EP2685784B1 - Dispositif de chauffage - Google Patents
Dispositif de chauffage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2685784B1 EP2685784B1 EP12290232.3A EP12290232A EP2685784B1 EP 2685784 B1 EP2685784 B1 EP 2685784B1 EP 12290232 A EP12290232 A EP 12290232A EP 2685784 B1 EP2685784 B1 EP 2685784B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- layers
- contact
- insulating
- heating element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 175
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 107
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000012791 sliding layer Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 3
- QGQFOJGMPGJJGG-UHFFFAOYSA-K [B+3].[O-]N=O.[O-]N=O.[O-]N=O Chemical compound [B+3].[O-]N=O.[O-]N=O.[O-]N=O QGQFOJGMPGJJGG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 For example Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
- H05B3/24—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor being self-supporting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H3/00—Air heaters
- F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
- F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
- F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
- F24H3/0429—For vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/022—Heaters specially adapted for heating gaseous material
- H05B2203/023—Heaters of the type used for electrically heating the air blown in a vehicle compartment by the vehicle heating system
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heating device, in particular for a heating or air conditioning system of a vehicle, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- electrically operated heaters are used for example as a heater.
- the vehicle electrical system voltage is greater than 60 V, sometimes greater than 300 V. Due to the high required heating power of the heaters or the heater that is usually in such vehicles with high voltages operated in order to keep the current as low as possible. A voltage drop would entail the need to use higher currents. Also, such a designed for operation by means of a high voltage heater must have a secure contact protection, with a risk to the vehicle occupants can be excluded during operation.
- the specification here is that all electrically conductive and externally accessible parts of the electric heater or auxiliary heater are potential-free, which means that an absolute contact protection according to the protection class I or the protection class II must be guaranteed.
- the insulating layers must have a good electrical insulation, a high dielectric strength and a good thermal conductivity, including in particular insulating ceramics such as alumina can be used.
- the contact electrodes must have a very good thermal and an electrical conductivity.
- the contact electrodes are made of aluminum or other materials, for example. Such contact electrodes are only present if the heating coil comprises a heating unit with a PTC layer. When using a heating unit with thick-film heating elements, however, no contact electrodes are present, which form a tribological system by a surface contact.
- an enveloping layer which may be formed as a tube wall or as a profile made of aluminum, must have a very good thermal conductivity.
- a suitable for operation by means of a high voltage heater is known for example from an earlier patent application of the applicant, wherein the heater described therein consists of several layers or elements is formed of different materials, which are located in a closed pressed or pressed Bankregisterprofil and are braced together.
- the elements by means of a strained profile tube or a braced system, which may be formed among other things of springs and / or brackets, are clamped together.
- the heating coil of a conventional heater includes a layer-shaped heating element 20 having a PTC ceramic 30 with at least one conductive contact layer, which is glued to contact plates 40, for example by means of silicone.
- the conductive contact layer may be formed of gold.
- the layer-shaped heating unit 20 may have thick-film heating elements on a carrier material which is formed, for example, from insulating ceramic.
- the heating register 10 comprises two insulation layers 50, which are formed for example from insulating ceramic, an enveloping outer layer 60, for example made of aluminum, which here has a tubular profile and in particular may be formed as a compressed pipe.
- the enveloping layer 60 is preferably formed as an extrusion profile (not shown).
- the contact areas between contacting layers are identified by the reference numeral 35.
- the layer-shaped heating element 20, the insulating layers 50, and the enveloping layer 60 are braced or pressed together.
- the pressing force By the pressing force, a good heat transfer from the heating unit 20 to the heat-transferring surface, which may be a wall or a rib, ensured.
- the insulating layers 50 must have a good thermal conductivity and the electrical separation between the heating unit, in particular, ensure the contact plates of the heating unit, on the one hand and the enveloping outer layer 60 on the other.
- An insulating ceramic made of aluminum oxide meets these two requirements.
- the various elements form a tribological system comprising the surfaces of at least two components that are in moving contact with each other.
- gap-forming abrasion for example of aluminum, such as For example, in a contact plate made of aluminum, an intermediate insulating layer of aluminum oxide, and an enveloping, designed as a tube or profile of extruded aluminum outer layer.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 is a highly schematic Quer4.000eilansicht by the heater 10 of the FIG. 1 shown, wherein the FIG. 2 a new heater 10, that is, a heater in an initial state immediately after its manufacture, whereas in FIG FIG. 3 the heater 10 is shown in a state after passing through several temperature cycles.
- the PTC layer 30 is bonded by means of an adhesive 21 with a contact electrode 40.
- the illustrated Kotaktelektrode 40 contacted on its side facing away from the PTC layer 30 an insulating layer 50.
- an air gap 41 is present.
- the insulating layer 50 makes contact with the enveloping outer layer (tube wall) 60 on its side facing away from the contact electrode 40.
- the tube wall 60 is adhesively bonded by means of an adhesive 61 to a rib 70 through which air 80 flows.
- FIG. 2 shows the course of a temperature T produced by the PTC layer 20 as a function of a heat transfer path d between the PTC layer 30 and the tube wall 60.
- KT1 while the temperature dependence of the new heating register 10 (see FIG. 2 ) and KT2 the corresponding temperature dependence for the same heating coil 10 in a state after passing through several temperature cycles (see FIG. 3 ) designated.
- ⁇ T denotes the temperature difference caused by the abrasion and consequent enlargement of the air gaps 41 and 51 in the heating coil 10.
- an electrically operated heater comprises a heater which includes a laminar heater for converting electrical energy to heat and at least one, preferably two, electrically insulating and heat-conducting insulating layer or insulation layers, each of which at least partially contacted one side of the layer-shaped heating element, wherein the insulating layer and the layer-shaped heating element are clamped together.
- at least one of the insulation layers and the layer-shaped heating element is arranged to have a wear-counteracting sliding layer and / or at least one of the insulation layers and the layer-shaped heating element has a material pairing at least in the region of their mutual contact surfaces, in which the abrasion of the contact surfaces has a predetermined limit value below.
- the material pairings or material pairings between at least two of the moving components or layers are thus coordinated so that the abrasion is reduced or minimized.
- the material pairings can be chosen such that the coefficient of friction between the contacting layers is reduced.
- a sliding layer may be present, through which the abrasion between the heating element and the insulating layers is reduced or avoided.
- the presence of sliding layers between the contacting layers of the heating coil leads to an improvement in the heat transfer in the heating coil, which is due in particular to the fact that the sliding layers used have a better thermal conductivity than the micro-air gaps.
- the heating coil of the heating device may comprise such an outer layer (outer profile) which at least partially surrounds the arrangement formed by the insulating layers and the layered heating element, which contacts the surfaces of the insulating layers facing away from the heating element at least in regions, and which contacts the insulating layers and the Heating element is clamped.
- the outer layer may be formed as a tube wall of an enclosing tube, preferably a compressed tube, or as an extrusion profile.
- At least one sliding layer of such a material is arranged between at least one of the insulating layers and the outer layer that the abrasion of the contact surfaces of the insulating layer and the outer layer each falls below a predetermined limit.
- a material pairing is used such that the abrasion of the contact surfaces of the insulation layer and the outer layer in each case falls below a predetermined limit value.
- the layered heating element of the heating device according to the invention may include a PTC layer, in particular a PTC layer having at least one electrically conductive contact layer, and two layered contact electrodes, each contacting at least a portion of the surface of the PTC layer.
- the layered heating element of the heating device according to the invention may also comprise at least one thick-film heating element mounted on a carrier layer,
- At least one sliding layer made of such a material is arranged between at least one contact electrode and the PTC layer such that the abrasion of the contact surfaces of the contact electrode and of the PTC layer in each case falls below a predetermined limit value.
- the outer layer is formed of aluminum. Furthermore, at least one insulating layer of insulating ceramic, in particular of an insulating ceramic with aluminum oxide, may be formed. Furthermore, the PTC layer is formed in particular from PTC ceramic. Also, the contact layer of the PTC layer of gold, silver or aluminum and at least one contact electrode may be formed of aluminum.
- At least one contact electrode and the PTC layer are glued together at their contact surfaces. Also, the bonding of contacting layers to your contact surface can drastically reduce the likelihood of forming air gaps or micro-air gaps.
- At least one sliding layer which is arranged between at least two of the contacting layers, is formed as a coating of a contact surface of one of the at least two of the contacting layers or as a separate layer.
- At least two of the contacting layers are each coated on their contact surface with a sliding layer or comprise a separately formed sliding layer between their contact surfaces.
- At least one sliding layer which is present between at least two of the contacting layers, is formed as a thin film having a thickness of less than 20 ⁇ m made of silicone or polyester lacquer with Bohrnitrit as a lubricant.
- at least one sliding layer may be formed of a polymer which is filled in particular with heat-conducting particles for realizing any heat transfer and / or which cures by heat or addition of chemical hardeners.
- At least one sliding layer which is arranged between at least two of the contacting layers, realized by the introduction of at least one lubricant, such as oil or grease, between at least two of the contacting layers.
- at least one sliding layer may be formed of a material impregnated with at least one lubricant, such as, for example, a paper impregnated in the oil.
- friction-optimized lubricant-free material pairings are used for layers which come into contact, at least in the region of their contact surfaces, which are not prone to seizing.
- a material combination of brass and aluminum or of brass and tin is used in particular for the formation of at least two contacting layers.
- the material pairings are selected in particular such that the coefficient of friction between the contacting layers is reduced.
- the material combination of aluminum to aluminum has a coefficient of friction of 1.
- the abrasion between the layers of a heating register is determined by the selection of the materials from which the layers are formed and / or by the use of additional measures, such as a suitable coating of the layers and / or the insertion of intermediate layers of suitable material between the layers , minimized.
- the inventive construction of the heater is for high voltages, that is, for voltages greater than 60 V, particularly suitable. But also for electric heaters with a voltage ⁇ 60V, the structure of the invention is suitable.
- the use of modified material pairings and / or the use of a sliding layer between contacting layers do not affect the function and the field of application of the electric heater according to the invention. This means that the use of the modified material pairings and / or the use of a sliding layer between the contacting layers does not result in any notable loss of power and no impairment of the electrical insulation strength with respect to high voltages.
- the FIG. 5 shows in exploded view a cross-sectional view through a heating register 10 of a heating device according to a first embodiment of the heating device according to the invention.
- the heater heater 10 of the first embodiment includes a laminar heater 20 including a PTC layer 30 and two layered contact electrodes 40.
- the PTC layer 30 is disposed between the two contact electrodes 40.
- a separately formed sliding layer 130 is arranged, by means of which the abrasion between the corresponding contact electrode 40 and the PTC layer 30 is minimized or avoided.
- an insulating layer 50 is arranged on the side facing away from the PTC layer 30. Furthermore, a separately formed sliding layer 140 is arranged between each contact electrode 40 and each insulation layer 50, by means of which the abrasion between the corresponding contact electrode 40 and the corresponding insulation layer 50 is minimized or avoided.
- a tube profile 60 is present, which is designed as enveloping compressed tube 60.
- all the heating element 10 forming elements are clamped together.
- a good heat transfer from the heating element 20 to the outer heat-transferring surface of the compressed tube 60 is ensured by the applied pressing force.
- a separately formed sliding layer 150 is arranged, by means of which an abrasion between the compressed tube 60 and the corresponding insulating layer 50 is minimized or avoided.
- FIG. 6 shows in exploded view a cross-sectional view through a heating register 10 of a heating device according to a second embodiment of the heating device according to the invention.
- the heating register 10 of the heating device according to the second embodiment in this case comprises a layer-shaped heating element 20, which comprises a PTC layer 30 arranged between two layer-shaped contact electrodes 40.
- the PTC layer 30 is coated on each side facing a corresponding contact electrode with a sliding layer 130, by means of which the abrasion between the PTC layer 30 and the corresponding contact electrode 40 is minimized or avoided.
- each contact electrode 40 facing away from the PTC layer 30, an insulating layer 50 is arranged in each case.
- Each insulation layer 50 is coated on its side facing the corresponding contact electrode 40 with a sliding layer 140 by means of which the abrasion between each of the insulation layers 50 and the corresponding contact electrode 40 is minimized or avoided.
- a tube profile 60 is provided, which is designed as enveloping compressed tube 60.
- all elements forming the heating coil 10 are clamped together in this embodiment as well.
- the pressing force By the pressing force, a good heat transfer from the heating element 20 to the outer heat-transmitting surface of the compressed tube 60 is ensured here as well.
- each insulating layer 50 is coated on its side facing the enveloping tube 60 with a sliding layer 150, by means of which the abrasion between each the insulating layers 50 and the enveloping tube 60 is minimized or avoided.
- the PTC layer 30 may comprise a PTC ceramic layer and at least one conductive contact layer (not shown) of gold or silver. Furthermore, each of the insulating layers 50 may be formed of insulating ceramic.
- the enveloping tube 60 may be formed in particular of aluminum.
- At least one of the sliding layers 130, 140, 150 can be introduced as a further component between the relatively moving surfaces of the corresponding contacting layers of the heating register 10.
- At least one of the sliding layers 130, 140, 150 may each be formed as a direct coating of one or both of the relatively moving surfaces of at least two of the contacting or contiguous layers of the heating register 10.
- a lubricant such as oil or grease may be introduced between the relatively moving surfaces of at least two of the contacting layers.
- the sliding layer system according to the invention may comprise a combination of a plurality of the above-mentioned sliding layers.
- lubricant for example oil, or a lubricant-impregnated paper, to be introduced between the surfaces.
- a corresponding sliding layer 130, 140, 150 may be present from a material mixture, wherein the material mixture silicone or polyester paint with Bohrnitrit as a lubricant and is designed for thin-film applications below 20 microns, preferably below 5 microns, preferably on insulating ceramic.
- At least one sliding layer 130, 140, 150 may comprise a polymer as the heat conducting medium filled with heat particles.
- This polymer can cure by heat or by the addition of chemical hardeners. The heat transfer then takes place exclusively via the heat particles.
- the degree of filling of such polymers with heat particles is at least 60%.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Heizvorrichtung, insbesondere für eine Heizungsoder Klimaanlage eines Fahrzeuges, nach dem Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1.The invention relates to a heating device, in particular for a heating or air conditioning system of a vehicle, according to the preamble of
Aus dem Stand der Technik ist es bekannt, elektrisch betriebene Heizvorrichtungen in Wärmetauscher für Heiz- und Klimaanlagen von Kraftfahrzeugen einzubauen, wo sie beispielsweise als Zusatzheizung eingesetzt werden. Aus den Dokumenten
Insbesondere in Hybridfahrzeugen oder in rein elektrisch betriebenen Fahrzeugen werden elektrisch betriebene Heizvorrichtungen beispielsweise als Zuheizer eingesetzt. Bei solchen Fahrzeugen ist die Bordnetzspannung größer als 60 V, teilweise auch größer als 300 V. Aufgrund der hohen geforderten Heizleistungen der Heizvorrichtungen oder des Zuheizers wird dieser bei solchen Fahrzeugen üblicherweise mit hohen Spannungen betrieben, um die Stromstärke möglichst gering halten zu können. Ein Spannungsabfall würde die Notwendigkeit der Verwendung von höheren Stromstärken nach sich ziehen. Auch muss ein solcher für den Betrieb mittels einer Hochspannung ausgelegter Heizer einen sicheren Berührungsschutz aufweisen, mit dem eine Gefährdung der Fahrzeuginsassen im Betrieb ausgeschlossen werden kann. Vorgabe ist hier, dass alle elektrisch leitenden und von außen berührbaren Teile des elektrischen Heizers beziehungsweise Zuheizers potentialfrei sind, was bedeutet, dass ein absoluter Berührungsschutz gemäß der Schutzklasse I oder der Schutzklasse II gewährleistet werden muss.In particular, in hybrid vehicles or in purely electrically operated vehicles electrically operated heaters are used for example as a heater. In such vehicles, the vehicle electrical system voltage is greater than 60 V, sometimes greater than 300 V. Due to the high required heating power of the heaters or the heater that is usually in such vehicles with high voltages operated in order to keep the current as low as possible. A voltage drop would entail the need to use higher currents. Also, such a designed for operation by means of a high voltage heater must have a secure contact protection, with a risk to the vehicle occupants can be excluded during operation. The specification here is that all electrically conductive and externally accessible parts of the electric heater or auxiliary heater are potential-free, which means that an absolute contact protection according to the protection class I or the protection class II must be guaranteed.
Im Allgemeinen werden bei den bekannten Heizregistern verschiedene Materialien für verschiedene Schichten verwendet, da diese auch unterschiedliche Aufgaben erfüllen müssen. Dabei müssen die Isolationsschichten eine gute elektrische Isolation, eine hohe Durchschlagsfestigkeit und eine gute thermische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen, wozu insbesondere Isolierkeramiken wie beispielsweise Aluminiumoxid verwendet werden können. Ferner müssen die Kontaktelektroden eine sehr gute thermische und eine elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen. Die Kontaktelektroden bestehen beispielsweise aus Aluminium oder anderen Materialien. Solche Kontaktelektroden sind nur vorhanden, wenn das Heizregister eine Heizeinheit mit einer PTC-Schicht umfasst. Bei Verwendung einer Heizeinheit mit Dickschichtheizelementen sind dahingegen keine Kontaktelektroden vorhanden, die durch eine Flächenkontaktierung ein tribologisches System bilden. Weiterhin muss eine umhüllende Schicht, die als Rohrwand oder als Profil aus Aluminium ausgebildet sein kann, eine sehr gute thermische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen.In general, in the known heating registers, different materials are used for different layers, since these also have to fulfill different tasks. In this case, the insulating layers must have a good electrical insulation, a high dielectric strength and a good thermal conductivity, including in particular insulating ceramics such as alumina can be used. Furthermore, the contact electrodes must have a very good thermal and an electrical conductivity. The contact electrodes are made of aluminum or other materials, for example. Such contact electrodes are only present if the heating coil comprises a heating unit with a PTC layer. When using a heating unit with thick-film heating elements, however, no contact electrodes are present, which form a tribological system by a surface contact. Furthermore, an enveloping layer, which may be formed as a tube wall or as a profile made of aluminum, must have a very good thermal conductivity.
Ein für den Betrieb mittels einer Hochspannung geeigneter Heizer ist beispielsweise aus einer früheren Patentanmeldung der Anmelderin bekannt, wobei der dort beschriebene Heizer aus mehreren Schichten oder Elementen aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen ausgebildet ist, die sich in einem geschlossenen verpressten oder gepressten Heizregisterprofil befinden und miteinander verspannt sind. Dabei können die Elemente mittels eines verspannten Profilrohres oder über ein verspanntes System, das unter anderem aus Federn und/oder Klammern ausgebildet sein kann, miteinander verspannt werden.A suitable for operation by means of a high voltage heater is known for example from an earlier patent application of the applicant, wherein the heater described therein consists of several layers or elements is formed of different materials, which are located in a closed pressed or pressed Heizregisterprofil and are braced together. In this case, the elements by means of a strained profile tube or a braced system, which may be formed among other things of springs and / or brackets, are clamped together.
Ein beispielhafter Aufbau des Heizregisters eines herkömmlichen Heizers wird im Folgenden in Verbindung mit der beiliegenden
Insgesamt ist dabei wichtig, dass das schichtförmige Heizelement 20, die Isolationsschichten 50, und die umhüllende Schicht 60 miteinander verspannt beziehungsweise verpresst sind. Durch die Presskraft wird ein guter Wärmeübergang von der Heizeinheit 20 an die wärmeübertragende Fläche, die eine Wand beziehungsweise eine Rippe sein kann, sichergestellt.Overall, it is important that the layer-
Ferner müssen die Isolationsschichten 50 eine gute thermische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen und die elektrische Trennung zwischen der Heizeinheit, insbesondere den Kontaktblechen der Heizeinheit, einerseits und der umhüllenden Außenschicht 60 andererseits sicherstellen. Eine Isolierkeramik aus Aluminiumoxid erfüllt diese beiden Anforderungen. Insgesamt werden die Umgebung der Kontaktflächen sowie die Art, der Verlauf, und das Ausmaß eines Verschleißes der Kontaktflächen von den Werkstoffen und der Beschaffenheit der Komponenten, sowie von Zwischenstoffen, Umgebungseinflüssen und Einsatzbedingungen bestimmt.Furthermore, the
Aufgrund der erwähnten, in den Heizern verwendeten unterschiedlichen Materialien oder Werkstoffe benachbarter Schichten mit jeweils unterschiedlichen oder sehr unterschiedlichen Werkstoffeigenschaften, die miteinander in Kontakt kommen, kommt es im Betrieb zu einer Relativbewegung und Reibung zwischen den Elementen des Heizers. Insbesondere gibt es insbesondere Werkstoffpaarungen mit unterschiedlichen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten. Somit bilden die verschiedenen Elemente ein tribologisches System, das die Oberflächen mindestens zweier Komponenten, die miteinander in bewegtem Kontakt sind, umfasst.Due to the mentioned, used in the heaters different materials or materials of adjacent layers, each with different or very different material properties that come into contact with each other, it comes in operation to a relative movement and friction between the elements of the heater. In particular, there are in particular material pairings with different thermal expansion coefficients. Thus, the various elements form a tribological system comprising the surfaces of at least two components that are in moving contact with each other.
Die führen im Allgemeinen jedoch dazu, dass die im Betrieb entstehende Relativbewegung und Reibung zwischen den Elementen des Heizers zu einem Abrieb (Fressen) der Kontaktflächen der Elemente und, dadurch bedingt, schließlich zu einem Leistungsverlust wegen der dabei entstehenden Luftspalte zwischen den Kontaktflächen der Elemente führt. Die im Kern des Heizregisters, das heißt beispielsweise zwischen zwei Kontaktelektroden, entstehende Wärme muss über die Isolationskeramik und das umhüllende Rohr an die Umgebung abgeführt werden, wobei es bei Vorhandensein von Luftspalten zu einem Leistungsabfall im Betrieb des Heizers kommt.However, these generally result in the relative movement and friction between the elements of the heater resulting in operation resulting in scuffing of the contact surfaces of the elements and, ultimately, a loss of power due to the resulting air gaps between the contact surfaces of the elements , The heat generated in the core of the heating register, that is to say, for example, between two contact electrodes, must be dissipated to the environment via the insulating ceramic and the surrounding pipe, with a drop in power in the operation of the heater in the presence of air gaps.
Insbesondere bei Materialpaarungen wie beispielsweise weiches Aluminium in direktem Kontakt mit sehr harter Isolationskeramik kann es zu dem erwähnten spaltbildenden Abrieb beispielsweise des Aluminiums kommen, wie beispielsweise bei einem Kontaktblech aus Aluminium, einer zwischenliegenden Isolationsschicht aus Aluminiumoxid, und einer umhüllenden, als Rohr oder als Profil aus extrudiertem Aluminium ausgebildeten Außenschicht.Especially with material pairings such as soft aluminum in direct contact with very hard insulation ceramic, it can lead to the mentioned gap-forming abrasion, for example of aluminum, such as For example, in a contact plate made of aluminum, an intermediate insulating layer of aluminum oxide, and an enveloping, designed as a tube or profile of extruded aluminum outer layer.
In den
Aus den
Aus einem Vergleich der in den
In der
Je größer beziehungsweise länger die einzelnen Heizregister oder Heizstränge sind, umso größer werden auch die absolute Wärmeausdehnung und der damit verbundene Reibungsweg zwischen den einzelnen Schichten. Die Wahl eines geeigneten tribologischen Systems ist daher unumgänglich, um die Entstehung von Luftspalten zwischen den Schichten zu verhindern, die zu einer schlechten Wärmeausbringung führen, wobei bereits Luftspalte mit einer Dicke von unter 100 µm zu einem Leistungsverlust von über 30% führen können.The larger or longer the individual heating coils or heating strands are, the greater the absolute thermal expansion and the associated friction path between the individual layers. The choice of a suitable tribological system is therefore essential in order to prevent the formation of air gaps between the layers, which lead to a poor heat dissipation, even air gaps with a thickness of less than 100 microns can lead to a power loss of over 30%.
Es ist die Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Heizvorrichtung zu schaffen, deren Heizregister derartig ausgebildet ist, dass der Abrieb zwischen den das Heizregister ausbildenden Schichten minimiert wird, der insbesondere aufgrund der unterschiedlichen thermischen Ausdehnungen der für diese Schichten verwendeten unterschiedlichen Materialpaarungen entsteht.It is the object of the invention to provide a heating device whose heating register is designed such that the abrasion between the layers forming the heating register is minimized, which arises in particular due to the different thermal expansions of the different material combinations used for these layers.
Dies wird erreicht mit den Merkmalen von Anspruch 1, wonach eine elektrisch betriebene Heizvorrichtung ein Heizregister aufweist, das ein schichtförmiges Heizelement zum Umwandeln von elektrischer Energie in Wärme und zumindest eine, bevorzugt zwei, elektrisch isolierende und wärmeleitende Isolationsschicht bzw. Isolationsschichten umfasst, die jeweils zumindest bereichsweise eine Seite des schichtförmigen Heizelements kontaktiert, wobei die Isolationsschicht und das schichtförmige Heizelement miteinander verspannt sind. Ferner ist zwischen mindestens einer der Isolationsschichten und dem schichtförmigen Heizelement eine einem Abrieb entgegenwirkende Gleitschicht angeordnet und/oder es weisen mindestens eine der Isolationsschichten und das schichtförmige Heizelement zumindest in dem Bereich ihrer gegenseitigen Kontaktflächen eine Materialpaarung auf, bei der der Abrieb der Kontaktflächen einen vorbestimmten Grenzwert unterschreitet.This is achieved by the features of
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind durch die nachfolgende Figurenbeschreibung und durch die Unteransprüche beschrieben.Further advantageous embodiments are described by the following description of the figures and by the subclaims.
Erfindungsgemäß werden, im Gegensatz zum Stand der Technik, für mindestens zwei sich kontaktierende Schichten, insbesondere für das Heizelement im Bereich seiner Kontaktflächen und für die Isolierschichten reibungsoptimierte schmierstofffreie Werkstoffpaarungen, die nicht zum fressen neigen, verwendet. Vorteilhaft werden somit die Werkstoffpaarungen beziehungsweise Materialpaarungen zwischen mindestens zwei der sich bewegenden Bauteile beziehungsweise Schichten so abgestimmt, dass der Abrieb verringert beziehungsweise minimiert wird. So können die Werkstoffpaarungen derart gewählt werden, dass der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten verkleinert wird. Auch kann zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten, insbesondere zwischen den Kontaktflächen des Heizelementes und den Isolationsschichten, eine Gleitschicht vorhanden sein, durch die der Abrieb zwischen dem Heizelement und den Isolationsschichten verringert beziehungsweise vermieden wird. Durch eine Vermeidung oder Verringerung des Abriebes zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten des Heizers wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Bildung von Luftspalten beziehungsweise von Mikroluftspalten zwischen diesen Schichten und dadurch auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Entstehung eines Leistungsverlusts, der von einer durch das Vorhandensein von Spalten zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten verschlechterten Wärmeübertragung verursacht wird, verringert oder gar vermieden.According to the invention, in contrast to the prior art, for at least two contacting layers, in particular for the heating element in the region of its contact surfaces and the insulating layers friction-optimized lubricant-free material pairings that are not prone to eating used. Advantageously, the material pairings or material pairings between at least two of the moving components or layers are thus coordinated so that the abrasion is reduced or minimized. Thus, the material pairings can be chosen such that the coefficient of friction between the contacting layers is reduced. Also, between the contacting layers, in particular between the contact surfaces of the heating element and the insulating layers, a sliding layer may be present, through which the abrasion between the heating element and the insulating layers is reduced or avoided. By avoiding or reducing the abrasion between the contacting layers of the heater, the probability of the formation of air gaps or of micro-air gaps between these layers and thereby the likelihood of generating a loss of power, which is caused by a deteriorated by the presence of gaps between the contacting layers heat transfer, or even avoided.
Durch die Vermeidung oder Verringerung des Abriebes zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten des Heizers wird insbesondere erreicht, dass die Reibungskräfte zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten nahezu konstant sind oder bleiben, was zu einer Verlängerung der Lebensdauer des erfindungsgemäßen Heizregisters führt.By avoiding or reducing the abrasion between the contacting layers of the heater is achieved in particular that the frictional forces between the contacting layers are almost constant or remain, resulting in an extension of the life of the heater according to the invention.
Ferner führt das Vorhandensein von Gleitschichten zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten des Heizregisters zu einer Verbesserung der Wärmeübertragung in dem Heizregister, was insbesondere dadurch begründet ist, dass die verwendeten Gleitschichten eine bessere Wärmeleitfähigkeit haben als die Mikroluftspalte.Furthermore, the presence of sliding layers between the contacting layers of the heating coil leads to an improvement in the heat transfer in the heating coil, which is due in particular to the fact that the sliding layers used have a better thermal conductivity than the micro-air gaps.
Das Heizregister der erfindungsgemäßen Heizvorrichtung kann eine derartige Außenschicht (Außenprofil) umfassen, die die aus den Isolationsschichten und dem schichtförmigen Heizelement ausgebildete Anordnung zumindest teilweise umgibt, die zu den dem Heizelement abgewandten Oberflächen der Isolationsschichten jeweils zumindest bereichsweise kontaktiert, und die mit den Isolationsschichten und dem Heizelement verspannt ist. Die Außenschicht kann als Rohrwand eines umhüllenden Rohrs, vorzugsweise eines verpressten Rohrs, oder als Extrusionsprofil ausgebildet sein.The heating coil of the heating device according to the invention may comprise such an outer layer (outer profile) which at least partially surrounds the arrangement formed by the insulating layers and the layered heating element, which contacts the surfaces of the insulating layers facing away from the heating element at least in regions, and which contacts the insulating layers and the Heating element is clamped. The outer layer may be formed as a tube wall of an enclosing tube, preferably a compressed tube, or as an extrusion profile.
Vorzugsweise ist zwischen mindestens einer der Isolationsschichten und der Außenschicht mindestens eine Gleitschicht aus einem derartigen Material angeordnet, dass der Abrieb der Kontaktflächen der Isolationsschicht und der Außenschicht jeweils einen vorbestimmten Grenzwert unterschreitet.Preferably, at least one sliding layer of such a material is arranged between at least one of the insulating layers and the outer layer that the abrasion of the contact surfaces of the insulating layer and the outer layer each falls below a predetermined limit.
Insbesondere wird für die Ausbildung mindestens einer Isolationsschicht und der Außenschicht zumindest in dem Bereich ihrer Kontaktflächen eine derartige Materialpaarung verwendet, dass der Abrieb der Kontaktflächen der Isolationsschicht und der Außenschicht jeweils einen vorbestimmten Grenzwert unterschreitet.In particular, for the formation of at least one insulation layer and the outer layer at least in the region of their contact surfaces, a material pairing is used such that the abrasion of the contact surfaces of the insulation layer and the outer layer in each case falls below a predetermined limit value.
Durch die Verwendung von geeigneten Werkstoffpaarungen für die Ausbildung der Isolationsschichten und der Außenschicht des Heizregisters und/oder durch das Vorhandensein von geeigneten Gleitschichten zwischen der Außenschicht und den Isolationsschichten wird erfindungsgemäß ein zwischen weiteren sich kontaktierenden Schichten des erfindungsgemäßen Heizregisters erzeugbarer Abrieb verringert oder vermieden, was zu einer weiteren Reduzierung eines ansonsten durch das Vorhandensein von Luftspalten beziehungsweise Mikroluftspalten bedingten Leistungsverlustes führt.By the use of suitable material pairings for the formation of the insulating layers and the outer layer of the heating register and / or by the presence of suitable sliding layers between the outer layer and the insulating layers according to the invention a generated between other contacting layers of the heater according to the invention abrasion is reduced or avoided, which a further reduction of an otherwise caused by the presence of air gaps or micro-air gaps power loss leads.
Ferner kann das schichtförmige Heizelement der erfindungsgemäßen Heizvorrichtung eine PTC-Schicht, insbesondere eine PTC-Schicht mit mindestens einer elektrisch leitenden Kontaktschicht, und zwei schichtförmige Kontaktelektroden umfassen, die jeweils eine Oberfläche der PTC-Schicht zumindest bereichsweise kontaktieren. Auch kann das schichtförmige Heizelement der erfindungsgemäßen Heizvorrichtung mindestens ein auf einer Trägerschicht angebrachtes Dickschichtheizelement umfassen,Furthermore, the layered heating element of the heating device according to the invention may include a PTC layer, in particular a PTC layer having at least one electrically conductive contact layer, and two layered contact electrodes, each contacting at least a portion of the surface of the PTC layer. The layered heating element of the heating device according to the invention may also comprise at least one thick-film heating element mounted on a carrier layer,
Vorzugsweise ist zwischen mindestens einer Kontaktelektrode und der PTC-Schicht mindestens eine Gleitschicht aus einem derartigen Material angeordnet, dass der Abrieb der Kontaktflächen der Kontaktelektrode und der PTC-Schicht jeweils einen vorbestimmten Grenzwert unterschreitet.Preferably, at least one sliding layer made of such a material is arranged between at least one contact electrode and the PTC layer such that the abrasion of the contact surfaces of the contact electrode and of the PTC layer in each case falls below a predetermined limit value.
Insbesondere wird für die Ausbildung mindestens einer Kontaktelektrode und der PTC-Schicht zumindest in dem Bereich ihrer Kontaktflächen eine derartige Materialpaarung verwendet, dass der Abrieb der Kontaktflächen der Kontaktelektrode und der PTC-Schicht jeweils einen vorbestimmten Grenzwert unterschreitet.In particular, for the formation of at least one contact electrode and the PTC layer at least in the region of their contact surfaces such Material combination uses that the wear of the contact surfaces of the contact electrode and the PTC layer each falls below a predetermined limit.
Durch die Verwendung von geeigneten Werkstoffpaarungen für die Ausbildung der Kontaktelektroden und der PTC-Schicht des Heizregisters und/oder durch das Vorhandensein von geeigneten Gleitschichten zwischen den Kontaktelektroden und der PTC-Schicht wird erfindungsgemäß ein zwischen weiteren sich kontaktierenden Schichten des erfindungsgemäßen Heizregisters erzeugbaren Abrieb verringert oder vermieden, was zu einer weiteren Reduzierung des durch Luftspalte beziehungsweise Mikroluftspalte bedingten Leistungsverlustes führt.By using suitable material pairings for the formation of the contact electrodes and the PTC layer of the heating register and / or by the presence of suitable sliding layers between the contact electrodes and the PTC layer, according to the invention, an abrasion which can be generated between further contacting layers of the heating register according to the invention is reduced or avoided, which leads to a further reduction of the air gaps or micro-air gaps caused by power loss.
Bei einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die Außenschicht aus Aluminium ausgebildet. Ferner kann mindestens eine Isolationsschicht aus Isolierkeramik, insbesondere aus einer Isolierkeramik mit Aluminiumoxid, ausgebildet sein. Weiterhin ist die PTC-Schicht insbesondere aus PTC-Keramik ausgebildet. Auch können die Kontaktschicht der PTC-Schicht aus Gold, Silber oder Aluminium und mindestens eine Kontaktelektrode aus Aluminium ausgebildet sein.In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the outer layer is formed of aluminum. Furthermore, at least one insulating layer of insulating ceramic, in particular of an insulating ceramic with aluminum oxide, may be formed. Furthermore, the PTC layer is formed in particular from PTC ceramic. Also, the contact layer of the PTC layer of gold, silver or aluminum and at least one contact electrode may be formed of aluminum.
Bei einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung sind mindestens eine Kontaktelektrode und der PTC-Schicht an ihren Kontaktflächen miteinander verklebt. Auch durch das Verkleben von sich kontaktierenden Schichten an Ihrer Kontaktfläche kann die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Bildung von Luftspalten beziehungsweise Mikroluftspalten drastisch reduziert werden.In a further embodiment of the invention, at least one contact electrode and the PTC layer are glued together at their contact surfaces. Also, the bonding of contacting layers to your contact surface can drastically reduce the likelihood of forming air gaps or micro-air gaps.
Insbesondere ist mindestens eine Gleitschicht, die zwischen mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten angeordnet ist, als Beschichtung einer Kontaktfläche einer der mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten oder als separate Schicht ausgebildet. Mit anderen Worten, es können mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten jeweils an ihrer Kontaktfläche mit einer Gleitschicht beschichtet sein oder zwischen ihren Kontaktflächen eine getrennt ausgebildete Gleitschicht umfassen.In particular, at least one sliding layer, which is arranged between at least two of the contacting layers, is formed as a coating of a contact surface of one of the at least two of the contacting layers or as a separate layer. In other words, it can At least two of the contacting layers are each coated on their contact surface with a sliding layer or comprise a separately formed sliding layer between their contact surfaces.
Vorzugsweise ist mindestens eine Gleitschicht, die zwischen mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten vorhanden ist, als Dünnfilm mit einer Dicke von unter 20 µm aus Silikon oder Polyesterlack mit Bohrnitrit als Gleitmittel ausgebildet. Auch kann mindestens eine Gleitschicht aus einem Polymer, das insbesondere mit Wärmeleitpartikeln zur Realisierung jeglicher Wärmeübertragung gefüllt ist und/oder durch Hitze oder Zusatz von chemischen Härtern aushärtet, ausgebildet sein.Preferably, at least one sliding layer, which is present between at least two of the contacting layers, is formed as a thin film having a thickness of less than 20 μm made of silicone or polyester lacquer with Bohrnitrit as a lubricant. Also, at least one sliding layer may be formed of a polymer which is filled in particular with heat-conducting particles for realizing any heat transfer and / or which cures by heat or addition of chemical hardeners.
Insbesondere ist mindestens eine Gleitschicht, die zwischen mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten angeordnet ist, durch die Einbringung mindestens eines Schmierstoffes, wie beispielsweise Öl oder Fett, zwischen mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten realisiert. Auch kann mindestens eine Gleitschicht aus einem mit mindestens einem Schmierstoff getränktes Material, wie beispielsweise ein im Öl getränktes Papier, ausgebildet sein.In particular, at least one sliding layer, which is arranged between at least two of the contacting layers, realized by the introduction of at least one lubricant, such as oil or grease, between at least two of the contacting layers. Also, at least one sliding layer may be formed of a material impregnated with at least one lubricant, such as, for example, a paper impregnated in the oil.
Erfindungsgemäß werden für sich kontaktierende Schichten zumindest in dem Bereich ihrer Kontaktflächen vorzugsweise reibungsoptimierte schmierstofffreie Werkstoffpaarungen verwendet, die nicht zum fressen neigen. Dabei wird für die Ausbildung von mindestens zwei sich kontaktierenden Schichten zumindest in dem Bereich ihrer Kontaktflächen insbesondere eine Materialpaarung aus Messing und Aluminium oder aus Messing und Zinn verwendet. Die Werkstoffpaarungen werden dabei insbesondere derartig ausgewählt, dass der Reibungskoeffizient zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten reduziert wird. Beispielsweise hat die Werkstoffpaarung aus Aluminium zu Aluminium einen Reibungskoeffizient von 1.According to the invention, preferably friction-optimized lubricant-free material pairings are used for layers which come into contact, at least in the region of their contact surfaces, which are not prone to seizing. In this case, at least in the region of their contact surfaces, a material combination of brass and aluminum or of brass and tin is used in particular for the formation of at least two contacting layers. The material pairings are selected in particular such that the coefficient of friction between the contacting layers is reduced. For example, the material combination of aluminum to aluminum has a coefficient of friction of 1.
Einfach ausgedrückt wird erfindungsgemäß der Abrieb zwischen den Schichten eines Heizregisters durch die Auswahl der Werkstoffe aus der die Schichten ausgebildet sind und/oder durch die Verwendung von Zusatzmaßnahmen, wie eine geeignete Beschichtung der Schichten und/oder die Einfügung von Zwischenlagen aus geeignetem Material zwischen den Schichten, minimiert.In simple terms, according to the invention, the abrasion between the layers of a heating register is determined by the selection of the materials from which the layers are formed and / or by the use of additional measures, such as a suitable coating of the layers and / or the insertion of intermediate layers of suitable material between the layers , minimized.
Durch die Minimierung des Abriebs zwischen den Materialien der sich kontaktierenden Schichten des Heizregisters, die unterschiedlichen Wärmeausdehnungen aufweisen, wird eine Mikrospaltbildung zwischen diesen Schichten, wie beispielsweise zwischen einer PTC-Keramik und den Kontaktblechen und/oder zwischen einer Isolationskeramik und einem umhüllenden Rohr oder Profil, minimiert beziehungsweise vermieden. Dadurch wird auch einen durch das Vorhandensein von Mikrospalten entstehenden Leistungsverlust in dem erfindungsgemäßen Heizregister vermieden.By minimizing the abrasion between the materials of the contacting layers of the heating coil, which have different thermal expansions, a micro-gap formation between these layers, such as between a PTC ceramic and the contact sheets and / or between an insulating ceramic and an enclosing pipe or profile, minimized or avoided. As a result, a loss of power resulting from the presence of micro gaps in the heating register according to the invention is also avoided.
Der erfindungsgemäße Aufbau der Heizvorrichtung ist für Hochspannungen, das heißt, für Spannungen, die größer als 60 V sind, besonders geeignet. Aber auch für elektrische Zuheizer mit einer Spannung < 60V ist der erfindungsgemäße Aufbau geeignet. Die Verwendung von modifizierten Werkstoffpaarungen und/oder die Verwendung einer Gleitschicht zwischen sich kontaktierenden Schichten beeinträchtigen die Funktion und den Einsatzbereich des erfindungsgemäßen elektrischen Heizers nicht. Das heißt, dass durch die Verwendung der modifizierten Werkstoffpaarungen und/oder durch die Verwendung einer Gleitschicht zwischen den sich kontaktierenden Schichten kein nennenswerter Leistungsverlust und keine Beeinträchtigung der elektrischen Isolationsfestigkeit hinsichtlich Hochspannungen entsteht.The inventive construction of the heater is for high voltages, that is, for voltages greater than 60 V, particularly suitable. But also for electric heaters with a voltage <60V, the structure of the invention is suitable. The use of modified material pairings and / or the use of a sliding layer between contacting layers do not affect the function and the field of application of the electric heater according to the invention. This means that the use of the modified material pairings and / or the use of a sliding layer between the contacting layers does not result in any notable loss of power and no impairment of the electrical insulation strength with respect to high voltages.
Nachstehend wird die Erfindung auf der Grundlage mindestens eines Ausführungsbeispiels anhand der Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Querschnittansicht eines Heizregisters einer elektrisch betriebenen Heizvorrichtung nach dem Stand der Technik
- Fig. 2
- eine stark schematisierte Teilquerschnittansicht durch das in
der Figur 1 dargestellte Heizregister, wobei das Heizregister in einem anfänglichen Zustand dargestellt ist, der direkt nach der Herstellung der dazugehörigen Heizvorrichtung vorliegt, - Fig. 3
- eine stark schematisierte Teilquerschnittansicht durch das in
der Figur 1 dargestellte Heizregister, wobei das Heizregister in einem Zustand dargestellt ist, der vorliegt, nachdem es mehrere Temperaturzyklen durchlaufen hat, - Fig. 4
- der Temperaturverlauf durch das Heizregister in dem in der
Figur 3 dargestellten Zustand in Vergleich zu dem Temperaturverlauf durch das Heizregister in dem in derFigur 4 dargestellten Zustand, - Fig. 5
- eine Querschnittansicht eines Heizregisters einer elektrisch betriebenen Heizvorrichtung nach einer ersten Ausführungsform der Erfindung, und
- Fig. 6
- eine Querschnittansicht eines Heizregisters einer elektrisch betriebenen Heizvorrichtung nach einer zweiten Ausführungsform der Erfindung,
- Fig. 1
- a cross-sectional view of a heating register of an electrically operated heater according to the prior art
- Fig. 2
- a highly schematic partial cross-sectional view through that in the
FIG. 1 shown heating registers, wherein the heating register is shown in an initial state, which is present immediately after the production of the associated heating device, - Fig. 3
- a highly schematic partial cross-sectional view through that in the
FIG. 1 shown heating registers, wherein the heating register is shown in a state that exists after it has passed through several temperature cycles, - Fig. 4
- the temperature profile through the heater in the in the
FIG. 3 state shown in comparison to the temperature profile by the heating in the in theFIG. 4 illustrated state, - Fig. 5
- a cross-sectional view of a heating register of an electrically operated heating device according to a first embodiment of the invention, and
- Fig. 6
- a cross-sectional view of a heating register of an electrically operated heating device according to a second embodiment of the invention,
Die
Bei jeder der Kontaktelektroden 40 ist auf der jeweiligen der PTC-Schicht 30 abgewandten Seite eine Isolationsschicht 50 angeordnet. Ferner ist zwischen jeder Kontaktelektrode 40 und jeder Isolationsschicht 50 auch eine separat ausgebildete Gleitschicht 140 angeordnet, mittels der der Abrieb zwischen der entsprechenden Kontaktelektrode 40 und der entsprechenden Isolationsschicht 50 minimiert beziehungsweise vermieden wird.In each of the
Weiterhin ist an der einer Kontaktelektrode 40 abgewandten Seite einer jeweiligen Isolationsschicht 50 ein Rohrprofil 60 vorhanden, das als umhüllendes verpresstes Rohr 60 ausgebildet ist. Mittels dieses verpressten Rohrs 60 sind alle das Heizregister 10 bildenden Elemente miteinander verspannt. Dabei wird durch die aufgebrachte Presskraft ein guter Wärmeübergang von dem Heizelement 20 an die äußere wärmeübertragende Fläche des verpressten Rohrs 60 sichergestellt. Ferner ist zwischen jeder Isolationsschicht 50 und dem verpressten Rohr 60 auch eine separat ausgebildete Gleitschicht 150 angeordnet, mittels der ein Abrieb zwischen dem verpressten Rohr 60 und der entsprechenden Isolationsschicht 50 minimiert beziehungsweise vermieden wird.Furthermore, on the side facing away from a
Die
Die PTC-Schicht 30 ist an jeder einer entsprechenden Kontaktelektrode zugewandte Seite mit einer Gleitschicht 130 beschichtet, mittels der der Abrieb zwischen der PTC-Schicht 30 und der entsprechenden Kontaktelektrode 40 minimiert beziehungsweise vermieden wird.The
An der der PTC-Schicht 30 abgewandten Seite jeder Kontaktelektrode 40 ist jeweils eine Isolationsschicht 50 angeordnet. Jede Isolationsschicht 50 ist an ihrer der entsprechenden Kontaktelektrode 40 zugewandten Seite mit einer Gleitschicht 140 beschichtet, mittels der der Abrieb zwischen jeder der Isolationsschichten 50 und der entsprechenden Kontaktelektrode 40 minimiert beziehungsweise vermieden wird.On the side of each
Weiterhin ist an der einer Kontaktelektrode 40 abgewandten Seite jeder Isolationsschichte ein Rohrprofil 60 vorhanden, das als umhüllendes verpresstes Rohr 60 ausgebildet ist. Mittels des verpressten Rohrs 60 sind auch bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel alle das Heizregister 10 bildenden Elemente miteinander verspannt. Durch die Presskraft wird auch hier ein guter Wärmeübergang von dem Heizelement 20 an die äußere wärmeübertragende Fläche des verpressten Rohrs 60 sichergestellt. Ferner ist jede Isolationsschicht 50 an ihrer dem umhüllenden Rohr 60 zugewandten Seite mit einer Gleitschicht 150 beschichtet, mittels der den Abrieb zwischen jeder der Isolationsschichten 50 und dem umhüllen Rohr 60 minimiert beziehungsweise vermieden wird.Furthermore, on the side facing away from a
Sowohl bei dem ersten als auch bei dem zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung kann die PTC-Schicht 30 aus einer PTC-Keramik-Schicht und mindestens eine leitende Kontaktschicht (nicht dargestellt) aus Gold oder Silber aufweisen. Ferner kann jede der Isolationsschichten 50 aus Isolationskeramik ausgebildet sein. Das umhüllende Rohr 60 kann insbesondere aus Aluminium gebildet sein.In both the first and second embodiments of the invention, the
Somit kann erfindungsgemäß mindestens eine der Gleitschichten 130, 140, 150 als weiteres Bauteil zwischen den sich relativ zueinander bewegenden Oberflächen der entsprechenden sich kontaktierenden Schichten des Heizregisters 10 eingebracht werden.Thus, according to the invention, at least one of the sliding
Ferner kann mindestens eine der Gleitschichten 130, 140, 150 jeweils als direkte Beschichtung einer oder beider der sich relativ zueinander bewegenden Oberflächen von mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden beziehungsweise aneinander angrenzenden Schichten des Heizregisters 10 ausgebildet sein.Further, at least one of the sliding
Auch kann zwischen den sich relativ zueinander bewegenden Oberflächen von mindestens zwei der sich kontaktierenden Schichten ein Schmierstoff, wie beispielsweise Öl oder Fett, eingebracht werden.Also, between the relatively moving surfaces of at least two of the contacting layers, a lubricant, such as oil or grease may be introduced.
Weiterhin kann das erfindungsgemäße Gleitschichtsystem eine Kombination mehrerer der oben genannten Gleitschichten umfassen. Beispielsweise ist jeweils eine der beiden sich relativ zueinander bewegenden Oberflächen beschichtet, wobei auch Schmierstoff, wie beispielsweise Öl, oder ein mit Schmierstoff getränktes Papier zwischen den Oberflächen eingebracht werden kann.Furthermore, the sliding layer system according to the invention may comprise a combination of a plurality of the above-mentioned sliding layers. For example, in each case one of the two surfaces moving relative to one another is coated, it also being possible for lubricant, for example oil, or a lubricant-impregnated paper, to be introduced between the surfaces.
Auch kann auf mindestens einer der Schichten des Heizregisters 10, insbesondere auf mindestens einer der Isolationsschichten 50, die vorzugsweise aus Isolationskeramik ausgebildet ist, eine entsprechende Gleitschicht 130, 140, 150 aus einem Materialgemisch vorhanden sein, wobei das Materialgemisch Silikon beziehungsweise Polyesterlack mit Bohrnitrit als Gleitmittel umfassen kann und für Dünnfilmapplikationen unter 20 µm, bevorzugt unter 5 µm, vorzugsweise auf Isolationskeramik ausgelegt ist.Also, on at least one of the layers of the
Ferner kann mindestens eine Gleitschicht 130, 140, 150 ein Polymer als Wärmeleitermedium, das mit Wärmepartikeln gefüllt ist, umfassen. Dieses Polymer kann durch Hitze oder durch den Zusatz von chemischen Härtern aushärten. Die Wärmeübertragung erfolgt dann ausschließlich über die Wärmepartikel. Dabei beträgt der Füllgrad solcher Polymere mit Wärmepartikeln mindestens 60%.Further, at least one sliding
Claims (11)
- An electrically operated heating device with a heating register (10), which comprises a layered heating element (20), for converting electrical energy into heat, and at least one electrically insulating and heat-conducting insulating layer (50), which makes contact, at least in certain regions, with one side of the layered heating element (20), wherein the insulating layer (50) and the layered heating element (20) are braced with one another, characterised in that a sliding layer is arranged between at least one insulating layer (50) and the layered heating element (20).
- The heating device according to claim 1, characterised in that the sliding layer is formed such that the at least one insulating layer (50) and the layered heating element (20) have, at least in the region of their mutual contact surfaces, a material pairing with which the abrasion of the contact surfaces goes below a predetermined limit value.
- The heating device according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the heating register (10) comprises an outer layer (60), which at least partially surrounds the arrangement formed by the insulating layer or the insulating layers (50) and the layered heating element (20), wherein contact is made by the outer layer (60), at least in certain regions, with the surfaces of the insulating layer (50) that are facing away from the heating element (20), and wherein the outer layer (60) is braced with the insulating layer (50) and the heating element (20) and is formed as a tube wall of an enveloping, preferably compressed tube (60) or as an extrusion profile.
- The heating device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the layered heating element (20) is a PTC layer (30), which is provided with at least one electrically conducting contact layer, and comprises two layered contact electrodes (40), which respectively make contact, at least in certain regions, with a surface of the PTC layer (30), or in that the layered heating element (20) comprises at least one thick-film heating element applied to a supporting layer.
- The heating device according to claim 4, characterised in that an abrasion-counteracting sliding layer (130, 150) is arranged between at least one of the contact electrodes (40) and the PTC layer (30) and/or between at least one of the insulating layers (50) and the outer layer (60) and/or in that at least one of the contact electrodes (40) and the PTC layer (30) and/or at least one insulating layer (50) and the outer layer (60) have, at least in the region of their mutual contact surfaces, a material pairing with which the abrasion of the contact surfaces goes below a predetermined limit value.
- The heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the outer layer (60) is formed from aluminium and/or at least one of the insulating layers (50) is formed with an insulating ceramic, for example of alumina, and/or the PTC layer (30) is formed from PTC ceramic and/or the contact layer of the PTC layer (30) is formed from gold or silver and/or at least one contact electrode (40) is formed from aluminium.
- The heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one contact electrode (40) is adhesively bonded at its contact surfaces to the PTC layer (30).
- The heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one of the sliding layers (130, 140, 150) that are arranged between two of the contacting layers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) is formed as a coating of a contact surface of one of the two contacting layers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) or as a separate layer.
- The heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one of the sliding layers (130, 140, 150) that are arranged between two contacting layers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) is formed as a thin film with a thickness of less than 20 µm from silicone or polyester lacquer with boron nitrite as a lubricant and/or from a polymer that is in particular filled with heat conductive particles to realise heat transmission and/or cures by heat or the addition of chemical hardeners.
- The heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one of the sliding layers that are arranged between two of the contacting layers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) is realised by the introduction of a lubricant, such as for example oil or grease, between the at least two contacting layers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) or is formed from a material impregnated with a lubricant, such as for example a paper impregnated in oil.
- The heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least two of the contacting layers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) have, at least in the region of their mutual contact surfaces, a material pairing of brass and aluminium or of brass and tin.
Priority Applications (3)
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EP12290232.3A EP2685784B1 (en) | 2012-07-11 | 2012-07-11 | Dispositif de chauffage |
JP2013127097A JP6210196B2 (en) | 2012-07-11 | 2013-06-18 | Heating device |
US13/939,594 US9345071B2 (en) | 2012-07-11 | 2013-07-11 | Heating device |
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EP12290232.3A EP2685784B1 (en) | 2012-07-11 | 2012-07-11 | Dispositif de chauffage |
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EP2685784B1 true EP2685784B1 (en) | 2016-09-14 |
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US (1) | US9345071B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2685784B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP6210196B2 (en) |
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KR101844882B1 (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2018-04-03 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Heating module and Heat assembly having the same |
FR3089745A1 (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2020-06-12 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Method for assembling a heating module for an electric heating device and associated electric heating device |
DE102019116796A1 (en) * | 2019-06-21 | 2020-12-24 | Jenoptik Advanced Systems Gmbh | Temperature control device for an aircraft and method for producing a temperature control device |
EP3789692A1 (en) * | 2019-09-04 | 2021-03-10 | Mahle International GmbH | Heating element, heating assembly and motor vehicle |
CN113677044A (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2021-11-19 | 埃贝赫卡腾有限两合公司 | PTC heating device and method for manufacturing same |
EP4242547A1 (en) | 2022-03-09 | 2023-09-13 | MAHLE International GmbH | Electric heating device |
EP4243568A1 (en) | 2022-03-09 | 2023-09-13 | MAHLE International GmbH | Electric heating device |
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JPS5987788A (en) * | 1982-11-12 | 1984-05-21 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Positive temperature coefficient thermistor heat generator |
JPS62208588A (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1987-09-12 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Panel heater |
JPS6445082A (en) * | 1987-08-12 | 1989-02-17 | Heater Design Res | Heat emitting structure |
DE59200295D1 (en) | 1991-08-12 | 1994-08-25 | Siemens Matsushita Components | Heating device for heating flowing media. |
DE19737241C2 (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 1999-09-30 | Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh | Electrical, compressed radiator equipped with PTC elements |
DE102004055523A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 | 2005-06-30 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Heat exchanger for a heater or air conditioner of a motor vehicle comprises a heating element made from three different layers joined together across a large area |
DE102006025320A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2007-12-13 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Heat exchanger, in particular for a heating or air conditioning system of a motor vehicle |
JP4998597B2 (en) * | 2010-06-03 | 2012-08-15 | コニカミノルタビジネステクノロジーズ株式会社 | Fixing apparatus and image forming apparatus |
WO2012011198A1 (en) * | 2010-07-21 | 2012-01-26 | Taguchi Koshiro | Highly efficient, hot water generating, car-mounted heater with internal liquid flow path |
DE202011004800U1 (en) * | 2011-04-02 | 2011-06-09 | CERApro Hochtemperaturtechnik GmbH, 90562 | A heating system integrated in the system insulation |
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2012
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2013
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US9345071B2 (en) | 2016-05-17 |
JP6210196B2 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
US20140014645A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
EP2685784A1 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
JP2014017251A (en) | 2014-01-30 |
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