EP2736061A1 - Ensemble interrupteur à vide - Google Patents

Ensemble interrupteur à vide Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2736061A1
EP2736061A1 EP12275184.5A EP12275184A EP2736061A1 EP 2736061 A1 EP2736061 A1 EP 2736061A1 EP 12275184 A EP12275184 A EP 12275184A EP 2736061 A1 EP2736061 A1 EP 2736061A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
current
vacuum switch
electrode
electrodes
switch
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP12275184.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Rama Shanker Parashar
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SuperGrid Institute SAS
Original Assignee
Alstom Technology AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alstom Technology AG filed Critical Alstom Technology AG
Priority to EP12275184.5A priority Critical patent/EP2736061A1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2013/073723 priority patent/WO2014079749A1/fr
Publication of EP2736061A1 publication Critical patent/EP2736061A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H01H33/596—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle for interrupting dc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6642—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings having cup-shaped contacts, the cylindrical wall of which being provided with inclined slits to form a coil
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6641—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings making use of a separate coil
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6644—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings having coil-like electrical connections between contact rod and the proper contact

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a vacuum interrupter assembly for switching a DC current.
  • HVDC high voltage direct current
  • a known solution for load and fault/short-circuit current switching is the use of semiconductor-based switches, which are typically used in point-to-point high power HVDC transmission.
  • semiconductor-based switches results in faster switching and smaller values of let-through fault current.
  • the disadvantages of using such switches however include high forward losses, sensitivity to transients and the lack of tangible isolation when the devices are in their off-state.
  • vacuum interrupter Another known solution for load and fault/short-circuit current switching is a vacuum interrupter.
  • the operation of the vacuum interrupter relies on the mechanical separation of electrically conductive contacts to open the associated electrical circuit.
  • Such a vacuum interrupter is capable of allowing high magnitude of continuous AC current with a high short-circuit current interrupting capability.
  • the conventional vacuum interrupter however exhibits poor performance in interrupting DC current because of the absence of current zero. Although it is feasible to use the conventional vacuum interrupter to interrupt low DC currents up to a few hundred amperes due to the instability of an arc at low currents, such a method is not only unreliable but is also incompatible with the levels of current typically found in HVDC applications.
  • This method of DC current interruption involves connecting an auxiliary circuit in parallel across the conventional vacuum interrupter, the auxiliary circuit comprising a capacitor, a combination of a capacitor and an inductor or any other oscillatory circuit.
  • the auxiliary circuit remains isolated by a spark gap during normal operation of the vacuum interrupter.
  • the spark ignition gap is switched on to introduce an oscillatory current of sufficient magnitude across the vacuum interrupter and thereby force the current across the interrupter to pass through a current zero. This allows the vacuum interrupter to successfully interrupt the DC current.
  • Such an arrangement however becomes complex, costly and space consuming due to the need to integrate the additional components of the auxiliary circuit.
  • a vacuum switch assembly for switching a DC current, the vacuum switch assembly comprising at least one vacuum switch, the or each vacuum switch including:
  • the above configuration of the slotted, first and second electrodes in the vacuum switch assembly enables the generation of a self-induced magnetic field that is perpendicular to the arc current drawn between the first and second electrodes during the current interruption process.
  • the arc voltage begins to rise while the arc current begins to drop rapidly to a residual current value until it reaches a value lower than the chopping current value of the electrode material. At this point the current drops instantly to zero, which results in full dielectric recovery and successful current interruption.
  • the ability to create a current zero in this manner therefore renders the vacuum switch assembly compatible for use as a load break switch or a circuit breaker in a DC network.
  • slotted electrodes each capable of generating a respective magnetic field in use, maintains the arc formed between the two electrodes in a diffused mode even at high levels of current, e.g. ⁇ 6 kA, and thereby permits interruption of high levels of current.
  • the generation of the self-induced magnetic field removes the need to incorporate additional equipment into the vacuum switch assembly in order to generate the required resultant magnetic field and thereby reduces the complexity of the layout of the vacuum switch assembly.
  • the comparatively simpler layout of the vacuum switch assembly has the effect of reducing the amount of space required for the assembly and the associated installation costs, while the reduced number of components in the vacuum switch assembly improves the reliability of the current interruption process.
  • the difference in diameter between the two electrodes means that the first electrode is in contact with only a portion of the second electrode when the gap between the first and second electrodes are closed. This allows each slotted portion(s) of the first electrode to be located in the remaining portion of the second electrode so that, in use, current is inhibited from flowing through the slotted portion(s) of the second electrode when the first and second electrodes are in contact. As such the second electrode does not generate a magnetic field when the first and second electrodes are in contact, thus minimising energy losses.
  • expansion of the arc in the diffused mode causes the slotted portion(s) of the second electrode to draw current and thereby generate a magnetic field.
  • each vacuum switch to set the diameter of the second electrode to be much larger than the diameter of the first electrode causes current to flow, in use, through each slotted portion(s) of the first electrode when the gap between the first and second electrodes is closed, thus allowing the first electrode to generate a magnetic field when the first and second electrodes are in contact.
  • the presence of a magnetic field prior to formation of an arc between the first and second electrodes aids the maintenance of the arc in the diffused mode once the arc between the first and second electrodes is formed.
  • the predetermined separation of the first and second electrodes may correspond to a maximum separation of the first and second electrodes.
  • the current interruption capability of the or each vacuum switch is dependent on the maximum separation between the first and second electrodes.
  • Each electrode may have any geometry that allows it to generate its respective magnetic field so as to enable formation of the required resultant magnetic field, as follows.
  • the second electrode may include an annular portion and the first electrode is shaped to be receivable inside the annular portion.
  • the first electrode may be sized to maintain a gap between the first electrode and the annular portion when the first electrode is received inside the annular portion.
  • the second electrode may further include a base, the annular portion being mounted on the base, and at least one of the rods may be movable relative to the other rod to open or close a gap between the first electrode and the base when the first electrode is received inside the annular portion.
  • At least one of the first and second electrodes may be shaped in the form of either
  • the resultant magnetic field may be formed to be substantially perpendicular to an arc current drawn in a gap between the annular portion and an outer radial portion of the first electrode.
  • the respective diameters of the first and second electrodes may be selected to ensure that, in use, the resultant magnetic field is substantially perpendicular to an arc current drawn in a gap between the annular portion and an outer radial portion of the first electrode.
  • the magnitude of current that can be interrupted by the or each vacuum switch is directly proportional to the diameter of the first electrode and the surface area of the second electrode.
  • the surface area of the anode is larger than the surface area of the cathode.
  • each electrode may vary, depending on the design requirements of the vacuum switch.
  • Each electrode may, for example, include either only a single slot or a plurality of slots, and each electrode may, for example, be made from a refractory material, which may be selected from a group of copper-chromium, copper-tungsten, copper tungsten carbide, tungsten, chromium or molybdenum.
  • At least part of the first and/or second electrodes may be made from a material with a chopping current value in the range of 0.5 A to 100 A.
  • the or each vacuum switch may further include a magnetic field generator located outside the vacuum tight enclosure, the magnetic field generator being controllable to provide a pulsed magnetic field inside the vacuum tight enclosure.
  • the magnetic field generator may be controlled to generate the pulsed magnetic field to boost the resultant magnetic field and thereby help speed up the extinguishing of any residual arc.
  • the ability to manipulate the timing of the generation of the pulsed magnetic field and the magnitude of the pulsed magnetic field provides precise control over the current interruption process.
  • the provision of the magnetic field generator also allows each electrode to be made from material that has low chopping current value and high electrical conductivity but are conducive to the high dielectric withstand requirements in a vacuum switch when the first and second electrodes are separated.
  • the number and arrangement of vacuum switches in the vacuum switch assembly may vary, depending on the design requirements of the power switching apparatus.
  • the vacuum switch assembly may, for example, include a plurality of series-connected and/or parallel-connected vacuum switches.
  • Multiple vacuum switches may be connected to define different configurations of the vacuum switch assembly in order to vary its operating voltage and current characteristics to match the requirements of the associated power application.
  • a power switching apparatus for switching a DC current including:
  • the switching assembly provides additional control over the current interruption process by enabling modification of the magnitude of current flowing through the vacuum switch assembly during the current interruption process.
  • the magnitude of current can be altered to minimise any adverse effects of high current densities on the electrodes to thereby improve the lifetime of the vacuum switch assembly.
  • the parallel connection of the vacuum switch and switching assemblies in the power switching apparatus also results in a simple layout of the power switching apparatus, which in turn reduces the manufacturing and installation costs of such an apparatus.
  • the pulsed power switch is simple in design with no moving parts, and can be designed to handle bidirectional power flow.
  • the pulsed power switch is capable of switching off power flow after a predetermined period of conduction, and has rapid switching capability, e.g. the period taken to switch from a closed state to an open state can vary in the range of nanoseconds to a few milliseconds.
  • the pulsed power switch can support a high voltage drop in its open state, e.g. up to a few MV, and is capable of carrying out repetitive operation. This in turn renders the pulsed power switch compatible for use in the switching assembly to aid current interruption in high voltage applications.
  • the or each pulsed power switch may be any one of:
  • Pulsed power switches of the hard tube type are high vacuum devices with a hot-cathode filament based cathode, and require a high forward voltage to achieve conduction.
  • Pulsed power switches of the plasma tube type are gas-filled devices, and require a relatively lower forward voltage to achieve conduction.
  • the nature of the filled gas may be, but is not limited to, hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, neon, xenon, or other gases and gas mixtures.
  • gases or gas mixtures are selected to provide the lowest forward voltage to reduce heat dissipation during normal conduction and to withstand high voltage during non-conduction.
  • Gases such as helium, krypton or hydrogen provide enhanced switching characteristics.
  • the power switching apparatus may further include a control circuit to switch the switching assembly between open and closed states.
  • the use of the control circuit enables rapid and automatic switching of the switching assembly.
  • the switching assembly may be controllable to switch from an open state to a closed state in response to a formation of a gap between the first and second electrodes of the or each vacuum switch.
  • the switching assembly may be controllable to switch from a closed state to an open state at a predetermined gap between the first and second electrodes of the or each vacuum switch following the formation of a gap between the first and second electrodes of the or each vacuum switch.
  • the predetermined gap between the first and second electrodes may correspond to formation of the resultant magnetic field.
  • the resultant magnetic field is formed in the gap between the first and second electrodes through interaction of the respective magnetic fields generated by the first and second electrodes.
  • the switching assembly is switched back to an open state so that all of the current flows through the vacuum switch. This in turn allows the resultant magnetic field to act on all of the current flowing through the or each vacuum switch.
  • the switching assembly may be controllable to switch from an open state to a closed state at a predetermined level of current prior to the extinguishing of current in the or each vacuum switch and is controllable to switch from a closed state to an open state following the extinguishing of current in the or each vacuum switch.
  • the predetermined level of current may correspond to flow of residual current in the or each vacuum switch.
  • the arc voltage begins to rise while the arc current begins to drop rapidly to a residual current value until it reaches a value lower than the chopping current value of the electrode material.
  • Switching the switching assembly to a closed state in the moments prior to the current being extinguished diverts the flow of any residual current through the switching assembly.
  • the switching assembly is then switched to an open state to complete the current interruption process.
  • the switching assembly may be controllable to switch from an open state to a closed state at a predetermined level of current prior to the extinguishing of current in the or each vacuum switch, the switching of the switching assembly from an open state to a closed state taking place only in response to formation of the resultant magnetic field, and the switching assembly may be controllable to switch from a closed state to an open state following the extinguishing of current in the or each vacuum switch.
  • the predetermined level of current may correspond to flow of residual current in the or each vacuum switch.
  • the configuration of the power switching apparatus in this manner provides a further mode of operation of the power switching apparatus to interrupt current.
  • multiple pulsed power switches may be connected to define different configurations of the switching assembly in order to vary its operating voltage and current characteristics to match the requirements of the associated power application.
  • the switching assembly may, for example, include a plurality of series-connected and/or parallel-connected pulsed power switches.
  • the switching assembly may be controllable to sequentially open or close the plurality of parallel-connected pulsed power switches.
  • the power switching apparatus is controllable to switch an AC current.
  • a first vacuum switch assembly according to a first embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 1 .
  • the structure of the first electrode 30 and the difference in diameter between the first and second electrode 30,32 means that current flows through the first annular portion 30a.
  • the first electrode 30 generates a magnetic field when the first and second electrodes 30,32 are in contact. This magnetic field does not affect the conduction of current through the first and second electrodes 30,32 during normal operation of the connected DC electrical circuit.
  • the magnetic field generator 46 is controlled to generate the pulsed magnetic field once the current reaches a low residual current value. This results in the pulsed magnetic field being superimposed on the resultant magnetic field, and thereby boosts the strength of the resultant magnetic field. This helps to reduce the time required to extinguish the residual arc.
  • the power switching apparatus 50 comprises a pair of terminals 52, a vacuum switch assembly 54, a switching assembly 56 and a control circuit 58.
  • the tubular bellows 24 is controlled to move the first rod 26 to the first position to bring the first and second electrodes 30,32 into contact.
  • the pulsed power switch remains in an open state. This allows current to flow between the negative and positive terminals 42,44 of the connected DC electrical circuit via the electrically conductive rods 26,28 of the vacuum switch 10 whilst no current flows through the switching assembly 56.
  • the switching assembly may include a plurality of series-connected and/or parallel-connected pulsed power switches.
  • multiple pulsed power switches may be connected to define different configurations of the switching assembly in order to vary its operating voltage and current characteristics to match the power requirements of the associated power application.
  • multiple vacuum switches and pulsed power switches can be connected in series and parallel to interrupt continuous current ⁇ 6 kA and short-circuit current ⁇ 100kA at an operating voltage of ⁇ 400kV of a HVDC multi-terminal network.
  • the maximum duration of conduction of the pulsed power switch may be up to 1 to 3 ms.
  • each electrode may vary depending on the magnitude of current to be interrupted.
  • the second electrode may be shaped in the form of a coil only, and/or the first electrode may be shaped in the form of any one of:

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • High-Tension Arc-Extinguishing Switches Without Spraying Means (AREA)
EP12275184.5A 2012-11-23 2012-11-23 Ensemble interrupteur à vide Ceased EP2736061A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12275184.5A EP2736061A1 (fr) 2012-11-23 2012-11-23 Ensemble interrupteur à vide
PCT/EP2013/073723 WO2014079749A1 (fr) 2012-11-23 2013-11-13 Ensemble rupteur à vide

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12275184.5A EP2736061A1 (fr) 2012-11-23 2012-11-23 Ensemble interrupteur à vide

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2736061A1 true EP2736061A1 (fr) 2014-05-28

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EP12275184.5A Ceased EP2736061A1 (fr) 2012-11-23 2012-11-23 Ensemble interrupteur à vide

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EP (1) EP2736061A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014079749A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104183415A (zh) * 2014-09-19 2014-12-03 昆山瑞普电气有限公司 封闭式大功率真空三相交流接触器
US9570263B2 (en) 2013-06-11 2017-02-14 Supergrid Institute Sas Vacuum switching assembly
CN109256793A (zh) * 2017-07-14 2019-01-22 周锡卫 一种多功能储能移动式船舶岸电系统及控制方法

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9748857B2 (en) 2015-08-12 2017-08-29 General Electric Company Method and system for a gas tube-based current source high voltage direct current transmission system
US9520801B1 (en) 2015-08-12 2016-12-13 General Electric Company Method and system for a gas tube switch-based voltage source high voltage direct current transmission system
CN112951645A (zh) * 2021-01-28 2021-06-11 中国人民解放军海军工程大学 一种充气式直流灭弧室

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3252050A (en) * 1964-04-07 1966-05-17 Gen Electric Circuit interrupting means for a high voltage direct-current circuit with means for reducing the severity of the recovery voltage
US3366762A (en) * 1965-04-16 1968-01-30 Gen Electric Arc controlling electrodes for switches and gaps
US3475620A (en) * 1967-12-29 1969-10-28 Atomic Energy Commission Heavy current arcing switch
US3845263A (en) * 1972-11-07 1974-10-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Circuit breaker with spring charged operating mechanism

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3252050A (en) * 1964-04-07 1966-05-17 Gen Electric Circuit interrupting means for a high voltage direct-current circuit with means for reducing the severity of the recovery voltage
US3366762A (en) * 1965-04-16 1968-01-30 Gen Electric Arc controlling electrodes for switches and gaps
US3475620A (en) * 1967-12-29 1969-10-28 Atomic Energy Commission Heavy current arcing switch
US3845263A (en) * 1972-11-07 1974-10-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Circuit breaker with spring charged operating mechanism

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
K. H. SCHOENBACH: "A review of opening switch technology for inductive energy storage", PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, vol. 72, no. 8, August 1984 (1984-08-01), pages 1019 - 1040, XP055098446, DOI: doi:10.1109/PROC.1984.12969
K. H. SCHOENBACH; M. KRISTIANSEN; G. SCHAEFER: "A review of opening switch technology for inductive energy storage", PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, vol. 72, no. 8, August 1984 (1984-08-01), pages 1019 - 1040, XP055098446, DOI: doi:10.1109/PROC.1984.12969
K.H. SCHOENBACH; M. KRISTIANSEN: "Diffuse Discharges and Opening Switches - A Review of the Tamarrow Workshops", PROCEEDING OF 4TH IEEE PULSED POWER CONFERENCE, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO, 1983, pages 26 - 32

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9570263B2 (en) 2013-06-11 2017-02-14 Supergrid Institute Sas Vacuum switching assembly
CN104183415A (zh) * 2014-09-19 2014-12-03 昆山瑞普电气有限公司 封闭式大功率真空三相交流接触器
CN109256793A (zh) * 2017-07-14 2019-01-22 周锡卫 一种多功能储能移动式船舶岸电系统及控制方法
CN109256793B (zh) * 2017-07-14 2024-04-09 周锡卫 一种多功能储能移动式船舶岸电系统的控制方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2014079749A1 (fr) 2014-05-30

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