EP2710361A1 - Méthode de dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites en milieu neutre. - Google Patents
Méthode de dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites en milieu neutre.Info
- Publication number
- EP2710361A1 EP2710361A1 EP12728682.1A EP12728682A EP2710361A1 EP 2710361 A1 EP2710361 A1 EP 2710361A1 EP 12728682 A EP12728682 A EP 12728682A EP 2710361 A1 EP2710361 A1 EP 2710361A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- potential
- copper
- electrode
- ions
- nitrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 title description 3
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 title description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- -1 nitrite ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical class [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003115 supporting electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 31
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 31
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229940005654 nitrite ion Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920003319 Araldite® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous acid Chemical compound ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940075397 calomel Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012777 electrically insulating material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008365 aqueous carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003287 bathing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZFXVRMSLJDYJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Ca] ZFXVRMSLJDYJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008239 natural water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/188—Determining the state of nitrification
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrochemical sensor comprising a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode.
- electrochemical sensors are particularly suitable for the determination of nitrate ions and / or nitrite ions, especially in situ and at a high frequency. It is typically, but not exclusively, applied to potentiostatic nitrate and / or nitrite ion dosing in aqueous media of substantially neutral pH.
- the principle of these already existing sensors is to arrange these three electrodes in an arrangement for which they are found parallel to each other, and bathing all three in an electrolytic solution.
- This sensor geometry is bulky, and is not suitable for use in the field. In fact, for outdoor applications, the sensors must be able to be handled without any particular precaution, and must be able to withstand various and varied shocks inherent to this type of activity.
- such an arrangement of the electrodes creates protuberances, likely to catch or bump into external natural elements, such as branches or stones. This will result in damage to the sensor, which may render it inoperable or may lead to erroneous measurements.
- the electrochemical sensors according to the invention have a compact geometry, limiting their size and giving them a character of great robustness, for use in the field, efficient and reliable.
- the subject of the invention is an electrochemical sensor comprising a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode.
- the main characteristic of a sensor according to the invention is that the three electrodes are arranged coaxially in said sensor. By thus having the same axis of rotation, the three electrodes are found in a optimized functional configuration, favoring a small footprint of the sensor.
- the electrochemical sensor is an amperometric sensor.
- the senor is delimited by an elongated insulating casing.
- the insulative housing is designed not only to maintain the three electrodes in a compact arrangement, but also to provide effective protection of said electrodes, vis-à-vis external elements against which they could come hang on or shock.
- This resistant housing combined with a compact geometry of the sensor, allows an easy handling of this sensor in external environment, without risk of damage due to untimely shocks.
- An elongated shape of the sensor allows it to be easily inserted into an artificial external structure, such as a specific apparatus allowing for example to apply different potentials to the working electrode, or in a natural external structure, such as for example loose soil.
- the housing is essentially insulating from the electric current, but it can also be heat, limiting the thermal conduction.
- the housing is cylindrical and is made of an electrically insulating material such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- the cylindrical shape is preferred for ease of manufacture.
- PVC is a light and resistant material, particularly suitable for a small object, brought to be handled in an external environment and without any particular precaution.
- PVC is a common material, whose manufacture is well controlled.
- the reference electrode is placed in the center of the working electrode.
- This particular arrangement allows the two electrodes to be very close to each other, this proximity being particularly sought to minimize the ohmic drop, in the case of measurements made in waters with low salt content, and which are therefore little conductive.
- an ohmic drop can be a source of error on the value of the electrical potential actually applied to the working electrode.
- the casing has an external shoulder, making it possible to distinguish a first part of smaller diameter and in which are placed the working electrode, the counter-electrode and a part of the reference electrode, and a second part enclosing the remainder. of the reference electrode.
- the electrodes are grouped at one end of the housing.
- the portion of the smaller diameter housing and containing most of the electrodes is intended to be inserted into an outer structure, the shoulder then serving as a stopper during the final fixing of the sensor in said structure.
- the portion of the smaller diameter housing may have an external thread allowing the sensor to be screwed onto an outer structure.
- a cover made of an electrically insulating material such as PVC, is placed at the free end of the first part, between the working electrode and the counter electrode.
- This insulating cover can be represented either by an insert and fixed to the housing, or be an integral part of the housing by forming therewith a single piece.
- the working electrode has a central channel in which is inserted an end of the reference electrode, said end being closed by a porous body.
- This body may for example be constituted by a porous ceramic.
- the porous body is of cylindrical shape and is locked in translation by means of two mechanical retaining stops.
- This arrangement avoids having to stick the porous body in the reference electrode, as is commonly practiced in existing configurations.
- the adhesive may overflow the porous body and come to close, at least partially the channel of the reference electrode.
- the working electrode is made of copper (ie copper electrode).
- the counter-electrode may be made of stainless steel, and the reference electrode may be an Ag / AgCl type electrode or a calomel type electrode (ECS) detailed in FIG. following the description.
- ECS calomel type electrode
- An Ag / AgCl electrode is an electrode comprising an Ag wire covered with a layer of AgCl and immersed in a saturated solution of KCl. It will be preferred to use a reference electrode that does not include mercury.
- the electrochemical sensors according to the invention have a simple geometry, allowing them to be manufactured quickly and easily without major risk of defects. They also have the advantage of being efficient for use in the field, while remaining of a small footprint and having a resistant structure. Finally, they have the advantage of being able to be configured to cooperate with an external structure, such as for example an electronic device making it possible to apply different potentials to the working electrode and to measure the different currents flowing through the working electrode corresponding to these potentials.
- the present invention also relates to a method for determining nitrate and / or nitrite ions in a substantially neutral pH solution.
- a copper electrode for the potentiostatic dosing of nitrate and / or nitrite ions in an aqueous medium of substantially neutral pH.
- Numerous methods for quantitative determination of nitrate and / or nitrite ions are known, in particular at high acid pH.
- This document presents a method for assaying nitrate ions using a copper electrode. This assay method comprises a first step of applying a potential of between 0 and 0.2 V.
- the plot of the curve of the intensity as a function of the potential applied to the copper electrode then makes it possible to identify the current peak due to the reduction of the nitrate ions to NH 4 + ions, and to deduce from this the concentration in nitrate ions by calibration in the acidified aqueous medium.
- the object of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the techniques of the prior art by proposing in particular a simple and direct method for the determination of nitrate and / or nitrite ions which makes it possible to guarantee reliable measurements, without it being necessary to add any additive in the solution to be analyzed, in particular to modify the pH.
- the subject of the present invention is a method for the determination of nitrate and / or nitrite ions in solution, using a copper electrode, said method being characterized in that it is carried out in potentiostatic mode, and that it comprises the dosage steps. consisting of: a. applying a PA potential to a submerged copper electrode in a substantially neutral pH analyte solution, for measuring the oxygen reducing current likely to be present in said solution to be analyzed, then b. applying a PB potential to the copper electrode so as to reduce the nitrate ions to obtain the measurement of the reduction current II corresponding to the reduction of the nitrate ions to nitrite ions and the reduction of the oxygen, then c.
- the dosing steps a and b make it possible to determine the nitrate reduction current, corrected for the stream 10, and the a, b and c determination steps make it possible to determine the nitrite ion reduction current corrected for the currents II. and 10.
- the oxygen likely to be present in the solution to be analyzed tends to distort the determination of the nitrate and / or nitrite ions, by overestimating the results of the assay.
- the application of this PA potential advantageously makes it possible to propose a nitrate and / or nitrite ion assay method which optimally guarantees reproducible and reliable measurements.
- the potential PA applied to the step of assay advantageously makes it possible to avoid deaerating the solution to be analyzed.
- copper electrode means a copper electrode called “unalloyed”, consisting solely of copper, the copper may be solid or electro-deposited. Of course, the copper electrode may contain unavoidable impurities such as other metal elements. In this case, the copper electrode is composed of at least 99.9% by weight of copper, the remainder being said inevitable impurities.
- substantially neutral pH means a solution (or an electrolyte) whose pH is close to neutrality, that is to say ranging from 5 to 9, and preferably about 7.
- the solution to be analyzed may be an aqueous medium such as natural water or wastewater.
- Steps a, b and optionally c assay are performed "in potentiostatic mode".
- This type of assay is well known and consists in measuring the intensity of the current at a given potential (ie fixed potential).
- Current intensity is, in the present invention, a function of the concentration of dioxygen and nitrate and / or nitrite ions.
- steps a, b and optionally c are reduction steps in order to determine the nitrite and / or nitrate ions (i.e., quantitative detection), the potentials applied to each of these steps are of the cathode type.
- the potentiostatic mode used in steps a to c advantageously makes it possible to apply a constant potential for a given time, which is technically much simpler than to vary this potential with a given speed such as in potentiodynamic mode.
- the potentiostatic dosage according to the invention is therefore very different from the potentiodynamic dosage (cyclic voltammetry) in which the potential applied to the copper electrode varies as a function of time (potential sweep).
- the potential PA applied to the copper electrode makes it possible to measure the current of reduction of the oxygen into OH " ions according to the following equation 1 (Eq 1):
- the potential PA may be equal to about -0.6 V / SCE.
- the potentials described in the present invention are typically expressed with respect to a saturated calomel electrode type reference electrode (i.e. KCI saturated calomel electrode), noted in the present description "ECS".
- the duration of the application (or imposition) of the potential PA may be at least a few seconds, for example between 20 and 30 seconds.
- the potential PB applied to the copper electrode makes it possible to reduce the nitrate ions to nitrite ions according to the following equation 2 (Eq 2): N0 3 " + 2e " + H 2 0 ⁇ N0 2 " + 2 OH " (Eq2)
- the application of the potential PB makes it possible to obtain the measurement of the reduction current II corresponding to the reduction of nitrate (Eq 2) and dioxygen (Eq 1) ions.
- the potential PB is equal to approximately -0.9 V / SCE.
- the duration of the application (or imposition) of the potential PB may be at least a few seconds, and for example between 20 and 30 seconds.
- the potential PC applied to the copper electrode makes it possible to reduce the nitrate ions and the nitrite ions according to equations 3 and 4 (Eq 3 and Eq 4) as follows:
- the application of the potential PC makes it possible to obtain the measurement of the reduction current 12 corresponding to the reduction of nitrate ions (Eq 3), nitrite ions (Eq 4) and oxygen (Eq 1).
- the potential PC is equal to approximately -1.1 V / SCE.
- the duration of the application (or imposition) of the potential PC may be at least a few seconds, and for example between 20 and 30 seconds.
- nitrate ions and / or nitrite ions can thus be easily and reliably obtained by taking into account the current (10) of reduction of oxygen.
- the assay method according to the invention is preferably carried out with a flow rate of the analyte solution which is substantially constant.
- a flow rate of the analyte solution which is substantially constant.
- the flow velocity of the solution to be analyzed may be zero or may be different from zero if it does not vary with time.
- the solution to be analyzed is renewed after each step b when the assay consists of measuring only the currents 10 and II, or after each step c when the assay consists of measuring the currents. 10, 11 and 12, in order to guarantee in time the reproducibility of the measurements made with the copper electrode.
- the various reduction reactions included in steps a, b and c tend to increase the pH of the solution to be analyzed.
- chemical species of calcium and / or magnesium type likely to be in the solution to be analyzed may form calcium-magnesium deposits on the surface of the copper electrode and thus limit the use of the copper electrode and the reproducibility of measurements made with said electrode.
- the assay method of the invention may further comprise a step d following the dosage step c, said step of maintaining the copper electrode at a potential PD, said PD potential being lower than the quiescent potential of the copper electrode, so as to avoid the copper electrode to oxidize when the latter is no longer used for said assay for a given period.
- the PD potential advantageously prevents the copper from oxidizing (ie corroding), which could lead to the formation of a large film of copper oxide on the surface of the copper electrode, thus preventing to obtain reproducible measurements.
- the resting potential of the copper electrode (or open circuit potential) can be for example approximately equal to -0.10 V / SCE.
- the method according to the present invention may further comprise copper electrode treatment steps, prior to assay steps a and b, or assay steps a, b and c, consisting of: i. applying a first potential to the copper electrode so as to reduce the copper oxides present on the surface of the copper metal electrode, ii. applying a second potential to the copper electrode so as to oxidize the metallic copper formed in step i to cupric ions, copper oxides possibly forming in step ii, and iii. applying a third potential to the copper electrode so as to reduce the copper oxides possibly formed in step ii, steps i to iii being performed by immersing the copper electrode in a supporting electrolyte having a substantially neutral pH .
- the electrolyte supporting steps i to iii is preferably an aqueous carrier electrolyte.
- the carrier electrolyte is the solution to be analyzed during assaying steps a and b, or assaying steps a, b and c.
- Steps i to iii are of course performed "in potentiostatic mode" (or “in amperometric mode”). Steps i to iii are referred to as “conditioning steps” of the electrode, prior to dosing steps a and b, or to dosing steps a, b and c, per se. These conditioning steps, consisting in applying to the copper electrode a sequence of three successive potentials in potentiostatic mode, advantageously make it possible to obtain a surface of the electrode consisting essentially of copper in the oxidation state 0 and therefore free of of copper oxide, in order to have a constant and reproducible active surface.
- the concentration of nitrate ions and / or nitrite present in the solution to be analyzed is proportional to the intensities measured at the potentials PB and PC applied to the conditioned copper electrode.
- This potentiostatic dosage thus makes it possible to easily obtain the concentration of nitrate and / or nitrite ions with optimum reliability.
- the first potential makes it possible to reduce copper oxides of the CuO and / or Cu 2 0 type to metallic copper, said copper oxides notably originating from the oxidation of metallic copper. by the oxygen of the air.
- the first potential is cathodic type, it must allow the reduction of all copper oxides. Typically, it may be less than or equal to -0.85 V / SCE, and preferably equal to -1.15 V / SCE. Ideally, the duration of application of the first potential may be at least a few seconds, and for example between 20 and 30 seconds.
- the second potential makes it possible to oxidize the metallic copper formed in step i into cupric ions (Cu 2+ ).
- the second potential is therefore anodic type.
- the second potential may be greater than the quiescent potential of the copper electrode, in particular greater than 5 to 200 mV with respect to said quiescent potential, and preferably greater than 5 to 100 mV with respect to said quiescent potential.
- a second higher potential of more than 200 mV with respect to the resting potential would not necessarily be acceptable because it could induce an excessive dissolution of the metallic copper and thus the active surface of the electrode would become inhomogeneous as explained herein. -after.
- the quiescent potential corresponds to the open circuit potential or, in other words, to the "natural" potential measured when the copper electrode is not subjected to the application of any potential.
- This quiescent potential is therefore conventionally measured between the copper electrode and a reference electrode, for example of the ECS type, without any potential being applied between these two electrodes.
- the resting potential of the copper electrode may be approximately equal to -0.10 V / SCE.
- the second potential when the open circuit potential is -0.100 V / SCE, the second potential may be greater than or equal to -0.095 V / SCE and less than or equal to 0.100 V / SCE, and preferably less than or equal to 0.000 V / SCE.
- the duration of application of the second potential may be at least a few seconds, for example between 20 and 30 seconds.
- copper oxides such as, for example, CuO and / or Cu 2 O, may optionally be formed.
- step ii makes it possible to guarantee reproducible measurements one after the other, guaranteeing an active surface that remains constant and homogeneous (smooth surface) as and when dosages are carried out.
- the third potential makes it possible, in turn, to reduce the copper oxides that may have formed during step ii.
- the third potential is therefore cathodic type. It may be less than or equal to -0.85 V / SCE, and preferably equal to -1.15 V / SCE. Ideally, the duration of application of the third potential may be at least a few seconds, and for example between 20 and 30 seconds.
- steps i, ii and iii makes it possible to obtain a copper electrode whose surface has been conditioned and which then makes it possible, during the determination of the nitrate and / or nitrite ions, of steps a, b and c, to measure a reduction current that is reproducible and proportional to the concentration of nitrate and / or nitrite ions in the solution to be analyzed.
- steps i to iii, prior to steps a and b, or steps a, b and c, are repeated before each step a, thus making it possible to perform continuous dosages while ensuring reproducibility. measurements and keeping the performance of the copper electrode constant.
- a reference electrode for example of the calomel electrode type in saturated solution of KCI (ECS) or of type
- the electrochemical sensor can advantageously be the electrochemical sensor with compact geometry such as as defined in the present invention.
- the electrochemical sensor may further comprise an electronic device for applying the different potentials to the copper electrode and for measuring the different currents (i.e. current intensities) passing through the copper electrode corresponding to these potentials. It may further include a temperature probe.
- Another object of the invention relates to a copper electrode conditioned by steps i to iii of the assay method as defined in the present invention.
- Said copper electrode is characterized in that its surface consists essentially of copper in the oxidation state 0 (Cu (0)), that is to say copper in metallic form.
- the term "substantially” is understood to mean an atomic percentage (% at.) Content of copper in oxidation state 0 which is greater than 80 at%, and preferably greater than 90 at%, with respect to the sum of the contents in% at. of all the constituents comprising at least one metal element, present on the surface of the copper electrode.
- All of said constituents of course, comprise copper in metallic form (Cu (O)), and may furthermore comprise copper in oxidation state +1 (Cu (I)) and / or copper in the form of oxidation state +11 (Cu (II)). More particularly, the surface of the copper electrode comprises less than 10 at%. copper oxide (s), preferably less than 5 at%. of copper oxide (s).
- the surface of the copper electrode does not comprise copper oxide, and particularly preferably the surface of the copper electrode consists only of copper in the state of copper. oxidation 0.
- Another object of the invention relates to the use of such a conditioned copper electrode, for the determination of nitrate and / or nitrite ions in substantially neutral pH solution, said assay being carried out in potentiostatic mode.
- Another object of the invention relates to the electrochemical sensor according to the present invention, namely the compact geometry electrochemical sensor, comprising a copper electrode as a working electrode, said copper electrode being conditioned by steps i to iii of the assay method as defined in the present invention.
- Another object of the invention relates to the use of such an electrochemical sensor comprising said conditioned copper electrode, for the determination of nitrate and / or nitrite ions in a substantially neutral pH solution, said assay being carried out in potentiostatic mode.
- Another subject of the invention concerns the method for determining the nitrate and / or nitrite ions in solution of the invention, using the electrochemical sensor (compact geometry) of the invention, when the working electrode of said electrochemical sensor is a copper electrode, the copper electrode possibly having undergone the conditioning steps i to iii.
- the electrochemical sensor with compact geometry advantageously makes it possible to be able to significantly limit the ohmic drop in order to guarantee a potential at the copper electrode closest to the one applied, in particular in the solutions to be analyzed which are not heavily loaded with salts or not very conductive.
- the ohmic drop (RI) is the product of the current flowing through the copper electrode by the ohmic resistance of the solution to be analyzed (ie electrolyte).
- FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal axial sectional view of an electrochemical sensor according to the invention.
- an electrochemical sensor 1 designed for the in situ and high frequency assay of nitrate ions and / or nitrite ions, especially in natural environments, such as for example rivers, comprises a cylindrical outer housing 2 in which a working electrode 3 made of copper, a counter-electrode 4 made of stainless steel, and a reference electrode 5 of the Ag / AgCl type, constituted by an Ag wire covered by a layer of aluminum, are disposed. AgCl and immersed in a saturated solution of KO.
- the housing 2 is a hollow part of cylindrical shape, and comprises an outer shoulder 6 for distinguishing a first portion 7 and a second portion 8, the diameter of said first portion 7 being smaller than that of the second portion 8.
- the internal channels of these two parts 7,8 are in continuity with one another, the internal channel of the first portion 7 having a smaller diameter than the internal channel of the second part.
- the reference electrode 5 is delimited by a glass tube 13, placed in a cylindrical body 9, made of plastic material, and having an external shoulder 10 making it possible to distinguish a first part 11 and a second portion 12, the diameter of the first portion 11 being smaller than that of the second portion 12.
- the tube 13 which contains the silver wire and the KCl solution, is fixed inside this hollow body 9, by means of a fastener involving a Versilic TM silicone plug 14, and a ring 25 silicone also Versilic TM type.
- work 3 is in the form of a hollow cylindrical part, placed at the free end of the first part 7 of the housing 2, so that its axis of revolution coincides with the axis of revolution of said housing 2.
- the positioning of the working electrode 3 at this end is such that a flat annular surface 18 of said working electrode 3 is flush with the free end of the first portion 7 of the housing 2, said electrode being housed inside said first part 7.
- the counter-electrode 4 made of stainless steel is a hollow cylindrical piece inserted in the wall of the first part 7 of the casing 2, the maximum thickness of said counter-electrode 4 being substantially equal to the thickness of the wall of said first part. hollow 7.
- the counter-electrode 4 is set back from the free end of the first part 7 of the housing 2.
- the housing 2 is filled with black araldite 16, and the hollow cylindrical body 9 surrounding the reference electrode 5 containing gel 15 and the tube 13 is immersed in said araldite 16.
- Said hollow body 9 is connected to the working electrode 3 via a hollow interface piece 17 having an internal channel of constant diameter, said interface piece 17 acting as an adapter between the reference electrode 5 and the working electrode 3.
- This interface piece 17 is divided into three segments 19,20,21 which are distinguished from each other at their outer diameter.
- the first segment 19 is housed in the internal channel of the first portion 11 of the hollow cylindrical body 9 delimiting the reference electrode 5, so that its outer surface is in contact with the inner surface of said first portion 11.
- the second segment 20, which extends the first segment 19 has an outer diameter greater than that of the first segment 19.
- This second segment 20 forms an annular bead inserted between the end of the first portion 11 of the hollow cylindrical body 9 delimiting the reference electrode 5 and the flat annular surface 26 of the working electrode 3, which is opposite. at the flat annular surface 18 leveling the end of the first part 7 of the housing 2.
- This bead 20 is in contact with both said working electrode 3 and the hollow cylindrical body 9 delimiting the reference electrode 5.
- the second segment 20 is extended by a third segment 21, whose outer diameter is smaller than that of the first segment 19.
- This third segment 21 is of small thickness and is housed in the internal channel of the working electrode 3, so that the external surface of said third segment 21 comes into contact with the inner surface of the working electrode 3.
- This third segment 21 is flush with the free end of the first part 7 of the casing 2, and has an edge 23 bent inwards so as to locally reduce the internal diameter of said third segment 21.
- This interface piece 17 is made of PVC.
- a PVC hollow tube 22 is glued inside the internal channel of the interface piece 17, one end of said hollow tube 22 being placed at the level of the middle of the second segment 20, and the other emerging end of the first segment 19, inside the hollow body 9 delimiting the reference electrode.
- the outer wall of the cylindrical tube 22 is glued to the inner wall of the interface piece 17.
- a solid cylindrical body 24, made of porous ceramic, is placed in the internal channel of the interface piece 17 , between one end of the tube 22 adhered inside said channel, and the folded rim 23 of the third segment 21, said end of the tube 22 and said flange 23 constituting retaining stops of said solid body 24.
- the oxygen likely to be present in the solution to be analyzed is first reduced according to the Eql equation, by applying a PA potential (step a) of -0.6 V / SCE for 20 to 30 seconds, in order to measure the corresponding reduction current.
- nitrate ions (and also oxygen) are reduced according to equation Eq2, by applying a PB potential (step b) of -0.9 V / SCE for 20 to 30 seconds, in order to measure the reduction current II corresponding.
- the corrected reduction current (I N itrate) of the nitrate ions, at -0.9 V / ECS, is then defined as:
- IlMitrate H - 10.
- the amount of nitrate present in the solution to be analyzed can then easily and reliably be determined. If it is furthermore desired to determine the quantity of nitrite in said solution to be analyzed, the method can be continued by reducing the nitrate and nitrite ions (and also the oxygen) according to equations Eq3 and Eq4 by applying a potential PC (step c ) of -1.1 V / DHW for 20 to 30 seconds, in order to measure the corresponding reduction current 12.
- the amount of nitrite present in the solution to be analyzed can then easily and reliably be determined.
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- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1154318A FR2975494B1 (fr) | 2011-05-18 | 2011-05-18 | Capteur electrochimique a geometrie compacte pour le dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites et methode de dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites en milieu neutre |
| PCT/FR2012/051073 WO2012156636A1 (fr) | 2011-05-18 | 2012-05-14 | Méthode de dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites en milieu neutre. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2710361A1 true EP2710361A1 (fr) | 2014-03-26 |
Family
ID=46321107
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12728682.1A Withdrawn EP2710361A1 (fr) | 2011-05-18 | 2012-05-14 | Méthode de dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites en milieu neutre. |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2710361A1 (fr) |
| FR (2) | FR2975494B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012156636A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN120232967B (zh) * | 2025-05-30 | 2025-09-12 | 齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院) | 检测抗生素的零价铜/生物炭基电化学传感器及制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT403528B (de) * | 1989-04-04 | 1998-03-25 | Urban Gerald | Mikro-mehrelektrodenstruktur für elektrochemische anwendungen und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
| JP2740587B2 (ja) * | 1991-07-18 | 1998-04-15 | 工業技術院長 | 微小複合電極およびその製造方法 |
| FR2952721B1 (fr) * | 2009-11-19 | 2011-12-30 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Methode de dosage des nitrates et/ou des nitrites en milieu neutre |
-
2011
- 2011-05-18 FR FR1154318A patent/FR2975494B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-09-09 FR FR1158004A patent/FR2975493B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-05-14 WO PCT/FR2012/051073 patent/WO2012156636A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2012-05-14 EP EP12728682.1A patent/EP2710361A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2012156636A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2975493B1 (fr) | 2014-05-16 |
| FR2975493A1 (fr) | 2012-11-23 |
| FR2975494A1 (fr) | 2012-11-23 |
| WO2012156636A1 (fr) | 2012-11-22 |
| FR2975494B1 (fr) | 2014-08-29 |
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