EP2784391A1 - Procédé et appareil pour la combustion d'hydrocarbures et autres liquides et gaz - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil pour la combustion d'hydrocarbures et autres liquides et gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2784391A1
EP2784391A1 EP14161953.6A EP14161953A EP2784391A1 EP 2784391 A1 EP2784391 A1 EP 2784391A1 EP 14161953 A EP14161953 A EP 14161953A EP 2784391 A1 EP2784391 A1 EP 2784391A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
app
gases
air
post
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14161953.6A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Reijo Lylykangas
Eero Pekkola
Tero Tulokas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oilon Oy
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Oilon Oy
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Oilon Oy filed Critical Oilon Oy
Publication of EP2784391A1 publication Critical patent/EP2784391A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C13/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material
    • F23C13/04—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material characterised by arrangements of two or more catalytic elements in series connection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C1/00—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air
    • F23C1/08—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air liquid and gaseous fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C13/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material
    • F23C13/06—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material in which non-catalytic combustion takes place in addition to catalytic combustion, e.g. downstream of a catalytic element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F23N3/002—Regulating air supply or draught using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2225/00—Measuring
    • F23N2225/26—Measuring humidity
    • F23N2225/30—Measuring humidity measuring lambda
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for controlling combustion
    • F23N2900/05003—Measuring NOx content in flue gas
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and apparatus for burning hydrocarbons or other combustible liquids and gases, as well as to the manufacture and use of such an apparatus.
  • SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction
  • a selective reducer ammonia or urea
  • the removal of VOC and CO emissions from flue gas is easier. All that is needed for those is an oxidation catalyst.
  • all above-mentioned compounds require a temperature higher than 250°C and the subsequent recovery of heat. The cleanup of flue gases is expensive in terms of both investment and operating costs.
  • An alternative solution is to oxidize organic fuels so as not to produce the above-mentioned emissions practically at all.
  • Carbon dioxide is always produced when burning organic compounds.
  • One possibility of exploiting carbon dioxide generated in burning are greenhouses, which need carbon dioxide not only for heating energy but also both for replacing the carbon dioxide consumed in photosynthesis and for fertilizing plants.
  • the double - triple excess of carbon dioxide with respect to what is airborne (about 380 mg/Nm 3 ) may expedite growth by as much as 40%.
  • Greenhouses make up a good target for reducing CO 2 emissions, particularly if the energy is produced with an emission-free biofuel. In this case, the greenhouses would function as carbon sinks.
  • Catalytic combustion alone or jointly with thermal combustion, is particularly well applicable to the production of energy for greenhouses as plants tolerate neither nitrogen oxides nor ethylene. With regard to these emissions as well, the plants require about a hundred times cleaner air than people.
  • NOx's and VOC's generated in the production of energy needed for industry, traffic and residential heating are a major problem. Together with sunlight, they produce tropospheric ozones harmful for plants and people. Since February 1, 2012, NOx emissions are limited by Californian BAC standards to the level of about 15 mg/Nm 3 (1,4-3 MW facilities). Larger facilities are required to have lower values of 5 mg/Nm 3 for NOx and 20 mg/Nm 3 for VOC and CO emissions. However, the standards vary from state to state. These values are not reachable by thermal combustion alone. Yet, all these limit values can be achieved with catalytic combustion or with a new combination of catalytic and thermal combustion without a subsequent treatment of flue gas.
  • An apparatus APP of the invention has been provided with or arranged to comprise at least one inlet for a liquid and/or gaseous fuel and air and at least one outlet for gases for removing the gases generated in the apparatus, as well as at least one measurement and adjustment unit for adjusting the amount of fuel and air, and that the apparatus APP has been provided with at least one pre-combustion zone for the partial combustion of gases, and that the apparatus comprises at least one post-combustion zone for the combustion of gases generated in pre-combustion, for the reduction of NOx's produced in pre-combustion, and/or for the oxidation of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions.
  • At least one of the pre-combustion zones and/or the post-combustion zones is a catalytic zone.
  • the apparatus APP is provided with at least one catalytic zone. According to one object of the invention, the apparatus APP is provided with at least one thermal zone. According to one object of the invention, the apparatus APP is provided with at least one catalytic pre-combustion zone and at least one thermal post-combustion zone. According to one object of the invention, the apparatus APP is provided with at least one catalytic pre-combustion zone and at least one catalytic post-combustion zone, According to one object of the invention, the apparatus APP is provided with at least one thermal pre-combustion zone and at least one catalytic post-combustion zone. These are beneficial in certain embodiments of the invention and contribute to improve combustion performance. According to one object of the invention, the apparatus APP is provided with at least one heat exchanger HE for the transfer of heat generated in pre-combustion and/or post-combustion. This gives both economic and technical advantage.
  • the method according to the invention comprises respectively at least the following operations:
  • the apparatus and method can be implemented in one or more configurations.
  • the apparatus can have its components located in a single assembly or separated from each other by one or more other intervening components or devices.
  • Respectively, operations can also be carried out in a single sequence or can be at least partially distinguished from each other by one or more other intervening operations. These can also be integrated for larger entities.
  • the apparatus and method can be used in the combustion of e.g. natural gas, biogas, bioethanol, propane, methanol, ethanol, turpentine, butane, pentane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, light fuel oil, oil-water emulsion and/or any mixtures thereof.
  • natural gas e.g. natural gas, biogas, bioethanol, propane, methanol, ethanol, turpentine, butane, pentane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, light fuel oil, oil-water emulsion and/or any mixtures thereof.
  • the measurement and adjustment unit C is provided with or arranged to comprise at least one Lambda sensor for measuring the oxidation/reduction potential of a flue gas.
  • the inlet of fuel FUE and air AIR into the apparatus APP can be adapted to occur within the Lambda range of 0,5-1,5.
  • the combustion temperature is within the range of 400-800 °C.
  • catalytic zone can be selected so that temperature is low, even 200 °C or lower. This significant adds lifetime of catalyst. Then proper temperature can be e.g. 100 °C or more lower than normally. It is thus also in some cases advantageous to have high content of CO in pre-treatment gas and burn it thereafter in catalytic zone.
  • the monitoring of NOx emissions is carried out by using a NOx sensor, which is preferably useful for controlling the air-fuel ratio as well.
  • the monitoring of CO emissions is carried out by using a CO-sensor, which is preferably useful for controlling the air-fuel ratio as well.
  • the apparatus comprises either one thermal burner with a liquid or gaseous fuel inlet and at least one catalytic converter for the catalytic combustion of gases and for the reduction of NOx's generated in thermal combustion and for the oxidation of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Since reduction in the process of burning combustible gases necessitates a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the apparatus is therefore further provided with at least one Lambda sensor carrying out a measurement for the oxidation/reduction potential of a flue gas, and provided with an air/fuel ratio adjustment system. The monitoring of NOx emissions can be carried out by using a NOx sensor, which can also be used for controlling the air-fuel ratio.
  • At least one of the pre-combustion zones and/or the post-combustion zones is a catalytic zone, which has activated portions and non-activated portions for only the partial combustion of fuel and for adjusting the temperature of combustion.
  • Thermal combustion in a pre-combustion process can be replaced by one or more catalytic converters, of which the first, and possibly also the second catalytic converter is only partially catalytically coated.
  • the catalytic converter honeycomb is provided with activated and non-activated channels side by side. In this case, the reactions take place in the activated channel with a "cold" unreacted gas proceeding in the adjacent channel. This enables cooling of the high temperature created in the activated channel, since reactions in a catalytic converter occur much more rapidly than thermal combustion. Hence the production of heat can be distributed over several stages.
  • Such a partially coated catalytic converter can be preferably constructed from a metal foil by coating just one side of the foil or by placing an uncoated foil to serve as every other foil. Partial combustion can also be carried out by leaving a larger opening in the middle of the honeycomb or a gap on the outer periphery. The alternatives are plausible in various combinations.
  • Catalytic combustion can be carried out with very lean mixtures, which is why the boiler of the invention is able to burn simultaneously several fuels, comprising VOC emissions.
  • the supply of air and fuel for the burner can be controlled with temperatures subsequent to catalytic converters.
  • burners of the above type can be constructed as part of a boiler, which is preferably a tubular heat exchanger so as to enable catalytic converters to be disposed at fixed intervals inside the pipes with water or other liquid flowing outside the pipes.
  • the idea here is that the production of heat is distributed over several stages. Hence, the gas has time to cool prior to the next catalytic converter with heat transferring to liquid. Thereby, the catalytic converter can be kept from overheating and the gas can be kept hot over a longer distance.
  • the catalytic converter's channels are sufficiently small to eliminate the possibility of thermal combustion. The combustion occurs in the form of intense oxidation taking place on catalyst surfaces without a flame. Upon emerging from the catalytic converter, the gas ignites immediately to burn thermally.
  • the apparatus comprises at least one thermal pre-treatment zone in fire-tube(s) in the fire-tube boiler and at least one catalytic combustion zone as a post-treatment installed in smoke-tube(s) in the fire-tube boiler.
  • Fire-tube boiler can be e.g. one-way, two-way, three-way or four-way boiler.
  • Term "fire-tube boiler” is to be understood in this application also e.g. as shell boiler and water tube boiler.
  • Term "fire-tube” is to be understood in this application also e.g. as furnace, combustion chamber, flame tube, first-pass, fire-box.
  • Term “smoke-tube” is to be understood in this application also e.g. as second pass, convection part, tube(s).
  • Temperature in fire-tube is usually over 1000 °C and in smoke-tubes 1000 to 300 °C.
  • Catalytic zone e.g. three-way catalytic
  • Catalytic zone is usually fixed e.g. to two-way tubes, where conditions for catalytic burning are optimal even in varying temperatures and boiler loads. Place can be fixed by measuring or e.g. by CFD (computational fluid dynamics).
  • CFD computational fluid dynamics
  • three-way catalytic was placed so that current temperature in catalytic zone was about 360 to 860 °C.
  • This burner and boiler combination can be constructed from a conventional pipe heat exchanger. Heat transfer can be enhanced by inducing a swirl in the gas. This heat transfer solution is useful for achieving a more effective heat transfer performance despite the lower peak temperature. Enclosed is one example. Likewise, the boiler and burner become smaller in size and lower in costs. There is no need for special materials, and standard solutions such as heat exchangers can be applied.
  • the catalytic converter must be constructed by using highly heat resistant steel grades such as 1.4767, 1.4828, Nicrofer 6025 HT etc. or ceramic honeycomb cells. It is preferred that the catalytic converter be coated with some platinum group metal and a porous coating. Ecocat Oy, among others, has developed a catalytic converter capable of withstanding extraordinarily high temperatures, which is applicable to this purpose. A preferred solution from the standpoint of a favorable combustion result is a mixing metal-core catalytic converter.
  • An advantage in the present invention is that the combustion process as a whole is very short, nor is a large pre-chamber necessary for burning.
  • the generation of nitrogen oxides increases exponentially as temperature is rising and directly proportionally as a function of burn time.
  • the increase of oxygen amount decreases the formation of NOx's in proportion to the square root of the content.
  • the burner has a low maintenance demand and catalytic converters of precious metals have a long service life.
  • the burner consists of a few components easy to disassemble for maintenance.
  • Greenhouses would make an excellent target for this technology.
  • the resulting amount of carbon dioxide is 3-times, and in the process of burning natural gas, it is 2-times with respect to the consumption of fuel. It is almost an optimal amount from the standpoint of fertilizing demand for CO 2 .
  • the fertilization is primarily carried out with liquefied carbon dioxide, which is mainly produced by a fermentation process, and then purified and liquefied by cooling. This is in total contradiction with current environmental regulations. Another problem is the warming-up and evaporation of CO 2 during storage.
  • the catalytic Ultra LowNox, NoVoc and NoCo burner is small in size and attractive in costs. It enables even the strictest emission standards to be attained without post-flue gas treatment. The elimination of final emission percentage is always the most expensive phase.
  • the useful fuels comprise nearly all gaseous and several liquid fuels, such as natural gas, biogas, bioethanol, propane, light fuel oil, oil/water emulsions, etc.
  • the most practical are low sulfur fuels and gases not containing halogens. Even the latter can be used, but necessarily with a different catalytic converter and boiler materials.
  • the combustion of sulfur compounds results in the formation of sulfuric acid and the combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons results in hydrochloric acid.
  • the combined thermal and catalytic burner fulfills the present and tightening future NOx, VOC and CO emission standards without any exhaust gas after-treatment.
  • the catalytic burner is a solution less expensive than any of the reference technologies for the elimination of NOx, HC and CO emissions in energy production.
  • the catalytic burner is capable of achieving such low level NOx and ethylene emissions that enable the delivery of flue gases directly into a greenhouse for a CO 2 fertilizer and the use of combustion-generated energy for greenhouse heating.
  • the NOx and ethylene emission standard for greenhouses is about 100 times stricter than the workplace air quality standard for people.
  • the catalytic burner is a solution less expensive than any of the reference technologies for the elimination of NOx, HC and CO emissions in energy production.
  • the catalytic burner be provided with a mixing honeycomb or some other structure, which enhances material transfer and intensifies oxidation (diffusion of combustion gas molecules in the micropores of a catalytic converter) and at the same time reduces the amount of emissions.
  • the apparatuses APP of figs. 1-3 are provided with one inlet for a liquid or gaseous fuel FUE and for air AIR and one outlet for gases for removing gases EXHG generated in the apparatus APP, as well as with at least one measurement and adjustment unit C for adjusting the amount of fuel FUE and air AIR. Further depicted in figs. 1-3 are optional extra mixers MIX.
  • the apparatuses comprise the following operations:
  • the pre-combustion or post-combustion is carried out in one thermal zone Tz1, Tz2.
  • the pre-combustion is carried out in two catalytic pre-combustion zones Cz11, Cz12 and the post-combustion is carried out in one thermal post-combustion zone Tz2.
  • the pre-combustion is carried out in two catalytic pre-combustion zones Cz11, Cz12 and the post-combustion is carried out in one catalytic post-combustion zone Cz21.
  • the pre-combustion is carried out in one thermal pre-combustion zone Tz1 and the post-combustion is carried out in two catalytic post-combustion zones Cz21, Cz22.
  • pre-combustion or post-combustion is carried out in one thermal zone Tz1 in fire-tube FLU, such that the supplied fuel is burned only partially.
  • Post-combustion is carried out in catalytic zone(s) Cz21, Cz22 in smoke-tubes FTU for burning the pre-combustion-generated gases, for the reduction of pre-combustion-generated NOx's, and/or for the oxidation of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions.
  • the apparatuses APP of figs. 4 and 5 are provided with a heat exchanger HE for the transfer of heat generated in pre-combustion and in post-combustion.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
EP14161953.6A 2013-03-27 2014-03-27 Procédé et appareil pour la combustion d'hydrocarbures et autres liquides et gaz Withdrawn EP2784391A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/FI2013/050340 WO2014154931A1 (fr) 2013-03-27 2013-03-27 Procédé et appareil pour brûler des hydrocarbures et d'autres liquides et gaz

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2784391A1 true EP2784391A1 (fr) 2014-10-01

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Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20140295358A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2784391A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2014190692A (fr)
CN (2) CN204213910U (fr)
WO (1) WO2014154931A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016139385A1 (fr) * 2015-03-03 2016-09-09 Oilon Technology Oy Production d'énergie avec de faibles émissions
US20160305655A1 (en) * 2015-04-14 2016-10-20 Oilon Oy Method for reducing nitrogen oxide(s) and carbon monoxide from flue gases and flue gas composition
RU2639434C1 (ru) * 2017-05-04 2017-12-21 Андрей Владиславович Курочкин Устройство для сжигания топлив и нагрева технологических сред
JP2022506373A (ja) * 2018-11-13 2022-01-17 ジョンソン、マッセイ、パブリック、リミテッド、カンパニー 電気加熱式触媒燃焼器

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DE19962743A1 (de) * 1999-12-23 2001-06-28 Heinrich Koehne Verfahren zur Reduzierung der NO¶x¶-Emissionen aus der Verbrennung unter Nutzung exthermer Vorreaktionen in Form einer kalten Flamme
US7399458B1 (en) * 2005-11-18 2008-07-15 Callidus Technologies Inc. Fired equipment with catalytic converter and method of operating same
WO2010116035A1 (fr) * 2009-04-07 2010-10-14 Formia Emissions Control Oy Procédé et appareil de production de dioxyde de carbone et d'énergie thermique
US20120315586A1 (en) * 2011-06-09 2012-12-13 Gas Technology Institute METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR LOW-NOx DUAL-FUEL COMBUSTION OF LIQUID AND/OR GASEOUS FUELS

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19962743A1 (de) * 1999-12-23 2001-06-28 Heinrich Koehne Verfahren zur Reduzierung der NO¶x¶-Emissionen aus der Verbrennung unter Nutzung exthermer Vorreaktionen in Form einer kalten Flamme
US7399458B1 (en) * 2005-11-18 2008-07-15 Callidus Technologies Inc. Fired equipment with catalytic converter and method of operating same
WO2010116035A1 (fr) * 2009-04-07 2010-10-14 Formia Emissions Control Oy Procédé et appareil de production de dioxyde de carbone et d'énergie thermique
US20120315586A1 (en) * 2011-06-09 2012-12-13 Gas Technology Institute METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR LOW-NOx DUAL-FUEL COMBUSTION OF LIQUID AND/OR GASEOUS FUELS

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20140295358A1 (en) 2014-10-02
WO2014154931A1 (fr) 2014-10-02
CN204213910U (zh) 2015-03-18
JP2014190692A (ja) 2014-10-06
CN104075312A (zh) 2014-10-01

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