsche Bahn AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L1/00—Devices along the route controlled by interaction with the vehicle or train
    • B61L1/20—Safety arrangements for preventing or indicating malfunction of the device, e.g. by leakage current, by lightning
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
    • B61L3/08—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically
    • B61L3/12—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves
    • B61L3/121—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves using magnetic induction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
    • B61L3/08—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically
    • B61L3/12—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves
    • B61L3/121—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves using magnetic induction
    • B61L2003/122—German standard for inductive train protection, called "Induktive Zugsicherung"[INDUSI]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and method for checking track magnets of the inductive fuse in track-bound traffic.
  • PZB point-shaped train control
  • track magnets are attached to the track at safety-relevant points, which indicate the condition of main and / or pre-signals or other devices to be secured, such as, for example, Transmitting railway crossings inductively to the rail vehicle.
  • DB AG essentially three different track magnet types are used, which are classified based on the rated frequency of the transmitted electromagnetic signals to 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz track magnets.
  • the 1000 Hz track magnets are located at the site of pre-signals, the 2000 Hz track magnets at the location of main signals, the 500 Hz track magnets 150 to 250 meters ahead of the main signals. Depending on the operating conditions, the track magnets are switched on or off. Rail vehicles equipped with a PZB receiver will receive their signals as they travel over switched-on track magnets and evaluate their signals. As a result, the rail vehicle can be influenced by the PZB for safety reasons, right up to automatic emergency braking when the signal is overrun.
  • the DE 703 573 and DE 703 621 each describe test equipment for measuring resonance frequency and damping of the track magnets.
  • the DE 545 101 describes a test device that simulates the vehicle-side component of the inductive train protection.
  • Track magnetometers available in the state of the art have a frequency generator for generating a test frequency which is connected to a controllable constant current source which is galvanically connected to the track magnet.
  • the generator frequency By varying the generator frequency, the resonant frequency of the track magnet is determined by determining the phase difference between current and voltage at the track magnet. The phase difference is determined using a phase meter. At a phase difference of zero, the resonance frequency is reached. To determine the quality, the frequencies are determined successively in which the phase difference between current and voltage at the track magnet is +/- 45 °.
  • the frequency generator varies the applied to the controllable constant current source test frequency. The frequencies thus determined represent the upper and lower limit frequency of the track magnet.
  • the quality of the track magnet then results as a quotient of resonance frequency and the difference of the cutoff frequencies.
  • a disadvantage of this method is, inter alia, that in addition to current and voltage measuring devices, an additional phase meter is required, which has to measure three different phase angles.
  • this device it is not possible to check the solenoids of recent speed testers, as they can not be switched by a single frequency.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device with which it is possible to test track magnets as efficiently and accurately as possible, wherein the new solenoids should also be able to be switched by speed check devices.
  • the central idea of the invention for the device described in claim 1 is the use of multiple frequency generators in a track magnet tester.
  • the frequency generators must be able to be controlled both separately and synchronously.
  • the device is also able to continuously tune the test frequency, the phase position between the signals of two different frequency generators remains stable when they are driven synchronously.
  • the tuning range from 400 Hz to 2400 Hz contains the relevant track magnetic frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz.
  • the test frequency of a frequency generator is switched to a constant current source.
  • the constant current source is thus a modulated with the test frequency output current, which can be applied via a connecting device, for example via cable to the resonant circuit of the track-side track magnet to be tested.
  • Measuring instruments can be used to measure the voltage and current and their relative phase position on the track magnet. Due to the tunability of the test frequency can be determined with the device, the phase shift as a function of frequency. The measurement results can not only be displayed on a display, but also partially stored and analyzed based on the track magnet.
  • the frequency generators are adjustable so that the phase difference between the reference signal of one frequency generator and that of the one further frequency generator is + 45 ° and between the reference signal and that of the second further frequency generator is -45 °.
  • the relative phase positions -45 °, 0 ° and + 45 ° to each other are adjustable.
  • the signal of the excited parallel resonant circuit which can be tapped off at the track magnet can be compared with the reference signal and the signals with the phase position + 45 ° and -45 °, respectively.
  • phase difference between current and voltage at the excited parallel resonant circuit in the track magnet is zero, or minimal, when the resonant frequency is reached.
  • the phase difference is + 45 ° or -45 °.
  • An advantageous possibility of determining a frequency with a minimal phase difference between two sinusoidal signals is realized by the use of two comparators whose outputs are combined in an exclusive OR gate. Each signal is converted in a separate comparator into a square wave signal. By combining in an exclusive-OR gate supplies the circuit at the output of a square wave signal whose width or pulse length is dependent on the phase difference of the signals.
  • DDS chips Direct Digital Synthesis
  • Such proven standard components are inexpensive, accurate and readily available. They can be controlled with the aid of microcontrollers and thus synchronized with each other with little circuit complexity and make it possible to realize constant phase differences between DDS chips of the same frequency.
  • the frequency generators are followed by steep edge filters.
  • the filters filter out higher frequencies. This is necessary in order to obtain no appreciable deviations from the set phase positions.
  • the system clock of the DDS chips is also filtered out.
  • the filter removes the DC component of the signal since the test signal after the DDS chip is further amplified for further processing.
  • the track magnet test apparatus advantageously has at least one own excitation coil for emitting an electromagnetic signal which can be driven by the constant current source.
  • the test apparatus by mere approximation of the test apparatus to the track magnet of the resonant circuit in the track magnet be excited to vibrate. This can be done, for example, in the context of a simple quick check of the track magnets.
  • the measured voltage which occurs at the excitation coil at different frequencies (500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz)
  • when the resonant circuit is excited in the track magnet by the excitation coil can be closed to the nominal frequency of the track magnet, or detects its inefficiency become.
  • the signals from at least two frequency generators can be interconnected in front of the constant current source so that the sum signal can be switched to the exciter coil.
  • the constant current source which represents a mixture of two signals with two identical or different frequencies.
  • the switching magnets of the new speed checking devices can also be switched on or off. While it is possible in older GPUs to switch the solenoids with a single frequency of 1000 Hz, newer GPE solenoids have filter assemblies which, for safety reasons, filter out interfering influences of vehicle components. Such GPE solenoids require that at least two of the three track magnet frequencies be present simultaneously to switch a GPE solenoid.
  • the signal emitted by the exciter coil can be presupposed to a switching signal for the new GPE switching magnets fulfill.
  • a programmable, integrated electronic circuit controls and monitors the device and analyzes and at least partially stores the measured values.
  • microprocessors are also suitable for this purpose.
  • a microprocessor controls the frequency generators and thus adjusts the frequencies to be generated and their phase angles. Furthermore, it receives the measuring signals of the measuring instruments and evaluates them automatically for controlling the frequency generators, for switching the components required according to the measuring task and for obtaining the test results accordingly.
  • a method for checking the resonant frequency and the quality of track magnets of the inductive fuse is described in claim 8.
  • the method uses a test apparatus having three frequency generators as set forth in the device claims. Due to a fixed phase difference between test and reference signal can be using the method both the resonant frequency and the quality of the parallel resonant circuit to be examined track magnet for track-bound traffic with the same measurement method efficiently determine.
  • the order of the determination of resonant frequency and the cutoff frequencies is irrelevant in principle. In the description of the method, the determination of the resonant frequency will be discussed here for the sake of clarity only.
  • the resonant frequency of a parallel resonant circuit can be determined by measuring the phase shift between current and voltage at the resonant circuit. At the resonance frequency, the phase shift disappears theoretically, or is practically minimal.
  • the resonant frequency can therefore be determined by examining the phase difference between an alternating current introduced into the resonant circuit and an ac voltage generated with the same frequency and phase as a function of the frequency. The frequency at which this phase difference becomes zero or minimum is the sought resonance frequency.
  • a continuous signal with a defined frequency is generated by a frequency generator. A part of the signal is used as a reference signal in the form of an AC voltage.
  • Another part of the signal is fed as a test signal in a constant current source whose output signal is fed as an alternating current in the resonant circuit to be examined.
  • the sinusoidal current signal picked up at the resonant circuit is now generally phase-shifted from the reference signal. This phase shift changes with frequency. By tuning the frequency, the frequency is determined at which a minimum phase difference between test and reference signal occurs.
  • the test signal fed into the track magnet is compared with correspondingly phase-shifted reference signals. From the other frequency generators to the test signal by + 45 ° or -45 ° phase-shifted reference signals of the same frequency are generated and the frequency again tuned continuously. Since the phase position to be taken between the signals has already been suitably chosen, as in the determination of the resonant frequency, it is only necessary to investigate at which frequency the phase difference becomes zero or minimal. As soon as the phase difference between reference and test signal becomes minimal, the associated cutoff frequency is found and stored accordingly. After the frequencies to be determined have been measured and stored, the quality of the resonant circuit is calculated and stored. Furthermore, the data is analyzed as to whether they are compatible with the tolerance values stored in the device in a data memory.
  • the track magnet is considered functional. Since the track magnets to be examined on the section are listed in a kind of work list, the results of the test can be directly assigned to the track magnets on the list, which facilitates the evaluation of the data and the planning and execution of maintenance or repair work.
  • the cut-off frequencies are determined by comparison of the fed into the track magnet test signal with corresponding + 45 ° or -45 ° phase-shifted reference signals by test and reference signals are fed as before each on their own comparators. Both square wave signals are combined in an exclusive OR gate and thereby logically analyzed as described above. Finally, at the output of the exclusive-OR gate there is a square-wave signal whose width depends on the phase difference of the square-wave signals.
  • the upper and lower limit frequencies of the associated track magnet are the frequencies that have a rectangular signal with minimum width when fed by appropriately phase-shifted test and reference signals after the exclusive OR gate.
  • the punctiform train control system PZB 90 which is used on the railway, must be inspected at regular intervals.
  • the system consists of facilities located on the side of the vehicle and the associated extension equipment.
  • Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary tester with three frequency generators, which are realized by means of three DDS chips.
  • the frequency generators are each followed by steep-slope low-pass filters and amplifiers.
  • the middle frequency generator generates a signal whose phase angle is defined as 0 ° and which is fed into a constant current source (KSQ). All three signals can be used as reference signals via a changeover switch. To do this, measure the falling voltage and compare the phase angles between the test current fed to the track magnet (GM) and the voltage of the reference signal using comparators and an exclusive-OR gate.
  • a microcontroller controls the process and evaluates the measurement results.
  • the microcontroller can be operated via a keyboard.
  • a controller-controlled display shows the user the required information.
  • the voltage at the track magnet is tapped via the RMS / DC converter and read into the microcontroller. This can also measure the parallel resistance of the track magnet and regulate the constant current source in a given range.
  • the device also includes an excitation coil, which is also controlled by the KSQ.
  • the device also has three series resonant circuits which can be connected by means of relays for inductive excitation of the track magnets at frequencies 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz.
  • the digital potentiometer in front of the KSQ is used to adjust the signal level.
  • the microcontroller also has two EEPROM memory modules for storing the measured data as well as for storing the reference or limit values for analyzing the measurement results.
  • the measured data are saved with the current time.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary block diagram of the control loop for determining the target pulse length, ie the width of the square wave signal after the exclusive OR gate.
  • the microcontroller uses the DDS chips to generate the measurement and test signals at a specific frequency.
  • the appropriate voltage values for controlling the KSQ are set via the digital potentiometer and returned to the ⁇ C as controller by means of two RMS / DC converters at the measuring points RP 'and RP, thus monitoring compliance with the permissible tolerance ranges.
  • the pulse length is measured and transmitted to the ⁇ C, which then continues to drive the DDS chips.
  • control clock is given not only to the clock inputs of the DDS chips, but also to a D flip-flop, along with the control line from the ⁇ C. This ensures that the corresponding inputs of the DDS chips are always in sync with the clock.
  • the DDS chips produce as output a sinusoidal signal with a resolution of 10 bits and an amplitude of 1.2 V S. Since the signal is amplified for further processing and still contains a DC component, it must be filtered. This is done by the filters at the outputs of the DDS chips.
  • the cutoff frequency of the filters is around 1.2 MHz to keep the phase shift of the signal as low as possible ( ⁇ 1 °). This ensures that there are no significant deviations from the required phase shifts.
  • Another aspect for the use of a steep-edged filter is the fact that the DDS chips are clocked at 10 MHz and the system clock has to be removed from the useful signal.
  • the DC component is also eliminated in the filters.
  • the measuring voltage is approx. 70 V S. Since the measuring voltage can not be applied directly to an AD converter of the microcontroller, it must be rectified and adjusted in terms of level.
  • two DDS chips can be interconnected via a digital potentiometer, so that their signals can also be mixed with different frequencies to form a sum signal. Subsequently, the sum signal can be switched via the voltage-controlled constant current source to the exciter coil.
  • the device To inductively measure track magnets, the device includes a coil with ferrite core and three taps. In conjunction with corresponding switching relays and capacitors, series resonant circuits with different resonance frequencies (500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz) are formed.
  • the resonant frequency measurement method relies on a DDS chip to pass the signal with a 0 ° phase shift to the controllable constant current source via an electronic potentiometer.
  • the track magnet is connected.
  • the track magnet consists of a parallel resonant circuit, which has its highest resistance at resonance. If the frequency is now varied, the phase shift between voltage and current at the track magnet also changes. When the phase shift becomes zero, the resonance frequency is found.
  • the frequencies at which a phase shift of -45 ° or + 45 ° between current and voltage represent the 3 dB cutoff frequencies.
  • all three DDS chips are now programmed with the same frequency but different phase angles. If the phase angle of the middle DDS chip in Fig. 1 defined as 0 °, the phase angles + 45 ° and -45 °, respectively, result for the other DDS chips.
  • the track magnet is subjected to a frequency sweep between 400 Hz and 2400 Hz, which is controlled by the microcontroller. It makes sense in the first measuring step to determine a suitable starting frequency, which is dependent on the rated frequency (500 Hz, 1000 Hz or 2000 Hz) of the track magnet to be examined.
  • the microcontroller generates a frequency of 2300 Hz to determine the nominal frequency with the aid of the DDS chips.
  • the digital potentiometer is set to a constant value and held there.
  • the microcontroller then reads in and evaluates the voltage values from the RMS / DC converter. Depending on the values, it is detected whether a track magnet is connected at all or whether the line is short-circuited.
  • the measurement is aborted and all outputs are set to zero. If a track magnet is connected, the frequency is reduced in 8 Hz increments until the connected parallel resonant circuit of the track magnet has a certain resistance value. This is achieved as soon as the RMS / DC converter detects a voltage of at least 30 V at the measuring point RP. The frequency found is used as starting frequency for the further process. Depending on the found starting frequency, a corresponding parameter set for the measuring algorithm is loaded.
  • the step size of the frequency jumps depends on the nominal frequency and the content of the parameter set.
  • the upper limit frequency is determined, then the resonance frequency and then the lower limit frequency. From this, the quality of the track magnet is calculated.
  • the + 45 ° signal is switched to one comparator and the signal to the other, which is galvanically brought to the track magnet by the 0 ° -DDS chip signal via the constant current source and tapped there.
  • the outputs of the two comparators are then combined in an exclusive OR gate and fed to the microcontroller. This varies the frequency, the square wave signal, ie its pulse length, becomes increasingly narrow at the output of the exclusive OR gate, the closer one gets to the upper limit frequency until a minimum occurs. When the minimum is reached, the first cutoff frequency is found.
  • the minimum is usually not nearly zero, but is a few microseconds. This is due to the signal propagation delays through the digital potentiometer and the KSQ which always readjust the measuring signal at about 45-50 V rms at the track magnets. This results in unavoidable signal delays, which must be taken into account in the pulse length determination. For this reason, a self-calibration is performed every time the device is switched on. In this case, not the track magnet is measured, but an internal ohmic resistance. The pulse length, which is determined in this measurement, is stored as calibration pulse length in the device. This also compensates for temperature influences and component aging. Due to the principle, there is the disadvantage that two identical target values can be measured when determining the pulse length.
  • the frequency is changed in a predetermined manner, starting from the starting frequency only in one direction.
  • the override of the current source is constantly monitored by the microcontroller via the RMS / DC converter at the measuring point RP 'and brought to a level of max. Limited to 51.4 V eff .
  • the power source is controlled so that the track magnet is at a voltage between 45.5 V eff and 48.5 V eff .
  • the 0 ° signal is then switched to both comparators. Then the frequency is varied again until the square wave reaches its minimum.
  • Another object of the exciter coil is to inject a sufficiently strong signal into a solenoid to turn on or off the attached SPE (GPE).
  • GPE SPE
  • different frequencies are generated by two DDS chips, namely 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz.
  • the two frequencies are applied to a digital potentiometer where they are mixed to form a sum signal.
  • the sum signal can be switched via the voltage-controlled constant current source to the exciter coil.
  • a frequency of 1000 Hz is generated at the beginning of the measurement by two DDS chips. These are up-regulated linearly by the digital potentiometer and set to a maximum value which is determined during calibration in the factory. Only after reaching this value is a DDS chip switched to 2000 Hz and both frequencies combined.
  • the sum signal When the sum signal is applied to the excitation coil, it will be applied to the excitation coil for a total of 3 seconds to ensure safe turn-on / turn-off.
  • the maintenance engineer now uses the status displays of the GPE to check whether the gear changes have actually taken place as specified or not.
  • the inductive quick test is explained by way of example. It serves to determine the track magnet type.
  • the track magnet tester is placed on the track magnet and the measurement of the nominal frequency is via a Inductive coupling determined.
  • it is determined whether the track magnet is in an effective or inoperative state.
  • the track magnet tester has its own test resonant circuits with resonant frequencies 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz, which can interact inductively with the track resonant circuit.
  • By placing the track magnet tester on the track magnet it can be determined from the measured at the exciter coil at each of the three frequencies in the tester voltage, whether the radiated from the test resonant signal hits the resonant frequency of the track magnet or not.
  • Thresholds Us are defined for this purpose. If the voltage measured at the excitation coil exceeds the threshold Us at one frequency while remaining below the respective sword Us at the other two frequencies, the frequency at which the threshold Us was exceeded is rated as the nominal frequency of the track magnet.
  • the following voltages on the exciter coil are measured on a track magnet as a function of the exciter frequency set on the tester: f [Hz] Excitation coil voltage 500 5.1V 1000 6.4V 2000 18.3 v
  • the track magnet is considered to be inactive.
  • a 500 Hz track magnet at an excitation coil frequency of 500 Hz and 1000 Hz has an excitation coil voltage of less than 8 V and an exciter coil frequency from 2000 Hz has an excitation coil voltage of less than 13 V, it is considered inactive.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung sowie Verfahren zum Überprüfen von Gleismagneten der induktiven Sicherung bei spurgebundenem Verkehr.The invention relates to a device and method for checking track magnets of the inductive fuse in track-bound traffic.

Bei der Punktförmigen Zugbeeinflussung (PZB) werden durch elektromagnetisch induzierte Signale zwischen Streckenpunkten am Gleis und Schienenfahrzeugen Informationen zur Sicherung des spurgeführten Verkehrs ausgetauscht. Streckenseitig sind an sicherheitsrelevanten Stellen sogenannte Gleismagnete am Gleis angebracht, die den Zustand von Haupt-/ und Vorsignalen oder sonstigen zu sichernden Einrichtungen wie z.B. Bahnübergängen induktiv an das Schienenfahrzeug übermitteln. Im Schienennetz der DB AG werden hierfür im Wesentlichen drei unterschiedliche Gleismagnettypen eingesetzt, die anhand der Nennfrequenz der übertragenen elektromagnetischen Signale klassifiziert werden zu 500 Hz, 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz-Gleismagneten. Die 1000 Hz-Gleismagnete befinden sich am Standort von Vorsignalen, die 2000 Hz-Gleismagnete am Standort von Hauptsignalen, die 500 Hz-Gleismagnete 150 bis 250 Meter vor den Hauptsignalen. Abhängig von den betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen sind die Gleismagnete ein- oder ausgeschaltet. Schienenfahrzeuge, die mit einem PZB-Empfänger ausgerüstet sind, empfangen bei der Überfahrt über eingeschaltete Gleismagnete deren Signale und werten diese aus. Dadurch kann das Schienenfahrzeug durch die PZB sicherungstechnisch beeinflusst werden, bis hin zur automatischen Zwangsbremsung bei überfahrenem Halt zeigenden Signal.In point-shaped train control (PZB) information is exchanged for securing the track-guided traffic by electromagnetically induced signals between track points on the track and rail vehicles. On the track side, so-called track magnets are attached to the track at safety-relevant points, which indicate the condition of main and / or pre-signals or other devices to be secured, such as, for example, Transmitting railway crossings inductively to the rail vehicle. In the rail network of DB AG, essentially three different track magnet types are used, which are classified based on the rated frequency of the transmitted electromagnetic signals to 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz track magnets. The 1000 Hz track magnets are located at the site of pre-signals, the 2000 Hz track magnets at the location of main signals, the 500 Hz track magnets 150 to 250 meters ahead of the main signals. Depending on the operating conditions, the track magnets are switched on or off. Rail vehicles equipped with a PZB receiver will receive their signals as they travel over switched-on track magnets and evaluate their signals. As a result, the rail vehicle can be influenced by the PZB for safety reasons, right up to automatic emergency braking when the signal is overrun.

Für einen sicheren Bahnbetrieb ist ein Funktionieren der Gleismagnete eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung. Daher wurden entsprechende Prüfungsverfahren und -vorrichtungen für die Gleismagnete entwickelt. Die DE 703 573 und DE 703 621 beschreiben jeweils Prüfgeräte zur Messung von Resonanzfrequenz und Dämpfung der Gleismagnete. Die DE 545 101 beschreibt ein Prüfgerät, welches die fahrzeugseitige Komponente der induktiven Zugsicherung simuliert.
Die genannten Dokumente stellen den Stand der Technik in den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts dar.For a safe railway operation, a functioning of the track magnets is an indispensable prerequisite. Therefore, corresponding inspection methods and devices for the track magnets have been developed. The DE 703 573 and DE 703 621 each describe test equipment for measuring resonance frequency and damping of the track magnets. The DE 545 101 describes a test device that simulates the vehicle-side component of the inductive train protection.
These documents represent the state of the art in the thirties and forties of the 20th century.

Im heutigen Stand der Technik verfügbare Gleismagnetprüfgeräte wie z.B. das Quante GMP 900, verfügen über einen Frequenzgenerator zum Erzeugen einer Prüffrequenz, die an eine steuerbare Konstantstromquelle angeschlossen ist, welche galvanisch mit dem Gleismagneten verbunden ist. Durch Variation der Generatorfrequenz wird die Resonanzfrequenz des Gleismagneten ermittelt, indem die Phasendifferenz zwischen Strom und Spannung am Gleismagneten ermittelt wird. Die Phasendifferenz wird dabei mithilfe eines Phasenmessers ermittelt. Bei einer Phasendifferenz von Null, ist die Resonanzfrequenz erreicht. Zur Gütebestimmung werden nacheinander die Frequenzen ermittelt, bei denen die Phasendifferenz zwischen Strom und Spannung am Gleismagneten +/- 45° betragen. Hierzu variiert der Frequenzgenerator die an die steuerbare Konstantstromquelle angelegte Prüffrequenz.
Die so ermittelten Frequenzen stellen die obere und untere Grenzfrequenz des Gleismagneten dar. Die Güte des Gleismagneten ergibt sich dann als Quotient von Resonanzfrequenz und der Differenz der Grenzfrequenzen.
Ein Nachteil dieses Verfahrens liegt u.a. darin, dass es neben Strom- und Spannungsmessgeräten eines zusätzlichen Phasenmessers bedarf, der drei verschiedene Phasenlagen messen muss. Außerdem ist es mit diesem Gerät nicht möglich, die Schaltmagnete neuerer Geschwindigkeitsprüfeinrichtungen zu prüfen, da diese durch eine einzige Frequenz nicht mehr geschaltet werden können.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung bereitzustellen, mit denen es möglich ist, Gleismagnete möglichst effizient und genau zu prüfen, wobei auch die neuen Schaltmagnete von Geschwindigkeitsprüfeinrichtungen geschaltet werden können sollen.Track magnetometers available in the state of the art, such as the Quantum GMP 900, have a frequency generator for generating a test frequency which is connected to a controllable constant current source which is galvanically connected to the track magnet. By varying the generator frequency, the resonant frequency of the track magnet is determined by determining the phase difference between current and voltage at the track magnet. The phase difference is determined using a phase meter. At a phase difference of zero, the resonance frequency is reached. To determine the quality, the frequencies are determined successively in which the phase difference between current and voltage at the track magnet is +/- 45 °. For this purpose, the frequency generator varies the applied to the controllable constant current source test frequency.
The frequencies thus determined represent the upper and lower limit frequency of the track magnet. The quality of the track magnet then results as a quotient of resonance frequency and the difference of the cutoff frequencies.
A disadvantage of this method is, inter alia, that in addition to current and voltage measuring devices, an additional phase meter is required, which has to measure three different phase angles. In addition, with this device, it is not possible to check the solenoids of recent speed testers, as they can not be switched by a single frequency.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device with which it is possible to test track magnets as efficiently and accurately as possible, wherein the new solenoids should also be able to be switched by speed check devices.

Diese Aufgaben werden durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung und das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren nach den unabhängigen Ansprüchen 1 bzw. 8 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind Gegenstände der abhängigen Ansprüche.These objects are achieved by the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention according to independent claims 1 and 8, respectively. Advantageous developments are subject matters of the dependent claims.

Der zentrale Erfindungsgedanke für die in Anspruch 1 beschriebene Vorrichtung liegt in der Verwendung mehrerer Frequenzgeneratoren in einem Gleismagnete-Prüfgerät. Durch eine geschickte Kombination unterschiedlicher Phasenlagen von Signalen gleicher Prüffrequenzen bzw. einer Mischung von unterschiedlichen Frequenzen kann eine solche Vorrichtung die vielfältigen Mess- und Prüfaufgaben effizient durchführen. Hierzu müssen die Frequenzgeneratoren sowohl getrennt als auch synchron angesteuert werden können.
Die Vorrichtung ist weiterhin in der Lage, die Prüffrequenz kontinuierlich durchzustimmen, wobei die Phasenlage zwischen den Signalen zweier unterschiedlicher Frequenzgeneratoren stabil bleibt, wenn diese synchron angesteuert werden. Der Durchstimmbereich von 400 Hz bis 2400 Hz enthält die relevanten Gleismagnetfrequenzen von 500 Hz, 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz.
Die Prüffrequenz eines Frequenzgenerators ist auf eine Konstantstromquelle geschaltet. Am Ausgang der Konstantstromquelle liegt somit ein mit der Prüffrequenz modulierter Ausgangsstrom vor, welcher über eine Verbindungsvorrichtung, z.B. über Kabel, an den Schwingkreis des zu prüfenden streckenseitigen Gleismagneten angelegt werden kann. Mithilfe von Messgeräten lassen sich Spannung und Strom und deren relative Phasenlage am Gleismagneten messen. Aufgrund der Durchstimmbarkeit der Prüffrequenz kann mit der Vorrichtung die Phasenverschiebung in Abhängigkeit der Frequenz ermittelt werden.
Die Messergebnisse lassen sich nicht nur an einem Display anzeigen, sondern teilweise auch auf den Gleismagneten bezogen speichern und analysieren.The central idea of the invention for the device described in claim 1 is the use of multiple frequency generators in a track magnet tester. By a clever combination of different phases of signals of the same test frequencies or a mixture of different Frequency, such a device can efficiently perform the various measurement and testing tasks. For this purpose, the frequency generators must be able to be controlled both separately and synchronously.
The device is also able to continuously tune the test frequency, the phase position between the signals of two different frequency generators remains stable when they are driven synchronously. The tuning range from 400 Hz to 2400 Hz contains the relevant track magnetic frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz.
The test frequency of a frequency generator is switched to a constant current source. At the output of the constant current source is thus a modulated with the test frequency output current, which can be applied via a connecting device, for example via cable to the resonant circuit of the track-side track magnet to be tested. Measuring instruments can be used to measure the voltage and current and their relative phase position on the track magnet. Due to the tunability of the test frequency can be determined with the device, the phase shift as a function of frequency.
The measurement results can not only be displayed on a display, but also partially stored and analyzed based on the track magnet.

Da die Phasenlage zwischen den Signalen mehrerer Frequenzgeneratoren unterschiedlich wählbar ist, ergeben sich elegante Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung der Resonanzfrequenz und der Güte des Schwingkreises im Gleismagneten mit demselben Messverfahren. Die Frequenzgeneratoren sind so einstellbar, dass der Phasenunterschied zwischen dem als Referenz dienenden Ausgangssignal des einen Frequenzgenerators und dem des einen weiteren Frequenzgenerators +45° und zwischen dem Referenzsignal und dem des zweiten weiteren Frequenzgenerators -45° beträgt. Somit erhält man drei Signale gleicher Frequenz, mit den relativen Phasenlagen -45°, 0° und +45° zueinander. Wenn das Referenzsignal mit der als 0° definierten Phasenlage auf den Gleismagneten eingespeist wird, lässt sich das am Gleismagneten abgreifbare Signal des angeregten Parallelschwingkreises jeweils mit dem Referenzsignal und den Signalen mit der Phasenlage +45° sowie -45° vergleichen.Since the phase position between the signals of multiple frequency generators can be selected differently, elegant possibilities for the determination of the resonant frequency and the quality of the resonant circuit in the track magnet arise with the same measuring method. The frequency generators are adjustable so that the phase difference between the reference signal of one frequency generator and that of the one further frequency generator is + 45 ° and between the reference signal and that of the second further frequency generator is -45 °. Thus, one obtains three signals of the same frequency, with the relative phase positions -45 °, 0 ° and + 45 ° to each other. If the reference signal with the phase position defined as 0 ° is fed to the track magnet, the signal of the excited parallel resonant circuit which can be tapped off at the track magnet can be compared with the reference signal and the signals with the phase position + 45 ° and -45 °, respectively.

Der Phasenunterschied zwischen Strom und Spannung am erregten Parallelschwingkreis im Gleismagneten ist null, bzw. minimal, bei Erreichen der Resonanzfrequenz. Bei Erreichen der oberen bzw. unteren Grenzfrequenz ist der Phasenunterschied +45° bzw. -45°. Somit lassen sich durch Vergleich des Messsignals mit den drei erzeugten Signalen die zugehörigen Frequenzen besonders effizient ermitteln.The phase difference between current and voltage at the excited parallel resonant circuit in the track magnet is zero, or minimal, when the resonant frequency is reached. When the upper or lower limit frequency is reached, the phase difference is + 45 ° or -45 °. Thus, the associated frequencies can be determined particularly efficiently by comparing the measurement signal with the three signals generated.

Eine vorteilhafte Möglichkeit, eine Frequenz mit minimalem Phasenunterschied zwischen zwei sinusförmigen Signalen zu bestimmen, wird durch die Verwendung zweier Komparatoren realisiert, deren Ausgänge in einem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied zusammengeführt sind. Jedes Signal wird dabei in einem eigenen Komparator zu einem Rechtecksignal umgewandelt. Durch die Zusammenführung in einem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied liefert die Schaltung an dessen Ausgang ein Rechtecksignal, dessen Breite bzw. Impulslänge abhängig vom Phasenunterschied der Signale ist.An advantageous possibility of determining a frequency with a minimal phase difference between two sinusoidal signals is realized by the use of two comparators whose outputs are combined in an exclusive OR gate. Each signal is converted in a separate comparator into a square wave signal. By combining in an exclusive-OR gate supplies the circuit at the output of a square wave signal whose width or pulse length is dependent on the phase difference of the signals.

Als Frequenzgeneratoren werden vorteilhaft DDS-Chips (Direct Digital Synthesis) eingesetzt. Solche bewährten Standard-Bauteile sind kostengünstig, präzise und gut verfügbar. Sie lassen sich mithilfe von Mikrocontrollern steuern und somit auch mit geringem schaltungstechnischen Aufwand miteinander synchronisieren und ermöglichen es, konstante Phasenunterschiede zwischen DDS-Chips gleicher Frequenz zu realisieren.As frequency generators advantageously DDS chips (Direct Digital Synthesis) are used. Such proven standard components are inexpensive, accurate and readily available. They can be controlled with the aid of microcontrollers and thus synchronized with each other with little circuit complexity and make it possible to realize constant phase differences between DDS chips of the same frequency.

Vorteilhaft ist es weiterhin, wenn den Frequenzgeneratoren steilflankige Filter nachgeschaltet sind. Mithilfe der Filter werden höhere Frequenzen herausgefiltert. Dies ist erforderlich, um keine nennenswerten Abweichungen von den eingestellten Phasenlagen zu erhalten. Mit einem wirksamen Filter wird auch der Systemtakt der DDS-Chips herausgefiltert. Außerdem entfernt der Filter den Gleichanteil des Signals, da das Prüfsignal nach dem DDS-Chip zur weiteren Verarbeitung noch verstärkt wird.It is also advantageous if the frequency generators are followed by steep edge filters. The filters filter out higher frequencies. This is necessary in order to obtain no appreciable deviations from the set phase positions. With an effective filter, the system clock of the DDS chips is also filtered out. In addition, the filter removes the DC component of the signal since the test signal after the DDS chip is further amplified for further processing.

Um die Parallelschwingkreise in den Gleismagneten induktiv erregen zu können, verfügt die Gleismagnete-Prüfvorrichtung vorteilhaft über mindestens eine eigene Erregerspule zum Abstrahlen eines elektromagnetischen Signals, die von der Konstantstromquelle ansteuerbar ist. Somit kann durch bloße Näherung der Prüfvorrichtung an den Gleismagneten der Schwingkreis im Gleismagneten zu Schwingungen angeregt werden. Dies kann beispielsweise im Rahmen einer einfachen Schnellprüfung der Gleismagnete erfolgen. Anhand der gemessenen Spannung, die sich an der Erregerspule bei unterschiedlichen Frequenzen (500 Hz, 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz) einstellt, wenn der Schwingkreis im Gleismagneten durch die Erregerspule erregt wird, kann auf die Nennfrequenz des Gleismagneten geschlossen werden, bzw. dessen Nichtwirksamkeit erfasst werden.In order to excite the parallel resonant circuits in the track magnets inductively, the track magnet test apparatus advantageously has at least one own excitation coil for emitting an electromagnetic signal which can be driven by the constant current source. Thus, by mere approximation of the test apparatus to the track magnet of the resonant circuit in the track magnet be excited to vibrate. This can be done, for example, in the context of a simple quick check of the track magnets. On the basis of the measured voltage, which occurs at the excitation coil at different frequencies (500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz), when the resonant circuit is excited in the track magnet by the excitation coil, can be closed to the nominal frequency of the track magnet, or detects its inefficiency become.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Signale von mindestens zwei Frequenzgeneratoren vor der Konstantstromquelle zusammenschaltbar sind, sodass das Summensignal auf die Erregerspule schaltbar ist. Dadurch liegt nach der Konstantstromquelle ein Strom-Signal vor, das eine Mischung aus zwei Signalen mit zwei gleichen oder unterschiedlichen Frequenzen darstellt. Mit einer derart ausgestalteten Vorrichtung lassen sich auch die Schaltmagnete der neuen Geschwindigkeitsprüfeinrichtungen (GPE) ein- bzw. ausschalten. Während es bei herkömmlichen GPE älterer Bauart möglich ist, die Schaltmagnete mit einer einzigen Frequenz von 1000 Hz zu schalten, so verfügen neuere GPE-Schaltmagnete über Filterbaugruppen, die aus Sicherheitsgründen störende Einflüsse von Fahrzeugkomponenten ausfiltern. Bei solchen GPE-Schaltmagneten ist es erforderlich, dass mindestens zwei der drei Gleismagnetfrequenzen gleichzeitig vorhanden sind, um einen GPE-Schaltmagneten zu schalten. Wenn beispielsweise ein DDS-Chip ein 1000 Hz-Signal und ein anderer ein 2000 Hz-Signal erzeugt und beide Signale als Summensignal auf die Konstantstromquelle gelegt werden, so kann das von der Erregerspule emittierte Signal die Voraussetzungen an ein Schaltsignal für die neuen GPE-Schaltmagneten erfüllen.It is particularly advantageous if the signals from at least two frequency generators can be interconnected in front of the constant current source so that the sum signal can be switched to the exciter coil. As a result, there is a current signal after the constant current source, which represents a mixture of two signals with two identical or different frequencies. With a device designed in this way, the switching magnets of the new speed checking devices (GPE) can also be switched on or off. While it is possible in older GPUs to switch the solenoids with a single frequency of 1000 Hz, newer GPE solenoids have filter assemblies which, for safety reasons, filter out interfering influences of vehicle components. Such GPE solenoids require that at least two of the three track magnet frequencies be present simultaneously to switch a GPE solenoid. For example, if one DDS chip generates a 1000 Hz signal and another generates a 2000 Hz signal and both signals are applied as a sum signal to the constant current source, the signal emitted by the exciter coil can be presupposed to a switching signal for the new GPE switching magnets fulfill.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn ein programmierbarer, integrierter elektronischer Schaltkreis die Vorrichtung steuert und überwacht und die Messwerte analysiert und zumindest teilweise abspeichert. Hierfür eignen sich insbesondere auch Mikroprozessoren. Ein Mikroprozessor steuert die Frequenzgeneratoren an und stellt somit die zu erzeugenden Frequenzen und deren Phasenlagen ein. Weiterhin empfängt er die Messsignale der Messgeräte und wertet diese automatisiert zum Regeln der Frequenzgeneratoren, zum Schalten der je nach Messaufgabe erforderlichen Komponenten und zum Gewinnen der Prüfergebnisse entsprechend aus.It is particularly advantageous if a programmable, integrated electronic circuit controls and monitors the device and analyzes and at least partially stores the measured values. In particular, microprocessors are also suitable for this purpose. A microprocessor controls the frequency generators and thus adjusts the frequencies to be generated and their phase angles. Furthermore, it receives the measuring signals of the measuring instruments and evaluates them automatically for controlling the frequency generators, for switching the components required according to the measuring task and for obtaining the test results accordingly.

Anstelle eines Mikroprozessors können auch andere programmierbare Schaltkreise verwendet werden, ohne die Erfindung zu verlassen, z.B. FPGA, externe CPU, etc.
Ein Verfahren zum Überprüfen der Resonanzfrequenz und der Güte von Gleismagneten der induktiven Sicherung ist in Anspruch 8 beschrieben. Das Verfahren verwendet eine Prüfvorrichtung, die über drei Frequenzgeneratoren verfügt, wie sie in den Vorrichtungsansprüchen dargelegt sind.
Aufgrund einer festgelegten Phasendifferenz zwischen Prüf- und Referenzsignal lassen sich mithilfe des Verfahrens sowohl die Resonanzfrequenz als auch die Güte des Parallelschwingkreises im zu untersuchenden Gleismagneten für spurgebundenen Verkehr mit dem gleichen Messverfahren effizient bestimmen. Die Reihenfolge der Bestimmung von Resonanzfrequenz und den Grenzfrequenzen ist dabei im Prinzip unerheblich.
Bei der Beschreibung des Verfahrens wird hier lediglich aus Gründen der Anschaulichkeit zuerst auf die Bestimmung der Resonanzfrequenz eingegangen. Die Resonanzfrequenz eines Parallelschwingkreises lässt sich ermitteln, indem die Phasenverschiebung zwischen Strom und Spannung am Schwingkreis gemessen wird. Bei der Resonanzfrequenz verschwindet theoretisch die Phasenverschiebung, bzw. wird praktisch gesehen minimal. Die Resonanzfrequenz lässt sich daher ermitteln, indem der Phasenunterschied zwischen einem in den Schwingkreis eingebrachten Wechselstrom und einer mit der gleichen Frequenz und Phasenlage erzeugten Wechselspannung in Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz untersucht wird.
Die Frequenz, bei der dieser Phasenunterschied null, bzw. minimal wird, ist die gesuchte Resonanzfrequenz.
Hierfür wird von einem Frequenzgenerator ein kontinuierliches Signal mit einer definierten Frequenz erzeugt. Ein Teil des Signals wird als Referenzsignal in Form einer Wechselspannung verwendet. Ein weiterer Teil des Signals wird als Prüfsignal in eine Konstantstromquelle eingespeist, deren Ausgangssignal als Wechselstrom in den zu untersuchenden Schwingkreis eingespeist wird. Das am Schwingkreis abgegriffene, sinusförmige Stromsignal ist nun im Allgemeinen phasenverschoben zum Referenzsignal. Diese Phasenverschiebung ändert sich mit der Frequenz. Durch Durchstimmen der Frequenz wird diejenige Frequenz ermittelt, bei der ein minimaler Phasenunterschied zwischen Prüf- und Referenzsignal auftritt.Instead of a microprocessor, other programmable circuits can be used without departing from the invention, eg, FPGA, external CPU, etc.
A method for checking the resonant frequency and the quality of track magnets of the inductive fuse is described in claim 8. The method uses a test apparatus having three frequency generators as set forth in the device claims.
Due to a fixed phase difference between test and reference signal can be using the method both the resonant frequency and the quality of the parallel resonant circuit to be examined track magnet for track-bound traffic with the same measurement method efficiently determine. The order of the determination of resonant frequency and the cutoff frequencies is irrelevant in principle.
In the description of the method, the determination of the resonant frequency will be discussed here for the sake of clarity only. The resonant frequency of a parallel resonant circuit can be determined by measuring the phase shift between current and voltage at the resonant circuit. At the resonance frequency, the phase shift disappears theoretically, or is practically minimal. The resonant frequency can therefore be determined by examining the phase difference between an alternating current introduced into the resonant circuit and an ac voltage generated with the same frequency and phase as a function of the frequency.
The frequency at which this phase difference becomes zero or minimum is the sought resonance frequency.
For this purpose a continuous signal with a defined frequency is generated by a frequency generator. A part of the signal is used as a reference signal in the form of an AC voltage. Another part of the signal is fed as a test signal in a constant current source whose output signal is fed as an alternating current in the resonant circuit to be examined. The sinusoidal current signal picked up at the resonant circuit is now generally phase-shifted from the reference signal. This phase shift changes with frequency. By tuning the frequency, the frequency is determined at which a minimum phase difference between test and reference signal occurs.

Die Vorrichtung analysiert die Messwerte automatisch und speichert die Resonanzfrequenz des zugehörigen Gleismagneten.
Nachdem nun die Resonanzfrequenz fR ermittelt wurde, müssen noch die obere und untere Grenzfrequenz fO, fU bestimmt werden. Die Güte Q des Schwingkreises ergibt sich dann zu Q = fR / (fO - fU). Es ist bekannt, dass bei Erreichen einer Grenzfrequenz der Phasenunterschied zwischen Strom und Spannung am Schwingkreis +45° bzw. -45° beträgt.
Da drei Frequenzgeneratoren, die synchronisiert zueinander getaktet werden können, vorhanden sind, kann das bei der Messung der Resonanzfrequenz verwendete Verfahren in abgewandelter Form auch zur Bestimmung der Grenzfrequenzen verwendet werden. Dazu wird das in den Gleismagneten eingespeiste Prüfsignal mit entsprechend phasenverschobenen Referenzsignalen verglichen.
Von den anderen Frequenzgeneratoren werden die zum Prüfsignal um +45° bzw. -45° phasenverschobenen Referenzsignale gleicher Frequenz erzeugt und die Frequenz wieder kontinuierlich durchgestimmt.
Da die zu treffende Phasenlage zwischen den Signalen bereits passend gewählt wurde, wird hier, wie bei der Bestimmung der Resonanzfrequenz nur noch untersucht, bei welcher Frequenz der Phasenunterschied null, bzw. minimal wird. Sobald der Phasenunterschied zwischen Referenz- und Prüfsignal minimal wird, ist die zugehörige Grenzfrequenz gefunden und wird entsprechend gespeichert. Nachdem so die zu ermittelnden Frequenzen gemessen und gespeichert wurden, wird die Güte des Schwingkreises berechnet und gespeichert. Weiterhin werden die Daten analysiert, ob sie zu den in der Vorrichtung in einem Datenspeicher gespeicherten Toleranzwerten kompatibel sind. Wenn ja, wird der Gleismagnet als funktionsfähig bewertet.
Da im Gerät die auf dem Streckenabschnitt zu untersuchenden Gleismagnete in einer Art Arbeitsliste aufgeführt sind, können die Ergebnisse der Prüfung den Gleismagneten auf der Liste direkt zugeordnet werden, was die Auswertung der Daten und die Planung sowie Durchführung von Wartungs- oder Instandsetzungsarbeiten erleichtert.The device automatically analyzes the measured values and stores the resonance frequency of the associated track magnet.
Now that the resonance frequency f R has been determined, the upper and lower limit frequency f O , f U must still be determined. The quality Q of the resonant circuit then results in Q = f R / (f O -f U ). It is known that when a cutoff frequency is reached, the phase difference between the current and the voltage at the resonant circuit is + 45 ° or -45 °.
Since three frequency generators, which can be synchronized with one another, are available, the method used in the measurement of the resonant frequency can also be used in a modified form for determining the cutoff frequencies. For this purpose, the test signal fed into the track magnet is compared with correspondingly phase-shifted reference signals.
From the other frequency generators to the test signal by + 45 ° or -45 ° phase-shifted reference signals of the same frequency are generated and the frequency again tuned continuously.
Since the phase position to be taken between the signals has already been suitably chosen, as in the determination of the resonant frequency, it is only necessary to investigate at which frequency the phase difference becomes zero or minimal. As soon as the phase difference between reference and test signal becomes minimal, the associated cutoff frequency is found and stored accordingly. After the frequencies to be determined have been measured and stored, the quality of the resonant circuit is calculated and stored. Furthermore, the data is analyzed as to whether they are compatible with the tolerance values stored in the device in a data memory. If so, the track magnet is considered functional.
Since the track magnets to be examined on the section are listed in a kind of work list, the results of the test can be directly assigned to the track magnets on the list, which facilitates the evaluation of the data and the planning and execution of maintenance or repair work.

Bei Verwendung einer Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 2 kann ein sehr effizientes Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 9 zur Bestimmung der Frequenzen mit minimalem Phasenunterschied verwendet werden.Using a device according to claim 2, a very efficient method according to claim 9 for determining the frequencies with minimum phase difference can be used.

Hierfür werden Prüf- und Referenzsignal jeweils an einen Eingang eines eigenen Komparators gelegt. Die sinusförmigen Signale werden dabei in Rechtecksignale umgewandelt. Beide Rechtecksignale werden in einem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied zusammengeführt und dadurch logisch analysiert. Am Ausgang des Exklusiv-Oder-Glieds liegt schließlich ein Rechtecksignal vor, dessen Breite vom Phasenunterschied der Rechtecksignale abhängt. Je schmaler das Rechtecksignal ist, desto geringer ist der Phasenunterschied. Beim kontinuierlichen Durchstimmen der Frequenz des vom Frequenzgenerator erzeugten Signals verändert sich demnach auch frequenzabhängig die Breite des Rechtecksignals nach dem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied. Als Resonanzfrequenz des zugehörigen Gleismagneten gilt die Frequenz, die bei Einspeisung von phasengleichen Prüf- und Referenzsignalen nach dem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied ein Rechtecksignal mit minimaler Breite aufweist.
Die Grenzfrequenzen werden durch Vergleich des in den Gleismagneten eingespeisten Prüfsignals mit entsprechend +45° bzw. -45° phasenverschobenen Referenzsignalen bestimmt, indem Prüf- und Referenzsignale wie zuvor jeweils auf eigene Komparatoren eingespeist werden.
Beide Rechtecksignale werden in einem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied zusammengeführt und dadurch wie oben beschrieben logisch analysiert. Am Ausgang des Exklusiv-Oder-Glieds liegt schließlich ein Rechtecksignal vor, dessen Breite vom Phasenunterschied der Rechtecksignale abhängt. Als obere und untere Grenzfrequenzen des zugehörigen Gleismagneten gelten die Frequenzen, die bei Einspeisung von entsprechend phasenverschobenen Prüf- und Referenzsignalen nach dem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied ein Rechtecksignal mit minimaler Breite aufweisen.For this test and reference signal are each applied to an input of its own comparator. The sinusoidal signals are converted into rectangular signals. Both square wave signals are combined in an exclusive OR gate and thereby logically analyzed. Finally, at the output of the exclusive-OR gate there is a square-wave signal whose width depends on the phase difference of the square-wave signals. The narrower the square wave signal, the smaller the phase difference. In the case of continuous tuning of the frequency of the signal generated by the frequency generator, the width of the square-wave signal thus also changes in a frequency-dependent manner according to the exclusive-OR element. The resonant frequency of the associated track magnet is the frequency that has a rectangular signal with minimum width when fed by in-phase test and reference signals after the exclusive OR gate.
The cut-off frequencies are determined by comparison of the fed into the track magnet test signal with corresponding + 45 ° or -45 ° phase-shifted reference signals by test and reference signals are fed as before each on their own comparators.
Both square wave signals are combined in an exclusive OR gate and thereby logically analyzed as described above. Finally, at the output of the exclusive-OR gate there is a square-wave signal whose width depends on the phase difference of the square-wave signals. The upper and lower limit frequencies of the associated track magnet are the frequencies that have a rectangular signal with minimum width when fed by appropriately phase-shifted test and reference signals after the exclusive OR gate.

Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels, das durch zwei Figuren dargestellt wird, näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to an embodiment which is represented by two figures.

Das punktförmige Zugsicherungssystem PZB 90, welches bei der Bahn eingesetzt wird, muss in regelmäßigen Abständen inspiziert werden. Das System besteht aus Einrichtungen, die sich auf der Fahrzeugseite befinden und den dazugehörigen Streckeinrichtungen.The punctiform train control system PZB 90, which is used on the railway, must be inspected at regular intervals. The system consists of facilities located on the side of the vehicle and the associated extension equipment.

Streckenseitig befinden sich so genannte Gleismagnete am Schienenweg, die sowohl Signalinformationen von der Strecke an das Fahrzeug übermitteln als auch Geschwindigkeitsüberwachungen realisieren.
Aus elektrischer Sicht stellen Gleismagnete Parallelschwingkreise dar, die mit 500 Hz, 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz Nennfrequenz eingesetzt werden. Im Rahmen der Inspektion müssen die elektrischen Parameter dieser Magnete überprüft werden.
Dazu gehören folgende Werte:

  • Resonanzfrequenz
  • Güte
  • Isolationswiderstand
  • Parallelwiderstand
On the track side there are so-called track magnets on the railway track, which both transmit signal information from the track to the vehicle and implement speed monitoring.
From an electrical point of view, track magnets are parallel resonant circuits used at rated frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz. As part of the inspection, the electrical parameters of these magnets must be checked.
This includes the following values:
  • resonant frequency
  • quality
  • insulation resistance
  • parallel resistance

Fig. 1 zeigt ein Blockschaltbild einer beispielhaften Prüfvorrichtung mit drei Frequenzgeneratoren, die mithilfe von drei DDS-Chips realisiert sind. Den Frequenzgeneratoren sind jeweils steilflankige Tiefpassfilter und Verstärker nachgeschaltet. Der mittlere Frequenzgenerator erzeugt ein Signal, dessen Phasenlage als 0° definiert wird und das in eine Konstantstromquelle (KSQ) eingespeist wird. Über einen Umschalter können alle drei Signale als Referenzsignale verwendet werden. Dazu misst man die abfallende Spannung und vergleicht die Phasenlagen zwischen dem am Gleismagneten (GM) eingespeisten Prüfstrom und der Spannung des Referenzsignals mithilfe von Komparatoren und einem Exklusiv-Oder-Gatter. Ein Mikrokontroller steuert den Vorgang und wertet die Messergebnisse aus. Der Mikrokontroller kann über eine Tastatur bedient werden. Ein vom Controller gesteuertes Display zeigt dem Benutzer die erforderlichen Informationen an.
Über den RMS/DC-Wandler wird am Messpunkt RP die Spannung am Gleismagneten abgegriffen und in den Mikrocontroller eingelesen. Damit lässt sich auch der Parallelwiderstand des Gleismagneten messen sowie die Konstantstromquelle in einem vorgegebenen Bereich regeln.
Zur Vorrichtung gehört auch eine Erregerspule, die ebenfalls von der KSQ angesteuert wird.
Außerdem verfügt die Vorrichtung noch über drei mittels Relais anschaltbare Reihenschwingkreise zum induktiven Erregen der Gleismagnete bei Frequenzen 500 Hz, 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz. Das Digitalpotentiometer vor der KSQ dient zum Einstellen des Signalpegels. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary tester with three frequency generators, which are realized by means of three DDS chips. The frequency generators are each followed by steep-slope low-pass filters and amplifiers. The middle frequency generator generates a signal whose phase angle is defined as 0 ° and which is fed into a constant current source (KSQ). All three signals can be used as reference signals via a changeover switch. To do this, measure the falling voltage and compare the phase angles between the test current fed to the track magnet (GM) and the voltage of the reference signal using comparators and an exclusive-OR gate. A microcontroller controls the process and evaluates the measurement results. The microcontroller can be operated via a keyboard. A controller-controlled display shows the user the required information.
At the measuring point RP, the voltage at the track magnet is tapped via the RMS / DC converter and read into the microcontroller. This can also measure the parallel resistance of the track magnet and regulate the constant current source in a given range.
The device also includes an excitation coil, which is also controlled by the KSQ.
In addition, the device also has three series resonant circuits which can be connected by means of relays for inductive excitation of the track magnets at frequencies 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz. The digital potentiometer in front of the KSQ is used to adjust the signal level.

Der Mikrocontroller verfügt weiterhin über zwei EEPROM-Speicherbausteine zum Abspeichern der Messdaten sowie zum Abspeichern der Referenz- bzw. Grenzwerte zur Analyse der Messergebnisse. Die Messdaten werden dabei mit der aktuellen Uhrzeit versehen gespeichert. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit eines Datenaustausches mit einem PC über eine Schnittstelle.The microcontroller also has two EEPROM memory modules for storing the measured data as well as for storing the reference or limit values for analyzing the measurement results. The measured data are saved with the current time. There is also the possibility of data exchange with a PC via an interface.

Figur 2 zeigt ein beispielhaftes Blockschaltbild des Regelkreises zum Ermitteln der Zielimpulslänge, d.h. der Breite des Rechtecksignals nach dem Exklusiv-Oder-Glied. Der Mikrocontroller (µC) erzeugt mithilfe der DDS-Chips die Mess- und Prüfsignale mit bestimmter Frequenz. Über das digitale Potentiometer werden die passenden Spannungswerte zum Steuern der KSQ eingestellt und mithilfe zweier RMS/DC-Wandler an den Messpunkten RP' und RP auf den µC als Regler zurückgeführt und somit die Einhaltung der zulässigen Toleranzbereiche überwacht. In einem zweiten Kreis wird die Impulslänge gemessen und an den µC übermittelt, der daraufhin die Ansteuerung der DDS-Chips weiterführt. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary block diagram of the control loop for determining the target pulse length, ie the width of the square wave signal after the exclusive OR gate. The microcontroller (μC) uses the DDS chips to generate the measurement and test signals at a specific frequency. The appropriate voltage values for controlling the KSQ are set via the digital potentiometer and returned to the μC as controller by means of two RMS / DC converters at the measuring points RP 'and RP, thus monitoring compliance with the permissible tolerance ranges. In a second circuit, the pulse length is measured and transmitted to the μC, which then continues to drive the DDS chips.

Damit die Frequenzausgabe aller drei DDS-Chips synchron erfolgt, müssen diese gleichzeitig angesteuert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wird der Steuer-Takt nicht nur auf die Takteingänge der DDS-Chips gegeben, sondern auch auf ein D-Flip-Flop, zusammen mit der Steuerleitung vom µC. Damit wird gewährleistet, dass die entsprechenden Eingänge der DDS-Chips immer synchron mit dem Takt sind.In order for the frequency output of all three DDS chips to be synchronized, they must be controlled simultaneously. For this purpose, the control clock is given not only to the clock inputs of the DDS chips, but also to a D flip-flop, along with the control line from the μC. This ensures that the corresponding inputs of the DDS chips are always in sync with the clock.

Die DDS-Chips erzeugen als Ausgangssignal ein Sinussignal mit einer Auflösung von 10 Bit und einer Amplitude von 1,2 VS. Da das Signal zur weiteren Verarbeitung noch verstärkt wird und noch einen Gleichanteil enthält, muss es gefiltert werden. Dies übernehmen die Filter an den Ausgängen der DDS-Chips. Die Grenzfrequenz der Filter liegt bei ca. 1,2 MHz, um die Phasendrehung des Signals so gering wie möglich zu halten (< 1°). Damit wird gewährleistet, dass es keine nennenswerten Abweichungen von den erforderlichen Phasenverschiebungen gibt.
Ein weiterer Aspekt für den Einsatz eines steilflankigen Filters ist die Tatsache, dass die DDS-Chips mit 10 MHz getaktet sind und der Systemtakt aus dem Nutzsignal entfernt werden muss.
Der Gleichanteil wird in den Filtern ebenfalls eliminiert.The DDS chips produce as output a sinusoidal signal with a resolution of 10 bits and an amplitude of 1.2 V S. Since the signal is amplified for further processing and still contains a DC component, it must be filtered. This is done by the filters at the outputs of the DDS chips. The cutoff frequency of the filters is around 1.2 MHz to keep the phase shift of the signal as low as possible (<1 °). This ensures that there are no significant deviations from the required phase shifts.
Another aspect for the use of a steep-edged filter is the fact that the DDS chips are clocked at 10 MHz and the system clock has to be removed from the useful signal.
The DC component is also eliminated in the filters.

Dadurch stellt sich am Ausgang des Filters eine Spannung von 0,6 VS ein. Anschließend werden alle drei Signale durch einen nicht invertierenden Operationsverstärker um den Faktor 20 verstärkt.
Das Ausgangssignal des Verstärkers wird auf ein digitales Potentiometer geführt, der über einen SPI-Bus angesteuert wird.
Anschließend wird das Signal auf die steuerbare Konstantstromquelle gegeben. Von dort kann das Signal auf den Gleismagneten geschaltet werden.As a result, a voltage of 0.6 V S is established at the output of the filter. Subsequently, all three signals are amplified by a factor of 20 by a non-inverting operational amplifier.
The output of the amplifier is fed to a digital potentiometer, which is controlled via an SPI bus.
Subsequently, the signal is applied to the controllable constant current source. From there, the signal can be switched to the track magnet.

Um Messfehler zu vermeiden müssen Gleismagnete mit einer bestimmten Spannung gemessen werden. Die Messspannung beträgt ca. 70 VS. Da die Messspannung nicht direkt auf einen AD-Wandler des Mikrocontrollers gegeben werden kann, muss sie gleichgerichtet und vom Pegel her angepasst werden.In order to avoid measuring errors, track magnets must be measured with a certain voltage. The measuring voltage is approx. 70 V S. Since the measuring voltage can not be applied directly to an AD converter of the microcontroller, it must be rectified and adjusted in terms of level.

Weiterhin sind zwei DDS-Chips über ein digitales Potentiometer zusammenschaltbar, sodass deren Signale auch mit unterschiedlichen Frequenzen zu einem Summensignal gemischt werden können. Im Anschluss daran kann das Summensignal über die spannungsgesteuerte Konstantstromquelle auf die Erregerspule geschaltet werden.Furthermore, two DDS chips can be interconnected via a digital potentiometer, so that their signals can also be mixed with different frequencies to form a sum signal. Subsequently, the sum signal can be switched via the voltage-controlled constant current source to the exciter coil.

Um Gleismagnete induktiv zu messen, enthält die Vorrichtung eine Spule mit Ferritkern und drei Anzapfungen. In Verbindung mit entsprechenden Schaltrelais sowie Kondensatoren werden Reihenschwingkreise mit verschiedenen Resonanzfrequenzen (500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz) gebildet.To inductively measure track magnets, the device includes a coil with ferrite core and three taps. In conjunction with corresponding switching relays and capacitors, series resonant circuits with different resonance frequencies (500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz) are formed.

Mit dieser Vorrichtung lässt sich nun das Verfahren zur Überprüfung eines Gleismagneten effizient durchführen.With this device, the method for checking a track magnet can now be performed efficiently.

Das Messverfahren für die Resonanzfrequenz beruht darauf, dass ein DDS-Chip das Signal mit einer Phasenverschiebung von 0° über ein elektronisches Potentiometer auf die steuerbare Konstantstromquelle gibt. An dieser ist der Gleismagnet angeschlossen.
Der Gleismagnet besteht aus einem Parallelschwingkreis, welcher bei Resonanz seinen höchsten Widerstand hat. Wird nun die Frequenz variiert, ändert sich auch die Phasenverschiebung zwischen Spannung und Strom am Gleismagneten. Wird die Phasenverschiebung zu null, ist die Resonanzfrequenz gefunden. Die Frequenzen bei denen eine Phasenverschiebung von -45° bzw. +45° zwischen Strom und Spannung vorliegt, stellen die 3 dB-Grenzfrequenzen dar.
Zur Bestimmung der Güte des Schwingkreises im Gleismagneten werden nun alle drei DDS-Chips mit der gleichen Frequenz, aber unterschiedlichen Phasenlagen programmiert.
Wird die Phasenlage des mittleren DDS-Chips in Fig. 1 als 0° definiert, ergeben sich für die anderen DDS-Chips die Phasenlagen +45° bzw. -45°.The resonant frequency measurement method relies on a DDS chip to pass the signal with a 0 ° phase shift to the controllable constant current source via an electronic potentiometer. At this the track magnet is connected.
The track magnet consists of a parallel resonant circuit, which has its highest resistance at resonance. If the frequency is now varied, the phase shift between voltage and current at the track magnet also changes. When the phase shift becomes zero, the resonance frequency is found. The frequencies at which a phase shift of -45 ° or + 45 ° between current and voltage, represent the 3 dB cutoff frequencies.
To determine the quality of the resonant circuit in the track magnet, all three DDS chips are now programmed with the same frequency but different phase angles.
If the phase angle of the middle DDS chip in Fig. 1 defined as 0 °, the phase angles + 45 ° and -45 °, respectively, result for the other DDS chips.

Um die gesuchten Parameter zu ermitteln wird der Gleismagnet mit einem Frequenzsweep zwischen 400 Hz und 2400 Hz beaufschlagt, der über den Mikrokontroller gesteuert wird.
Es ist sinnvoll im ersten Mess-Schritt eine passende Startfrequenz zu ermitteln, die abhängig von der Nennfrequenz (500 Hz, 1000 Hz bzw. 2000 Hz) des zu untersuchenden Gleismagneten ist.
Der Mikrocontroller erzeugt zur Ermittlung der Nennfrequenz mit Hilfe der DDS-Chips eine Frequenz von 2300 Hz. Das digitale Potentiometer wird dabei auf einen konstanten Wert eingestellt und auch gehalten. Von dem Mikrocontroller werden dann die Spannungswerte vom RMS/DC-Wandler eingelesen und ausgewertet. Entsprechend der Werte wird erkannt, ob überhaupt ein Gleismagnet angeschlossen ist oder ob die Leitung kurzgeschlossen ist. Im Fehlerfall wird die Messung abgebrochen und alle Ausgaben werden auf null gesetzt.
Wenn ein Gleismagnet angeschlossen ist, wird die Frequenz in 8 Hz-Schritten verringert, bis der angeschlossene Parallelschwingkreis des Gleismagneten einen bestimmten Widerstandswert aufweist.
Dieser ist erreicht, sobald vom RMS/DC-Wandler eine Spannung von mindestens 30 V am Messpunkt RP ermittelt wird. Die gefundene Frequenz wird als Startfrequenz für das weitere Verfahren verwendet.
In Abhängigkeit der gefundenen Startfrequenz wird ein entsprechender Parametersatz für den Messalgorithmus geladen.In order to determine the desired parameters, the track magnet is subjected to a frequency sweep between 400 Hz and 2400 Hz, which is controlled by the microcontroller.
It makes sense in the first measuring step to determine a suitable starting frequency, which is dependent on the rated frequency (500 Hz, 1000 Hz or 2000 Hz) of the track magnet to be examined.
The microcontroller generates a frequency of 2300 Hz to determine the nominal frequency with the aid of the DDS chips. The digital potentiometer is set to a constant value and held there. The microcontroller then reads in and evaluates the voltage values from the RMS / DC converter. Depending on the values, it is detected whether a track magnet is connected at all or whether the line is short-circuited. In the event of an error, the measurement is aborted and all outputs are set to zero.
If a track magnet is connected, the frequency is reduced in 8 Hz increments until the connected parallel resonant circuit of the track magnet has a certain resistance value.
This is achieved as soon as the RMS / DC converter detects a voltage of at least 30 V at the measuring point RP. The frequency found is used as starting frequency for the further process.
Depending on the found starting frequency, a corresponding parameter set for the measuring algorithm is loaded.

Die Schrittweite der Frequenzsprünge ist abhängig von der Nennfrequenz und dem Inhalt des Parametersatzes.The step size of the frequency jumps depends on the nominal frequency and the content of the parameter set.

In diesem Beispiel wird zunächst die obere Grenzfrequenz bestimmt, dann die Resonanzfrequenz und dann die untere Grenzfrequenz. Daraus wird dann die Güte des Gleismagneten berechnet.In this example, first the upper limit frequency is determined, then the resonance frequency and then the lower limit frequency. From this, the quality of the track magnet is calculated.

Zunächst wird also auf den einen Komparator das +45°-Signal geschaltet und auf den anderen das Signal, welches vom 0°-DDS-Chip-Signal über die Konstantstromquelle galvanisch an den Gleismagneten gebracht und dort abgegriffen wird.
Die Ausgänge der beiden Komparatoren werden dann in einem Exklusiv-Oder-Gatter zusammengeführt und dem Mikrocontroller zugeführt. Dieser variiert die Frequenz, wobei das Rechtecksignal, d.h. dessen Impulslänge, am Ausgang des Exklusiv-Oder-Gatters immer schmaler wird, je näher man der oberen Grenzfrequenz kommt, bis sich ein Minimum einstellt.
Beim Erreichen des Minimums ist die erste Grenzfrequenz gefunden.First of all, the + 45 ° signal is switched to one comparator and the signal to the other, which is galvanically brought to the track magnet by the 0 ° -DDS chip signal via the constant current source and tapped there.
The outputs of the two comparators are then combined in an exclusive OR gate and fed to the microcontroller. This varies the frequency, the square wave signal, ie its pulse length, becomes increasingly narrow at the output of the exclusive OR gate, the closer one gets to the upper limit frequency until a minimum occurs.
When the minimum is reached, the first cutoff frequency is found.

Das Minimum ist in der Regel nicht nahezu null, sondern beträgt wenige Mikrosekunden. Dies liegt an den Signallaufzeiten durch das Digitalpotentiometer und die KSQ, welche das Messsignal immer auf ca. 45-50 Veff am Gleismagneten nachregeln. Dabei entstehen unvermeidbare Signallaufzeiten, die bei der Impulslängenermittlung berücksichtigt werden müssen. Aus diesem Grund wird bei jedem Einschalten des Gerätes eine Selbstkalibrierung durchgeführt. Bei dieser wird nicht der Gleismagnet gemessen, sondern ein interner ohmscher Widerstand. Die Impulslänge, die bei dieser Messung ermittelt wird, wird als Kalibrier-Impulslänge im Gerät hinterlegt. Dadurch werden zusätzlich auch Temperatureinflüsse und Bauteilalterungen ausgeglichen.
Prinzipbedingt ergibt sich der Nachteil, dass sich beim Ermitteln der Impulslänge zwei identische Zielwerte messen lassen. Hierbei ist nur einer der tatsächliche Wert, während der andere ein fiktiver Wert ist. Aus diesem Grund wird die Frequenz in vorgegebener Weise ausgehend von der Startfrequenz nur in eine Richtung verändert. Während des Ermittelns der Impulslänge wird durch den Mikrocontroller über den RMS/DC-Wandler am Messpunkt RP' ständig das Übersteuern der Stromquelle überwacht und auf einen Pegel von max. 51,4 Veff begrenzt. Zusätzlich wird die Stromquelle so geregelt, dass am Gleismagneten eine Spannung zwischen 45,5 Veff und 48,5 Veff anliegt.The minimum is usually not nearly zero, but is a few microseconds. This is due to the signal propagation delays through the digital potentiometer and the KSQ which always readjust the measuring signal at about 45-50 V rms at the track magnets. This results in unavoidable signal delays, which must be taken into account in the pulse length determination. For this reason, a self-calibration is performed every time the device is switched on. In this case, not the track magnet is measured, but an internal ohmic resistance. The pulse length, which is determined in this measurement, is stored as calibration pulse length in the device. This also compensates for temperature influences and component aging.
Due to the principle, there is the disadvantage that two identical target values can be measured when determining the pulse length. Here, only one is the actual value, while the other is a fictitious value. For this reason, the frequency is changed in a predetermined manner, starting from the starting frequency only in one direction. While the pulse length is being determined, the override of the current source is constantly monitored by the microcontroller via the RMS / DC converter at the measuring point RP 'and brought to a level of max. Limited to 51.4 V eff . In addition, the power source is controlled so that the track magnet is at a voltage between 45.5 V eff and 48.5 V eff .

Um die Resonanzfrequenz zu bestimmen, wird dann das 0°-Signal auf beide Komparatoren geschaltet. Dann wird wieder die Frequenz variiert, bis das Rechtecksignal sein Minimum erreicht.To determine the resonant frequency, the 0 ° signal is then switched to both comparators. Then the frequency is varied again until the square wave reaches its minimum.

Um die zweite Grenzfrequenz zu bestimmen, wird das -45° Signal auf den einen Komparator geschaltet und das obige Verfahren erneut angewendet. Mit den Messwerten, die auf diese Weise ermittelt wurden, wird mithilfe der Beziehung Q = fR / (fO - fU) die Güte Q des Gleismagneten bestimmt.To determine the second cutoff frequency, the -45 ° signal is switched to the one comparator and the above method reapplied. With the measured values determined in this way, the quality Q of the track magnet is determined by means of the relationship Q = f R / (f O -f U ).

Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erregerspule ist das Einkoppeln eines ausreichend starken Signals in einen Schaltmagneten, um die daran angeschlossene Geschwindigkeitsprüfeinrichtung (GPE) ein- bzw. auszuschalten. Bei den herkömmlichen GPE ist es ausreichend, die Erregerspule mit 1000 Hz zu erregen. Aufgrund der durch den ICE3 und den ICE T auftretenden Störsignale waren die Hersteller der GPE dazu gezwungen, ihre Auswerteeinheiten neu zu gestalten. Um die GPE sicher ein- bzw. ausschalten zu können, müssen von den drei Frequenzen mindestens zwei gleichzeitig vorhanden sein.Another object of the exciter coil is to inject a sufficiently strong signal into a solenoid to turn on or off the attached SPE (GPE). In the conventional GPE, it is sufficient to excite the exciting coil at 1000 Hz. Due to the interference caused by the ICE3 and the ICE T, GPE manufacturers were forced to redesign their evaluation units. In order to switch the GPE on and off safely, at least two of the three frequencies must be present at the same time.

In diesem Beispiel werden daher von zwei DDS-Chips unterschiedliche Frequenzen erzeugt, nämlich 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz. Nach anschließender Filterung werden die beiden Frequenzen auf ein digitales Potentiometer gegeben, wo sie zu einem Summensignal gemischt werden. Im Anschluss daran kann das Summensignal über die spannungsgesteuerte Konstantstromquelle auf die Erregerspule geschaltet werden.
Um auch jene GPE-Schaltmagnete schalten zu können, die aus dem Standby-Betrieb mit einem bestimmten Mindestpegel aufgeweckt werden müssen, wird zu Beginn der Messung durch zwei DDS-Chips jeweils eine Frequenz von 1000 Hz erzeugt. Diese werden linear durch das Digitalpotentiometer hochgeregelt und auf einen Maximalwert, der bei der Kalibrierung im Werk ermittelt wird, eingestellt.
Erst nach Erreichen dieses Wertes wird ein DDS-Chip auf 2000 Hz umgeschaltet und beide Frequenzen zusammengeführt. Wenn das Summensignal auf die Erregerspule geschaltet wird, liegt es über einen Zeitraum von insgesamt 3 Sekunden an der Erregerspule an, um ein sicheres Ein- bzw. Ausschalten zu gewährleisten. Der Instandhalter prüft nun anhand der Statusanzeigen der GPE, ob die Schaltvorgänge tatsächlich wie vorgegeben abgelaufen sind oder nicht.In this example, different frequencies are generated by two DDS chips, namely 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz. After subsequent filtering, the two frequencies are applied to a digital potentiometer where they are mixed to form a sum signal. Subsequently, the sum signal can be switched via the voltage-controlled constant current source to the exciter coil.
In order to be able to switch even those GPE solenoids which have to be woken up from the standby mode with a certain minimum level, a frequency of 1000 Hz is generated at the beginning of the measurement by two DDS chips. These are up-regulated linearly by the digital potentiometer and set to a maximum value which is determined during calibration in the factory.
Only after reaching this value is a DDS chip switched to 2000 Hz and both frequencies combined. When the sum signal is applied to the excitation coil, it will be applied to the excitation coil for a total of 3 seconds to ensure safe turn-on / turn-off. The maintenance engineer now uses the status displays of the GPE to check whether the gear changes have actually taken place as specified or not.

Zuletzt wird beispielhaft die Induktive Schnellprüfung erläutert. Sie dient zur Ermittlung des Gleismagnetentyps. Dabei wird das Gleismagnete-Prüfgerät auf den Gleismagneten gestellt und die Messung der Nennfrequenz wird über eine Induktive Kopplung ermittelt. Zusätzlich wird ermittelt, ob sich der Gleismagnet in einem wirksamen oder unwirksamen Zustand befindet.Finally, the inductive quick test is explained by way of example. It serves to determine the track magnet type. The track magnet tester is placed on the track magnet and the measurement of the nominal frequency is via a Inductive coupling determined. In addition, it is determined whether the track magnet is in an effective or inoperative state.

Das Gleismagnete-Prüfgerät verfügt über eigene Prüfschwingkreise mit Resonanzfrequenzen 500 Hz, 1000 Hz und 2000 Hz, die induktiv mit dem Gleismagnetenschwingkreis wechselwirken können. Durch das Aufsetzen des Gleismagnete-Prüfgerät auf den Gleismagneten, lässt sich anhand der an der Erregerspule bei jeder der drei Frequenzen im Prüfgerät gemessenen Spannung feststellen, ob das vom Prüfschwingkreis abgestrahlte Signal die Resonanzfrequenz des Gleismagneten trifft oder nicht. Hierfür werden Schwellwerte Us definiert. Wenn die an der Erregerspule gemessene Spannung den Schwellwert Us bei einer Frequenz überschreitet, während sie bei den beiden anderen Frequenzen unter dem jeweiligen Schwert Us bleibt, wird die Frequenz, bei der der Schwellwert Us überschritten wurde, als Nennfrequenz des Gleismagneten gewertet.The track magnet tester has its own test resonant circuits with resonant frequencies 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz, which can interact inductively with the track resonant circuit. By placing the track magnet tester on the track magnet, it can be determined from the measured at the exciter coil at each of the three frequencies in the tester voltage, whether the radiated from the test resonant signal hits the resonant frequency of the track magnet or not. Thresholds Us are defined for this purpose. If the voltage measured at the excitation coil exceeds the threshold Us at one frequency while remaining below the respective sword Us at the other two frequencies, the frequency at which the threshold Us was exceeded is rated as the nominal frequency of the track magnet.

In diesem Beispiel werden folgende Schwellwerte verwendet:
Us (500 Hz) = 8 V, Us (1000 Hz) = 8 V und Us (2000 Hz) = 13 VThis example uses the following thresholds:
Us (500Hz) = 8V, Us (1000Hz) = 8V and Us (2000Hz) = 13V

Auf einem Gleismagneten werden beispielsweise folgende Spannungen an der Erregerspule in Abhängigkeit von der am Prüfgerät eingestellten Erregerfrequenz gemessen: f[Hz] Erregerspulenspannung 500 5,1 V 1000 6,4 V 2000 18,3 V For example, the following voltages on the exciter coil are measured on a track magnet as a function of the exciter frequency set on the tester: f [Hz] Excitation coil voltage 500 5.1V 1000 6.4V 2000 18.3 v

Die Werte der Erregerspulenspannung bleiben für 500 Hz und 1000 Hz jeweils unter dem zugehörigen Schwellwert Us(f), während der Messwert für 2000 Hz über dem zugehörigen Schwellwert Us(f) liegt. Der Gleismagnet wurde daher als aktiver 2000 Hz-Gleismagnet geprüft.The values of the excitation coil voltage for 500 Hz and 1000 Hz each remain below the associated threshold Us (f), while the measured value for 2000 Hz is above the associated threshold Us (f). The track magnet was therefore tested as an active 2000 Hz track magnet.

Bleibt die Spannung an der Erregerspule bei allen drei Frequenzen unterhalb der von der Frequenz abhängigen Grenzwerte Us(f) für aktive Gleismagnete, wird der Gleismagnet als inaktiv gewertet. Wenn in diesem Beispiel also ein 500 Hz-Gleismagnet bei einer Erregerspulenfrequenz von 500 Hz und 1000 Hz eine Erregerspulenspannung von unter 8 V und bei einer Erregerspulenfrequenz von 2000 Hz eine Erregerspulenspannung von unter 13 V aufweist, wird er als inaktiv gewertet.If the voltage at the excitation coil remains below the frequency-dependent limit values Us (f) for active track magnets at all three frequencies, the track magnet is considered to be inactive. Thus, in this example, if a 500 Hz track magnet at an excitation coil frequency of 500 Hz and 1000 Hz has an excitation coil voltage of less than 8 V and an exciter coil frequency from 2000 Hz has an excitation coil voltage of less than 13 V, it is considered inactive.

Claims (9)

  1. Device for checking track magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic, wherein the device has at least a module for generating an electromagnetic signal with a test frequency that serves to activate a constant current source, wherein the test frequency is continuously variable in a frequency range from 400 Hz to 2400 Hz, wherein the test-frequency-modulated output current of the constant current source is connected by means of a connecting device to the railway-line track magnets and excites the resonant circuit of the track magnet, and the device has measuring units for measuring the phase shift between current and voltage across the track magnet, wherein the device has at least three Frequency generators that can be activated separately or synchronously, wherein all frequency generators produce signals with the same frequency when synchronously activated, which can differ in terms of their phase position, characterised in that the phase difference is adjustable such that it is +45° between the output of the one frequency generator serving as reference and that of a further frequency generator and -45° between the reference signal and that of the second further frequency generator.
  2. Device for checking track magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises two comparators by which the outputs are combined in an Exclusive-OR gate, wherein into each comparator an individual signal can be fed.
  3. Device for checking track magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the frequency generators are implemented by means of DDS chips.
  4. Device for checking track magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein steep-edged filters are connected steep edged downstream of the frequency generators that filter out higher frequencies.
  5. Device for checking track magnets of inductive safeguard of in rail-bound traffic according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the device has at least its own excitation coil for emitting an electromagnetic signal that can be activated by the constant current source.
  6. Device for checking the switching magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic according to claim 5, wherein the signals from at least two frequency generators are interconnected upstream of the constant current source, so that the sum signal can be fed forward to the excitation coil.
  7. Device for checking track magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein a programmable, integrated electronic circuit controls, monitors the device, and analyses the measured values and at least partially stores said values.
  8. Method for checking the resonance frequency and the quality of track magnets of inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic, characterised in that
    a. the resonance frequency of a track magnet is determined by using a frequency generator, a continuous signal is generated, which is split into a test and a reference part, wherein the test part of the signal is fed to the track magnet, and the resulting signal across the track magnet is compared with the reference part with respect to its phase difference, wherein the frequency of the signal is continuously varied, and analysed, at which frequency the phase difference is minimal, and this frequency is stored as the resonance frequency,
    b. by means of three synchronised clocked frequency generators, the upper and lower limit frequencies of the track magnet are determined in that the test signal generated by a frequency generator is fed to the track magnet, and the reference signals of the same frequency produced by the two other frequency generators, respectively phase-shifted by +45° and -45° from the test signal are successively compared with the resulting signal across the track magnet, with respect to their phase difference, wherein the frequency of the signal is each continuously varied, and analysed respectively at which frequencies the phase difference is minimal respectively, and these two frequencies as upper or lower limit frequencies are stored,
    c. the quality of the track magnet is calculated in that the ratio of the resonance frequency to the difference of the cut-off frequencies is formed,
    d. the particular data on quality and resonance frequency is stored and analysed with respect to the allowed tolerance values and, in a work list, clearly assigned to the investigated track magnet.
  9. Method for checking the resonance frequency and quality of track magnets for inductive safeguard in rail-bound traffic according to claim 8, wherein the minimum of the phase difference between the test and reference signals is determined, in that the test and reference signals respectively each pass through its own comparator by which the outputs are combined in an Exclusive-OR gate, and the square-wave signal after the Exclusive-OR gate is analysed, at which frequency it has a minimum width, and this frequency is stored as a frequency with a minimum phase difference between the test and reference signals.
EP14157745.2A 2013-06-06 2014-03-05 Method and device for the inspection of rail magnets for inductive securing with rail bound traffic Active EP2810848B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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DE102013210567.3A DE102013210567B3 (en) 2013-06-06 2013-06-06 Method and device for checking track magnets of inductive fuse in track-bound traffic

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EP2810848A2 EP2810848A2 (en) 2014-12-10
EP2810848A3 EP2810848A3 (en) 2017-06-07
EP2810848B1 true EP2810848B1 (en) 2018-06-13

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CN105425106B (en) * 2015-11-11 2018-02-09 国网山西省电力公司晋城供电公司 A kind of Cable fault examination pilot system and its method of work
HRP20220559T1 (en) 2017-07-06 2022-06-10 Alstom Transport Technologies Device for determining at least one characteristic of a railway resonant circuit, and trackside train protection system including such a device
CN109625038B (en) * 2018-12-27 2020-12-18 合肥工大高科信息科技股份有限公司 Track circuit state identification system and method
CN112946362B (en) * 2021-03-31 2022-06-21 歌尔股份有限公司 Resonance frequency detection method and device of vibration motor, terminal equipment and storage medium

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DE545101C (en) * 1930-12-07 1932-02-27 Ver Eisenbahn Signalwerke G M Device for testing line magnets for inductive train control
DE703621C (en) * 1939-08-16 1941-03-13 Ver Eisenbahn Signalwerke G M influence
DE703573C (en) * 1939-08-16 1941-03-12 Ver Eisenbahn Signalwerke G M Checking device for track magnets
DE10127277A1 (en) * 2001-05-28 2002-12-05 Siemens Ag Inductive train safety system has detected current drop in onboard oscillation circuit compared with threshold value obtained from rest current of onboard oscillation circuit
DE102009032099A1 (en) * 2009-07-03 2011-01-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Device for detecting an information signal transmitted by means of a direct magnetic field

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DE102013210567B3 (en) 2014-05-15
EP2810848A3 (en) 2017-06-07

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