EP2799661B1 - Manipulation de tiges de forage automatique - Google Patents
Manipulation de tiges de forage automatique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2799661B1 EP2799661B1 EP14166503.4A EP14166503A EP2799661B1 EP 2799661 B1 EP2799661 B1 EP 2799661B1 EP 14166503 A EP14166503 A EP 14166503A EP 2799661 B1 EP2799661 B1 EP 2799661B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- drill
- manipulator
- drill rod
- drill string
- gripping unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 64
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/08—Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables; Apparatus for increasing or decreasing the pressure on the drilling tool; Apparatus for counterbalancing the weight of the rods
- E21B19/087—Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables; Apparatus for increasing or decreasing the pressure on the drilling tool; Apparatus for counterbalancing the weight of the rods by means of a swinging arm
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/14—Racks, ramps, troughs or bins, for holding the lengths of rod singly or connected; Handling between storage place and borehole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/14—Racks, ramps, troughs or bins, for holding the lengths of rod singly or connected; Handling between storage place and borehole
- E21B19/15—Racking of rods in horizontal position; Handling between horizontal and vertical position
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/14—Racks, ramps, troughs or bins, for holding the lengths of rod singly or connected; Handling between storage place and borehole
- E21B19/15—Racking of rods in horizontal position; Handling between horizontal and vertical position
- E21B19/155—Handling between horizontal and vertical position
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to mining industry. More particularly, the invention relates to drill rod handling in a mobile drilling rig.
- the manipulator 210 comprises, as shown in Figure 9 , a control circuitry 902, such as at least one processor, and at least one memory 904 including a computer program code (PROG).
- the memory 904 may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory.
- the user interface 908 may be used to control the manipulator 210 by the user personnel.
- the user personnel may locate in the MDR 200 in a reserved, protected space.
- the gripping unit 214 may in release the drill rod 216 which may already/still be partly screwed to the drill string 108 (which is gripped by the actuator unit 114 below). Then, the gripping unit 214 may be moved back to the start position of Figure 4A , grip the drill rod 216 again and perform the process of Figures 4A to 4C again for as many times as it is needed to completely screw or unscrew the drill rod 216 to/from the drill string 108. This may be beneficial as then no manual labor is needed for the screwing or unscrewing purposes either.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Claims (14)
- Manipulateur (210) comprenant :une base de montage (212) pour monter le manipulateur (210) ;une unité de préhension (214) pour saisir une tige de forage (216) ;un bras oscillant (218) fixé à la base de montage (212) et à l'unité de préhension (214), dans lequel le bras oscillant (218) comprend au moins six pivots commandés (220 à 230) entre la base de montage (212) et l'unité de préhension (214), dans lequel chaque pivot (220 à 230) a un axe de rotation individuel (500 à 510) pour déplacer l'unité de préhension (214) selon une trajectoire tridimensionnelle programmée ;au moins un processeur (902) et au moins une mémoire (904) comprenant un code de programmation informatique, dans lequel la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :commander la pluralité de pivots (220 à 230) afin d'amener le bras pivotant (218) à déplacer automatiquement l'unité de préhension (214) selon la trajectoire tridimensionnelle programmée entre une première position (232) et une seconde position (234), dans lequel,dans la première position (232), l'unité de préhension (214) est à même de saisir ou de libérer la tige de forage (216) directement dans une unité de stockage (202) pour une pluralité de tiges de forage et,dans la seconde position (234), l'unité de préhension (214) est à même de saisir ou de libérer la tige de forage (216) lorsque la tige de forage (216) se trouve le long d'un axe de forage (116) raccordée à un train de tiges (108) entrant dans un trou de forage (110) ; etcommander l'unité de préhension (214) pour saisir ou libérer automatiquement la tige de forage (216) dans la première position (232) ou dans la seconde position (234).
- Manipulateur (210) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'unité de préhension (214) comprend au moins deux paires (300, 302) de mors (304, 306) et la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :déplacer, dans chaque paire (300, 302) de mors (304, 306), les mors (304, 306) l'un vers l'autre afin de saisir la tige de forage (216) entre les mors (304, 306).
- Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 2, dans lequel la tige de forage (216) et le train de tiges (108) comprennent des filets de vis sur les parties raccordées et la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :commander la pluralité de pivots (220 à 230) pour amener le bras oscillant (218) à visser ou dévisser automatiquement la tige de forage (216) et le train de tiges (108) dans la seconde position (234) ; etcommander une unité d'actionnement de train de tiges (114) pour coopérer au cours du vissage ou du dévissage, dans lequel l'unité d'actionnement de train de tiges (114) est configurée pour actionner le train de tiges (108).
- Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel :un premier pivot (220) de la base de montage (212) permet une rotation autour d'un premier axe (500) ;un deuxième et un troisième pivots (222, 224) issus de la base de montage (212) permettent la rotation autour d'un deuxième et d'un troisième axe (502, 504), respectivement, qui sont orthogonaux au premier axe (500) ;un quatrième pivot (226) issu de la base de montage (212) permet la rotation autour d'un quatrième axe (506) qui est orthogonal au deuxième axe et au troisième axe (502, 504) ;un cinquième pivot (228) issu de la base de montage (212) permet la rotation autour d'un cinquième axe (508) qui est orthogonal au quatrième axe (506) ; etun sixième pivot (230) issu de la base de montage (212) permet la rotation autour d'un sixième axe (510) qui est orthogonal au cinquième axe (508).
- Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :commander la pluralité de pivots (220 à 230) pour amener le bras oscillant (218) à déplacer automatiquement l'unité de préhension (214) retenant la tige de forage (216) dans une position de contrôle (606) dans laquelle au moins une unité de contrôle (600 à 604) détecte l'état physique de la tige de forage (216) ; et,en réponse à la réception d'informations indiquant que l'état physique de la tige de forage (216) se situe en dessous d'un seuil prédéterminé, commander la pluralité de pivots (220 à 230) pour amener le bras oscillant (218) à déplacer automatiquement la tige de forage (216) à un emplacement réservé aux tiges de forage non utilisables.
- Manipulateur (210) selon la revendication 5, dans lequel l'unité de préhension (214) est déplacée dans la position de contrôle (606) après la première position (232) et avant la deuxième position (234).
- Manipulateur (210) selon la revendication 5, dans lequel l'unité de préhension (214) est déplacée dans la position de contrôle (606) après la deuxième position (234) et avant la première position (232).
- Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, dans lequel la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :commander la pluralité de pivots (220 à 230) pour amener le bras oscillant (218) à se déplacer dans une position de sécurité (700) du manipulateur (210) pendant une période de temps réservée au retrait d'échantillons (700) du train de tiges (108) dans lequel, en position de sécurité (700), tout point donné du manipulateur (210) se trouve au moins à une distance de garde (702) du train de tiges (108).
- Manipulateur (210) selon la revendication 8, dans lequel la position de sécurité (700) est spécifique au type de forage et la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :acquérir une connaissance des positions de sécurité par rapport à une pluralité de types de forage ; etchoisir la position de sécurité à utiliser (700) sur la base de ce qu'est le type courant de forage.
- Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, dans lequel chaque tige de forage (106) comprend un identifiant connu par le au moins un processeur (902) et la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour :amener le manipulateur (210) à détecter l'identifiant de la tige de forage (106) qui est couramment déplacée ou qui doit être déplacée, dans lequel la détection a lieu avec une unité de détection d'identifiant comprise dans le manipulateur (210) ; etajuster la première position de la trajectoire tridimensionnelle sur la base de l'identifiant détecté, dans lequel chaque tige de forage (216) a un emplacement individuel dans l'unité de stockage (202).
- Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, dans lequel chaque tige de forage (106) comprend un identifiant connu par le au moins un processeur (902) et la au moins une mémoire (904) et le code de programmation informatique sont configurés avec le au moins un processeur (902) pour,
au cours du retrait de tiges de forage du train de tiges (108), identifier les tiges de forage qui se trouvaient dans le train de tiges (108) et dans quels emplacements du train de tiges (108) ;
détecter l'état physique de chacune des tiges de forage qui se trouvaient dans le train de tiges (108) ; et
détecter si une tige de forage spécifique d'un emplacement spécifique du train de tiges (108) est plus endommagée ou non que les autres tiges de forage. - Manipulateur (210) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, dans lequel le manipulateur (210) est monté sur une plate-forme de forage mobile (200).
- Procédé de déplacement de tiges de forage entre une première position (232) et une seconde position (234) avec un manipulateur (210) qui comprend une base de montage (212) pour monter le manipulateur (210), une unité de préhension (214) pour saisir une tige de forage (216) et un bras oscillant (218) fixé à la base de montage (212) et à l'unité de préhension (214), dans lequel le bras oscillant (218) comprend au moins six pivots commandés (220 à 230) entre la base de montage (212) et l'unité de préhension (214), dans lequel chaque pivot (220 à 230) a un axe de rotation individuel (500 à 510) pour déplacer l'unité de préhension (214) selon une trajectoire tridimensionnelle programmée, le procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à :commander la pluralité de pivots (220 à 230) pour amener le bras oscillant (218) à déplacer automatiquement l'unité de préhension (214) selon la trajectoire tridimensionnelle programmée entre la première position (232) et une seconde position (234), dans lequel,dans la première position (232), l'unité de préhension (214) est à même de saisir ou de libérer la tige de forage (216) directement d'une unité de stockage (202) pour stocker une pluralité de tiges de forage ; et,dans la seconde position (234), l'unité de préhension (214) est à même de saisir ou libérer la tige de forage (216) lorsque la tige de forage (216) se trouve le long de l'axe de forage (116) raccordée à un train de tiges (108) entrant dans un trou de forage (110) ; etcommander l'unité de préhension (216) pour saisir ou libérer automatiquement la tige de forage (216) dans la première position (232) ou dans la deuxième position (234).
- Produit de programmation informatique mis en oeuvre sur un support de distribution lisible par un ordinateur et comprenant des instructions de programmation qui, lorsqu'elles sont chargées dans un appareil, exécutent le procédé selon la revendication 13.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL14166503T PL2799661T3 (pl) | 2013-04-30 | 2014-04-30 | Obsługiwanie automatycznej żerdzi wiertniczej |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FI20135450A FI126429B (en) | 2013-04-30 | 2013-04-30 | Portable drilling rig with automatic drill pipe handling, method for moving drill pipes and computer software product |
FI20136017 | 2013-10-11 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2799661A2 EP2799661A2 (fr) | 2014-11-05 |
EP2799661A3 EP2799661A3 (fr) | 2014-12-17 |
EP2799661B1 true EP2799661B1 (fr) | 2016-02-17 |
Family
ID=50630633
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP14166503.4A Active EP2799661B1 (fr) | 2013-04-30 | 2014-04-30 | Manipulation de tiges de forage automatique |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2799661B1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2014202340B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2850746C (fr) |
CL (1) | CL2014001102A1 (fr) |
PL (1) | PL2799661T3 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
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---|---|---|---|---|
US11371299B2 (en) | 2020-09-01 | 2022-06-28 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler and pipe storage |
US11408236B2 (en) | 2020-07-06 | 2022-08-09 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler systems |
US11486209B2 (en) | 2020-07-06 | 2022-11-01 | Nabors Drilling Technologies Usa, Inc. | Robotic pipe handler systems |
US11643887B2 (en) | 2020-07-06 | 2023-05-09 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler systems |
WO2024184396A1 (fr) * | 2023-03-06 | 2024-09-12 | Ter Bron Groep B.V. | Unité de reconditionnement hydraulique avec mécanisme de manipulation tubulaire pour positionner des éléments tubulaires au-dessus d'une tête de puits |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2016167636A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-17 | 2016-10-20 | 인석신 | Dispositif de montage de tige destiné à une machine de forage |
KR101783875B1 (ko) * | 2015-04-17 | 2017-10-10 | 인석신 | 천공기용 로드 장착장치 |
ITPC20150006A1 (it) * | 2015-05-08 | 2016-11-08 | Siaem S A S Di Carini Stefano E Paolo & C | Attrezzatura per la movimentazione di aste di perforazione |
NO341203B1 (no) * | 2015-06-12 | 2017-09-11 | West Drilling Products As | Boredekkssystem og fremgangsmåte for utføring av helautomatiserte arbeidsoperasjoner på et boredekk |
CN104929544B (zh) * | 2015-06-21 | 2017-11-17 | 常州大学 | 一种石油钻井管具夹爪 |
CN107143294A (zh) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-09-08 | 浙江中锐重工科技股份有限公司 | 一种泵吸反循环钻机用的钻杆装卸臂 |
FI3521550T3 (fi) * | 2018-01-31 | 2023-01-31 | Laite tangon käsittelemiseksi, kallionporausyksikkö ja menetelmä | |
IT201800004926A1 (it) * | 2018-04-27 | 2019-10-27 | Manipolatore multifunzionale per la movimentazione di elementi di perforazione in un impianto di perforazione, impianto di perforazione e relativi metodi di movimentazione degli elementi di perforazione. | |
CN108756786B (zh) * | 2018-06-13 | 2020-02-14 | 中国煤炭科工集团太原研究院有限公司 | 一种井下钻机的机械手自动换杆装置 |
CN108561089B (zh) * | 2018-06-19 | 2024-04-09 | 四川宏华石油设备有限公司 | 一种管具处理装置 |
CN109577886B (zh) * | 2018-10-23 | 2020-05-05 | 中煤科工集团西安研究院有限公司 | 一种适用于煤矿井下钻机的自动加卸杆装置 |
CN110952972B (zh) * | 2019-11-27 | 2023-08-11 | 中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司 | 一种煤矿钻机及其控制方法 |
IT202000022483A1 (it) | 2020-09-24 | 2022-03-24 | Drillmec Spa | Manipolatore multifunzionale innovativo per la movimentazione di elementi di perforazione in un impianto di perforazione e relativo impianto di perforazione. |
CN112627748A (zh) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-04-09 | 冀凯河北机电科技有限公司 | 一种适用螺旋钻杆的全自动钻杆箱 |
CN113530478B (zh) * | 2021-08-04 | 2023-09-15 | 国能神东煤炭集团有限责任公司 | 装卸钻杆的装置和方法 |
CN114059941B (zh) * | 2021-12-07 | 2024-07-16 | 湖南三一石油科技有限公司 | 钻修井作业系统的操作方法、控制装置及油井作业系统 |
CN114658374B (zh) * | 2022-03-18 | 2023-03-14 | 江苏方正环保集团有限公司 | 一种取样钻机自动换杆装置和方法 |
CN114673462A (zh) * | 2022-03-30 | 2022-06-28 | 中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司 | 一种钻杆运送装置及方法 |
CN117780273B (zh) * | 2024-02-26 | 2024-05-24 | 中国三峡新能源(集团)股份有限公司黑龙江分公司 | 一种地热钻井固定装置 |
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GB2177143B (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1988-06-08 | Apache Corp | Transfer arm positioning system |
US7249637B2 (en) * | 1997-09-02 | 2007-07-31 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Method and device to clamp control lines to tubulars |
US7694583B2 (en) * | 2005-05-05 | 2010-04-13 | Control Gaging, Inc. | Gripper gage assembly |
US8408334B1 (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2013-04-02 | T&T Engineering Services, Inc. | Stabbing apparatus and method |
-
2014
- 2014-04-29 CL CL2014001102A patent/CL2014001102A1/es unknown
- 2014-04-29 CA CA2850746A patent/CA2850746C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-04-30 PL PL14166503T patent/PL2799661T3/pl unknown
- 2014-04-30 EP EP14166503.4A patent/EP2799661B1/fr active Active
- 2014-04-30 AU AU2014202340A patent/AU2014202340B2/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11408236B2 (en) | 2020-07-06 | 2022-08-09 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler systems |
US11486209B2 (en) | 2020-07-06 | 2022-11-01 | Nabors Drilling Technologies Usa, Inc. | Robotic pipe handler systems |
US11643887B2 (en) | 2020-07-06 | 2023-05-09 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler systems |
US11371299B2 (en) | 2020-09-01 | 2022-06-28 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler and pipe storage |
US11414936B2 (en) | 2020-09-01 | 2022-08-16 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler |
US11767719B2 (en) | 2020-09-01 | 2023-09-26 | Canrig Robotic Technologies As | Robotic pipe handler |
WO2024184396A1 (fr) * | 2023-03-06 | 2024-09-12 | Ter Bron Groep B.V. | Unité de reconditionnement hydraulique avec mécanisme de manipulation tubulaire pour positionner des éléments tubulaires au-dessus d'une tête de puits |
NL2034271B1 (en) * | 2023-03-06 | 2024-09-18 | Ter Bron Groep B V | Hydraulic workover unit with tubular handling mechanism for positioning tubulars above a well head. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2014202340A1 (en) | 2014-11-13 |
AU2014202340B2 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
CL2014001102A1 (es) | 2015-01-16 |
PL2799661T3 (pl) | 2016-06-30 |
CA2850746C (fr) | 2021-03-16 |
CA2850746A1 (fr) | 2014-10-30 |
EP2799661A2 (fr) | 2014-11-05 |
EP2799661A3 (fr) | 2014-12-17 |
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