EP2730371B1 - Device for setting a predetermined radial gap size of the blades of a turbomachine - Google Patents
Device for setting a predetermined radial gap size of the blades of a turbomachine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2730371B1 EP2730371B1 EP13003934.0A EP13003934A EP2730371B1 EP 2730371 B1 EP2730371 B1 EP 2730371B1 EP 13003934 A EP13003934 A EP 13003934A EP 2730371 B1 EP2730371 B1 EP 2730371B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- grinding
- blades
- turbomachine
- blade
- grinding device
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B19/00—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group
- B24B19/14—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group for grinding turbine blades, propeller blades or the like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B55/00—Safety devices for grinding or polishing machines; Accessories fitted to grinding or polishing machines for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition
- B24B55/06—Dust extraction equipment on grinding or polishing machines
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
- F01D25/26—Double casings; Measures against temperature strain in casings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/005—Repairing methods or devices
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/14—Form or construction
- F01D5/20—Specially-shaped blade tips to seal space between tips and stator
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for setting a predetermined radial gap of arranged in a housing of a turbomachine blades.
- Blades of turbomachines are subject during operation to a very high material stress and a correspondingly large wear. For this reason, the blades are usually replaced by new blades during maintenance work after a predetermined period of operation.
- the operating time is advantageously chosen such that the exchanged blades can still be repaired.
- the turbine blades, the turbine vanes and the guide segments are replaced.
- the original radial blade clearance must also be achieved in the new turbine blades.
- the blade tips of the new blades are machined accordingly prior to their assembly. Since the radial gap dimension depends not only on the manufacturing tolerances of the new blades but also on other influencing factors, the final radial blade gap results only after complete replacement of all blades.
- Factors influencing this are, for example, the contour of the new guide vanes, the contour of the new guide rings, the coating of the new vanes and guide rings, the change in the position of the new vanes relative to the position of the replaced old vanes, and the like.
- the finally adjusting gap dimension is correspondingly difficult in advance and can only be calculated within a fairly broad tolerance band.
- the machining of the blade tips of new blades to adjust the radial gap is usually done in the context of grinding. This is always carried out away from the turbomachine, since otherwise there would be a risk that the turbomachine is affected by the resulting during processing sanding dust.
- the blades can be machined using a conventional grinding system mounted on the original wheel disc state, including the runner must be unstacked in advance, which is associated with a lot of effort.
- a so-called dummy wheel disc can be used, which eliminates the unstacking of the rotor.
- the use of such a dummy wheel disc is in turn associated with a lower machining accuracy, which can adversely affect the performance of the turbomachine. It is also possible to machine the blades without wheel disc with a so-called single blade grinding, which is associated with further losses in terms of machining accuracy.
- an object of the present invention to provide a method of the type mentioned and a grinding apparatus for performing the method, with which the setting of a predetermined radial gap of arranged in a housing of a turbomachine blades in the context of a grinding of the Shovel tips easy, fast and convenient with very high machining accuracy feasible without endangering the proper operation of the turbomachine.
- the present invention provides a method of the type mentioned, comprising the steps of: a) removing a housing part under at least partial exposure of the blades to be machined; b) arranging a grinding device portion of a blade to be machined such that the tip of the blade can be processed with a grinding wheel of the grinding device; c) shielding the processing area by disposing a shielding device configured to oppose leaving of grinding dust from the shielded processing area; d) providing a suction such that it sucks sanding dust from the shielded processing area; and e) grinding the bucket tip of the bucket in situ to produce the predetermined radial gap.
- the inventive method is characterized in particular by the fact that the shielding of the processing area and the suction prevent fouling of the turbomachine by grinding dust, whereby machining in situ on a mounted in the intended condition blade is made possible.
- the processing of the blades in situ is on the one hand to the advantage that a very high, the known method superior machining accuracy is achieved, so that not only maintaining an original performance of the turbomachine but also optimize the performance by adjusting the radial gap can be done.
- a destacking of the rotor is not required for carrying out the method, whereby time and cost can be saved.
- the blades may be, for example, those of a compressor or a turbine.
- step e the grinding device and a further blade are aligned with each other, after which again steps c) to e) are performed.
- steps c) to e) are performed.
- step e) is carried out on a blade having already been ground
- Vane tip performed.
- the pre-grinding of the blade tip for example, in a state in which the blade is fixed to a dummy wheel disc as described above, or using a Einzelschaufelschleifvorraum.
- the final or fine machining is then carried out in the intended mounted state of the blade using the method according to the invention, which then highest machining accuracies and a correspondingly optimal performance of the turbomachine can be achieved.
- the shielding device is preferably formed by a brush arrangement provided on the grinding device and encircling the grinding wheel in an annular manner.
- the use of a brush arrangement as a shielding device is advantageous in that the flexible brushes are sealingly applied to the component to be processed, so that gaps are eliminated by which the grinding dust can escape from the shielded processing area.
- the dimensions of the grinding device used are matched to the distances between axially adjacent blade arrangements of the turbomachine, that the blades of all blade assemblies can be edited collision-free with the grinding wheel of the grinding device. Accordingly, for example, the blades of all stages of a turbine can be machined with a single grinder, thereby avoiding changeover times.
- cooling fluid bores provided on the rotor blade are at least partially closed before the implementation of step e). In this way it can be prevented that during the processing resulting grinding dust within the shielded processing area clogs existing cooling fluid bores. Also, clogging of the cooling fluid bores counteracted when sanding dust should leave the shielded processing area despite the shielding and the suction.
- the closing of cooling air holes is advantageously carried out using adhesive tape and / or wax.
- Adhesive tape is preferred at those locations that do not come into contact with the shielding device.
- wax is particularly suitable in the area of the blade tips, since wax is normally not dissolved upon contact with the shielding device.
- the grinding device is held movably on a cross slide arranged on a base plate in two mutually perpendicular directions. Accordingly, the grinding wheel can be moved appropriately for machining the blade tip.
- the base plate is attached in step b) to the housing of the turbomachine. Accordingly, unwanted relative movements between the grinding wheel and the blade to be machined can be excluded and thus a proper work result can be ensured.
- the present invention further provides a grinding apparatus, in particular for carrying out the method described above, which comprises a grinding wheel, a grinding wheel enclosing shielding device, which is designed such that it shields the processing area during normal operation of the grinding device, and a suction device, which is designed such that it sucks abrasive particles from the shielded processing area during the normal operation of the grinding device.
- the shielding device is according to one embodiment of Grinding device according to the invention provided in the form of a grinding wheel annularly enclosing brush assembly. With such a brush arrangement very good results were achieved.
- the grinding device according to the invention is movably held on a cross slide arranged on a base plate in two mutually perpendicular directions, wherein on the base plate a fastening device is provided, which is designed such that the base plate is detachably fastened to a housing of a turbomachine.
- FIG. 1 shows a grinding apparatus 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the grinding device 1 comprises a grinding wheel 2, which is rotationally driven by a drive 3.
- the grinding wheel 2 is annularly bordered by a shielding device, which in the present case is formed by a brush arrangement 4.
- the brush assembly 4 comprises a plurality of flexible bristles projecting outwardly over the grinding wheel 2 so as to come into contact with a workpiece to be machined during normal operation of the grinding apparatus 1.
- the grinding device 1 comprises a suction device 5 arranged underneath the grinding wheel 2, which during the normal operation of the grinding device 1 draws off abrasive particles from the shielded processing region of the grinding device 1, which is defined by the brush arrangement 4.
- the drive of the grinding wheel 2 and the suction 5 are coupled to one another such that the drive is switched off automatically in case of failure of the suction 5.
- the grinding device 1 is held movably on a cross slide 7 arranged on a base plate 6 in two mutually perpendicular directions in the plane of the base plate 6.
- the movement of the grinding device 1 is realized via a drive unit not shown in detail and an associated control.
- the dimensions and the weight of the grinding device 1 are chosen overall such that they can be easily packaged and transported to the operating location of turbomachines.
- the grinding device 1 is designed to be portable.
- FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention, which under Use of in FIG. 1 Grinder 1 shown is performed.
- the method is used to optimize a predetermined radial gap of arranged in a housing of a turbomachine blades and, accordingly, to optimize the performance of the turbomachine.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a partial view of a turbomachine 8 after performing step S1.
- the turbomachine 8 comprises a two-part housing with a lower housing shell 9 and an upper housing shell, which is placed on the lower housing shell 9 and screwed in the proper condition along a parting line 10 with this.
- the upper housing shell is lifted so that the blades 11 of the present three stages 12, 13 and 14 having turbomachine are freely accessible.
- cooling fluid bores of the individual rotor blades 11 are closed using adhesive tape 15 and / or wax in order to prevent the grinding dust from clogging the cooling fluid bores during the execution of a subsequent grinding operation in step S6.
- Adhesive tape 15 is used at those locations that are not with the brush assembly 4 in the frame come into contact with the grinding process. In all other places, especially in the area of the blade tips, however, wax is used, since this does not detach even when in contact with the brush assembly 4.
- step S3 the grinding device 1 is arranged in the region of a blade 11 to be machined of the step 12 such that the tip of the blade with the grinding wheel 2 of the grinding device 1 can be processed. More specifically, the base plate 6, on which the grinding device 1 is mounted, is fastened to the parting line 10 of the lower casing shell 9 of the turbomachine 8 by using screws 16, as shown in FIG FIG. 4 is shown schematically. Accordingly, the grinding wheel 2 can be moved in the direction of the arrows 17 and 18 using the cross slide 7 for machining the blade 11.
- step S4 the working region is shielded in such a way that it leaves during grinding sanding dust from the shielded processing area is counteracted. It should be noted that in FIG. 4 the upper row of brushes of the brush assembly 4 is not shown to release the view of the grinding wheel 2.
- the suction 5 is automatically provided in accordance with step S5 such that it sucks during the grinding grinding dust from the shielded processing area.
- step S6 now the blade tip of the blade 11 in situ generating the predetermined Optimized gap dimension ground. Thanks to the fact that the grinding is performed on the blade 11 in the intended mounted state, this highest machining accuracies are achieved.
- the grinding dust is prevented by the brush assembly 4 from leaving the shielded processing area, and removed using the suction 5 from the processing area. In this way, contamination of the turbomachine by grinding dust is effectively counteracted. If the suction 5 fails during grinding, the drive of the grinding wheel 2 is automatically switched off, since lack of suction pollution-free machining can not be guaranteed.
- step S7 the step 12 is rotated such that the tip of another blade 11 can be processed with the grinding wheel 2 of the grinding device 1, whereupon the steps S4 to S6 are carried out again. This process is repeated until all blades 11 of stage 12 have been optimally processed with respect to the gap dimension.
- the grinding wheel 2 can be moved in the direction of the arrow 17 to the step 13 as a function of the width of the base plate 6 or of the length of the cross slide 7.
- the base plate 6 can naturally also be displaced manually along the parting line 10 of the turbomachine 8.
- the dimensions of the grinding device 1 are matched to the distances between the individual stages 12, 13 and 14 such that the moving blades 11 of all stages 12, 13 and 14 can be machined without collision with the grinding wheel 2 of the grinding device 1.
- the width of the grinding device 1 is selected such that when processing a blade 11 of the stage 12, a collision of the grinding device 1 with the radially over the Blades 11 of the stage 12 projecting blades 11 of the stage 13 is not to be feared.
- a machining of the blades 11 of the stage 13 is possible without the grinding device 1 colliding with the blades 11 of the stage 14.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present invention for re-setting the original gap after replacement of worn blades with new blades.
- FIG. Method steps of this second variant the method steps of referring to FIG. 2 correspond to the first method variant described are in FIG. 5 for simplicity, provided with identical reference numerals. A further explanation of these mutually corresponding method steps will be omitted below.
- step S1 a housing part of a turbomachine is removed with at least partial exposure of blades to be machined of the turbomachine, so that, for example, an arrangement according to FIG. 3 results.
- step S9 new blades are provided which replace the worn blades.
- step S10 the blade tips of the new blades provided in step S9 are pre-machined in an abrasive machining process.
- This preprocessing can be done, for example, using a dummy wheel disc or a single blade grinding device, as has already been described in connection with the methods known in the prior art.
- step S11 the pre-machined blades are installed to replace the blades removed in step S8.
- step S10 The preprocessing of the new blades in step S10 when disassembled takes place primarily against the background that the amount of grinding dust accumulated in step S6 is to be reduced to a minimum.
- step S10 basically also omitted and the entire grinding of the blade tips can be performed in step S6.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Einstellung eines vorbestimmten radialen Spaltmaßes von in einem Gehäuse einer Strömungsmaschine angeordneten Laufschaufeln.The present invention relates to a device for setting a predetermined radial gap of arranged in a housing of a turbomachine blades.
Schaufeln von Strömungsmaschinen, insbesondere Turbinenschaufeln, unterliegen während des Betriebs einer sehr hohen Materialbeanspruchung und einem entsprechend großen Verschleiß. Aus diesem Grund werden die Schaufeln im Rahmen von Wartungsarbeiten normalerweise nach einer vorbestimmten Betriebsdauer durch neue Schaufeln ersetzt. Die Betriebsdauer ist dabei vorteilhaft derart gewählt ist, dass sich die ausgetauschten Schaufeln noch reparieren lassen.Blades of turbomachines, in particular turbine blades, are subject during operation to a very high material stress and a correspondingly large wear. For this reason, the blades are usually replaced by new blades during maintenance work after a predetermined period of operation. The operating time is advantageously chosen such that the exchanged blades can still be repaired.
Werden die Schaufeln einer Turbine ausgetauscht, so werden die Turbinenlaufschaufeln, die Turbinenleitschaufeln und die Führungssegmente ersetzt. Um bei einem solchen Austausch die Aufrechterhaltung der ursprünglichen Turbinenleistung gewährleisten zu können, muss auch bei den neuen Turbinenlaufschaufeln das originäre radiale Schaufelspaltmaß erzielt werden. Hierzu werden die Schaufelspitzen der neuen Laufschaufeln vor ihrer Montage entsprechend mechanisch bearbeitet. Da das radiale Spaltmaß aber nicht nur von den Fertigungstoleranzen der neuen Laufschaufeln sondern auch von weiteren Einflussfaktoren abhängig ist, ergibt sich der endgültige radiale Schaufelspalt erst nach komplettem Tausch aller Schaufeln. Als Einflussfaktoren sind hier beispielsweise die Kontur der neuen Leitschaufeln, die Kontur der neuen Führungsringe, die Beschichtung der neuen Leitschaufeln und Führungsringe, die Veränderung der Position der neuen Schaufeln relativ zur Position der ersetzten alten Schaufeln und dergleichen zu nennen. Das sich endgültig einstellende Spaltmaß ist im Vorfeld entsprechend schwer und nur innerhalb eines recht breiten Toleranzbandes kalkulierbar.When the vanes of a turbine are replaced, the turbine blades, the turbine vanes and the guide segments are replaced. In order to be able to ensure the maintenance of the original turbine performance in such an exchange, the original radial blade clearance must also be achieved in the new turbine blades. For this purpose, the blade tips of the new blades are machined accordingly prior to their assembly. Since the radial gap dimension depends not only on the manufacturing tolerances of the new blades but also on other influencing factors, the final radial blade gap results only after complete replacement of all blades. Factors influencing this are, for example, the contour of the new guide vanes, the contour of the new guide rings, the coating of the new vanes and guide rings, the change in the position of the new vanes relative to the position of the replaced old vanes, and the like. The finally adjusting gap dimension is correspondingly difficult in advance and can only be calculated within a fairly broad tolerance band.
Die mechanische Bearbeitung der Schaufelspitzen neuer Laufschaufeln zur Einstellung des radialen Spaltmaßes erfolgt normalerweise im Rahmen einer Schleifbearbeitung. Diese wird stets abseits der Strömungsmaschine durchgeführt, da ansonsten die Gefahr bestünde, dass die Strömungsmaschine durch den während der Bearbeitung entstehenden Schleifstaub beeinträchtigt wird. So können die Schaufeln beispielsweise unter Verwendung einer herkömmlichen Schleifanlage im an der originalen Radscheibe montierten Zustand bearbeitet werden, wozu der Läufer vorab jedoch entstapelt werden muss, was mit einem hohen Aufwand verbunden ist. Alternativ kann anstelle der originalen Radscheibe auch eine so genannte Dummy-Radscheibe verwendet werden, womit das Entstapeln des Läufers entfällt. Die Verwendung einer solchen Dummy-Radscheibe geht allerdings wiederum mit einer geringeren Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit einher, die sich nachteilig auf die Leistung der Strömungsmaschine auswirken kann. Ferner besteht die Möglichkeit die Laufschaufeln ohne Radscheibe mit einer so genannten Einzelschaufelschleifvorrichtung zu bearbeiten, was mit weiteren Einbußen hinsichtlich der Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit verbunden ist.The machining of the blade tips of new blades to adjust the radial gap is usually done in the context of grinding. This is always carried out away from the turbomachine, since otherwise there would be a risk that the turbomachine is affected by the resulting during processing sanding dust. Thus, for example, the blades can be machined using a conventional grinding system mounted on the original wheel disc state, including the runner must be unstacked in advance, which is associated with a lot of effort. Alternatively, instead of the original wheel disc and a so-called dummy wheel disc can be used, which eliminates the unstacking of the rotor. However, the use of such a dummy wheel disc is in turn associated with a lower machining accuracy, which can adversely affect the performance of the turbomachine. It is also possible to machine the blades without wheel disc with a so-called single blade grinding, which is associated with further losses in terms of machining accuracy.
Unterschiedliche Schleifvorrichtungen und Schleifverfahren sind in den Druckschriften
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik ist eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art sowie eine Schleifvorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens zu schaffen, mit denen das Einstellen eines vorbestimmten radialen Spaltmaßes von in einem Gehäuse einer Strömungsmaschine angeordneten Laufschaufeln im Rahmen einer Schleifbearbeitung der Schaufelspitzen einfach, schnell und bequem bei sehr hoher Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit durchführbar ist, ohne den ordnungsgemäßen Betrieb der Strömungsmaschine zu gefährden.Based on this prior art, an object of the present invention to provide a method of the type mentioned and a grinding apparatus for performing the method, with which the setting of a predetermined radial gap of arranged in a housing of a turbomachine blades in the context of a grinding of the Shovel tips easy, fast and convenient with very high machining accuracy feasible without endangering the proper operation of the turbomachine.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe schafft die vorliegende Erfindung ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art, das die Schritte aufweist: a) Entfernen eines Gehäuseteils unter zumindest teilweiser Freilegung der zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufeln; b) Anordnen einer Schleifvorrichtung Bereich einer zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufel derart, dass die Spitze der Laufschaufel mit einer Schleifscheibe der Schleifvorrichtung bearbeitet werden kann; c) Abschirmen des Bearbeitungsbereiches durch Anordnen einer Abschirmeinrichtung, die derart ausgebildet ist, dass sie einem Verlassen von Schleifstaub aus dem abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich entgegenwirkt; d) Vorsehen einer Absaugung derart, dass sie Schleifstaub aus dem abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich absaugt; und e) Schleifen der Schaufelspitze der Laufschaufel in situ unter Erzeugung des vorbestimmten radialen Spaltmaßes. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zeichnet sich insbesondere dadurch aus, dass die Abschirmung des Bearbeitungsbereiches und die Absaugung ein Verschmutzen der Strömungsmaschine durch Schleifstaub verhindern, wodurch eine Bearbeitung in situ an einer im bestimmungsgemäßen Zustand montierten Laufschaufel ermöglicht wird. Die Bearbeitung der Laufschaufeln in situ ist zum einen dahingehend von Vorteil, dass eine sehr hohe, den bekannten Verfahren überlegene Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit erzielt wird, so dass nicht nur eine Beibehaltung einer ursprünglichen Leistung der Strömungsmaschine gewährleistet werden sondern auch eine Optimierung der Leistung durch Einstellung des radialen Spaltmaßes erfolgen kann. Zum anderen ist zur Durchführung des Verfahrens eine Entstapelung des Läufers nicht erforderlich, wodurch Zeit und Kosten eingespart werden können. Bei den Laufschaufeln kann es sich beispielsweise um solche eines Verdichters oder einer Turbine handeln.To achieve this object, the present invention provides a method of the type mentioned, comprising the steps of: a) removing a housing part under at least partial exposure of the blades to be machined; b) arranging a grinding device portion of a blade to be machined such that the tip of the blade can be processed with a grinding wheel of the grinding device; c) shielding the processing area by disposing a shielding device configured to oppose leaving of grinding dust from the shielded processing area; d) providing a suction such that it sucks sanding dust from the shielded processing area; and e) grinding the bucket tip of the bucket in situ to produce the predetermined radial gap. The inventive method is characterized in particular by the fact that the shielding of the processing area and the suction prevent fouling of the turbomachine by grinding dust, whereby machining in situ on a mounted in the intended condition blade is made possible. The processing of the blades in situ is on the one hand to the advantage that a very high, the known method superior machining accuracy is achieved, so that not only maintaining an original performance of the turbomachine but also optimize the performance by adjusting the radial gap can be done. On the other hand, a destacking of the rotor is not required for carrying out the method, whereby time and cost can be saved. The blades may be, for example, those of a compressor or a turbine.
Bevorzugt werden nach Beenden von Schritt e) die Schleifeinrichtung und eine weitere Laufschaufel zueinander ausgerichtet, woraufhin erneut die Schritte c) bis e) durchgeführt werden. Mit anderen Worten werden hier mehrere Laufschaufeln nacheinander bearbeitet.Preferably, after completion of step e), the grinding device and a further blade are aligned with each other, after which again steps c) to e) are performed. In other words, here several blades are processed one after the other.
Gemäß einer Variante des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird Schritt e) an einer Laufschaufel mit bereits vorgeschliffenerAccording to a variant of the method according to the invention, step e) is carried out on a blade having already been ground
Schaufelspitze durchgeführt. Das Vorschleifen der Schaufelspitze kann beispielsweise in einem Zustand erfolgen, in dem die Laufschaufel wie eingangs beschrieben an einer Dummy-Radscheibe befestigt ist, oder unter Verwendung einer Einzelschaufelschleifvorrichtung. Die End- bzw. Feinbearbeitung erfolgt dann im bestimmungsgemäß montierten Zustand der Laufschaufel unter Einsatz des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, wodurch sich dann höchste Bearbeitungsgenauigkeiten und eine entsprechend optimale Leistung der Strömungsmaschine erzielen lassen.Vane tip performed. The pre-grinding of the blade tip, for example, in a state in which the blade is fixed to a dummy wheel disc as described above, or using a Einzelschaufelschleifvorrichtung. The final or fine machining is then carried out in the intended mounted state of the blade using the method according to the invention, which then highest machining accuracies and a correspondingly optimal performance of the turbomachine can be achieved.
Bevorzugt ist die Abschirmeinrichtung durch eine an der Schleifvorrichtung vorgesehene, die Schleifscheibe ringförmig einfassende Bürstenanordnung gebildet. Die Verwendung einer Bürstenanordnung als Abschirmeinrichtung ist dahingehend von Vorteil, dass sich die flexiblen Bürsten an das zu bearbeitende Bauteil dichtend anlegen, so dass Spalte eliminiert werden, durch die Schleifstaub aus dem abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich austreten kann.The shielding device is preferably formed by a brush arrangement provided on the grinding device and encircling the grinding wheel in an annular manner. The use of a brush arrangement as a shielding device is advantageous in that the flexible brushes are sealingly applied to the component to be processed, so that gaps are eliminated by which the grinding dust can escape from the shielded processing area.
Vorteilhaft sind die Abmessungen der verwendeten Schleifvorrichtung derart auf die Abstände zwischen axial benachbarten Schaufelanordnungen der Strömungsmaschine abgestimmt sind, dass die Laufschaufeln sämtlicher Schaufelanordnungen mit der Schleifscheibe der Schleifvorrichtung kollisionsfrei bearbeitet werden können. Entsprechend können beispielsweise die Laufschaufeln sämtlicher Stufen einer Turbine mit einer einzigen Schleifvorrichtung bearbeitet werden, wodurch Umrüstzeiten vermieden werden.Advantageously, the dimensions of the grinding device used are matched to the distances between axially adjacent blade arrangements of the turbomachine, that the blades of all blade assemblies can be edited collision-free with the grinding wheel of the grinding device. Accordingly, for example, the blades of all stages of a turbine can be machined with a single grinder, thereby avoiding changeover times.
Bevorzugt werden an der Laufschaufel vorgesehene Kühlfluidbohrungen vor der Durchführung des Schrittes e) zumindest teilweise verschlossen. Auf diese Weise kann verhindert werden, dass während der Bearbeitung entstehender Schleifstaub innerhalb des abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereiches vorhandene Kühlfluidbohrungen zusetzt. Auch wird einem Verstopfen der Kühlfluidbohrungen entgegengewirkt, wenn Schleifstaub trotz der Abschirmeinrichtung und der Absaugung den abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich verlassen sollte.Preferably, cooling fluid bores provided on the rotor blade are at least partially closed before the implementation of step e). In this way it can be prevented that during the processing resulting grinding dust within the shielded processing area clogs existing cooling fluid bores. Also, clogging of the cooling fluid bores counteracted when sanding dust should leave the shielded processing area despite the shielding and the suction.
Das Verschließen von Kühlluftbohrungen erfolgt vorteilhaft unter Verwendung von Klebeband und/oder Wachs. Klebeband wird an denjenigen Stellen bevorzugt, die nicht mit der Abschirmeinrichtung in Kontakt kommen. Die Verwendung von Wachs bietet sich insbesondere im Bereich der Schaufelspitzen an, da Wachs bei Kontakt mit der Abschirmeinrichtung normalerweise nicht gelöst wird.The closing of cooling air holes is advantageously carried out using adhesive tape and / or wax. Adhesive tape is preferred at those locations that do not come into contact with the shielding device. The use of wax is particularly suitable in the area of the blade tips, since wax is normally not dissolved upon contact with the shielding device.
Gemäß einer Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist die Schleifvorrichtung an einem auf einer Basisplatte angeordneten Kreuzschlitten in zwei zueinander senkrechten Richtungen bewegbar gehalten. Entsprechend kann die Schleifscheibe zur Bearbeitung der Schaufelspitze geeignet verfahren werden.According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the grinding device is held movably on a cross slide arranged on a base plate in two mutually perpendicular directions. Accordingly, the grinding wheel can be moved appropriately for machining the blade tip.
Bevorzugt wird die Basisplatte in Schritt b) an dem Gehäuse der Strömungsmaschine befestigt. Entsprechend können ungewollte Relativbewegungen zwischen der Schleifscheibe und der zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufel ausgeschlossen und somit ein ordnungsgemäßes Arbeitsergebnis sichergestellt werden.Preferably, the base plate is attached in step b) to the housing of the turbomachine. Accordingly, unwanted relative movements between the grinding wheel and the blade to be machined can be excluded and thus a proper work result can be ensured.
Zur Lösung der eingangs genannten Aufgabe schafft die vorliegende Erfindung ferner eine Schleifvorrichtung, insbesondere zur Durchführung des zuvor beschriebenen Verfahrens, die eine Schleifscheibe, eine die Schleifscheibe einfassende Abschirmeinrichtung, die derart ausgebildet ist, dass sie den Bearbeitungsbereich während des bestimmungsgemäßen Betriebs der Schleifvorrichtung abschirmt, und eine Absaugung umfasst, die derart ausgebildet ist, dass sie während des bestimmungsgemäßen Betriebs der Schleifvorrichtung Schleifpartikel aus dem abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich absaugt.To achieve the object mentioned above, the present invention further provides a grinding apparatus, in particular for carrying out the method described above, which comprises a grinding wheel, a grinding wheel enclosing shielding device, which is designed such that it shields the processing area during normal operation of the grinding device, and a suction device, which is designed such that it sucks abrasive particles from the shielded processing area during the normal operation of the grinding device.
Die Abschirmeinrichtung ist gemäß einer Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Schleifvorrichtung in Form einer die Schleifscheibe ringförmig einfassenden Bürstenanordnung vorgesehen. Mit einer solchen Bürstenanordnung wurden sehr gute Ergebnisse erzielt.The shielding device is according to one embodiment of Grinding device according to the invention provided in the form of a grinding wheel annularly enclosing brush assembly. With such a brush arrangement very good results were achieved.
Die Schleifvorrichtung ist erfindungsgemäß an einem auf einer Basisplatte angeordneten Kreuzschlitten in zwei zueinander senkrechten Richtungen bewegbar gehalten, wobei an der Basisplatte eine Befestigungseinrichtung vorgesehen ist, die derart ausgebildet ist, dass die Basisplatte an einem Gehäuse einer Strömungsmaschine lösbar befestigbar ist.The grinding device according to the invention is movably held on a cross slide arranged on a base plate in two mutually perpendicular directions, wherein on the base plate a fastening device is provided, which is designed such that the base plate is detachably fastened to a housing of a turbomachine.
Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der vorliegenden Erfindung werden anhand der nachfolgenden Beschreibung eines Ausführungsbeispiels unter Bezugnahme auf die beiliegende Zeichnung deutlich. Darin ist:
-
eine schematische Vorderansicht einer Schleifvorrichtung gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung;Figur 1 -
ein Ablaufdiagramm, das schematisch die Schritte eines unter Verwendung der inFigur 2 dargestellten Schleifvorrichtung durchgeführten Verfahrens gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung zeigt;Figur 1 -
eine schematische perspektivische Teilansicht einer Strömungsmaschine, die drei axial benachbart angeordnete Laufschaufelanordnungen bzw. Stufen bei abgehobenem oberen Gehäuseteil zeigt;Figur 3 -
eine schematische vergrößerte perspektivische Teilansicht der inFigur 4 dargestellten Strömungsmaschine, die die Bearbeitung einer Schaufelspitze einer Laufschaufel der Strömungsmaschine unter Verwendung der inFigur 3 dargestellten Schleifvorrichtung zeigt; undFigur 1 -
Figur 5 ein Ablaufdiagramm, das schematisch die Schritte eines unter Verwendung der in dargestellten Schleifvorrichtung durchgeführten Verfahrens gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung zeigt.Figur 1
-
FIG. 1 a schematic front view of a grinding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 a flow chart schematically illustrating the steps of using the inFIG. 1 illustrated grinding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 a schematic perspective partial view of a turbomachine showing three axially adjacent blade assemblies or stages with lifted upper housing part; -
FIG. 4 a schematic enlarged partial perspective view of inFIG. 3 illustrated turbomachine, the processing of a blade tip of a blade of the turbomachine using the inFIG. 1 shown grinding device shows; and -
FIG. 5 a flow chart schematically illustrating the steps of using the inFIG. 1 illustrated grinding method according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Ausgangspunkt dieser erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensvariante ist eine Strömungsmaschine, deren radiales Spaltmaß bzw. Leistung mit einem der eingangs beschriebenen bekannten Verfahren durch Kürzen der Laufschaufeln bereits eingestellt wurde. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Laufschaufeln bei sämtlichen dieser Verfahren im ausgebauten Zustand bearbeitet werden, kann die Einstellung des radialen Spaltmaßes und entsprechend die Leistung der Strömungsmaschine weiter optimiert werden, wozu erfindungsgemäß die folgenden Schritte durchgeführt werden:Starting point of this process variant according to the invention is a turbomachine whose radial gap or power has already been set by one of the known methods described above by cutting the blades. Due to the fact that the blades are processed in the disassembled state in all of these methods, the adjustment of the radial gap and correspondingly the performance of the turbomachine can be further optimized, according to the invention, the following steps are carried out:
In einem ersten Schritt S1 wird ein Gehäuseteil der Strömungsmaschine unter zumindest teilweiser Freilegung von zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufeln entfernt.
In einem zweiten Schritt S2 werden Kühlfluidbohrungen der einzelnen Laufschaufeln 11 unter Verwendung von Klebeband 15 und/oder Wachs verschlossen, um zu verhindern, dass Schleifstaub während der Durchführung einer sich in Schritt S6 anschließenden Schleifbearbeitung die Kühlfluidbohrungen zusetzen kann. Klebeband 15 wird an denjenigen Stellen eingesetzt, die nicht mit der Bürstenanordnung 4 im Rahmen der Schleifbearbeitung in Kontakt kommen. An allen anderen Stellen, insbesondere im Bereich der Schaufelspitzen, wird hingegen Wachs eingesetzt, da sich dieses auch bei Kontakt mit der Bürstenanordnung 4 nicht ablöst.In a second step S2, cooling fluid bores of the
In Schritt S3 wird die Schleifvorrichtung 1 im Bereich einer zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufel 11 der Stufe 12 derart angeordnet, dass die Spitze der Laufschaufel mit der Schleifscheibe 2 der Schleifvorrichtung 1 bearbeitet werden kann. Genauer gesagt wird die Basisplatte 6, auf der die Schleifvorrichtung 1 montiert ist, unter Verwendung von Schrauben 16 an der Teilfuge 10 der unteren Gehäuseschale 9 der Strömungsmaschine 8 befestigt, wie es in
Sobald die Schleifscheibe 2 an die Spitze einer zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufel 11 in Richtung des Pfeils 18 herangefahren wird, kommen die Bürsten der Bürstenanordnung 4 mit der Laufschaufel 11 dichtend in Kontakt, wodurch entsprechend Schritt S4 der Bearbeitungsbereich derart abgeschirmt wird, dass während der Schleifbearbeitung einem Verlassen von Schleifstaub aus dem abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich entgegengewirkt wird. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass in
Mit Heranfahren der Schleifscheibe 2 an die Laufschaufel 11 wird entsprechend Schritt S5 auch automatisch die Absaugung 5 derart vorgesehen, dass sie während der Schleifbearbeitung Schleifstaub aus dem abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich absaugt.With approach of the
In einem weiteren Schritt S6 wird nunmehr die Schaufelspitze der Laufschaufel 11 in situ unter Erzeugung des vorbestimmten optimierten Spaltmaßes geschliffen. Dank der Tatsache, dass die Schleifbearbeitung an der Laufschaufel 11 im bestimmungsgemäß montierten Zustand durchgeführt wird, werden hierbei höchste Bearbeitungsgenauigkeiten erzielt. Während der Bearbeitung wird der Schleifstaub durch die Bürstenanordnung 4 daran gehindert, den abgeschirmten Bearbeitungsbereich zu verlassen, und unter Einsatz der Absaugung 5 aus dem Bearbeitungsbereich entfernt. Auf diese Weise wird einem Verschmutzen der Strömungsmaschine durch Schleifstaub effektiv entgegengewirkt. Sollte die Absaugung 5 während der Schleifbearbeitung ausfallen, so wird automatisch auch der Antrieb der Schleifscheibe 2 ausgeschaltet, da mangels Absaugung eine verschmutzungsfreie Bearbeitung nicht mehr gewährleistet werden kann.In a further step S6 now the blade tip of the
In einem weiteren Schritt S7 wird die Stufe 12 derart gedreht, dass die Spitze einer weiteren Laufschaufel 11 mit der Schleifscheibe 2 der Schleifvorrichtung 1 bearbeitet werden kann, woraufhin erneut die Schritte S4 bis S6 durchgeführt werden. Dieser Vorgang wird so lange wiederholt, bis sämtliche Laufschaufeln 11 der Stufe 12 in Bezug auf das Spaltmaß optimierend bearbeitet wurden.In a further step S7, the
Zur Bearbeitung einer Laufschaufel 11 der benachbarten Stufe 13 kann die Schleifscheibe 2 in Abhängigkeit von der Breite der Basisplatte 6 bzw. von der Länge des Kreuzschlittens 7 in Richtung des Pfeils 17 zur Stufe 13 verfahren werden. Alternativ kann die Basisplatte 6 natürlich auch entlang der Teilfuge 10 der Strömungsmaschine 8 manuell versetzt werden.For machining a
Die Abmessungen der Schleifvorrichtung 1 sind derart auf die Abstände zwischen den einzelnen Stufen 12, 13 und 14 abgestimmt, dass die Laufschaufeln 11 sämtlicher Stufen 12, 13 und 14 mit der Schleifscheibe 2 der Schleifvorrichtung 1 kollisionsfrei bearbeitet werden können. Mit anderen Worten ist die Breite der Schleifvorrichtung 1 derart gewählt, dass bei der Bearbeitung einer Laufschaufel 11 der Stufe 12 eine Kollision der Schleifvorrichtung 1 mit den radial über die Laufschaufeln 11 der Stufe 12 vorstehenden Laufschaufeln 11 der Stufe 13 nicht zu befürchten ist. Ebenso ist eine Bearbeitung der Laufschaufeln 11 der Stufe 13 möglich, ohne dass die Schleifvorrichtung 1 mit den Laufschaufeln 11 der Stufe 14 kollidiert.The dimensions of the grinding
In Schritt S1 wird ein Gehäuseteil einer Strömungsmaschine unter zumindest teilweiser Freilegung von zu bearbeitenden Laufschaufeln der Strömungsmaschine entfernt, so dass sich beispielsweise eine Anordnung gemäß
In einem darauffolgenden Schritt S8 werden zu ersetzende Laufschaufeln ausgebaut.In a subsequent step S8, blades to be replaced are removed.
In einem weiteren Schritt S9 werden neue Laufschaufeln bereitgestellt, welche den verschlissenen Laufschaufeln ersetzen ersetzen.In a further step S9, new blades are provided which replace the worn blades.
In Schritt S10 werden die Schaufelspitzen der in Schritt S9 bereitgestellten neuen Laufschaufeln im Rahmen einer Schleifbearbeitung vorbearbeitet. Diese Vorbearbeitung kann beispielsweise unter Verwendung einer Dummy-Radscheibe oder einer Einzelschaufelschleifvorrichtung erfolgen, wie es eingangs im Zusammenhang mit den im Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren bereits beschrieben wurde.In step S10, the blade tips of the new blades provided in step S9 are pre-machined in an abrasive machining process. This preprocessing can be done, for example, using a dummy wheel disc or a single blade grinding device, as has already been described in connection with the methods known in the prior art.
In Schritt S11 werden die vorbearbeitete Laufschaufeln als Ersatz für die in Schritt S8 entfernten Laufschaufeln eingebaut.In step S11, the pre-machined blades are installed to replace the blades removed in step S8.
Daraufhin schließen sich die zuvor bereits beschriebenen Schritte S2, S3, S4, S5 und S6 an, um die vorbearbeiteten Laufschaufeln zur Wiederherstellung oder Optimierung des vorbestimmten radialen Spaltmaßes im Rahmen der Schleifbearbeitung ihrer Schaufelspitzen zu kürzen und auf Endabmessung zu bringen.This is followed by the previously described steps S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 to shorten the pre-machined blades to restore or optimize the predetermined radial gap in the course of grinding their blade tips and bring to final dimensions.
Die Vorbearbeitung der neuen Laufschaufeln in Schritt S10 im ausgebauten Zustand findet in erster Linie vor dem Hintergrund statt, dass die in Schritt S6 anfallende Schleifstaubmenge auf ein Minimum reduziert werden soll. Je weniger Schleifstaub in Schritt S6 anfällt, desto geringer ist die Gefahr eines Verschmutzens der Strömungsmaschine während der Durchführung der Schleifbearbeitung. In Schritt S6 wird also lediglich eine Feinbearbeitung durchgeführt.The preprocessing of the new blades in step S10 when disassembled takes place primarily against the background that the amount of grinding dust accumulated in step S6 is to be reduced to a minimum. The less grinding dust accumulates in step S6, the lower the risk of fouling of the turbomachine during the execution of grinding. In step S6, therefore, only a fine machining is performed.
Es sei jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass der Schritt S10 gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung grundsätzlich auch entfallen und die gesamte Schleifbearbeitung der Laufschaufel spitzen in Schritt S6 durchgeführt werden kann.It should be noted, however, that the step S10 according to the present invention basically also omitted and the entire grinding of the blade tips can be performed in step S6.
Obwohl die Erfindung im Detail durch die Ausführungsformen näher illustriert und beschrieben wurde, so ist die Erfindung nicht durch die offenbarten Beispiele eingeschränkt und andere Variationen können vom Fachmann hieraus abgeleitet werden, ohne den Schutzumfang der Erfindung zu verlassen.Although the invention has been further illustrated and described in detail by the embodiments, the invention is not limited by the disclosed examples, and other variations can be derived therefrom by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
- Grinding device (1), comprising a grinding disk (2), a screening device which encloses the grinding disk (2) and is formed such that it screens off the machining region during the proper operation of the grinding device (1), and a suction extraction (5) which is formed such that it extracts grinding particles from the screened-off machining region during the proper operation of the grinding device (1), characterized in that the grinding device (1) is held on a compound slide (7) arranged on a base plate (6) so as to be movable in two mutually perpendicular directions (17, 18), and in that a fastening device (16) is provided on the base plate (6), which fastening device is formed such that the base plate (6) can be releasably fastened to a housing of a turbomachine.
- Grinding device (1) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the screening device is provided in the form of a brush arrangement which encloses the grinding disk in annular fashion.
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EP13003934.0A EP2730371B1 (en) | 2012-11-13 | 2012-11-13 | Device for setting a predetermined radial gap size of the blades of a turbomachine |
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EP12192401.3A EP2730370B1 (en) | 2012-11-13 | 2012-11-13 | Method to adjust a predetermined radial tip clearance of a turbomachine blade |
EP13003934.0A EP2730371B1 (en) | 2012-11-13 | 2012-11-13 | Device for setting a predetermined radial gap size of the blades of a turbomachine |
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EP12192401.3A Division EP2730370B1 (en) | 2012-11-13 | 2012-11-13 | Method to adjust a predetermined radial tip clearance of a turbomachine blade |
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US8820148B2 (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2014-09-02 | General Electric Company | External casing functional access port |
GB201101909D0 (en) * | 2011-02-04 | 2011-03-23 | Rolls Royce Plc | A method of tip grinding the blades of a gas turbine rotor |
US8684669B2 (en) * | 2011-02-15 | 2014-04-01 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Turbine tip clearance measurement |
-
2012
- 2012-11-13 EP EP12192401.3A patent/EP2730370B1/en active Active
- 2012-11-13 EP EP13003934.0A patent/EP2730371B1/en active Active
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2013
- 2013-10-25 TW TW102138581A patent/TWI655994B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2013-11-07 US US14/073,942 patent/US9969055B2/en active Active
- 2013-11-08 KR KR1020130135685A patent/KR102192838B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2013-11-12 JP JP2013233795A patent/JP2014098389A/en active Pending
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102015220883A1 (en) * | 2015-10-26 | 2017-04-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Dummy wheel disc and method of working blades |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2730370B1 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
CN103802005A (en) | 2014-05-21 |
US20140134926A1 (en) | 2014-05-15 |
EP2730370A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
TW201427795A (en) | 2014-07-16 |
EP2730371A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
JP2014098389A (en) | 2014-05-29 |
TWI655994B (en) | 2019-04-11 |
US9969055B2 (en) | 2018-05-15 |
KR20140061252A (en) | 2014-05-21 |
KR102192838B1 (en) | 2020-12-18 |
CN103802005B (en) | 2018-07-17 |
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