EP2798649A1 - Nanoparticle, permanent magnet, motor, and generator - Google Patents

Nanoparticle, permanent magnet, motor, and generator

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Publication number
EP2798649A1
EP2798649A1 EP13704408.7A EP13704408A EP2798649A1 EP 2798649 A1 EP2798649 A1 EP 2798649A1 EP 13704408 A EP13704408 A EP 13704408A EP 2798649 A1 EP2798649 A1 EP 2798649A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nanoparticle
nanoparticles
protective layer
permanent magnet
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13704408.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gotthard Rieger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP2798649A1 publication Critical patent/EP2798649A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
    • B22F1/0547—Nanofibres or nanotubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/17—Metallic particles coated with metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C22/00—Alloys based on manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
    • H01F1/0045—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use
    • H01F1/0054—Coated nanoparticles, e.g. nanoparticles coated with organic surfactant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/0302—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity characterised by unspecified or heterogeneous hardness or specially adapted for magnetic hardness transitions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/06—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder
    • H01F1/068—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder having a L10 crystallographic structure, e.g. [Co,Fe][Pt,Pd] (nano)particles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/06—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder
    • H01F1/08—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/02—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
    • H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
    • H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
    • H01F1/0579—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B with exchange spin coupling between hard and soft nanophases, e.g. nanocomposite spring magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/14708—Fe-Ni based alloys
    • H01F1/14733—Fe-Ni based alloys in the form of particles
    • H01F1/14741—Fe-Ni based alloys in the form of particles pressed, sintered or bonded together

Definitions

  • Nanoparticles, permanent magnet motor and generator The invention relates to a nanoparticle, a Permanentmag ⁇ Neten and a motor and a generator.
  • Nanotechnological synthesis methods allow the formation of ensembles of aligned single-domain nanoparticles. That on the form effect
  • anisotropic field based on this (as the upper limit for the coercive field) is limited.
  • This invention is achieved with a nanoparticle to those recited in claim 1.
  • the nanoparticle according to the invention has at least
  • an elongated core formed with at least one first, magnetizable and / or magnetized material.
  • a nanoparticle is to be understood as meaning a particle having a transverse diameter of less than 1000 nm.
  • the nanoparticle has a transverse diameter of less than 300 nm.
  • an elongated core means a core with an aspect ratio, that is the ratio from longitudinal to transverse dimension, of at least 1.5 to understand.
  • the aspect ratio is at least 5, ideal ⁇ enough, at least 10.
  • the nanoparticles according to the invention also comprises a shell surrounding the core, which is formed with at least one second magneto crystalline anisotropic material.
  • the nanoparticles of the invention has a so- ⁇ called core-shell structure in which at least two Mate ⁇ rials are involved, the advantageous in a high duration ⁇ magnetic performance, namely a high remanence, high coercivity and high energy product and egg ⁇ ner high long-term stability, lead.
  • the core with the first material has a high magnetization and / or magnetizability, the second material of the shell having a high magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
  • This magnetocrystalline anisotropy sta ⁇ stabilizes the surface of the core, particularly the expedient ⁇ SSIG existing interface between the core and shell, and ver ⁇ prevents a magnetic reversal by defects in this upper or interface.
  • a magnetic exchange coupling is achieved by the choice of first and second material, which leads to a single-phase Ummagnetleiters and thus favors a homogeneous rotation at high Koerzitivfeidern. At least a doubling of the energy density compared to the prior art can be achieved.
  • an ensemble which is suitable for constructing an improved permanent magnet can be provided with the nanoparticle according to the invention.
  • the first material is preferably soft-magnetic, at least as a bulk material.
  • materials known as soft-magnetic metals and alloys such as, in particular, ferromagnetics such as NiFe or CoFe, due to the formanisotropic pie permanent magnetic properties with a considerable Ummagnetleitersstabiltician.
  • the first material with ferromagnetic Materi ⁇ al, particularly Fe are formed.
  • the ferromagnetic material is formed from or with an alloy and / or a mixed crystal with Fe, in particular NiFe or CoFe.
  • the first material expediently has one or more transition metals or FeCo, in particular with a high Fe content.
  • the second material is hard magnetic.
  • the second material is formed from or with MnBi and / or MnAlC and / or FePt.
  • the second material is formed by deposition of Pt on Fe and subsequent heating.
  • the second material is formed from or with CoPt, FePt, FePd, hard magnetic rare earth compounds such as SmCo and NdFeB or from / with hard ferrites such as SrBa ferrites.
  • the first Ma ⁇ TERIAL is formed of FeCo or preferably.
  • the nanoparticle and / or the core of the nanoparticle is formed in a preferred embodiment of the invention as a nanorod and / or nanowire (Engl.: Nanowire), — if any, a nanorod and / or nanowire (Engl.: Nanowire), — if any, a nanorod and / or nanowire (Engl.: Nanowire), — if any, a nanorod and / or nanowire (Engl.: Nanowire), — insomniaßi ⁇ gate as an elongated ellipsoid.
  • the nanoparticle according to the invention at least half the volume fraction of the nanoparticle, preferably more than 90 percent of the volume fraction, is eliminated on the nanoparticle
  • the second material is expediently formed as a self-aggregating monolayer (SAM, seif assembly monolayer).
  • SAM self-aggregating monolayer
  • the exchange-exchange effect between the second material of the shell and the first material of the core is independent of the thickness of the shell. Consequently, a good stabilization of the magnetization of the core can already be achieved by means of a single continuous monolayer as the shell.
  • the nanoparticle according to the invention has, in an advantageous embodiment, an outer protective layer designed to protect against corrosion, in particular oxidation.
  • the protective layer is advantageously formed as / with self-assembled monolayers (SAM, self-assembly monolay- ers) in which he ⁇ inventive nanoparticles.
  • SAM self-assembled monolayers
  • the protective layer is formed with FePt and / or MnAlC.
  • the shell particularly preferably forms the protective layer or at least part of the protective layer. Ideally it is chosen for the saddle ⁇ le FePt and / or MnAlC.
  • the shell in the case of FePt by deposition of Pt to Fe and subsequent ⁇ tder heat treatment in the interface is advantageously made.
  • the protective layer is arranged as a further layer on / on the shell.
  • the protective layer is preferably applied as / by means of self-aggregating monolayers (SAM, seif assembly monolayers).
  • the protective layer ideally covers the outer surface of the shell completely and preferably over the whole area. In this way, an effective stabilization of the magnetization of the core is achieved.
  • the protective layer is formed with FePt, in particular by means of deposition of Pt on Fe and subsequent heating.
  • the permanent magnet according to the invention comprises a plurality of nanoparticles according to the invention as described above. These permanent magnets can be used advantageously in high-efficiency drives and generators, such as in stators and rotors of drives and generators.
  • the nanoparticles are arranged such that the orientations of the longest dimensions of the nanoparticles have a preferred direction.
  • the nanoparticles are aligned with respect to their longest dimensions almost unidirectional and / or parallel, ie at least half, preferably at least 90 percent of Nanoparti ⁇ angle, in their orientation hardly, ie in particular by at most 20 degrees, from the preferred direction.
  • the motor according to the invention has a permanent magnet according to the invention as described above.
  • the generator according to the invention has a permanent magnet according to the invention as described above.
  • At least one rotor and / or at least one stator as known per se, which is formed with one or more permanent magnets according to the invention, as explained above.
  • FIG. 1 shows a nanoparticle according to the invention in one
  • FIG. 2 shows a permanent magnet according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a generator according to the invention schematically in a schematic diagram.
  • the nanorod 5 according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 has an elongated core 10 made of FeCo.
  • the core 10 has an aspect ratio (ratio of longitudinal dimension to Querab ⁇ measurement) of about 5 (in not specifically shown embodiments, which otherwise correspond to those described here is the aspect ratio 10).
  • ratio 10 ratio of longitudinal dimension to Querab ⁇ measurement
  • the core carries a high Mag ⁇ netization.
  • the nanorod 5 also has a shell of magnetocrystalline anisotropic material, in the exemplary embodiment shown FePt.
  • the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the shell 20 is stable ⁇ l cryomalt the surface of the core 10 and prevents Ummag- net accrual on the surface of the core 10 by defects.
  • the shell 20 acts in the formation of FePt due to its suitable corrosion properties simultaneously as
  • This protective layer protects the core 10 from oxidation.
  • the shell 20 of the nanorods 5 is thereby produced by Ab ⁇ divorced Pt to Fe and final heat treatment of the interface.
  • the shell 20 may also be formed as a thin layer, ie between one and five monolayers thick layer. for example by means of self-aggregating monolayers (SAM, seif assembly monolayers).
  • SAM self-aggregating monolayers
  • a protective layer is additionally applied to the shell 20, which is formed by means of self-aggregating monolayers (SAM, assembly assembly monolayers) of MnAlC.
  • SAM self-aggregating monolayers
  • the nanorod according to the invention corresponds to the previously be registered ⁇ nanorod 5, except that the core deviation does not consist of FeCo but from another soft magnetic material.
  • the nanorods 5 of the ensemble 30 have a preferred direction.
  • the nano ⁇ rods 5 are oriented parallel to each other.
  • the nanorods 5 of the ensemble 30 are located in a matrix, for example of aluminum, for the purpose of parallel orientation (not shown in detail).
  • the matrix On one surface, the matrix has a plurality of pores, which form openings parallel to one another in the matrix of penetrating na-noscopic blind holes. In these mutually parallel blind holes, the nanorods 5 are located. lent, wherein the longest dimensions of the nanorods extend along the extension direction of the blind holes.
  • the nanorods are oriented to each other according to the 5 pa ⁇ rallelen alignment of the blind holes parallel to each other exclusively.
  • the permanent magnetic fields of the individual nanorods sum up to a correspondingly increased overall field of En ⁇ ensembles of nanorods, so that the thus realized by ⁇ manentmagnet 40 has a sufficiently large permanent magnetic field.
  • the generator 60 according to the invention shown in FIG. 3 has, in a manner known per se, a rotor-stator arrangement 50 formed by means of permanent magazines 40.
  • the permanent magnets of the rotor-stator arrangement 50 are formed with permanent magnets 40 according to the invention.
  • the rotor-stator assembly 50 is part of a erfindungsge ⁇ MAESSEN motor.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Permanent Field Magnets Of Synchronous Machinery (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)

Abstract

The nanoparticle (5) has at least one elongated core (10), which is made of at least one first magnetizable and/or magnetic material, and a shell (20), which surrounds the core and which is made of at least one second magnetocrystalline anisotropic material. The permanent magnet (40) comprises a plurality (30) of such nanoparticles. The motor or generator (60) has at least one such permanent magnet (40).

Description

Beschreibung description
Nanopartikel , Permanentmagnet, Motor und Generator Die Erfindung betrifft ein Nanopartikel, einen Permanentmag¬ neten sowie einen Motor und einen Generator. Nanoparticles, permanent magnet motor and generator The invention relates to a nanoparticle, a Permanentmag ¬ Neten and a motor and a generator.
Die Suche nach neuen dauermagnetischen Magnetmaterialien hat durch die Nanotechnologie eine starke Belebung erfahren. Dies liegt daran, dass permanentmagnetische Eigenschaften neben der hohen Magnetisierung (magnetischen Polarisation) aufgrund eines geeigneten atomaren und kristallographischen Aufbaus in hohem Maß von Magnetisierungsprozessen auf mesoskopischer Skala abhängen. Durch den mikrostrukturellen Aufbau als na- noskalige Eindomänenteilchen werden Dauermagneteigenschaften begünstigt wie dies theoretisch vorhergesagt und experimen¬ tell durch die Mikrostrukturausbildung bei Anwendung der Rascherstarrungstechnik bekannt ist. Der synthetische Aufbau permanentmagnetischer Materialien aus Nanopartikeln mit hoher spontaner Magnetisierung wird jedoch durch die steigende Oxidationsempfindlichkeit in Nanoparti¬ keln behindert. Ferner lassen sich die durch sogenannte Formanisotropie erreichbaren Koerzitivfeidstärken experimentell nicht erreichen. The search for new permanent magnet magnetic materials has been greatly stimulated by nanotechnology. This is because permanent magnet properties in addition to the high magnetization (magnetic polarization) depend to a high degree on the mesoscopic scale magnetization processes due to a suitable atomic and crystallographic structure. By the microstructural design as nanoscale single domain permanent magnet properties are favored as predicted theoretically and experimen ¬ tell by the microstructure formation when using the rapid solidification technique is known. The synthetic construction of permanent magnetic materials from nanoparticles having high spontaneous magnetization is hampered by the increasing sensitivity to oxidation in Nano Parti ¬ angles. Furthermore, the coercive field strengths achievable by so-called shape anisotropy can not be experimentally achieved.
Während in heutigen seltenerdbasierten Dauermagneten (z.B. SmCo oder NdFeB) durch eine hohe magnetokristalline Anisotro¬ pie in mikrokristallinen, metallurgisch erzeugten Mikrostruk- turen eine für fast alle derzeitigen Anwendungen ausreichend hohe Koerzitivfeidstärke erzeugt wird, bleibt die remanente Magnetisierung in diesen Systemen auf die spontane Magnetisierung der hartmagnetischen Phase (z.B. Nd2Fei4B von 1.61 T) begrenzt . While in today's rare earth based permanent magnet (for example, SmCo or NdFeB) structures by a high magneto crystalline anisotropically ¬ pie in microcrystalline metallurgically produced microstructures a sufficiently high for almost all current applications coercive field strength is generated, the remnant magnetization remains in these systems on the spontaneous magnetization of the hard magnetic phase (eg Nd 2 Fei 4 B of 1.61 T) limited.
Durch nanotechnologische Syntheseverfahren lassen sich aufgrund der Formgebungsmöglichkeit Ensembles von ausgerichteten eindomänigen Nanopartikeln herstellen. Das auf dem Formeffekt beruhende Anisotropiefeld (als obere Grenze für das Koerzi- tivfeld) ist dabei jedoch begrenzt. Nanotechnological synthesis methods allow the formation of ensembles of aligned single-domain nanoparticles. That on the form effect However, anisotropic field based on this (as the upper limit for the coercive field) is limited.
Denn aufgrund von Einflüssen aus dem Ensemble, aber auch auf- grund der Tatsache, dass das Koerzitivfeld durch Defekte an der Oberfläche sowie Ecken und Kanten reduziert ist, ist bis heute nicht klar, ob die Anisotropie im Ensemble von Nanopar- tikeln gesteigert werden kann und ob zusätzlich andere Ummag- netisierungsmoden (Curling, Fanning) auftauchen, die eben- falls ein geringeres Koerzitivfeld zur Folge haben. Due to the influence of the ensemble, but also due to the fact that the coercive field is reduced by defects on the surface as well as corners and edges, it is still unclear whether the anisotropy in the ensemble of nanoparticles can be increased in addition, whether other re-magnetization modes (curling, fanning) occur, which also result in a lower coercive field.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein verbessertes Nanopartikel zu schaffen, mit welchem die vorgenannten Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwunden werden können. Insbesondere soll mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel die Schaffung eines verbesserten dauermagnetischen Magnetmaterials ermöglicht sein. Es ist ferner Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen verbesserten Permanentmagneten sowie einen verbesserten Motor und einen verbesserten Generator zu schaffen. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved nanoparticle with which the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome. In particular, the creation of an improved permanent magnetic magnetic material should be made possible with the nanoparticle according to the invention. It is another object of the invention to provide an improved permanent magnet as well as an improved motor and generator.
Diese Erfindung wird mit einem Nanopartikel mit den in An¬ spruch 1 angegebenen Merkmalen, mit einem Permanentmagneten mit den in Anspruch 13 angegebenen Merkmalen sowie mit einem Motor und einem Generator mit den in Anspruch 15 angegebenen Merkmalen gelöst. This invention is achieved with a nanoparticle to those recited in claim 1. An ¬ characteristics, with a permanent magnet having the specified characteristics in claim 13 and including a motor and a generator with the stated in claim 15 characteristics.
Das erfindungsgemäße Nanopartikel weist zumindest The nanoparticle according to the invention has at least
einen elongierten Kern auf, der mit zumindest einem ersten, magnetisierbaren und/oder magnetisierten, Material gebildet ist. an elongated core formed with at least one first, magnetizable and / or magnetized material.
Dabei ist unter einem Nanopartikel im Sinne dieser Erfindung ein Partikel mit einem Querdurchmesser von weniger als 1000 nm zu verstehen. Insbesondere weist das Nanopartikel einen Querdurchmesser von weniger als 300 nm auf. For the purposes of this invention, a nanoparticle is to be understood as meaning a particle having a transverse diameter of less than 1000 nm. In particular, the nanoparticle has a transverse diameter of less than 300 nm.
Unter einem elongierten Kern im Sinne dieser Erfindung ist ein Kern mit einem Aspektverhältnis, das ist das Verhältnis von Längs- zu Querabmessung, von mindestens 1,5 zu verstehen. Geeigneterweise ist das Aspektverhältnis zumindest 5, ideal¬ erweise zumindest 10. Das erfindungsgemäße Nanopartikel weist zudem eine den Kern umgebende Schale auf, welche mit zumindest einem zweiten, magnetokristallin anisotropen, Material gebildet ist. Zweckmäßig grenzt das zweite Material der Schale an das erste Ma¬ terial des Kerns mit einer Grenzfläche an. For the purposes of this invention, an elongated core means a core with an aspect ratio, that is the ratio from longitudinal to transverse dimension, of at least 1.5 to understand. Suitably, the aspect ratio is at least 5, ideal ¬ enough, at least 10. The nanoparticles according to the invention also comprises a shell surrounding the core, which is formed with at least one second magneto crystalline anisotropic material. Suitably, the second material of the shell at the first Ma ¬ TERIAL the core with a boundary surface bordering.
Das erfindungsgemäße Nanopartikel weist folglich eine soge¬ nannte Core-Shell-Struktur auf, bei der zumindest zwei Mate¬ rialien beteiligt sind, die vorteilhaft zu einer hohen dauer¬ magnetischen Performance, nämlich einer hohen Remanenz, einem hohen Koerzitivfeld und einem hohen Energieprodukt sowie ei¬ ner hohen Langzeitstabilität, führen. Der Kern (engl.: Core) mit dem ersten Material weist eine hohe Magnetisierung und/oder Magnetisierbarkeit auf, wobei das zweite Material der Schale (engl.: Shell) eine hohe magnetokristalline Ani- sotropie aufweist. Diese magnetokristalline Anisotropie sta¬ bilisiert die Oberfläche des Kerns, insbesondere die zweckmä¬ ßig vorhandene Grenzfläche zwischen Kern und Schale, und ver¬ hindert ein Ummagnetisieren durch Defekte an dieser Oberoder Grenzfläche. Zudem wird durch die Wahl von erstem und zweitem Material eine magnetische Austauschkopplung erreicht, die zu einem einphasigen Ummagnetisierungsverhalten führt und somit eine homogene Rotation bei hohen Koerzitivfeidern begünstigt. Dabei lässt sich mindestens eine Verdoppelung der Energiedichte gegenüber dem Stand der Technik erreichen. So- mit lässt sich mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel ein Ensemble bereitstellen, welches zum Aufbau eines verbesserten Permanentmagneten geeignet ist. Thus, the nanoparticles of the invention has a so-¬ called core-shell structure in which at least two Mate ¬ rials are involved, the advantageous in a high duration ¬ magnetic performance, namely a high remanence, high coercivity and high energy product and egg ¬ ner high long-term stability, lead. The core with the first material has a high magnetization and / or magnetizability, the second material of the shell having a high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This magnetocrystalline anisotropy sta ¬ stabilizes the surface of the core, particularly the expedient ¬ SSIG existing interface between the core and shell, and ver ¬ prevents a magnetic reversal by defects in this upper or interface. In addition, a magnetic exchange coupling is achieved by the choice of first and second material, which leads to a single-phase Ummagnetisierungsverhalten and thus favors a homogeneous rotation at high Koerzitivfeidern. At least a doubling of the energy density compared to the prior art can be achieved. Thus, an ensemble which is suitable for constructing an improved permanent magnet can be provided with the nanoparticle according to the invention.
Bevorzugt ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel das ers- te Material, zumindest als Volumenmaterial, weichmagnetisch. Vorteilhaft gewinnen als Volumenmaterial als weichmagnetische Metalle und Legierungen bekannte Materialien wie insbesondere Ferromagnetika wie NiFe oder CoFe aufgrund der Formanisotro- pie permanentmagnetische Eigenschaften mit einer erheblichen Ummagnetisierungsstabilität . In the case of the nanoparticle according to the invention, the first material is preferably soft-magnetic, at least as a bulk material. Advantageously, as volume material, materials known as soft-magnetic metals and alloys, such as, in particular, ferromagnetics such as NiFe or CoFe, due to the formanisotropic pie permanent magnetic properties with a considerable Ummagnetisierungsstabilität.
In einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist bei dem Nanopartikel das erste Material mit ferromagnetischem Materi¬ al, insbesondere Fe, gebildet. Geeigneterweise ist dabei das ferromagnetische Material aus oder mit einer Legierung und/oder einem Mischkristall mit Fe, insbesondere NiFe oder CoFe, gebildet. Zweckmäßigerweise weist das erste Material ein oder mehrere Übergangsmetalle oder FeCo, insbesondere mit hohem Fe-Anteil, auf. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the nanoparticles is the first material with ferromagnetic Materi ¬ al, particularly Fe, are formed. Suitably, the ferromagnetic material is formed from or with an alloy and / or a mixed crystal with Fe, in particular NiFe or CoFe. The first material expediently has one or more transition metals or FeCo, in particular with a high Fe content.
Zweckmäßigerweise ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel das zweite Material hartmagnetisch. Advantageously, in the nanoparticle according to the invention, the second material is hard magnetic.
Vorzugsweise ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel das zweite Material aus oder mit MnBi und/oder MnAlC und/oder FePt gebildet. Insbesondere ist im letztgenannten Fall das zweite Material mittels Abscheidung von Pt auf Fe und nach- folgender Erwärmung gebildet. Preferably, in the case of the nanoparticle according to the invention, the second material is formed from or with MnBi and / or MnAlC and / or FePt. In particular, in the latter case, the second material is formed by deposition of Pt on Fe and subsequent heating.
Alternativ oder zusätzlich ist das zweite Material aus oder mit CoPt, FePt, FePd, hartmagnetischen Seltenenerd- Verbindungen wie SmCo und NdFeB oder aus/mit Hartferriten wie SrBa-Ferriten gebildet. Vorzugsweise ist dabei das erste Ma¬ terial aus oder mit FeCo gebildet. Alternatively or additionally, the second material is formed from or with CoPt, FePt, FePd, hard magnetic rare earth compounds such as SmCo and NdFeB or from / with hard ferrites such as SrBa ferrites. The first Ma ¬ TERIAL is formed of FeCo or preferably.
Das Nanopartikel und/oder der Kern des Nanopartikels ist in einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung der Erfindung als Nanorod und/oder Nanodraht (engl.: Nanowire) ausgebildet, zweckmäßi¬ gerweise als langgestrecktes Ellipsoid. The nanoparticle and / or the core of the nanoparticle is formed in a preferred embodiment of the invention as a nanorod and / or nanowire (Engl.: Nanowire), zweckmäßi ¬ gerweise as an elongated ellipsoid.
Geeigneterweise entfällt bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanoparti¬ kel zumindest der halbe Volumenanteil des Nanopartikels, vor- zugsweise mehr als 90 Prozent des Volumenanteils, auf denSuitably, in the case of the nanoparticle according to the invention, at least half the volume fraction of the nanoparticle, preferably more than 90 percent of the volume fraction, is eliminated on the nanoparticle
Kern. Vorteilhaft kann so eine besonders hohe permanente Mag¬ netisierung des Nanopartikels und somit auch eine hohe perma¬ nente Magnetisierung eines Ensembles von Nanopartikeln im Verhältnis zum vom Nanopartikel beanspruchten Raum erreicht werden. Zweckmäßig ist dabei das zweite Material als/mit selbstaggregierenden Monolagen (SAM, seif assembly monolay- ers) gebildet. Vorteilhafterweise ist die Austauschwechsel- Wirkung zwischen dem zweiten Material der Schale und dem ersten Material des Kerns unabhängig von der Dicke der Schale. Folglich lässt sich bereits mittels einer einzigen zusammenhängenden Monolage als Schale eine gute Stabilisierung der Magnetisierung des Kerns erreichen. Core. Can advantageously a particularly high permanent Mag ¬ netisierung the nanoparticle and thus a high perma ¬ nent magnetization of an ensemble of nanoparticles in Relative to the space occupied by the nanoparticle can be achieved. The second material is expediently formed as a self-aggregating monolayer (SAM, seif assembly monolayer). Advantageously, the exchange-exchange effect between the second material of the shell and the first material of the core is independent of the thickness of the shell. Consequently, a good stabilization of the magnetization of the core can already be achieved by means of a single continuous monolayer as the shell.
Das erfindungsgemäße Nanopartikel weist in einer vorteilhaf¬ ten Weiterbildung eine äußere Schutzschicht ausgebildet zum Schutz vor Korrosion, insbesondere Oxidation, auf. Somit wird vermieden, dass der Kern des erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikels korrodiert, insbesondere oxidiert. Zweckmäßig ist bei dem er¬ findungsgemäßen Nanopartikel die Schutzschicht als/mit selbstaggregierenden Monolagen (SAM, seif assembly monolay- ers) gebildet. Vorzugsweise ist die Schutzschicht mit FePt und/oder MnAlC gebildet. The nanoparticle according to the invention has, in an advantageous embodiment, an outer protective layer designed to protect against corrosion, in particular oxidation. Thus, it is avoided that the core of the nanoparticle according to the invention corrodes, in particular oxidizes. The protective layer is advantageously formed as / with self-assembled monolayers (SAM, self-assembly monolay- ers) in which he ¬ inventive nanoparticles. Preferably, the protective layer is formed with FePt and / or MnAlC.
Besonders bevorzugt bildet bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel dabei die Schale die Schutzschicht oder zumindest einen Teil der Schutzschicht. Idealerweise wird dabei für die Scha¬ le FePt und/oder MnAlC gewählt. Vorteilhaft ist die Schale im Falle von FePt durch Abscheidung von Pt auf Fe und anschlie¬ ßender Wärmebehandlung in der Grenzfläche hergestellt. In the case of the nanoparticle according to the invention, the shell particularly preferably forms the protective layer or at least part of the protective layer. Ideally it is chosen for the saddle ¬ le FePt and / or MnAlC. The shell in the case of FePt by deposition of Pt to Fe and subsequent ¬ ßender heat treatment in the interface is advantageously made.
Alternativ und ebenfalls bevorzugt ist die Schutzschicht als weitere Schicht an/auf der Schale angeordnet. Bevorzugt ist die Schutzschicht als/mittels selbstaggregierender Monolagen (SAM, seif assembly monolayers) aufgebracht. Alternatively and also preferably, the protective layer is arranged as a further layer on / on the shell. The protective layer is preferably applied as / by means of self-aggregating monolayers (SAM, seif assembly monolayers).
Idealerweise bedeckt bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel die Schutzschicht die äußere Oberfläche der Schale vollum- fänglich und vorzugsweise vollflächig. Auf diese Weise wird eine effektive Stabilisierung der Magnetisierung des Kerns erreicht . Vorteilhaft ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikel die Schutzschicht mit FePt, insbesondere mittels Abscheidung von Pt auf Fe und nachfolgender Erwärmung, gebildet. Der erfindungsgemäße Permanentmagnet umfasst eine Mehrzahl von erfindungsgemäßen Nanopartikeln wie vorhergehend beschrieben. Diese Permanentmagnete lassen sich vorteilhaft in hocheffizienten Antrieben und Generatoren, etwa in Statoren und Rotoren von Antrieben und Generatoren, einsetzen. In the case of the nanoparticle according to the invention, the protective layer ideally covers the outer surface of the shell completely and preferably over the whole area. In this way, an effective stabilization of the magnetization of the core is achieved. Advantageously, in the case of the nanoparticle according to the invention, the protective layer is formed with FePt, in particular by means of deposition of Pt on Fe and subsequent heating. The permanent magnet according to the invention comprises a plurality of nanoparticles according to the invention as described above. These permanent magnets can be used advantageously in high-efficiency drives and generators, such as in stators and rotors of drives and generators.
Bei einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten sind die Nanopartikel derart angeordnet, dass die Orientierungen von längsten Abmessungen der Nanopartikel eine Vorzugsrichtung aufweisen. Insbesondere sind die Nanopartikel hinsichtlich ihrer längsten Abmessungen nahezu unidirektional und/oder parallel ausgerichtet, d.h. zumindest die Hälfte, vorzugsweise zumindest 90 Prozent der Nanoparti¬ kel, weichen in ihrer Ausrichtung kaum, d.h. insbesondere um höchstens 20 Grad, von der Vorzugsrichtung ab. In an advantageous development of the permanent magnet according to the invention, the nanoparticles are arranged such that the orientations of the longest dimensions of the nanoparticles have a preferred direction. In particular, the nanoparticles are aligned with respect to their longest dimensions almost unidirectional and / or parallel, ie at least half, preferably at least 90 percent of Nanoparti ¬ angle, in their orientation hardly, ie in particular by at most 20 degrees, from the preferred direction.
Der erfindungsgemäße Motor weist einen erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten wie zuvor beschrieben auf. The motor according to the invention has a permanent magnet according to the invention as described above.
Der erfindungsgemäße Generator weist einen erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten wie zuvor beschrieben auf. The generator according to the invention has a permanent magnet according to the invention as described above.
Zweckmäßig ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Motor oder dem erfindungsgemäßen Generator zumindest ein Rotor und/oder zumindest ein Stator wie an sich bekannt vorhanden, der/die mit einem oder mehreren erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten, wie er oben erläutert ist, gebildet ist. Suitably, in the motor according to the invention or the generator according to the invention at least one rotor and / or at least one stator as known per se, which is formed with one or more permanent magnets according to the invention, as explained above.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Es zei- gen: The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing. Show it:
Fig. 1 ein erfindungsgemäßes Nanopartikel in einer 1 shows a nanoparticle according to the invention in one
Prinzipskizze im Längsschnitt, Fig. 2 einen erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten Schematic diagram in longitudinal section, Fig. 2 shows a permanent magnet according to the invention
schematisch in einer Prinzipskizze, und Fig. 3 einen erfindungsgemäßen Generator schematisch in einer Prinzipskizze.  schematically in a schematic diagram, and Fig. 3 shows a generator according to the invention schematically in a schematic diagram.
Der in Fig. 1 dargestellte erfindungsgemäße Nanorod 5 weist einen elongierten Kern 10 aus FeCo auf. Der Kern 10 weist ein Aspektverhältnis (Verhältnis von Längsabmessung zur Querab¬ messung) von etwa 5 auf (in nicht eigens gezeigten Ausführungsbeispielen, die im Übrigen den hier Beschriebenen entsprechen ist das Aspektverhältnis 10) . Auf den Kern 5 ent¬ fällt nahezu der gesamte Volumenanteil, hier 90 Prozent des Volumenanteils, des Nanorods 5. Der Kern trägt eine hohe Mag¬ netisierung . The nanorod 5 according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 has an elongated core 10 made of FeCo. The core 10 has an aspect ratio (ratio of longitudinal dimension to Querab ¬ measurement) of about 5 (in not specifically shown embodiments, which otherwise correspond to those described here is the aspect ratio 10). On the core 5 ent ¬ falls almost the entire volume fraction, here 90 percent of the volume fraction of the nanorod 5. The core carries a high Mag ¬ netization.
Der Nanorod 5 weist zudem eine Schale aus magnetokristallin anisotropem Material, im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel FePt, auf. Die magnetokristalline Anisotropie der Schale 20 stabi¬ lisiert die Oberfläche des Kerns 10 und verhindert ein Ummag- netisieren an der Oberfläche des Kerns 10 durch Defekte. The nanorod 5 also has a shell of magnetocrystalline anisotropic material, in the exemplary embodiment shown FePt. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the shell 20 is stable ¬ lisiert the surface of the core 10 and prevents Ummag- netisieren on the surface of the core 10 by defects.
Zwischen den Materialien von Kern 10 und Schale 20 besteht eine magnetische Austauschkopplung, die zu einem einphasigen Ummagnetisierungsverhalten des Nanorods 5 führt und infolge¬ dessen zu einer homogenen Rotation bei hohen Koerzitivfelden . Between the materials of core 10 and shell 20, there is a magnetic exchange coupling, which leads to a single-phase Ummagnetisierungsverhalten the nanorod 5 and consequently ¬ to a homogeneous rotation at high coercive fields.
Die Schale 20 wirkt in der Ausbildung aus FePt aufgrund des- sen geeigneter Korrosionseigenschaften gleichzeitig als The shell 20 acts in the formation of FePt due to its suitable corrosion properties simultaneously as
Schutzschicht. Diese Schutzschicht schützt den Kern 10 vor Oxidation. Die Schale 20 des Nanorods 5 wird dabei durch Ab¬ scheiden von Pt auf Fe und abschließender Wärmebehandlung der Grenzfläche hergestellt. Protective layer. This protective layer protects the core 10 from oxidation. The shell 20 of the nanorods 5 is thereby produced by Ab ¬ divorced Pt to Fe and final heat treatment of the interface.
Die Schale 20 kann jedoch auch als dünne, d.h. zwischen einer und fünf Monolagen dicke, Schicht ausgebildet werden, bei- spielsweise mittels selbstaggregierender Monolagen (SAM, seif assembly monolayers) . However, the shell 20 may also be formed as a thin layer, ie between one and five monolayers thick layer. for example by means of self-aggregating monolayers (SAM, seif assembly monolayers).
In einem alternativen Ausführungsbeispiel, welches im Übrigen dem zuvor beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel entspricht, ist zusätzlich eine Schutzschicht auf die Schale 20 aufgebracht, welche mittels selbstaggregierender Monolagen (SAM, seif assembly monolayers) aus MnAlC gebildet ist. In weiteren nicht eigens dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen entspricht der erfindungsgemäße Nanorod dem vorhergehend be¬ schriebenen Nanorod 5, wobei der Kern abweichend jedoch nicht aus FeCo besteht sondern aus einem anderen weichmagnetischen Material . In an alternative embodiment, which otherwise corresponds to the embodiment described above, a protective layer is additionally applied to the shell 20, which is formed by means of self-aggregating monolayers (SAM, assembly assembly monolayers) of MnAlC. In further not specifically illustrated embodiments, the nanorod according to the invention corresponds to the previously be registered ¬ nanorod 5, except that the core deviation does not consist of FeCo but from another soft magnetic material.
Weitere nicht gesondert abgebildete Ausführungsbeispiele er¬ findungsgemäßer Nanorods entsprechen den in den vorhergehenden Ausführungsbeispielen beschriebenen Nanorods, jedoch besteht bei diesen die Schale abweichend nicht aus FePt, son- dern aus CoPt, FePd, MnAlC oder hartmagnetischen Seltenerd- Verbindungen wie SmCo oder NdFeB oder Hartferriten wie SrBa- Ferriten. Im Falle von MnAlC wirkt dabei die Schale ebenfalls zugleich als korrosionsschützende Schutzschicht des Nanorods. Ein Ensemble 30 von Nanorods wie vorstehend beschrieben, bei¬ spielsweise ein Ensemble 30 der Nanorods 5, ist Teil des in Fig. 2 gezeigten erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten 40. Further embodiments it ¬ invention according nanorods shown not specifically correspond to the nanorods described in the previous embodiments, however, with these, the shell notwithstanding not FePt, special from countries CoPt, FePd, MnAlC or hard magnetic rare-earth compounds, such as SmCo or NdFeB or hard ferrites as SrBa ferrites. In the case of MnAlC, the shell also acts simultaneously as a corrosion-protecting protective layer of the nanorod. An ensemble of 30 nanorods as described above, in ¬ play an ensemble 30 of the nanorods 5, is part of the permanent magnet 40 according to the invention shown in Fig. 2.
Dabei weisen die Nanorods 5 des Ensembles 30 eine Vorzugs- richtung auf. Im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel sind die Nano¬ rods 5 dabei parallel zueinander orientiert. Die Nanorods 5 des Ensembles 30 sind zum Zwecke der parallelen Orientierung in einer Matrix, beispielsweise aus Aluminium, befindlich (nicht im Detail dargestellt) . Die Matrix weist an einer Oberfläche eine Mehrzahl von Poren auf, welche Öffnungen sich zueinander parallel in die Matrix hineinerstreckender na- noskopischer Sacklöcher bilden. In diesen sich zueinander parallel erstreckenden Sacklöchern sind die Nanorods 5 befind- lieh, wobei sich die längsten Abmessungen der Nanorods entlang der Erstreckungsrichtung der Sacklöcher erstrecken. In this case, the nanorods 5 of the ensemble 30 have a preferred direction. In the illustrated embodiment, the nano ¬ rods 5 are oriented parallel to each other. The nanorods 5 of the ensemble 30 are located in a matrix, for example of aluminum, for the purpose of parallel orientation (not shown in detail). On one surface, the matrix has a plurality of pores, which form openings parallel to one another in the matrix of penetrating na-noscopic blind holes. In these mutually parallel blind holes, the nanorods 5 are located. lent, wherein the longest dimensions of the nanorods extend along the extension direction of the blind holes.
Folglich sind die Nanorods 5 entsprechend der zueinander pa¬ rallelen Ausrichtung der Sacklöcher zueinander parallel aus- gerichtet. Beispielsweise kann die Herstellung derartig aus¬ gerichteter Nanorods wie von Narayanan et al . (Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010 5_, 164-168, insbes. Fig. 1 und zugehöriger Text) beschrieben erfolgen. Infolge der parallelen Ausrichtung der Nanorods summieren sich die permanenten magnetischen Felder der einzelnen Nanorods zu einem entsprechend vergrößerten Gesamtfeld des En¬ sembles von Nanorods auf, sodass der derart realisierte Per¬ manentmagnet 40 ein hinreichend großes permanentmagnetisches Feld aufweist. Thus, the nanorods are oriented to each other according to the 5 pa ¬ rallelen alignment of the blind holes parallel to each other exclusively. For example, the production of such directed from ¬ nanorods as described by Narayanan et al. (Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010 5, 164-168, especially Fig. 1 and the accompanying text) described. As a result of the parallel orientation of the nanorods, the permanent magnetic fields of the individual nanorods sum up to a correspondingly increased overall field of En ¬ ensembles of nanorods, so that the thus realized by ¬ manentmagnet 40 has a sufficiently large permanent magnetic field.
Der in Fig. 3 dargestellte erfindungsgemäße Generator 60 weist in an sich bekannter Weise eine mittels Permanentmagne¬ ten 40 gebildete Rotor-Stator-Anordnung 50 auf. Im Unter- schied zum Stand der Technik sind dabei die Permanentmagnete der Rotor-Stator-Anordnung 50 mit erfindungsgemäßen Permanentmagneten 40 gebildet. The generator 60 according to the invention shown in FIG. 3 has, in a manner known per se, a rotor-stator arrangement 50 formed by means of permanent magazines 40. In contrast to the prior art, the permanent magnets of the rotor-stator arrangement 50 are formed with permanent magnets 40 according to the invention.
In einem nicht eigens dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist die Rotor-Stator-Anordnung 50 Bestandteil eines erfindungsge¬ mäßen Motors . In a non-specifically illustrated embodiment, the rotor-stator assembly 50 is part of a erfindungsge ¬ MAESSEN motor.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Nanopartikel , aufweisend zumindest 1. Nanoparticles, comprising at least
- einen elongierten Kern (10), der mit zumindest einem ers- ten, magnetisierbaren und/oder magnetisierten, Material gebildet ist und  - An elongated core (10), which is formed with at least a first, magnetizable and / or magnetized material and
- eine den Kern umgebende Schale (20), welche mit zumindest einem zweiten, magnetokristallin anisotropen, Material gebildet ist.  - A shell surrounding the core (20), which is formed with at least one second, magnetocrystalline anisotropic, material.
2. Nanopartikel nach Anspruch 1, bei welchem das erste Mate¬ rial, zumindest als Volumenmaterial, weichmagnetisch ist. 2. nanoparticles according to claim 1, wherein the first Mate ¬ rial, at least as a bulk material, is soft magnetic.
3. Nanopartikel nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem das erste Material mit ferromagnetischem Material, insbesondere Fe, gebildet ist, vorzugsweise mit einer Legie¬ rung und/oder einem Mischkristall mit Fe, insbesondere NiFe oder CoFe. 3. Nanoparticle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first material with ferromagnetic material, in particular Fe, is formed, preferably with a Legie ¬ tion and / or a mixed crystal with Fe, in particular NiFe or CoFe.
4. Nanopartikel nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem das zweite Material hartmagnetisch ist. A nanoparticle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second material is hard magnetic.
5. Nanopartikel nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem das zweite Material mit einem magnetokristallin ani- sotropen Material, vorzugsweise MnBi und/oder MnAlC und/oder FePt, insbesondere mittels Abscheidung von Pt auf Fe und nachfolgender Erwärmung, gebildet ist. 5. Nanoparticle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second material with a magnetocrystalline anisotropic material, preferably MnBi and / or MnAlC and / or FePt, in particular by means of deposition of Pt on Fe and subsequent heating, is formed.
6. Nanopartikel nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wel- ches als Nanorod (5) und/oder Nanodraht ausgebildet ist. 6. Nanoparticle according to one of the preceding claims, which is formed as nanorod (5) and / or nanowire.
7. Nanopartikel nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem zumindest der halbe Volumenanteil des Nanopartikels auf den Kern (10) entfällt. 7. Nanoparticle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least half the volume fraction of the nanoparticle on the core (10) is omitted.
8. Nanopartikel nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wel¬ ches eine äußere Schutzschicht ausgebildet zum Schutz vor Korrosion, insbesondere Oxidation, aufweist. 8. Nanoparticle according to one of the preceding claims, wel ¬ Ches formed an outer protective layer for protection against corrosion, in particular oxidation.
9. Nanopartikel nach Anspruch 8, bei welchem die Schale (20) zumindest einen Teil der Schutzschicht bildet. The nanoparticle of claim 8, wherein the shell (20) forms at least a portion of the protective layer.
10. Nanopartikel nach Anspruch 8, bei welchem die Schutzschicht die äußere Oberfläche der Schale (20) vollumfänglich und vorzugsweise vollflächig bedeckt. 10. A nanoparticle according to claim 8, wherein the protective layer covers the outer surface of the shell (20) completely and preferably over the entire surface.
11. Nanopartikel nach einem der Ansprüche 8 bis 10, bei wel- ehern die Schutzschicht mit selbstaggregierenden Monolagen11. Nanoparticles according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the protective layer comprises self-aggregating monolayers
(SAM, seif assembly (SAM, seif assembly
monolayers) gebildet ist monolayers) is formed
12. Nanopartikel nach einem der Ansprüche 8 bis 11, bei wel- ehern die Schutzschicht mit FePt, insbesondere mittels Ab- scheidung von Pt auf Fe und nachfolgender Erwärmung, gebildet ist . 12. Nanoparticles according to one of claims 8 to 11, in which the protective layer is formed with FePt, in particular by deposition of Pt on Fe and subsequent heating.
13. Permanentmagnet, umfassend eine Mehrzahl (30) von Nano- partikeln nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche. A permanent magnet comprising a plurality (30) of nanoparticles according to any one of the preceding claims.
14. Permanentmagnet nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, bei welchem die Nanopartikel derart angeordnet sind, dass die Orientierungen von längsten Abmessungen der Nanopartikel eine Vorzugsrichtung aufweisen. 14. Permanent magnet according to the preceding claim, wherein the nanoparticles are arranged such that the orientations of longest dimensions of the nanoparticles have a preferred direction.
15. Motor oder Generator mit zumindest einem Permanentmagne¬ ten (40) nach Anspruch 13 oder 14. 15. Motor or generator with at least one permanent magnet ¬ th (40) according to claim 13 or 14.
EP13704408.7A 2012-03-15 2013-02-11 Nanoparticle, permanent magnet, motor, and generator Withdrawn EP2798649A1 (en)

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JP2015518266A (en) 2015-06-25
DE102012204083A1 (en) 2013-09-19

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