EP2711508B1 - Method for converting energy in an energy conversion cycle for the steam produced by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, and corresponding steam turbine installation. - Google Patents
Method for converting energy in an energy conversion cycle for the steam produced by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, and corresponding steam turbine installation. Download PDFInfo
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- EP2711508B1 EP2711508B1 EP13184602.4A EP13184602A EP2711508B1 EP 2711508 B1 EP2711508 B1 EP 2711508B1 EP 13184602 A EP13184602 A EP 13184602A EP 2711508 B1 EP2711508 B1 EP 2711508B1
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- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
- F01K7/16—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type
- F01K7/22—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type the turbines having inter-stage steam heating
- F01K7/223—Inter-stage moisture separation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
- F22B1/06—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium
- F22B1/063—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium for metal cooled nuclear reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an energy conversion cycle for converting energy supplied by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor (so-called Sodium Fast Neutron Reactor - FNR).
- the invention relates to a nuclear installation which comprises at least a nuclear reactor, a steam generator, steam turbines and a dryer and/or a super-heater.
- Gaseous or liquid water circulates in a closed circuit through the unit and is subject to variations of temperature and of pressure.
- cycle refers to changes of temperature and pressure of the gaseous or liquid water between the outlet of the steam generator and the return of same into the steam generator.
- a "nuclear cycle" corresponds to changes of temperature and pressure generally encountered in a nuclear installation which usually operates with steam coming from the outlet of the steam generator, said steam being close to the saturation curve.
- a "fossil fuel cycle” corresponds to changes of temperature and pressure generally encountered in a thermal power station using fossil fuel-fired boilers.
- the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor of the French Phenix FNR power station employs steam turbine technology enabling operation with steam working at temperature and pressure conditions close to those encountered in a "fossil fuel cycle" thereby allowing the steam to expand when it passes through a high-pressure turbine and a medium-pressure turbine in conditions of dry steam.
- the temperature and pressure conditions in the different components of the installation namely the turbines and the super-heater, must not be too high so as to have working lives of the order of 60 years.
- EP 0 163 564 relates to fast neutron nuclear reactor with a steam generator integrated in the vessel.
- the subject of the present invention is an energy conversion cycle for the steam produced by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, which improves the lifetime of the equipment.
- the cycle of the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor as claimed in the invention is more situated in the zone of saturated steam than the cycles of sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors of the prior art, while working with the same temperature and pressure conditions directly at the outlet of the steam generator, which conditions are close to those encountered in thermal power stations.
- the cycle as claimed in the invention allows efficiency to be increased compared with that currently obtained with the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor of the French Phenix FNR power station.
- This cycle can be used for high electrical power reactors to classes above 1500 MWe.
- the invention allows a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor to be used with standard components currently used for fossil fuel or nuclear power stations.
- the invention thus makes it possible to avoid the implementation of super-heaters, such as those used for the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor in French FNR power stations, these super-heaters being difficult to design and costly to fabricate.
- the steam in its "fossil fuel cycle" initial state thereof, is at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars and at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C.
- the intermediate state is defined for a pressure comprised between 30 and 50 bars and a temperature comprised between 234 and 300°C.
- the steam in the first wet state thereof is at a temperature comprised between 152 and 188°C and at a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion.
- the steam in the drying and super-heating state thereof is at a temperature comprised between 215 and 255°C and a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars.
- the steam in the final state thereof is condensed at a temperature which depends on the cold source used.
- the present invention also relates to a steam turbine installation comprising a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, for the implementation of the cycle defined previously, and:
- a pipe connecting the outlet from the very high-pressure turbine and the super-heater allows heated steam to be drawn off downstream of the very high-pressure turbine, said steam being used by the super-heater.
- the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine and the outlet turbines are either medium and low-pressure turbines or only low-pressure turbines.
- the low-pressure turbines are supplied in parallel.
- the high-pressure and the medium-pressure turbine (when this exists in the second embodiment) are arranged in a combined unit.
- the very high-pressure/high temperature and the intermediate turbine are arranged so as to expand the steam from a fossil fuel cycle initial state at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars and at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C, to a wet steam state the temperature of which is comprised between 152 and 188°C and the pressure of which is comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the first expansion and the second expansion.
- the dryer and the super-heater allow the steam to pass from an initial wet steam state the temperature of which is comprised between 152 and 188°C and the pressure of which is comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion, to a drying and super-heating state, the pressure of which is comprised between 5 and 12 bars and the temperature of which is comprised between 215 and 255°C.
- the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine, the intermediate turbine and the outlet turbines (without a medium-pressure turbine) turn, at the network frequency, e.g. at 3000 rpm, an alternator input shaft that produces electrical power of less than 1200 MWe.
- the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine, the intermediate turbine and the outlet turbines turn, at half the network frequency, e.g. at 1500 rpm, an alternator input shaft that produces electrical power of greater than 1200 MWe.
- the cycle as claimed in the invention as shown in figure 3 can be implemented by two different steam turbine installations that each present a sodium-cooled fast neutron nuclear reactor 1, 1' which allows energy to be liberated to produce steam in a steam generator 2, 2', a very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3, 3', an intermediate turbine 4, 3", and outlet turbines 5, 4', 5', these turbines being suitable for turning an input shaft 6a, 6a' of an alternator 6, 6' which produces electricity.
- the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3, 3' is connected to one or a plurality of steam generators 2, 2' of the nuclear reactor 1, 1', by one or a plurality of pipes, and allows a first expansion of the steam to be made, to bring it from a "fossil fuel cycle" initial state at the outlet from the steam generator 2, 2' of the reactor 1, 1' to an intermediate state of temperature and pressure of the steam, characteristic of a "nuclear cycle" initial state.
- valves V, V' allow the flow-rate of steam coming from the steam generator(s) 2, 2' to be adjusted.
- the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine 4 connected by a pipe to the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3, operating mainly with saturated steam.
- the high-pressure turbine 4 allows a second expansion of steam to be performed from the intermediate state corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state until steam in a first wet state under the saturation curve S is obtained.
- the drying and super-heating of the steam are then performed by successively passing into a dryer 7, physically separating liquid water and steam, then into a super-heater 8, these devices being situated in a pipe 12 between the high-pressure turbine 4 and the low-pressure turbines 5.
- the two low-pressure turbines 5 supplied in parallel and connected to the dryer 7 and to the super-heater 8 by a pipe 12 allow a third expansion of steam to be performed from its super-heated state to a final state. More than two low-pressure turbines 5 can be used to perform this third expansion.
- Water recovered from the dryer 7 and from the super-heater 8 is sent back into the cycle by pipes 11.
- a system 9, 10 of a condenser, re-heaters and pumps is used to bring condensed steam into the steam generator 2, but is not described here and is known from the prior art.
- This installation can produce electrical power of the order of 600 to 1200 Mwe.
- the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine 3" connected by a pipe to the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3', operating mainly with saturated steam.
- the high-pressure turbine 3" allows a second expansion of steam to be performed from the intermediate state corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state until steam in a first wet state under the saturation curve S is obtained.
- the drying and super-heating of the steam are then performed by successively passing said steam into a dryer 7 physically separating liquid water and steam, then into a super-heater 8, these devices being situated in pipes between the high-pressure turbine 3" and a medium-pressure turbine 4'.
- a pipe 13' connecting the outlet from the very high pressure turbine 3' and the super-heater 8' allows heated steam to be drawn off downstream of the very high-pressure turbine 3' used by the super-heater 8'.
- the medium-pressure turbine 4' and the two low-pressure turbines 5' supplied in parallel and connected to the medium-pressure turbine 4' by a pipe 12' allow a third expansion of steam to be performed from the super-heated state thereof to a final state. More than two low-pressure turbines 5' can be used to produce this third expansion.
- Water recovered at the level of the dryer 7' and from the super-heater 8' is sent back into the cycle by pipes 11'.
- a system 9', 10' of a condenser, re-heaters and pumps is used to bring condensed steam into the steam generator 2', but is not described here and is known from the prior art.
- a Mollier diagram represents the entropy on the abscissa and the enthalpy of a fluid on the ordinate.
- the fluid is water and a saturation curve S of water is shown in this diagram.
- the saturation curve S corresponds to the limit between two domains, the water takes, for a given entropy, the form of dry steam for enthalpies greater than the enthalpy of the saturation curve S, and the form of saturated steam (or wet steam) for enthalpies less than the enthalpy of the saturation curve S.
- the name of dry saturated steam is given to the state of water just on the saturation curve S.
- the water content of wet steam increases as the enthalpy decreases, until attaining a water content of 1 when all of the steam phase is condensed into liquid water.
- the saturation curve S delimits a domain of saturated wet steam S2, with respect to a gaseous domain of dry, super-heated steam S1.
- Curve A represents a cycle similar to that used in a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor of the French Phenix power station FNR.
- Curve B represents a cycle used in a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor FNR as claimed in the invention.
- the steam coming from one or a plurality of steam generators of the reactor is at a temperature of around 500°C and at a pressure of the order of 180 bars.
- the steam After a first expansion in a very high-pressure turbine between points 11 and 12, the steam is at a temperature of the order of 250°C and at a pressure of the order of 30 bars.
- the steam is then expanded up to point 14 by a medium-pressure turbine. Between points 13 and 14, the pressure decreases from 30 bars to 5 bars and the temperature decreases from 380°C to 180°C.
- the steam is then expanded up to point 15 by low-pressure turbines.
- a condenser and systems of heat exchangers and pumps then allow the condensed steam to be re-injected into the steam generator or generators of the reactor.
- a first expansion therefore brings the steam which is at a temperature of 500°C and at a pressure of 180 bars at point 21 to an intermediate state with temperature and pressure corresponding to point 22, properties close to the initial point of a "traditional nuclear cycle".
- the first expansion thus brings the steam from point 21 to point 22 corresponding to the "nuclear cycle" initial state, situated above the saturation curve S.
- the steam is substantially at a temperature of 280°C and at a pressure of 40 bars, in figure 3 .
- the steam is expanded between point 22 and point 23 where same is in a first wet state.
- the steam is substantially at a temperature of 170°C and at a pressure of 7 bars.
- the steam is dried and super-heated from the first wet state thereof at point 23, to a first dried and super-heated state represented by point 24, the pressure remaining substantially constant.
- the steam is substantially at a temperature of 240°C and at a pressure of 7 bars.
- the steam is then expanded between point 24 and a final point 25.
- the steam is substantially at a temperature of 35°C and at a pressure of 60 mbars.
- the steam is at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C and at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars in the "fossil fuel cycle" initial state.
- the steam is at a temperature comprised between 234 and 300°C and at a pressure comprised between 30 and 50 bars after the second expansion.
- the steam, in the first wet state is at a temperature comprised between 152 and 188°C and a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion.
- the steam can be at a temperature comprised between 215 and 255°C and a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars.
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Description
- The present invention relates to an energy conversion cycle for converting energy supplied by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor (so-called Sodium Fast Neutron Reactor - FNR).
- The invention relates to a nuclear installation which comprises at least a nuclear reactor, a steam generator, steam turbines and a dryer and/or a super-heater.
- Gaseous or liquid water circulates in a closed circuit through the unit and is subject to variations of temperature and of pressure.
- The term "cycle" refers to changes of temperature and pressure of the gaseous or liquid water between the outlet of the steam generator and the return of same into the steam generator.
- In order to obtain the best cycle efficiencies, the use of a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor is advantageous.
- However, the temperature and pressure values at the outlet from a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor are much higher than those generally encountered in a "nuclear cycle" and approach those generally encountered in a "fossil fuel cycle".
- A "nuclear cycle" corresponds to changes of temperature and pressure generally encountered in a nuclear installation which usually operates with steam coming from the outlet of the steam generator, said steam being close to the saturation curve.
- A "fossil fuel cycle" corresponds to changes of temperature and pressure generally encountered in a thermal power station using fossil fuel-fired boilers.
- The sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor of the French Phenix FNR power station employs steam turbine technology enabling operation with steam working at temperature and pressure conditions close to those encountered in a "fossil fuel cycle" thereby allowing the steam to expand when it passes through a high-pressure turbine and a medium-pressure turbine in conditions of dry steam.
- The temperature and pressure conditions in the different components of the installation, namely the turbines and the super-heater, must not be too high so as to have working lives of the order of 60 years.
- Lower temperatures reduce the risk of creep in the different components.
-
EP 0 163 564 relates to fast neutron nuclear reactor with a steam generator integrated in the vessel. - In this context, the subject of the present invention is an energy conversion cycle for the steam produced by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, which improves the lifetime of the equipment.
- To do this, the inventive energy conversion cycle for the steam produced by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor is remarkable in that same has:
- a first stage, in which a first expansion of the steam coming from a steam generator associated with the reactor is performed to bring the steam from a "fossil fuel cycle" initial state to an intermediate state of temperature and pressure of said steam corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state,
- a second stage in which a second expansion of the steam from the intermediate state is performed until steam in a first wet state situated below the steam saturation curve is obtained,
- a third stage in which the steam is dried and super-heated from the first wet state thereof to bring it into a state of drying and super-heating situated above the saturation curve, and
- a fourth stage in which a third expansion of the steam is performed from the super-heated state thereof to a second wet state situated below the steam saturation curve, the steam being then condensed and brought back to the steam generator.
- The cycle of the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor as claimed in the invention is more situated in the zone of saturated steam than the cycles of sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors of the prior art, while working with the same temperature and pressure conditions directly at the outlet of the steam generator, which conditions are close to those encountered in thermal power stations.
- The cycle as claimed in the invention allows efficiency to be increased compared with that currently obtained with the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor of the French Phenix FNR power station.
- This cycle can be used for high electrical power reactors to classes above 1500 MWe.
- The invention allows a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor to be used with standard components currently used for fossil fuel or nuclear power stations.
- The invention thus makes it possible to avoid the implementation of super-heaters, such as those used for the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor in French FNR power stations, these super-heaters being difficult to design and costly to fabricate.
- The steam, in its "fossil fuel cycle" initial state thereof, is at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars and at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C.
- The intermediate state is defined for a pressure comprised between 30 and 50 bars and a temperature comprised between 234 and 300°C.
- The steam in the first wet state thereof is at a temperature comprised between 152 and 188°C and at a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion.
- The steam in the drying and super-heating state thereof is at a temperature comprised between 215 and 255°C and a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars.
- The steam in the final state thereof is condensed at a temperature which depends on the cold source used.
- The present invention also relates to a steam turbine installation comprising a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, for the implementation of the cycle defined previously, and:
- at least one steam generator,
- a very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine connected to the steam generator of the nuclear reactor, in which a first expansion of the steam coming from the steam generator of the reactor is performed to bring the steam from a "fossil fuel cycle" initial state to an intermediate state of temperature and pressure of said steam corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state,
- an intermediate turbine connected to the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine, and operating in part with saturated steam, in which a second expansion of the steam is performed from the intermediate state until steam in a first wet state situated below the steam saturation curve is obtained,
- a dryer and a super-heater connected to the intermediate turbine, in which the steam is dried from the first wet state thereof and then super-heated to bring it to a drying and super-heating state situated above the saturation curve, and:
- outlet turbines connected to the dryer and to the super-heater, in which a third expansion of the steam is performed from the super-heated state thereof to a second wet state, the steam being then condensed and brought back to the steam generator.
- Advantageously, a pipe connecting the outlet from the very high-pressure turbine and the super-heater allows heated steam to be drawn off downstream of the very high-pressure turbine, said steam being used by the super-heater.
- The intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine and the outlet turbines are either medium and low-pressure turbines or only low-pressure turbines. The low-pressure turbines are supplied in parallel.
- The high-pressure and the medium-pressure turbine (when this exists in the second embodiment) are arranged in a combined unit.
- The very high-pressure/high temperature and the intermediate turbine are arranged so as to expand the steam from a fossil fuel cycle initial state at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars and at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C, to a wet steam state the temperature of which is comprised between 152 and 188°C and the pressure of which is comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the first expansion and the second expansion.
- The dryer and the super-heater allow the steam to pass from an initial wet steam state the temperature of which is comprised between 152 and 188°C and the pressure of which is comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion, to a drying and super-heating state, the pressure of which is comprised between 5 and 12 bars and the temperature of which is comprised between 215 and 255°C.
- The very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine, the intermediate turbine and the outlet turbines (without a medium-pressure turbine) turn, at the network frequency, e.g. at 3000 rpm, an alternator input shaft that produces electrical power of less than 1200 MWe.
- The very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine, the intermediate turbine and the outlet turbines (with a medium-pressure turbine) turn, at half the network frequency, e.g. at 1500 rpm, an alternator input shaft that produces electrical power of greater than 1200 MWe.
- The invention will be better understood and the advantages thereof will appear more clearly with the reading of the following detailed description, given as a non-limiting example, referring to the attached figures.
-
Figure 1 shows schematically a first embodiment as claimed in the invention of the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor FNR. -
Figure 2 shows schematically a second embodiment as claimed in the invention of the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor FNR. -
Figure 3 is an enthalpy diagram, also called a Mollier diagram, showing, on curve A, an example close to a part of the cycle used in the sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor FNR of the French Phenix power station, and, on curve B, an example of a part of the cycle as claimed in the invention used in a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor. - The cycle as claimed in the invention as shown in
figure 3 can be implemented by two different steam turbine installations that each present a sodium-cooled fast neutronnuclear reactor 1, 1' which allows energy to be liberated to produce steam in asteam generator 2, 2', a very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3, 3', anintermediate turbine outlet turbines 5, 4', 5', these turbines being suitable for turning aninput shaft alternator 6, 6' which produces electricity. - The very high-pressure/high-
temperature turbine 3, 3' is connected to one or a plurality ofsteam generators 2, 2' of thenuclear reactor 1, 1', by one or a plurality of pipes, and allows a first expansion of the steam to be made, to bring it from a "fossil fuel cycle" initial state at the outlet from thesteam generator 2, 2' of thereactor 1, 1' to an intermediate state of temperature and pressure of the steam, characteristic of a "nuclear cycle" initial state. - The valves V, V' allow the flow-rate of steam coming from the steam generator(s) 2, 2' to be adjusted.
- In the first embodiment shown in
figure 1 , the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine 4 connected by a pipe to the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3, operating mainly with saturated steam. - The high-
pressure turbine 4 allows a second expansion of steam to be performed from the intermediate state corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state until steam in a first wet state under the saturation curve S is obtained. - The drying and super-heating of the steam are then performed by successively passing into a
dryer 7, physically separating liquid water and steam, then into a super-heater 8, these devices being situated in apipe 12 between the high-pressure turbine 4 and the low-pressure turbines 5. - The super-heater 8 situated downstream of the
dryer 7 and upstream of the low-pressure turbines 5, and a drawing-off of the steam exiting the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3, allow the steam to be super-heated to bring it to a super-heated state above the saturation curve S. Apipe 13 connecting the outlet from the very high-pressure turbine 3 and the super-heater 8 allows heated steam to be drawn off that is used by the super-heater 8, downstream of the very high-pressure turbine 3. - The two low-
pressure turbines 5 supplied in parallel and connected to thedryer 7 and to the super-heater 8 by apipe 12 allow a third expansion of steam to be performed from its super-heated state to a final state. More than two low-pressure turbines 5 can be used to perform this third expansion. - Water recovered from the
dryer 7 and from the super-heater 8 is sent back into the cycle bypipes 11. - A
system steam generator 2, but is not described here and is known from the prior art. - This installation can produce electrical power of the order of 600 to 1200 Mwe.
- In the second embodiment shown in
figure 2 , the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine 3" connected by a pipe to the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3', operating mainly with saturated steam. - The high-
pressure turbine 3" allows a second expansion of steam to be performed from the intermediate state corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state until steam in a first wet state under the saturation curve S is obtained. - The drying and super-heating of the steam are then performed by successively passing said steam into a
dryer 7 physically separating liquid water and steam, then into a super-heater 8, these devices being situated in pipes between the high-pressure turbine 3" and a medium-pressure turbine 4'. - The super-heater 8' situated downstream of the dryer 7' and upstream of the medium-pressure turbine 4', and a drawing-off of the steam exiting the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine 3', allow the steam to be super-heated to bring said steam to a super-heated state above the saturation curve S.
- A pipe 13' connecting the outlet from the very high pressure turbine 3' and the super-heater 8' allows heated steam to be drawn off downstream of the very high-pressure turbine 3' used by the super-heater 8'.
- It is shown in
figure 2 that the high-pressure turbine 3" and the medium-pressure turbine 4' are arranged in a single combined unit. - The medium-pressure turbine 4' and the two low-pressure turbines 5' supplied in parallel and connected to the medium-pressure turbine 4' by a pipe 12' allow a third expansion of steam to be performed from the super-heated state thereof to a final state. More than two low-pressure turbines 5' can be used to produce this third expansion.
- Water recovered at the level of the dryer 7' and from the super-heater 8' is sent back into the cycle by pipes 11'.
- A system 9', 10' of a condenser, re-heaters and pumps is used to bring condensed steam into the steam generator 2', but is not described here and is known from the prior art.
- As shown in
figure 3 , a Mollier diagram represents the entropy on the abscissa and the enthalpy of a fluid on the ordinate. - In particular, it allows a fluid to change state as a function of temperature and pressure.
- Here, the fluid is water and a saturation curve S of water is shown in this diagram.
- The saturation curve S corresponds to the limit between two domains, the water takes, for a given entropy, the form of dry steam for enthalpies greater than the enthalpy of the saturation curve S, and the form of saturated steam (or wet steam) for enthalpies less than the enthalpy of the saturation curve S. The name of dry saturated steam is given to the state of water just on the saturation curve S. The water content of wet steam increases as the enthalpy decreases, until attaining a water content of 1 when all of the steam phase is condensed into liquid water.
- In other terms, the saturation curve S delimits a domain of saturated wet steam S2, with respect to a gaseous domain of dry, super-heated steam S1.
- Curve A represents a cycle similar to that used in a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor of the French Phenix power station FNR.
- Curve B represents a cycle used in a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor FNR as claimed in the invention.
- In the cycle of curve A of the prior art, the steam coming from one or a plurality of steam generators of the reactor is at a temperature of around 500°C and at a pressure of the order of 180 bars.
- After a first expansion in a very high-pressure turbine between
points - The steam is then super-heated up to point 13. Between
points - The steam is then expanded up to point 14 by a medium-pressure turbine. Between
points - The steam is then expanded up to point 15 by low-pressure turbines.
- A condenser and systems of heat exchangers and pumps then allow the condensed steam to be re-injected into the steam generator or generators of the reactor.
- In a cycle as claimed in the invention, as shown in
figure 3 , the steam coming out from the steam generator orgenerators 2, 2' of thereactor 1, 1' is at a temperature of around 500°C and at a pressure of around 180 bars, this initial state being shown bypoint 21 that coincides withpoint 11. - But, in a "nuclear cycle", the initial point is usually close to the saturation curve S.
- A first expansion therefore brings the steam which is at a temperature of 500°C and at a pressure of 180 bars at
point 21 to an intermediate state with temperature and pressure corresponding to point 22, properties close to the initial point of a "traditional nuclear cycle". - The first expansion thus brings the steam from
point 21 to point 22 corresponding to the "nuclear cycle" initial state, situated above the saturation curve S. - At
point 22, the steam is substantially at a temperature of 280°C and at a pressure of 40 bars, infigure 3 . - The steam is expanded between
point 22 andpoint 23 where same is in a first wet state. - At
point 23, the steam is substantially at a temperature of 170°C and at a pressure of 7 bars. - The steam is dried and super-heated from the first wet state thereof at
point 23, to a first dried and super-heated state represented bypoint 24, the pressure remaining substantially constant. - At
point 24, the steam is substantially at a temperature of 240°C and at a pressure of 7 bars. - The steam is then expanded between
point 24 and afinal point 25. - At
point 25, the steam is substantially at a temperature of 35°C and at a pressure of 60 mbars. - These values are given only as an example and depend on the steam conditions given at the heat source at
point 21 and the cold source atpoint 25. - For
point 21, it can be arranged that the steam is at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C and at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars in the "fossil fuel cycle" initial state. - For
point 22, it can be arranged that the steam is at a temperature comprised between 234 and 300°C and at a pressure comprised between 30 and 50 bars after the second expansion. - For
point 23, it can be arranged that the steam, in the first wet state, is at a temperature comprised between 152 and 188°C and a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion. - For
point 24, it can be arranged, after drying and super-heating, for the steam to be at a temperature comprised between 215 and 255°C and a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars. - For
point 25, after the third expansion, the steam in the second wet state is condensed at a temperature which depends on the cold source used for the reactor.
Claims (9)
- An energy conversion cycle for the steam produced by a sodium-cooled fast neutron reactor, wherein same has:- a first stage, in which a first expansion of steam coming from a steam generator (2) associated with the reactor (1) is performed to bring the steam from a "fossil fuel cycle" initial state (21) to an intermediate state of temperature and pressure of said steam corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state (22), the steam in the "fossil fuel cycle" initial state (21) is at a pressure comprised between 150 and 200 bars and at a temperature comprised between 450 and 570°C, and wherein the intermediate state (22) is defined for a pressure comprised between 30 and 50 bars and a temperature comprised between 234 and 300°C,- a second stage in which a second expansion of the steam from the intermediate state (22) is performed until steam in a first wet state (23) situated below the steam saturation curve (S) is obtained,- a third stage in which the steam is dried and super-heated from the first wet state thereof (23) to bring it into a state of drying and super-heating (24) situated above the saturation curve (S), and- a fourth stage in which a third expansion of the steam is performed from the super-heated state (24) thereof to a second wet state (25) situated below the steam saturation curve (S), the steam being then condensed and brought back to the steam generator.
- The cycle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the steam in the first wet state thereof (23) is at a temperature comprised between 152 and 188°C and at a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars after the second expansion.
- The cycle as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 2 wherein the steam in the state of drying and super-heating (24) thereof is at a temperature comprised between 215 and 255°C and at a pressure comprised between 5 and 12 bars.
- The cycle as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 3 wherein the steam in the final state (25) thereof is condensed at a temperature which depends on the cold source used.
- A steam turbine installation comprising a sodium-cooled fast neutron nuclear reactor (1, 1') wherein same comprises, for the implementation of a cycle as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4:- at least a steam generator (2, 2'),- a very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine (3, 3') connected to the steam generator (2, 2') of the nuclear reactor (1, 1'), in which a first expansion of the steam coming from the steam generator (2, 2') of the reactor (1, 1') is performed to bring the steam from a "fossil fuel cycle" initial state (21) to an intermediate state of temperature and pressure of said steam corresponding to a "nuclear cycle" initial state (22),- an intermediate turbine (4, 3") connected to the very high-pressure/high-temperature turbine (3, 3') and operating in part with saturated steam, in which a second expansion of the steam is performed from the intermediate state (22) until steam in a first wet state (23) situated below the steam saturation curve (S) is obtained,- a dryer (7, 7') and a super-heater (8, 8') connected to the intermediate turbine (4, 3''), in which the steam is dried from the first wet state (23) thereof and then super-heated to bring it to a drying and super-heating state (24) situated above the saturation curve (S), and- outlet turbines (5, 4', 5') connected to the dryer (7, 7') and to the super-heater (8, 8'), in which a third expansion of the steam is performed from the super-heated state (24) thereof to a second wet state (25), the steam being then condensed and brought back to the steam generator (2, 2').
- The steam turbine installation as claimed in claim 5, wherein a pipe (13, 13') connecting the outlet of the very high pressure turbine (3, 3') and the super-heater (8, 8') allows heated steam to be drawn-off downstream of the very high pressure turbine (3, 3'), said steam being used by the super-heater (8, 8').
- The steam turbine installation as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine (4) and the outlet turbines are low-pressure turbines (5) supplied in parallel.
- The steam turbine installation as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the intermediate turbine is a high-pressure turbine (3"), and the outlet turbines are a medium-pressure turbine (4') and low-pressure turbines (5') supplied in parallel.
- The steam turbine installation as claimed in claim 8, wherein the high-pressure turbine (3") and the medium-pressure turbine (4') are arranged in a combined unit.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1258804A FR2995628A1 (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2012-09-19 | STEAM ENERGY CONVERSION CYCLE PRODUCED BY A SODIUM-COOLED QUICK-SOURCE REACTOR |
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EP2711508B1 true EP2711508B1 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
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EP (1) | EP2711508B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101548142B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103670552B (en) |
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CN116044519A (en) * | 2022-12-20 | 2023-05-02 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Fossil fuel boiler-high temperature gas cooled reactor combined power generation system and method |
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SU486593A1 (en) * | 1972-05-10 | 1976-08-25 | Предприятие П/Я В-2679 | Nuclear power plant with several nuclear reactors |
JPS607161B2 (en) * | 1977-11-08 | 1985-02-22 | 日本原子力事業株式会社 | Nuclear plant water supply methods and equipment |
FR2557280B1 (en) * | 1983-12-21 | 1986-03-28 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | SODIUM-WATER STEAM GENERATOR WITH STRAIGHT CONCENTRIC TUBES AND GAS CIRCULATION IN THE ANNULAR SPACE |
FR2564229B1 (en) * | 1984-05-11 | 1986-09-05 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | FAST NEUTRAL NUCLEAR REACTOR WITH INTEGRATED VAPOR GENERATOR |
DE3822056C1 (en) * | 1988-06-30 | 1989-09-14 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag, 6800 Mannheim, De | Nuclear reactor installation for the generation of electrical current utilising high-temperature heat |
DE50303594D1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2006-07-06 | Alstom Technology Ltd | METHOD FOR OPERATING A CORE POWER PLANT AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD |
RU2253917C2 (en) * | 2003-01-27 | 2005-06-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Агентство регионального развития" | Mode of exploiting of an atomic steam-turbine plant and an installation for executing it |
RU2394291C2 (en) * | 2007-08-15 | 2010-07-10 | Селиванов Николай Павлович | Nuclear power plant and fuel element of nuclear reactor |
US8091369B2 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2012-01-10 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Method and apparatus for generating electrical power |
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2012
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FR2995628A1 (en) | 2014-03-21 |
EP2711508A1 (en) | 2014-03-26 |
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CN103670552B (en) | 2016-03-16 |
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