EP2751842A1 - Verfahren zum erzeugen einer honeycomb-textur an einer oberfläche eines substrates - Google Patents
Verfahren zum erzeugen einer honeycomb-textur an einer oberfläche eines substratesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2751842A1 EP2751842A1 EP12753100.2A EP12753100A EP2751842A1 EP 2751842 A1 EP2751842 A1 EP 2751842A1 EP 12753100 A EP12753100 A EP 12753100A EP 2751842 A1 EP2751842 A1 EP 2751842A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- masking layer
- drops
- honeycomb
- masking
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/70—Surface textures, e.g. pyramid structures
- H10F77/707—Surface textures, e.g. pyramid structures of the substrates or of layers on substrates, e.g. textured ITO layer on a glass substrate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- a method of producing a honeycomb texture on a surface of a honeycomb texture is a method of producing a honeycomb texture on a surface of a honeycomb texture
- the invention relates to a method for producing a honeycomb texture on a surface of a substrate, which substrate is a semiconductor substrate of a photovoltaic solar cell or a precursor in the manufacturing process of a photovoltaic solar cell or a substrate for improving the optical properties of one or more photovoltaic solar cells, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Photovoltaic solar cells are used to convert incident electromagnetic radiation into electrical energy.
- it is known to provide a texture on at least one surface of the solar cell, in particular on the side of the solar cell facing the incident electromagnetic radiation.
- the surface reflection is reduced, thus increasing the light coupling. This can be ensured by wave-optical effects and / or by radiation-optical effects such as in particular multiple reflection of the texture.
- a pyramidal texture can be generated to increase the light coupling due to the crystal orientation in a simple manner by immersion in an etching bath.
- a honeycomb texture is typically produced by depositing a masking layer on the surface of the semiconductor substrate having a plurality of openings.
- the openings are ideally circular, but may also be, for example, hexagonal or approximately hexagonal.
- the masking layer is etch-resistant, so that in a subsequent etching step, the etchant only acts on the regions of the semiconductor substrate not covered by the masking layer, and thus a honeycomb texture is produced in the semiconductor substrate.
- the masking layer is removed again.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method for producing a honeycomb texture on a surface of a substrate, which is less expensive and / or less complex compared to the previously known methods.
- a honeycomb texture is produced on a surface of a substrate, which substrate is a semiconductor substrate of a photovoltaic solar cell or of a precursor in the production process of a photovoltaic solar cell or a substrate for improving the optical properties of one or more photovoltaic solar cells ,
- the substrate may thus be, for example, a semiconductor substrate of a photovoltaic solar cell or a preliminary stage in the production process of a photovoltaic solar cell, so that the texture is formed directly on or on the solar cell.
- the substrate serves to improve the optical properties of one or more photovoltaic solar cells, in particular by forming a glass substrate.
- a glass substrate may be used, for example, in the manufacture of solar cell modules, typically on the light-facing side of the module.
- the use of such a substrate for placement on only one or more solar cells is within the scope of the invention.
- the method according to the invention comprises the following method steps:
- the substrate is provided.
- a masking layer is produced on the surface of the substrate, which masking layer has a plurality of openings.
- etching of the substrate takes place at least at the opening regions of the masking layer on the surface of the substrate for the formation of the honeycomb texture.
- a method step D the masking layer is removed.
- the masking layer is produced by applying a masking material to the surface of the substrate, wherein a plurality of individual drops of the masking material is applied such that the centers of the drops form the vertices of a honeycomb grid.
- a masking material to the surface of the substrate, wherein a plurality of individual drops of the masking material is applied such that the centers of the drops form the vertices of a honeycomb grid.
- no complex photolithographic process for producing the masking layer is necessary, and it is also not necessary to first apply a full-area masking layer which is removed again in some areas.
- Due to the newly developed printing pattern, which is an essential component of the invention it is possible to provide hexagonal openings which are substantially smaller than the drop diameter used on the substrate. This is achieved by leaving gaps between the drops which are smaller than the drops themselves.
- the clear reduction of the mask openings achieved with the method makes an application in photovoltaics to produce a honeycomb texture with inkjet Procedure possible. Also, the newly developed print pattern allows the gaps to be arranged in a distance suitable for a honeycomb texture. Rather, the masking layer with the corresponding openings is created directly by applying the masking material, which directly enables the production of the honeycomb texture by means of etching.
- the invention is based on the Applicant's finding that by arranging individual drops in such a way that the centers of the drops form the vertices of a honeycomb grid, a surprisingly simple method is formed, which nevertheless openings in the desired shape or at least the desired shape approximately.
- a masking layer for producing a honeycomb texture can be produced with the method according to the invention.
- the drops of the masking material are applied such that the centers of the drops form the vertices of a honeycomb grid, which is formed at least approximately by honeycombs in the form of regular, equilateral hexagons, the hexagons having sides of approximately equal length.
- the hexagonal arrangement of the openings that is to say the areas not covered by the masking material, is given on the surface of the substrate in a simple manner.
- the accuracy with which said hexagons can be formed with sides of equal length depends on the method of application of the masking material used.
- the length deviations between the individual sides of the hexagons are less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, especially preferably less than 1%, since in principle the reflection-reducing effect of the honeycomb texture is accurate, in particular the hexagonal Honeycomb structure increases.
- the drops are applied with a lateral extent, which is selected so that adjacent drops touch each other at least at the edges facing, so that forms a closed border of the remaining free, at least approximately hexagonal openings through the respective adjacent drops.
- the lateral extent of the drops is selected such that each drop is at least in contact with at least the three nearest neighbors, preferably at least in contact with exactly the next three neighbors, and particularly preferably overlapping.
- each drop overlaps with its nearest neighbor by at least 3%, preferably at least 5%, more preferably by at least 10% of the diameter of the droplets, in which case the widest overlapping point prevails.
- an overlap of at least 4 pm is advantageous.
- the term "droplet” denotes an amount of masking material which is applied drop-like on the surface of the substrate and there has at least in a lateral plane which is parallel to the surface of the substrate, preferably in approximately a circular cross-sectional area After application to the surface, the drop is approximately in the form of a hemisphere or a flattened, approximated hemisphere.
- each drop is formed by exactly one masking material application process.
- a particularly simple design of the masking layer is obtained by exactly one drop is applied approximately centrally on each corner of the honeycomb honeycomb grid.
- the hot-melt ink already known as a masking material for the production of solar cells is advantageously used to form the masking layer.
- the hot-melt ink has the advantage that it can be liquefied simply by heating in a manner known per se and can be applied in a location-accurate manner and in precisely metered small amounts by means of processes known per se, in particular with inkjet processes.
- the application of the masking material by means of inkjet printers and in this case preferably the application of hot-melt ink thus enables the use of per se known, already used for the solar cell ter- tered ter apparatuses by means of which location drops of hot-melt ink can be applied to predetermined location coordinates.
- an xy position grid lying parallel to the surface of the substrate is used as the default for the centers of the drops to be formed.
- printers it is customary for printers to specify the pressure coordinates for the drops of masking material to be applied in such an xy coordinate system.
- Difficulty is that the drops should be applied so that their vertices form the vertices of an equilateral hexagon. This is often possible with inkjet printers in the typical resolution only with great inaccuracy.
- a position grid is used which has a different scaling in the x direction compared to the y direction.
- the x and y directions are scaled in a ratio 1: V3.
- the distance between the centers of each two adjacent drops is preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ to 1 00 ⁇ , preferably in the range of 20 ⁇ to 90 ⁇ .
- the inventive method is fundamentally applicable to any substrates which may be formed as semiconductor wafers or layer systems with a plurality of semiconductor layers. It is also applicable to the structuring of glass substrates, in particular of glass substrates for the production of solar cell modules, wherein the glass substrate is typically arranged on the light-facing side of the module, as described above.
- the method according to the invention is advantageously suitable for multicrystalline silicon wafers or monocrystalline silicon wafers which do not have 100 crystal orientation.
- an isotropic etching takes place.
- etching takes place by means of an acid etching solution comprising hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid.
- the etching solution comprises surfactants, in particular acetic acid.
- the masking is preferably removed by means of an alkaline solution, preferably from potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or an organic solvent, preferably acetone or diethyl ether.
- KOH potassium hydroxide
- NaOH sodium hydroxide
- organic solvent preferably acetone or diethyl ether.
- a further improvement of the light coupling is achieved by using a two-stage etching process in an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention in order to increase the aspect ratio of the individual depressions to be produced in the semiconductor structure.
- the aspect ratio refers to the ratio of depth to width of each well of the honeycomb texture produced in the regions not covered by the masking layer.
- An enlargement of the mentioned aspect ratio is achieved by performing at least a partial undercutting of the masking layer in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention in method step C. This is typically the case when using non-directional or only slightly directed, essentially isotropic, etching processes. It is essential that, with this preferred embodiment, in a method step C1, at least the masking layer is heated such that the masking layer penetrates into the recess in the undercut regions at the edges of the recesses previously produced in method step C.
- step C2 an additional deepening of the respective recesses takes place by renewed etching of the semiconductor structure.
- a two-stage etching process is carried out.
- the first etching process is carried out in a manner known per se in method step C as described above.
- the masking layer is heated so that it penetrates into the created recess at the edges and thus at least partially covers the edges of the recess produced in method step C.
- a lateral etching that is, an etching substantially parallel to the surface of the semiconductor structure prevented since the the masking layer penetrated into the depression at least partially prevents lateral etching, but not etching in the depth, that is in particular perpendicular to the surface of the semiconductor structure.
- the masking layer is preferably heated to a temperature at which the masking layer is in a mechanically deformable, waxy, and in particular preferably non-liquid state. This ensures that the masking layer folds down in the undercut areas, that is, in the undercut areas, starting from a substantially horizontal position, parallel to the surface of the semiconductor structure, penetrates down into the recess.
- a complete liquefaction of the masking layer entails the risk that the material of the masking layer in the undercut region will detach from the remaining masking layer and accumulate at the bottom of the depression produced in process step C. Therefore, in such a case, care must be taken to re-solidify the wax before reaching the deepest point of the well, or to avoid complete liquefaction.
- the masking layer in process step B has a larger melting range in which it is wax-like deformable.
- waxy and / or paraffin-containing substances have such properties.
- prior art masking layers of wax which are resistant to etchants can be used.
- wax has the advantage that in a certain temperature range, a mechanically deformable waxy state is present in which only a portion of the components of the washing mixture are liquid, others still firm, so that the desired effect occurs that the masking layer in step C1 in the Undercut areas penetrates into the recess without parts of the masking layer of the remaining, located on the surface of the semiconductor structure masking layer to dissolve.
- At least the masking layer is heated to a temperature in the range from 40.degree. C. to 100.degree. C., preferably from 50.degree. C. to 80.degree.
- typical, etch-resistant waxes suitable for masking layers have a waxy state in this temperature range.
- the heating in process step C 1 is preferably carried out for a period of 1 minute to 30 minutes, preferably between 2 minutes and 10 minutes. This ensures that the desired plastic deformation of the
- Masking layer takes place in the undercut areas.
- the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for etching processes in which, at least in method step C, a largely isotropic etching takes place. Preferably, also in method step C2, a largely isotropic etching takes place.
- dry chemical etching takes place in process steps C and / or C2, preferably in process steps C and C2.
- wet-chemical etching takes place in process steps C and / or C2, preferably in process steps C and C2.
- an etching liquid comprising at least HF and / or HNO 3 is advantageous.
- steps C and C1 Preferably, between steps C and C1, residual etchant in the well is removed. This avoids that the etchant escapes into the environment during heating in step C.
- the residual etchant is preferably removed by a rinsing liquid. Furthermore, it is advantageous that the rinsing liquid is subsequently removed in a drying step in order to avoid impairing the folding-over of the mask by the rinsing liquid following in method step C1.
- Method step C can be supported by, in a preferred embodiment in method step C1, the masking layer being subjected to a fluid flow at least in the undercut region.
- pressure is exerted on the masking layer in the direction of the depression, that is to say into the depression, so that the penetration of the masking layer into the depression is facilitated and accelerated.
- a gas stream is used here.
- Process step C1 is preferably carried out in such a way that the masking layer penetrates into the depression and bears at least partially against the edges of the depression. As a result, protection of these edges of the depression produced in method step C against lateral etching is particularly effective.
- Figure 1 is a three-dimensional schematic representation of a measured
- FIG. 2 shows a cross section through this height profile according to the sketched in Figure 1 line A-A ';
- FIG. 3 shows a measured wavelength-dependent reflection of the honeycomb texture shown in FIG. 1 (solid line) compared to a comparative sample in which only one texture was formed with the method currently mostly used in industry;
- FIG. 4 shows in partial illustration a a schematic representation of a position grid for
- a polished, unshade, monocrystalline silicon wafer having an edge length of about 3 cm and a thickness of about 250 pm was treated as follows: A back side of the silicon wafer was completely masked with a masking layer for protection during subsequent etches The back side of the silicon wafer facing the back was applied by an ink jet method of hot melt ink as follows: An industrial inkjet printer was used with a piezoelectric printhead. This printer has a movable xy table to move the silicon wafer relative to the printhead.
- the position grid was selected such that a greater scaling in the y direction was predetermined compared to the x direction, wherein a ratio 1: ⁇ '3 was chosen.
- the printing operation was carried out, with the rectangles shown filled out in black in FIG. 4a) denoting those pixels on which a hot-melt ink was applied to the substrate.
- the distance L, between the centers of two adjacent drops in the x-direction is approximately the same as the distance L 2 between the centers of two diagonally offset, adjacent drops. This is due to the aforementioned unequal scaling in the x and y directions, which is in a ratio close to 1: V3.
- the dot density was thus about 1750 dpi in the x-direction and about 1016 dpi in the y-direction. Due to the expansion of the applied drops, adjacent drops overlap each other, so that the structure shown in FIG. 4b) is approximately the same, that is to say six drops each form a closed edge which encloses an approximately hexagonal opening.
- Figure 4b shows only a small partial section, in the experiment carried out, the entire front of the wafer was covered with such a mask nationwide.
- the silicon wafer was etched in an etching solution consisting of 23% by volume HF, 47% by volume HNO 3 , 20% by volume acetic acid and 10% by volume H 3 PO 4, prepared from 50% by weight. HF, 69% by weight HNO 3 , 1 00% by weight of acetic acid and 85% by weight of H 3 PO.
- the etching was carried out at a temperature of 1 5 ° C.
- Such an etchant is typically used to polish silicon wafers.
- the masking layer was removed and the wavelength-dependent reflection was measured and the surface profile was determined.
- the surface profile is shown in three-dimensional representation as a partial detail in Figure 1 and in two-dimensional representation in Figure 2.
- the reflection is wavelength-dependent shown in Figure 3 (solid line), in comparison with the reflection of a comparison sample, which has only one generated by immersion in an etching solution texture.
Landscapes
- Weting (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011111511A DE102011111511A1 (de) | 2011-08-31 | 2011-08-31 | Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer Honeycomb-Textur an einer Oberfläche eines Substrates |
| PCT/EP2012/066168 WO2013030022A1 (de) | 2011-08-31 | 2012-08-20 | Verfahren zum erzeugen einer honeycomb-textur an einer oberfläche eines substrates |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2751842A1 true EP2751842A1 (de) | 2014-07-09 |
Family
ID=46758735
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12753100.2A Withdrawn EP2751842A1 (de) | 2011-08-31 | 2012-08-20 | Verfahren zum erzeugen einer honeycomb-textur an einer oberfläche eines substrates |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2751842A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN103890962A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102011111511A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2013030022A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104103716A (zh) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-10-15 | 浙江晶科能源有限公司 | 一种实现多晶硅太阳能电池蜂窝陷光绒面的方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2375365A1 (en) * | 1999-05-27 | 2001-02-15 | Patterning Technologies Limited | Method of forming a masking pattern on a surface |
| CN100466304C (zh) * | 2007-05-11 | 2009-03-04 | 上海明兴开城超音波科技有限公司 | 单晶硅太阳能电池化学蚀刻、清洗、干燥的方法和它的一体化处理机 |
| US8198528B2 (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2012-06-12 | Sunpower Corporation | Anti-reflective coating with high optical absorption layer for backside contact solar cells |
| KR101000064B1 (ko) * | 2007-12-18 | 2010-12-10 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이종접합 태양전지 및 그 제조방법 |
| KR20090091562A (ko) * | 2008-02-25 | 2009-08-28 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 태양전지 및 그 제조방법 |
| WO2009120631A2 (en) * | 2008-03-25 | 2009-10-01 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Surface cleaning and texturing process for crystalline solar cells |
| US8062693B2 (en) * | 2008-09-22 | 2011-11-22 | Sunpower Corporation | Generation of contact masks for inkjet printing on solar cell substrates |
| US20100130014A1 (en) * | 2008-11-26 | 2010-05-27 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Texturing multicrystalline silicon |
| KR20110049218A (ko) * | 2009-11-04 | 2011-05-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 태양 전지 및 그 제조 방법 |
-
2011
- 2011-08-31 DE DE102011111511A patent/DE102011111511A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-08-20 WO PCT/EP2012/066168 patent/WO2013030022A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2012-08-20 CN CN201280042614.5A patent/CN103890962A/zh active Pending
- 2012-08-20 EP EP12753100.2A patent/EP2751842A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2013030022A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102011111511A1 (de) | 2013-02-28 |
| CN103890962A (zh) | 2014-06-25 |
| WO2013030022A1 (de) | 2013-03-07 |
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Inventor name: NIEVENDICK, JAN Inventor name: RENTSCH, JOCHEN Inventor name: BIRO, DANIEL Inventor name: ZAHNER, LORENZ Inventor name: SPECHT, JAN Inventor name: STUEWE, DAVID |
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