EP2673831B1 - Adjustable radiofrequency filter in planar technology and method of adjusting the filter - Google Patents
Adjustable radiofrequency filter in planar technology and method of adjusting the filter Download PDFInfo
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- EP2673831B1 EP2673831B1 EP12703121.9A EP12703121A EP2673831B1 EP 2673831 B1 EP2673831 B1 EP 2673831B1 EP 12703121 A EP12703121 A EP 12703121A EP 2673831 B1 EP2673831 B1 EP 2673831B1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
- H01P1/201—Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves
- H01P1/203—Strip line filters
- H01P1/20327—Electromagnetic interstage coupling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
- H01P1/201—Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves
- H01P1/203—Strip line filters
- H01P1/20327—Electromagnetic interstage coupling
- H01P1/20336—Comb or interdigital filters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
- H01P1/201—Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves
- H01P1/203—Strip line filters
- H01P1/20327—Electromagnetic interstage coupling
- H01P1/20354—Non-comb or non-interdigital filters
- H01P1/20363—Linear resonators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
- H01P1/201—Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves
- H01P1/203—Strip line filters
- H01P1/20327—Electromagnetic interstage coupling
- H01P1/20354—Non-comb or non-interdigital filters
- H01P1/20381—Special shape resonators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/02—Coupling devices of the waveguide type with invariable factor of coupling
Definitions
- the invention relates to radio frequency filters in planar technology adjustable or adjustable to obtain the desired filtering performance.
- Radio frequency (RF) filters operating in particular in high frequency and microwave bands include coupled resonators made from transmission lines in planar technology.
- the figure 1, 2 and 3 represent respectively three planar filters pass band of the state of the art.
- the figure 1 represents a filter in planar technology reduced to its simplest expression.
- This filter comprises a half-wave resonator R2 coupled in parallel over half of its length with two adjacent resonators R1 and R3 quarter wave.
- the resonators R1, R2, R3 are most often made in microstrip line technology.
- the filter of the figure 1 therefore comprises a substrate 8, of thickness h, of dielectric permittivity Er, having a main face 10 having a respective microstrip line for each resonator and a metallized face 12 opposite to the main face to form a ground plane.
- the tuning of the central frequency of the resonator R2 of the figure 1 is mainly obtained by changing the length of the micro-ribbon line that constitutes it.
- the resonators R1 and R3 are respectively connected to the access A1, A2 of the filter by a respective line L1 and L2 of standard input and output filter impedance characteristic, usually 50 ⁇ .
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show two other types of filters reduced to their simplest expression in planar technology also comprising three resonators R1, R2, R3.
- the filter of the figure 2 is interdigital type.
- One of the ends e2 of the resonator R2 is connected to ground (zero impedance)
- the filter of the figure 3 is of comb type and also comprises three quarter-wave resonators R1, R2, R3. One of the ends e1, e2, e3 of the three resonators R1, R2, R3 is connected to ground.
- the filter of the figure 3 allows for very narrow bandwidths, filters Figures 1 and 2 , wider (or moderate) bandwidths These filters are often electrically symmetrical, in this case the A1 and A2 accesses are interchangeable
- these types of filters of the state of the art are constrained by the tolerances of the elements which constitute them.
- Their main electrical characteristics for example their bandwidth, cutoff frequency, bandwidth losses, attenuation band or other essential parameters depend greatly on the characteristics of the substrate used to make the filter lines, the thickness, the permittivity, the permeability , can vary from one filter to another, but also by the tolerances of the manufacturing processes such as the precision of engraving lines, realization of via, superposition of multiple dielectric layers of the substrate, in the case of use of multilayer substrates.
- Another method for guaranteeing the performance of the filters is to perform a characterization and a drastic selection of the substrates and other materials possibly used in an assembly (for example pre-preg), in a range of values reduced compared to those proposed by the manufacturers.
- Another method is to pre-characterize the substrates in thickness and dielectric permittivity, then to perform a design adapted to each different batch. This is expensive and time consuming to put in place because of the masks for thin layers and screen printing screens for thick layers to be redone for each batch. In addition, the substrate is only part of the dispersion problem and this operation is not always sufficient.
- Another method is to introduce regulators physically on the filter.
- These adjustment elements are generally conductive pads pre-connected, the adjustment effeffue then, either by shortening, that is to say by the cutting of the link with the stud or by lengthening the structure by laying d a connection with the stud.
- This type of adjustment does not allow fine adjustments because the variations are large and do not allow a large number of possibilities, especially for compact and / or high frequency applications because the dimensions of the adjustment elements are limited in minimum dimension, for example. the manufacturing technologies.
- These elements may be metal ribbons placed on the lines. This technique has a random part related to the difficulty in controlling the shape of a ribbon that has one or more free ends.
- these elements consist of elements of appropriate dielectric constant, added to the filter to adjust its response.
- These are for example dielectric blocks (metallized or non-metallized) typically placed in two ways depending on the desired objective: Pavers placed at the open ends of lines / resonators / stubs to act on the central frequency, or between lines coupled to act on the bandwidth or rejected bandwidth or ZT transmission zeros obtained by coupling between non-adjacent resonators.
- This category of adjustment elements allows fine variations of the filter response. However, the installation of these elements is expensive and the adjustment amplitudes are low,
- the invention proposes a planar technology adjustable radio frequency filter as defined in claim 1.
- the planar transmission line HI has a characteristic impedance impedance greater than the characteristic impedance of the resonator Ri considered.
- the length of the planar transmission line HI is greater than the distance of between the ends vis-à-vis two successive transmission line sections tq, t (q + 1) so as to increase the electrical length of the resonators R1, R2, ... Ri, ... Rj, .. .Rk, .. Rn.
- the electrical connection between sections of successive transmission lines comprises at least one wiring wire in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate.
- the electrical connection between two successive transmission line sections tq, t (q + 1) of the resonators R1, R2, .. Ri,... Rj,... Rk, .. Rn comprises several wires wiring in parallel, each wire being in a respective plane perpendicular to the main plane PL.
- the ends connected by a wiring wire of two successive line sections tq, t (q + 1) of a resonator Rj are close to the ends of two other sections of successive transmission lines connected by another a wire of another resonator Rk so that the surfaces formed by the wiring son of said two resonators Rj and Rk with the main plane PL are facing each other in order to obtain a coupling between the two resonators Rj and Rk.
- the substrate comprises a plurality of layers, the main plane PL comprising the transmission line sections of the resonators being between at least two superimposed layers.
- the invention also relates to a method of adjusting the adjustable filter according to the invention in planar technology comprising a dielectric substrate and n resonators R1, R2, .. Ri, ... Rj, ... Rk, .. Rn integrated into the substrate each resonator comprising, on a main plane PL of the substrate, a succession of sections t1, t2, .. tq, ..
- tp of planar transmission lines each having two ends p being the number of planar transmission line sections of the resonator Ri considered, p being equal to or greater than 2, q being the rank of the section, one end of a section tq of a resonator Ri being in vis-à-vis and separated by a distance d from one end of the next section t (q + 1) of the same resonator Ri, the ends facing successive sections of a resonator Rq being connected by a line planar transmission device HI (30, 34) for locally raising the characteristic impedance of the resonator Ri considered, characterized in that it comprises at least one wiring step, between the ends opposite two successive line sections tq, t (q + 1) across the planar transmission lines HI, of at least a wiring wire, in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate, the lengths of the wiring son and their connection points on the ends of the transmission line sections having been previously determined to obtain the desired resonance frequency of the resonators .
- the adjustable filter is a bandpass filter comprising at least one resonator Rj and a resonator Rk, the resonator Rj having the ends opposite two consecutive transmission line sections tq , t (q + 1) connected by a wiring wire near the ends of two other consecutive transmission line sections of the other resonator Rk connected by another wiring wire, so that the surfaces formed by said wires of cabling with the main plane PL of the two said resonators Rj and Rk are facing each other, the adjustment method of changing the distance and position between the one and the other wire of the resonators wiring Rj and Rk respectively to obtain, by modifying the coupling between the resonator Rj and the resonator Rk, the desired bandwidth.
- the main filters covered by this invention consist of parallel lines coupled with half-wave resonators coupled in parallel or with quarter-wave comb (low bandwidth) and / or inter-digit (wide bandwidth) resonators. .
- the technologies for producing filter resonators may be those of micro-ribbons or planar lines, conventionally produced on a single substrate or integrated in a stack of substrates or made on a suspended substrate.
- This technique also applies to impedance matching functions and amplitude and / or phase correction functions, sometimes called linearizers, in microwave electronic circuits.
- the figure 4a shows an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of the figure 1 .
- the filter of the figure 4a comprises a half-wave resonator R2 coupled in parallel over half of its length with two adjacent quarter-wave resonators, a resonator R1 connected by the line L1 to the access A1 of the filter and a resonator R3 connected by the line L2 to the access A2 of the filter.
- the three resonators R1, R2, R3 are in the form of microstrip lines on a dielectric substrate of thickness h.
- the resonator R1 and the resonator R3 each comprise two sections t1, t2 of microstrip transmission lines of the same characteristic impedance Zc and wavelengths W, two sections of the same resonator being connected by a respective HI-line microstrip HI (HI for high impedance), wi width less than the drop W line sections t1, t2.
- the impedance of the line HI 30 is of much higher value than the impedance Z1 of the line sections t1, t2.
- the figure 4b shows a partial front view of the resonator R3 of the filter of the figure 4a .
- the two line sections t1, t2 and the micro-ribbon line HI of the resonators R1 and R3 are aligned along respective axes EE ', SS' parallel to the axis Ox of a reference trihedron Oxyz.
- the edges b1, b2 vis-à-vis the line sections are separated by a distance d.
- the half-wave resonator R2 between the resonator R1 and the resonator R3 comprises four line sections t1, t2, t3 and t4 aligned along an axis CC 'parallel to the axes EE', SS '.
- the successive sections t1, t2 on one side of the resonator R2 and the successive sections t3 and t4 on the other side of the same resonator R2 are connected by a micro-ribbon HI line of width wi.
- the successive sections t2, t3, in the central part of the resonator R2 are themselves connected by another line Hi 34 wi width much less than the width of the line of the resonator R2.
- the other Hi line 34 between the sections t2 and t3 of the resonator R2 is of greater length than the distance d separating the edges in view of the sections t2 and t3 of said resonator R2.
- the other Hi line 34 is in the form of an S having a central portion 40 perpendicular to the axis CC 'of the resonator R2.
- the figure 4c shows a partial front view of the resonator R2 of the filter of the figure 4a .
- the lines HI 30 and the other HI line 34 physically create at their location between the portions of transmission lines a narrowing of the resonators and consequently an impedance break in the resonator.
- the center frequency f0 of the band pass filter of the figure 1 is mainly related to the electrical length of the R2 resonator.
- the method of adjusting the filter of the figure 1 comprises at least one wiring step, between the ends facing the line sections of the three resonators R1, R2, R3 of an adjusting element ER, which is, in this embodiment, a wiring wire 50, 52 in planes perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate.
- first wiring son 50 provide the electrical connection between line sections without coupling between resonators.
- Second wiring son 52 ensure their provision in the resonators in addition to the electrical connection between line sections, a certain coupling between resonators.
- the lengths of the wiring wires 50, 52 and their point of connection on the ends of the line sections are adjusted to obtain the desired center frequency f0.
- the figure 4d shows a detail view in cross section of the resonator R2 showing the first wiring wire 50 welded between the ends of the two sections t2, t3 in the central part of the resonator R2.
- the sections of lines t1, t2 are made so that the lines HI 30 of the resonators R1 and R2 are in vis-à-vis.
- the sections t3, t4 of the resonator R2 and the sections t1, t2 of the resonator R3 are made so that the lines HI 30 are also in facing relation.
- Second wiring wires 52 welded in parallel with the lines HI 30 will allow the coupling of resonators to be modified by adjusting their relative position or their proximity. The modification of this coupling will allow the adjustment, in the case of the filter of the figure 1 its bandwidth relatively independently of the adjustment of its center frequency f0 by adjusting the lengths of the first 50 and second 52 wiring son.
- a plurality of adjustment elements ER in the form of wiring wires and / or micro-wired conductor strips may be placed in parallel with the high impedance lines HI 30 , 34. These elements of fixed or variable length whose length will be varied and possibly, if possible, the position to adjust a coupling.
- the tapes allow to obtain better quality coefficients and to withstand higher powers.
- the automatic laying of ribbons is less widespread than the automatic laying of cabling wires.
- the length of the high impedance lines HI 30, 34 depends on the desired correction amplitude on the filter parameters. To obtain a sufficient adjustment amplitude by elongation or shortening of the adjustment element ER 50, 52 (wiring wires) this line HI must be arranged or folded to obtain junction points of the adjustment element ER with the sections lines as close as possible.
- the narrowing of the resonators R1, R2, R3 of the bandpass filter of the figure 4a by the incorporation of HI lines 30, 34 high impedance between the sections t1, t2, t3, t4 of transmission lines and adjustment elements ER 50, 52 modifies the response of the original filter as shown in FIG. figure 1 and it is therefore necessary to optimize the entire structure of the filter to ensure an optimal frequency response in the nominal setting position.
- the figure 5 shows an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of the figure 2 ;
- the figure 6 shows an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of the figure 3 .
- the filters of the figure 5 and 6 comprise according to the invention sections of microstrip lines, two sections t1, t2 by resonator R1, R2, R3 connected by a line HI 30 and another HI line 34, first wiring son 50 in parallel with the other lines HI 34 and second wiring wires 52 in parallel with the HI 30 lines.
- the second wiring wires 52 provide some coupling between resonators.
- planar filters according to the invention can be made in such a way as to obtain adjustment elements ER 50 that are not coupled together, that is to say strongly away and / or oriented with a small surface area opposite, and / or adjustment elements ER 52 coupled.
- the uncoupled adjustment elements ER 50 are used to act predominantly on the center frequency f 0 of the filter. This is for example the case of the first wiring wires 50 connecting the Figures 4a , 5 , 6 , 8a and 9a .
- the goal here is to find an implementation of the setting that has little influence on the bandwidth.
- ER adjustment elements 52 coupled together that is to say close and oriented with their facing surfaces, are used to act on the bandwidth as is the case of the second wiring son 52 of the Figures 4a , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8a and 9a .
- the setting of the ZT transmission zeros of the planar filter is similar in its implementation to the settings of the center frequency f0 and the bandwidth Bp, by the characteristic and the position of the adjustment elements ER and the lines HI in the resonators.
- the coupled adjustment elements ER 54 are located on the zones of the resonators which substantially modify the transmission zeros ZT.
- the figure 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a bandpass filter according to the invention having settings on the ZT transmission zeros.
- the filter of the figure 7 comprises two quarter-wave type resonators R1 and R3 and three half-wave type resonators R4, R2, R5. These resonators are considered adjacent and directly coupled together in the order R1 / R4 / R2 / R5 / R3.
- the resonators R4 and R5 are considered non-adjacent and voluntarily coupled at their center to generate ZT transmission zeros. This particular coupling is called transverse coupling.
- the filter has an axis of symmetry TT '.
- the resonator R1 and the resonator R3 each comprise two sections t1, t2 of lines, the resonator R2 three sections t1, t2, t3 of transmission lines, the non-adjacent resonators R4, R5 four line sections each t1, t2, t3 , t4.
- HI lines 30 connecting the sections of the resonators R1, R4, R2 are preferably aligned on the same axis PP 'parallel to the axis of symmetry TT' of the filter, second wiring son 52 are welded in parallel to these lines HI To obtain a coupling between these resonators.
- the wiring configuration is symmetrical on the other side of the axis TT 'on an alignment axis QQ' of the lines HI of the resonators R3, R5, R2.
- the filter configuration of the figure 7 is such that the centers of the resonators R4 and R5 comprise lines HI 30 and third wiring son 54 forming parallel surfaces with the main plane PL in a plane parallel to the plane Oxy of the reference trihedron Oxyz. It is these couplings at the level of the centers of the resonators R4 and R5 which imply the ZT transmission zeros of the filter of the figure 7 and the possibility of setting the so-called transmission zeros.
- planar filters according to the invention it is possible to use a conductive wire or ribbon in place of one or the other of the micro-ribbon HI-line in the resonators to achieve a greater efficiency. high impedance. In some cases, this leads to lower losses. However, this does not allow to simply preview the response of the filter by a measurement before the establishment of the wiring son 50, 52, 54. This last implementation may require two phases of wiring, which is not optimal from an industrial point of view.
- the substrate is a multilayer substrate comprising the sections t1, t2, .. tq, .. tp of integrated transmission lines between at least two layers and therefore not accessible at the surface by the outside the filter.
- the substrate comprises metallized holes at the ends of the sections of transmission lines connecting metallized pads on the surface of the substrate. The electrical connection by wiring son 50, 52, 54 and / or HI lines 30, 34 can then be performed on these metallized beaches.
- the figure 8a shows an alternative embodiment of an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of the figure 1 .
- the figure 8b shows a partial cross-sectional view at the central portion of the resonator R2 of the filter of the figure 8a .
- the figure 8c shows a view from above at the central portion of the resonator R2 of the filter of the figure 8a .
- the filter of the figure 8a comprises a multilayer substrate 90 having two superposed layers C1, C2 and, buried between these two layers C1, C2, sections of lines t1, t2, t3, t4 and other lines HI 34 connecting these sections to form the resonators R1, R2 and R3.
- the multilayer substrate comprises an upper face 13 and a lower metallized opposite face 14.
- the upper face 13 comprises metallized pads 82 connected by metallized holes 80 in the layer C1 at the ends of sections of transmission lines buried in the substrate 90.
- the adjustment elements ER that is to say wiring wires 50, 52 are fixed on these metallized pads 82 on the upper face 13 of the substrate 90.
- the other lines HI 34 are on the same face of the substrate (main plane PL) as the buried lines of lines.
- the upper face 13 may also have a hollow ground plane around the metallized areas 82.
- the figure 9a shows another variant of the adjustable filter of the figure 8a on multilayer substrate.
- the figure 9b shows a partial cross-sectional view at the central portion of the resonator R2 of the filter of the figure 9a .
- the Figure 9c shows a top view at the central portion of the filter resonator of the figure 9a .
- the other lines HI 34 are made with the metallized pads 82 on the upper face 13 of the multilayer substrate 90, the metallized pads and the other lines HI 34 are connected to the ends of the transmission line sections buried by the metallized holes 80 in the layer C1
- This upper part can in particular be used to make and adjust transverse couplings between non-adjacent resonators and thus introduce and control additional ZT transmission zeros.
- the technique proposed in this invention allows fine adjustments to filter structures consisting of planar transmission lines.
- Mass plans are not represented on the Figures 1 to 9a which illustrate the examples of filters.
- This technique is based on conventional means of manufacturing microelectronics: Laying wiring son and / or conductive tapes of unwound length and mastered positions. The response of the filter is adjusted by varying the dimensions and attachment points of the wiring and / or conductive strips.
- the impedance breaks in the resonators provide additional degrees of freedom that can affect the frequency response with more possibilities. This can lead to a lower number of resonators compared to a conventional non-adjustable structure.
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Description
L'invention concerne les filtres radiofréquence en technologie planaire réglables ou ajustables pour obtenir les performances de filtrage souhaitées.The invention relates to radio frequency filters in planar technology adjustable or adjustable to obtain the desired filtering performance.
Certains types de filtres radiofréquences (RF) fonctionnant notamment dans des bandes hautes fréquences et hyperfréquence comportent des résonateurs couplés réalisés à partir de lignes de transmission en technologie planaire.Certain types of radio frequency (RF) filters operating in particular in high frequency and microwave bands include coupled resonators made from transmission lines in planar technology.
Les
La
Les résonateurs R1, R2, R3, sont le plus souvent réalisés en technologie des lignes micro-ruban. Le filtre de la
De façon connue l'homme de métier sait calculer les dimensions physiques respectives des lignes micro-ruban, leur longueur et la distance séparant ces lignes pour obtenir les caractéristiques souhaitées du filtre notamment, la bande passante, les impédances aux accès du filtre, la bande de fréquences atténuée ou autres paramètres du filtre. Dans ce type de filtre, l'accord de la fréquence centrale du résonateur R2 de la
Les résonateurs R1 et R3 sont respectivement connectés aux accès A1, A2 du filtre par une respective ligne L1 et L2 d'impédance caractéristique standard d'entrée et de sortie des filtres, soit habituellement de 50Ω.The resonators R1 and R3 are respectively connected to the access A1, A2 of the filter by a respective line L1 and L2 of standard input and output filter impedance characteristic, usually 50Ω.
Les
Le filtre de la
Le filtre de la
Le filtre de la
Néanmoins, ces types de filtres de l'état de l'art sont contraints par les tolérances des éléments qui les constituent. Leurs principales caractéristiques électriques, par exemple leur bande passante, fréquence de coupure, pertes dans la bande passante, bande attenue ou autres paramètres essentiels dépendent grandement des caractéristiques du substrat utilisé pour réaliser les lignes du filtre dont l'épaisseur, la permittivité, la perméabilité, peuvent varier d'un filtre à l'autre, mais aussi par les tolérances des procédés de fabrication comme les précisions de gravure des lignes, de réalisation des via, de superposition de multiples couches diélectriques du substrat, dans le cas d'utilisation de substrats multicouches.Nevertheless, these types of filters of the state of the art are constrained by the tolerances of the elements which constitute them. Their main electrical characteristics, for example their bandwidth, cutoff frequency, bandwidth losses, attenuation band or other essential parameters depend greatly on the characteristics of the substrate used to make the filter lines, the thickness, the permittivity, the permeability , can vary from one filter to another, but also by the tolerances of the manufacturing processes such as the precision of engraving lines, realization of via, superposition of multiple dielectric layers of the substrate, in the case of use of multilayer substrates.
Ces paramètres variables peuvent conduire à des rendements de fabrication des filtres insuffisants ou trop aléatoires, dans les cas suivants et notamment dans leurs combinaisons :
- filtres intégrés dans des structures de substrats multicouches notamment dans le cas où ces filtres sont intégrés dans un sous-système monolithique conséquent. Un filtre hors spécification implique alors la mise au rebut de tout le sous-système. Lorsque plusieurs filtres sont intégrés dans un même module alors le problème de rendement est encore plus critique,
- filtres qui présentent des fréquences de coupures ou des zéros de transmission ZT très proches, par exemple, filtre passe-bande à faible bande passante et/ou faible bande rejetée, simples ou multiples,
- filtres comprenant des vias. Ce qui est souvent le cas, par exemple, des filtres constitués de résonateurs avec une extrémité court-circuitée vers la masse.
- filtres compacts réalisés avec des substrats à forte permittivité et/ou forte perméabilité, particulièrement sensibles aux tolérances de réalisation et aux paramètres électriques tels que la permittivité diélectrique et la perméabilité magnétique,
- systèmes comportant des filtres nécessitant d'effectuer leur réglage dans leur contexte d'utilisation,
- filtres multiplexeurs.
- integrated filters in structures of multilayer substrates especially in the case where these filters are integrated in a monolithic subsystem therefore. An out-of-specification filter then involves scrapping the entire subsystem. When multiple filters are integrated in the same module then the performance problem is even more critical,
- filters which have very close cutoff frequencies or ZT transmission zeros, for example low bandwidth and / or low bandwidth bandpass filters, single or multiple,
- filters comprising vias. This is often the case, for example, filters consisting of resonators with an end short-circuited to ground.
- compact filters made with substrates with high permittivity and / or high permeability, particularly sensitive to production tolerances and electrical parameters such as dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability,
- systems with filters requiring adjustment in their context of use,
- multiplexer filters.
Pour améliorer ou garantir un rendement minimum de fabrication des filtres en technologie planaire de l'état de l'art, les concepteurs et/ou les fabricants ont actuellement recours aux techniques ou méthodes suivantes :
- Selon une première méthode les filtres sont réalisés et caractérisés individuellement, à part des systèmes pour lesquels ils sont destinés. Cela alors même qu'ils sont réalisés dans une technologie identique à celle du système, par exemple sur des substrats organiques ou bien lorsqu'il s'agit de systèmes intégrés hybrides complexes dans ou autour d'un empilage de substrats.
- According to a first method the filters are made and characterized individually, apart from the systems for which they are intended. This even though they are performed in a technology identical to that of the system, for example on organic substrates or in the case of complex integrated hybrid systems in or around a stack of substrates.
Une autre méthode pour garantir les performances des filtres consiste à effectuer une caractérisation et une sélection drastique des substrats et autres matériaux éventuellement utilisés dans un assemblage (par exemple des pré-preg), dans une gamme de valeurs réduites par rapport à celles qui sont proposées par les fabricants.Another method for guaranteeing the performance of the filters is to perform a characterization and a drastic selection of the substrates and other materials possibly used in an assembly (for example pre-preg), in a range of values reduced compared to those proposed by the manufacturers.
Toutefois, les mesures précises de permittivité et/ou de perméabilité des matériaux utilisés pour réaliser les substrats sont coûteuses et complexes à réaliser. Sur des empilages de matériaux hétérogènes voire anisotropes (tenseurs de permittivité électrique et de perméabilité magnétique) cette caractérisation est encore plus complexe à réaliser. De plus, si le fabriquant de matériaux ne maîtrise pas suffisamment les propriétés de ses matériaux alors on n'est pas certain de disposer de la quantité requise de matériaux avec les caractéristiques adéquates pour réaliser les filtres. De plus, le substrat n'est qu'une part du problème de dispersion et cette opération n'est pas toujours suffisante.However, the precise permittivity and / or permeability measurements of the materials used to make the substrates are expensive and complex to achieve. On piles of heterogeneous or even anisotropic materials (tensors of electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability) this characterization is even more complex to achieve. In addition, if the materials manufacturer does not sufficiently control the properties of its materials, then we are not sure of having the required amount of materials with the proper characteristics to achieve the filters. In addition, the substrate is only part of the dispersion problem and this operation is not always sufficient.
Une autre méthode consiste à pré-caractériser les substrats en épaisseur et en permittivité diélectrique, puis à effectuer une conception adaptée à chaque lot différent. Ceci est coûteux et long à mettre en place du fait des masques pour couches minces et écrans de sérigraphie pour couches épaisses à refaire pour chaque lot. De plus, le substrat n'est qu'une part du problème de dispersion et cette opération n'est pas toujours suffisante.Another method is to pre-characterize the substrates in thickness and dielectric permittivity, then to perform a design adapted to each different batch. This is expensive and time consuming to put in place because of the masks for thin layers and screen printing screens for thick layers to be redone for each batch. In addition, the substrate is only part of the dispersion problem and this operation is not always sufficient.
Selon une autre méthode, dans le cas particulier des filtres réalisés par gravure, celle-ci est contrôlée pour ajuster les performances des filtres. Cette technique pose des problèmes de qualité de réalisation car le résultat de la gravure présente un taux de défaut, notamment par les surplombs et les irrégularités des bords de pistes, aggravé lorsque la durée nominale de gravure n'est pas respectée. Cette méthode ne permet pas un réglage dissocié des fréquences de coupure et de la réponse en fréquence, par exemple, le réglage dissocié du centre d'une bande de fréquence passante ou rejetée et de la largeur de cette bande de fréquence. De plus cette méthode ne peut pas s'appliquer aux filtres enterrés.According to another method, in the particular case of filters made by etching, it is controlled to adjust the performance of the filters. This technique poses problems of quality of realization because the result of the engraving presents a rate of defect, in particular by the overhangs and the irregularities of the edges of tracks, aggravated when the nominal duration of engraving is not respected. This method does not allow a dissociated adjustment of the cut-off frequencies and the frequency response, for example, the setting dissociated from the center of a passing or rejected frequency band and the width of this frequency band. In addition, this method can not be applied to buried filters.
Selon une autre méthode, il est possible dans certains cas, d'ajuster la réponse d'un filtre par des petites découpes des lignes, par exemple avec un laser. Cette technique n'est pas possible avec tous les substrats, elle est notamment très difficile à mettre en place sur des substrats de type organique. Cette technique n'est pas réalisable sur des filtres enterrés.According to another method, it is possible in certain cases to adjust the response of a filter by small cuts of the lines, for example with a laser. This technique is not possible with all the substrates, it is particularly very difficult to implement on substrates of organic type. This technique is not feasible on buried filters.
Une autre méthode consiste à Introduire des éléments de réglage physiquement sur le filtre. Ces éléments de réglage sont généralement des plots conducteurs pré-connectés, le réglage s'effetue alors, soit par raccourcissement, c'est-à- dire par la coupure du lien avec le plot ou soit par allongement de la structure par la pose d'une liaison avec le plot. Ce type de réglage ne permet pas des réglages fins car les variations sont importantes et ne permettent pas un grand nombre de possibilités, notamment pour des applications compactes et/ou à haute fréquence car les dimensions des éléments de réglage sont limitées en dimension minimale, par les technologies de fabrication. Ces éléments peuvent être de rubans métalliques posés sur les lignes. Cette technique présente une part aléatoire liée à la difficulté à maîtriser la forme d'un ruban qui présente une ou plusieurs extrémités libres.Another method is to introduce regulators physically on the filter. These adjustment elements are generally conductive pads pre-connected, the adjustment effeffue then, either by shortening, that is to say by the cutting of the link with the stud or by lengthening the structure by laying d a connection with the stud. This type of adjustment does not allow fine adjustments because the variations are large and do not allow a large number of possibilities, especially for compact and / or high frequency applications because the dimensions of the adjustment elements are limited in minimum dimension, for example. the manufacturing technologies. These elements may be metal ribbons placed on the lines. This technique has a random part related to the difficulty in controlling the shape of a ribbon that has one or more free ends.
Ou bien ces éléments sont constitués d'éléments de constante diélectrique appropriée, ajoutés sur le filtre pour ajuster sa réponse. Il s'agit par exemple de pavés diélectriques (métallisés ou non-métallisés) placés typiquement de deux façons suivant l'objectif recherché : Pavés placés aux extrémités en circuit ouvert de lignes/résonateurs/stubs pour agir sur la fréquence centrale, ou bien entre lignes couplées pour agir sur la largeur de bande passante ou rejetée ou sur des zéros de transmission ZT obtenus par couplages entre résonateurs non-adjacents. Cette catégorie d'éléments de réglage permet des variations fines de la réponse du filtre. En revanche, la pose de ces éléments est coûteuse et les amplitudes de réglage sont faibles,Or these elements consist of elements of appropriate dielectric constant, added to the filter to adjust its response. These are for example dielectric blocks (metallized or non-metallized) typically placed in two ways depending on the desired objective: Pavers placed at the open ends of lines / resonators / stubs to act on the central frequency, or between lines coupled to act on the bandwidth or rejected bandwidth or ZT transmission zeros obtained by coupling between non-adjacent resonators. This category of adjustment elements allows fine variations of the filter response. However, the installation of these elements is expensive and the adjustment amplitudes are low,
Il existe également des techniques de réglage de filtre à l'aide d'éléments mécaniques comme les systèmes à vis ou plongeurs réglables, lourds, encombrants et mal adaptés aux forts volumes de production.There are also filter adjustment techniques using mechanical elements such as adjustable screw or plunger systems, heavy, bulky and poorly adapted to high production volumes.
D'autres techniques de réglage des filtres de l'état de l'art ont recours à des moyens électroniques qui permettent un réglage dynamique du filtre mais présentent des inconvénients et nécessitent un dispositif de commande annexe. Ces dispositifs qui génèrent des courants ou des tensions de contrôle sont coûteux et encombrants.Other state of the art filter adjustment techniques use electronic means which allow dynamic adjustment of the filter but have drawbacks and require an ancillary control device. These devices that generate control currents or voltages are expensive and bulky.
Parmi ces techniques de réglage des filtres ont peut citer l'utilisation :
- de diodes varactor ou varactors MEMS (sigle de « Micro Machined Electro Mecanical System » en langue anglaise) comportant l'inconvénient d'une faible tenue en puissance.
- d'éléments ferromagnétiques dont la perméabilité magnétique µr est contrôlée par un champ magnétique extérieur de contrôle. L'inconvénient de ce type de réglage de filtre est une consommation et un encombrement importants du système de contrôle.
- d'éléments ferroélectriques et cristaux liquides, dont la permittivité diélectriques Er varie en fonction d'un champ électrique externe de contrôle. Ce procédé de fabrication est onéreux et difficile à maîtriser, nécessite une forte tension de commande, présente un faible coefficient de qualité et une faible tenue en puissance.
- d'éléments de commutation, de type diode PIN ou transistors MESFET (MEtal Semi-conductor Field Effect Transistor) ou CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxyde Semiconductor), réservés aux filtres travaillant aux basses fréquences présentant un fort encombrement et un faible coefficient de qualité.
- varactor diodes or varactors MEMS (acronym for "Micro Machined Electro Mecanical System" in English) with the disadvantage of low power handling.
- ferromagnetic elements whose magnetic permeability μr is controlled by an external magnetic control field. The disadvantage of this type of filter adjustment is a significant consumption and bulk of the control system.
- of ferroelectric elements and liquid crystals, whose dielectric permittivity Er varies according to an external electric control field. This manufacturing process is expensive and difficult to control, requires a high control voltage, has a low quality coefficient and low power handling.
- switching elements, of the PIN diode type or MESFET transistors (MEtal Semi-conductor Field Effect Transistor) or CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), reserved for filters working at low frequencies having a large footprint and a low coefficient of quality.
Ces techniques de réglage des filtres génèrent le plus souvent des filtres moins performants notamment, en tenue en puissance, en coefficient de qualité, en pertes d'insertion, en réjection, que des structures analogues fixes sans dispositif de réglage électronique.These filter adjustment techniques most often generate less efficient filters including power resistance, quality coefficient, insertion loss, rejection, and similar structures fixed without electronic adjustment device.
Le document
Pour palier les inconvénients des filtres radiofréquences de l'état de l'art, l'invention propose un filtre radiofréquences réglable en technologie planaire tel que défini dans la revendication 1.In order to overcome the disadvantages of the radio frequency filters of the state of the art, the invention proposes a planar technology adjustable radio frequency filter as defined in claim 1.
Avantageusement, la ligne HI de transmission planaire a une impédance d'impédance caractéristique supérieure à l'impédance caractéristique du résonateur Ri considéré.Advantageously, the planar transmission line HI has a characteristic impedance impedance greater than the characteristic impedance of the resonator Ri considered.
Dans une réalisation du filtre planaire selon l'invention, la longueur de la ligne HI de transmission planaire est plus grande que la distance d entre les extrémités en vis-à-vis de deux tronçons de lignes de transmission successifs tq, t(q+1) de façon à augmenter la longueur électrique des résonateurs R1, R2,...Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn.In an embodiment of the planar filter according to the invention, the length of the planar transmission line HI is greater than the distance of between the ends vis-à-vis two successive transmission line sections tq, t (q + 1) so as to increase the electrical length of the resonators R1, R2, ... Ri, ... Rj, .. .Rk, .. Rn.
Dans une autre réalisation, la liaison électrique entre tronçons de lignes de transmission successifs comporte au moins un fil de câblage dans un plan P perpendiculaire au plan principal PL du substrat.In another embodiment, the electrical connection between sections of successive transmission lines comprises at least one wiring wire in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate.
Dans une autre réalisation, la liaison électrique entre deux tronçons de lignes de transmission successifs tq, t(q+1) des résonateurs R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn comporte plusieurs fils de câblage en parallèle, chaque fil étant dans un respectif plan perpendiculaire au plan principal PL.In another embodiment, the electrical connection between two successive transmission line sections tq, t (q + 1) of the resonators R1, R2, .. Ri,... Rj,... Rk, .. Rn comprises several wires wiring in parallel, each wire being in a respective plane perpendicular to the main plane PL.
Dans une autre réalisation, les extrémités reliées par un fil de câblage de deux tronçons de lignes successifs tq, t(q+1) d'un résonateur Rj sont à proximité des extrémités de deux autres tronçons de lignes de transmission successifs reliés par un autre fil de câblage d'un autre résonateur Rk de façon que les surfaces formées par les fils de câblage des deux dits résonateurs Rj et Rk avec le plan principal PL soient en regard l'une de l'autre afin d'obtenir un couplage entre les deux résonateurs Rj et Rk.In another embodiment, the ends connected by a wiring wire of two successive line sections tq, t (q + 1) of a resonator Rj are close to the ends of two other sections of successive transmission lines connected by another a wire of another resonator Rk so that the surfaces formed by the wiring son of said two resonators Rj and Rk with the main plane PL are facing each other in order to obtain a coupling between the two resonators Rj and Rk.
Dans une autre réalisation, le substrat comporte plusieurs couches, le plan principal PL comportant les tronçons de lignes de transmission des résonateurs étant entre au moins deux couches superposées.In another embodiment, the substrate comprises a plurality of layers, the main plane PL comprising the transmission line sections of the resonators being between at least two superimposed layers.
L'invention concerne aussi un procédé de réglage du filtre réglable selon l'invention en technologie planaire comportant un substrat diélectrique et n résonateurs R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn intégrés au substrat, chaque résonateur comportant, sur un plan principal PL du substrat, une succession de tronçons t1, t2,..tq,..tp de lignes de transmission planaires ayant chacun deux extrémités, p étant le nombre de tronçons de lignes de transmission planaires du résonateur Ri considéré, p étant égal ou supérieur à 2, q étant le rang du tronçon, une extrémité d'un tronçon tq d'un résonateur Ri étant en vis-à-vis et séparée d'une distance d d'une extrémité du tronçon suivant t(q+1) du même résonateur Ri, les extrémités en vis à-vis des tronçons successifs d'un résonateur Rq étant reliées par une ligne de transmission planaire HI (30, 34) destinée à élever localement l'impédance caractéristique du résonateur Ri considéré,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins une étape de câblage, entre les extrémités en vis-à-vis de deux tronçon de lignes successifs tq, t(q+1) aux bornes des lignes de transmission planaires HI, d'au moins un fil de câblage, dans un plan P perpendiculaire au plan principal PL du substrat, les longueurs des fils de câblage et leur points de connexion sur les extrémité des tronçons de lignes de transmission ayant été préalablement déterminés pour obtenir la fréquence de résonance souhaitée des résonateurs.The invention also relates to a method of adjusting the adjustable filter according to the invention in planar technology comprising a dielectric substrate and n resonators R1, R2, .. Ri, ... Rj, ... Rk, .. Rn integrated into the substrate each resonator comprising, on a main plane PL of the substrate, a succession of sections t1, t2, .. tq, .. tp of planar transmission lines each having two ends, p being the number of planar transmission line sections of the resonator Ri considered, p being equal to or greater than 2, q being the rank of the section, one end of a section tq of a resonator Ri being in vis-à-vis and separated by a distance d from one end of the next section t (q + 1) of the same resonator Ri, the ends facing successive sections of a resonator Rq being connected by a line planar transmission device HI (30, 34) for locally raising the characteristic impedance of the resonator Ri considered,
characterized in that it comprises at least one wiring step, between the ends opposite two successive line sections tq, t (q + 1) across the planar transmission lines HI, of at least a wiring wire, in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate, the lengths of the wiring son and their connection points on the ends of the transmission line sections having been previously determined to obtain the desired resonance frequency of the resonators .
Dans une mise en oeuvre du procédé de réglage, le filtre réglable étant un filtre passe bande comportant au moins un résonateur Rj et un résonateur Rk, le résonateur Rj ayant les extrémités en vis-à-vis de deux tronçons de lignes de transmission consécutifs tq, t(q+1) reliées par un fil de câblage à proximité des extrémités de deux autres tronçons de ligne de transmission consécutifs de l'autre résonateur Rk reliés par un autre fil de câblage, de façon que les surfaces formées par lesdits fils de câblage avec le plan principal PL des deux dits résonateurs Rj et Rk soient en regard l'une de l'autre, le procédé de réglage consistant à modifier la distance et la position entre l'un et l'autre fil de câblage des résonateurs Rj et Rk respectifs pour obtenir, par la modification du couplage entre le résonateur Rj et le résonateur Rk, la bande passante souhaitée.In one implementation of the adjustment method, the adjustable filter is a bandpass filter comprising at least one resonator Rj and a resonator Rk, the resonator Rj having the ends opposite two consecutive transmission line sections tq , t (q + 1) connected by a wiring wire near the ends of two other consecutive transmission line sections of the other resonator Rk connected by another wiring wire, so that the surfaces formed by said wires of cabling with the main plane PL of the two said resonators Rj and Rk are facing each other, the adjustment method of changing the distance and position between the one and the other wire of the resonators wiring Rj and Rk respectively to obtain, by modifying the coupling between the resonator Rj and the resonator Rk, the desired bandwidth.
Les principaux filtres visés par cette invention sont constitués de lignes parallèles couplées avec des résonateurs demi-ondes couplés en parallèle ou bien avec des résonateurs quart d'onde en peigne (faible bande passante) et/ou inter-digité (à large bande passante).The main filters covered by this invention consist of parallel lines coupled with half-wave resonators coupled in parallel or with quarter-wave comb (low bandwidth) and / or inter-digit (wide bandwidth) resonators. .
Cette technique de réalisation et de réglage de filtre planaires selon l'invention s'applique également :
- aux filtres avec des zéros de transmission ou ZT, notamment lorsque ces zéros de transmission sont obtenus par couplages entre résonateurs non adjacents.
- aux filtres constitués de tronçons de lignes terminés en circuit ouvert ou en court-circuit ou « stubs » en langue anglaise.
- to the filters with transmission zeros or ZTs, especially when these transmission zeros are obtained by coupling between non-adjacent resonators.
- filters consisting of sections of lines terminated in open circuit or in short-circuit or "stubs" in English.
Toutes les réponses en fréquence des filtres radiofréquences selon l'invention sont envisageables à savoir : passe-bande, passe-bas, passe-haut, coupe bande, ou autres réponses, ainsi que toutes les fonctions d'approximations sont également concernées, telles que : Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel, Elliptique...All the frequency responses of the radio frequency filters according to the invention are conceivable, namely: bandpass, lowpass, highpass, band cut, or other responses, as well as all the approximation functions are also concerned, such as : Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel, Elliptical ...
La description d'exemples de réalisation de filtres selon l'invention est faite pour des filtres passe-bande et en technologie des lignes micro-ruban, mais l'invention s'applique de façon similaire à d'autres types de réponses en fréquence et à d'autres types de réalisations des lignes.The description of exemplary embodiments of filters according to the invention is made for bandpass filters and microstrip line technology, but the invention applies similarly to other types of frequency responses and to other types of line achievements.
Les technologies de réalisation des résonateurs des filtres peuvent être celles des lignes micro-rubans ou des lignes planaires, réalisées de façon classique sur un substrat unique ou bien intégrées dans un empilage de substrats ou bien réalisée sur un substrat suspendu.The technologies for producing filter resonators may be those of micro-ribbons or planar lines, conventionally produced on a single substrate or integrated in a stack of substrates or made on a suspended substrate.
Cette technique s'applique également sur des fonctions d'adaptation d'impédance et les fonctions de correction en amplitude et/ou en phase, quelquefois appelées linéariseurs, dans les circuits électroniques hyperfréquence.This technique also applies to impedance matching functions and amplitude and / or phase correction functions, sometimes called linearizers, in microwave electronic circuits.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide d'exemples de réalisations de filtres hyperfréquences en technologie planaire décrits en référence aux figures indexées dans lesquelles :
- les
figure 1, 2 et3 représentent respectivement trois filtres coplanaires de l'état de l'art comportant trois résonateurs couplés ; - la
figure 4a , montre un filtre réglable selon l'invention de même structure que le filtre de lafigure 1 ; - la
figure 4b montre un vue partielle de face du résonateur R3 du filtre de lafigure 4a ; - la
figure 4c montre un vue partielle de face du résonateur R2 du filtre de lafigure 4a ; - la
figure 5 , montre un filtre réglable selon l'invention de même structure que le filtre de lafigure 2 ; - la
figure 6 , montre un filtre réglable selon l'invention de même structure que le filtre de lafigure 3 ; - la
figure 7 montre un exemple de réalisation d'un filtre passe-bande selon l'invention comportant des réglages sur les zéros de transmission ; - la
figure 8a , montre une variante de réalisation d'un filtre réglable selon l'invention de même structure que le filtre de lafigure 1 . - la
figure 8b montre une vue partielle en coupe transversale au niveau de la partie centrale du résonateur R2 du filtre de lafigure 8a ; - la
figure 8c montre une vue de dessus au niveau de la partie centrale du résonateur R2 du filtre de lafigure 8a ; - la
figure 9a , montre une autre variante de réalisation du filtre réglable de lafigure 8a ; - la
figure 9b montre une vue partielle en coupe transversale au niveau de la partie centrale du résonateur R2 du filtre de lafigure 9a et ; - la
figure 9c montre une vue de dessus au niveau de la partie centrale du résonateur du filtre de lafigure 9a .
- the
figure 1, 2 and3 respectively represent three coplanar filters of the state of the art comprising three coupled resonators; - the
figure 4a , shows an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of thefigure 1 ; - the
figure 4b shows a partial front view of the resonator R3 of the filter of thefigure 4a ; - the
figure 4c shows a partial front view of the resonator R2 of the filter of thefigure 4a ; - the
figure 5 , shows an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of thefigure 2 ; - the
figure 6 , shows an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of thefigure 3 ; - the
figure 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a bandpass filter according to the invention having settings on the transmission zeros; - the
figure 8a shows an alternative embodiment of an adjustable filter according to the invention of the same structure as the filter of thefigure 1 . - the
figure 8b shows a partial cross-sectional view at the central portion of the resonator R2 of the filter of thefigure 8a ; - the
figure 8c shows a view from above at the central portion of the resonator R2 of the filter of thefigure 8a ; - the
figure 9a , shows another variant of the adjustable filter of thefigure 8a ; - the
figure 9b shows a partial cross-sectional view at the central portion of the resonator R2 of the filter of thefigure 9a and; - the
Figure 9c shows a top view at the central portion of the filter resonator of thefigure 9a .
Par la suite sont décrits des exemples de réalisations de filtres planaires et leur procédé de réglage selon l'invention.Next, examples of embodiments of planar filters and their method of adjustment according to the invention are described.
La
Le filtre de la
Selon une principale caractéristique du filtre planaire selon l'invention le résonateur R1 et le résonateur R3 comportent chacun deux tronçons t1, t2 de lignes de transmission micro-ruban de même impédance caractéristique Zc et largueurs W, deux tronçon d'un même résonateur étant reliées par une ligne HI 30 micro-ruban respective (HI pour Haute Impédance), de largeur wi inférieure à la larguer W des tronçons de ligne t1, t2. L'impédance de la ligne HI 30 est de valeur bien plus élevée que l'impédance Z1 des tronçons de ligne t1, t2.According to a main characteristic of the planar filter according to the invention the resonator R1 and the resonator R3 each comprise two sections t1, t2 of microstrip transmission lines of the same characteristic impedance Zc and wavelengths W, two sections of the same resonator being connected by a respective HI-line microstrip HI (HI for high impedance), wi width less than the drop W line sections t1, t2. The impedance of the
La
Les deux tronçons de ligne t1, t2 et la ligne HI 30 micro-ruban des résonateurs R1 et R3 sont alignés selon des axes respectifs EE', SS' parallèle à l'axe Ox d'un trièdre de référence Oxyz. Les bords b1, b2 en vis-à-vis des tronçons de ligne sont séparés d'une distance d.The two line sections t1, t2 and the micro-ribbon line HI of the resonators R1 and R3 are aligned along respective axes EE ', SS' parallel to the axis Ox of a reference trihedron Oxyz. The edges b1, b2 vis-à-vis the line sections are separated by a distance d.
Le résonateur R2 demi-onde, entre le résonateur R1 et le résonateur R3, comporte quatre tronçons de ligne t1, t2, t3 et t4 alignés selon un axe CC' parallèle aux axes EE', SS'. Les tronçons successifs t1, t2 d'un coté du résonateur R2 et les tronçons successifs t3 et t4 de l'autre côte du même résonateur R2 sont reliées par une ligne HI 30 micro-ruban de largeur wi. Les tronçons successifs t2, t3, dans la partie centrale du résonateur R2 sont, eux, reliés par une autre ligne Hi 34 de largueur wi bien inférieure à la largueur de la ligne du résonateur R2. L'autre ligne Hi 34 entre les tronçons t2 et t3 du résonateur R2 est de longueur plus importante que la distance d séparant les bords en vis avis des tronçons t2 et t3 dudit résonateur R2. A cet effet l'autre ligne Hi 34 est sous forme d'un S comportant une partie centrale 40 perpendiculaire à l'axe CC' du résonateur R2.The half-wave resonator R2 between the resonator R1 and the resonator R3 comprises four line sections t1, t2, t3 and t4 aligned along an axis CC 'parallel to the axes EE', SS '. The successive sections t1, t2 on one side of the resonator R2 and the successive sections t3 and t4 on the other side of the same resonator R2 are connected by a micro-ribbon HI line of width wi. The successive sections t2, t3, in the central part of the resonator R2 are themselves connected by another line Hi 34 wi width much less than the width of the line of the resonator R2. The
La
Les lignes HI 30 et l'autre ligne HI 34 créent physiquement au niveau de leur emplacement entre les portions de lignes de transmission un rétrécissement des résonateurs et par conséquent une rupture d'impédance dans le résonateur.The
La fréquence centrale f0 du filtre passe bande de la
Le procédé de réglage du filtre de la
Plus précisément, des premiers fils de câblage 50 assurent la connexion électrique entre tronçons de lignes sans couplage entre résonateurs. Des deuxièmes fils de câblage 52 assurent par leur disposition dans les résonateurs outre la connexion électrique entre tronçons de lignes, un certain couplage entre résonateurs.More specifically,
Les longueurs des fils de câblage 50, 52 et leur point de connexion sur les extrémités de tronçons de lignes sont ajustés pour obtenir la fréquence centrale f0 souhaitée.The lengths of the
La
Dans le filtre de la
D'une façon générale, au cours du réglage des filtres selon l'invention, plusieurs éléments de réglage ER sous la forme de fils de câblage et/ou de rubans conducteur micro-câblé pourront être placés en parallèle avec les lignes haute impédance HI 30, 34. Ces éléments de longueur fixe ou variable dont on fera varier la longueur et éventuellement, si possible, la position pour ajuster un couplage.In general, during the adjustment of the filters according to the invention, a plurality of adjustment elements ER in the form of wiring wires and / or micro-wired conductor strips may be placed in parallel with the high
En comparaison avec les fils de câblage, les rubans permettent d'obtenir de meilleurs coefficients de qualité et de supporter des puissances plus élevées. En revanche, la pose automatique de rubans est moins répandue que la pose automatique de fils de câblage.In comparison with the wiring wires, the tapes allow to obtain better quality coefficients and to withstand higher powers. On the other hand, the automatic laying of ribbons is less widespread than the automatic laying of cabling wires.
Concrètement, d'une façon générale, quelque soit le type de filtre classique tels que par exemple représentés aux
La longueur des lignes HI 30, 34 haute impédance dépend de l'amplitude de correction recherchée sur les paramètres du filtre. Pour obtenir une amplitude de réglage suffisante par allongement ou raccourcissement de l'élément de réglage ER 50, 52 (fils de câblage) il faut agencer ou replier cette ligne HI pour obtenir des points de jonction de l'élément de réglage ER avec les tronçons de lignes les plus proches possibles.The length of the high
Par exemple, le rétrécissement des résonateurs R1, R2, R3 du filtre passe bande de la
La
La
Les filtres de la
Les filtres planaires selon l'invention peuvent être réalisés de façon à obtenir des éléments de réglage ER 50 non couplés entre eux, c'est à dire fortement éloignés et/ou orientés avec peu de surface en regard, ou/et des éléments de réglage ER 52 couplés.The planar filters according to the invention can be made in such a way as to obtain
Les éléments de réglage ER 50 non couplés sont utilisés pour agir de façon prépondérante sur la fréquence centrale f0 du filtre. C'est par exemple le cas des premiers fils de câblage 50 de connexion des
Les éléments de réglage ER 52 couplés entre eux, c'est à dire proches et orientés avec leurs surfaces en regard, sont utilisés pour agir sur la bande passante comme c'est le cas des deuxièmes fils de câblage 52 des
Il est possible de régler en même temps la fréquence centrale f0 du filtre et sa bande passante Bp avec uniquement des éléments de réglage ER 52 couplés, en modifiant leur longueur et leur position relative sur les extrémités des tronçons de lignes. Cela conduit à une structure plus simple mais les réglages sont plus limités et plus complexes à mettre en oeuvre.It is possible to adjust at the same time the central frequency f0 of the filter and its bandwidth Bp with only coupled
En général, il faut optimiser la structure du filtre réglable selon l'invention pour obtenir les réglages de la fréquence centrale f0 et de la bande passante Bp les moins corrélés possible et une amplitude de réglage appropriée. Cette optimisation dépend des performances attendues en réalisation en fonction des variations possibles des paramètres éléments constituant le filtre et des besoins de l'application (spécifications).In general, it is necessary to optimize the structure of the adjustable filter according to the invention to obtain the adjustments of the central frequency f0 and the passband Bp the least correlated possible and an appropriate adjustment amplitude. This optimization depends on the performances expected in realization as a function of the possible variations of the parameters elements constituting the filter and the needs of the application (specifications).
Le réglage des zéros de transmission ZT du filtre planaire est similaire dans sa mise en oeuvre aux réglages de la fréquence centrale f0 et la bande passante Bp, par la caractéristique et la position des éléments de réglage ER et des lignes HI dans les résonateurs. Dans ce cas, les éléments de réglage ER 54 couplés sont situés sur les zones des résonateurs qui modifient sensiblement les zéros de transmission ZT.The setting of the ZT transmission zeros of the planar filter is similar in its implementation to the settings of the center frequency f0 and the bandwidth Bp, by the characteristic and the position of the adjustment elements ER and the lines HI in the resonators. In this case, the coupled
La
Le filtre de la
Le résonateur R1 et le résonateur R3 comportent chacun deux tronçons t1, t2 de lignes, le résonateur R2 trois tronçons t1, t2, t3 de lignes de transmission, les résonateurs non-adjacents R4, R5 quatre tronçons de ligne chacun t1, t2, t3, t4.The resonator R1 and the resonator R3 each comprise two sections t1, t2 of lines, the resonator R2 three sections t1, t2, t3 of transmission lines, the non-adjacent resonators R4, R5 four line sections each t1, t2, t3 , t4.
Des lignes HI 30 reliant les tronçons des résonateurs R1, R4, R2 sont alignées de préférence sur un même axe PP' parallèle à l'axe de symétrie TT' du filtre, des deuxièmes fils de câblage 52 sont soudés en parallèle de ces lignes HI 30 pour obtenir un couplage entre ces résonateurs. La configuration de câblage est symétrique de l'autre côte de l'axe TT' sur un axe d'alignement QQ' des lignes HI des résonateurs R3, R5, R2.HI lines 30 connecting the sections of the resonators R1, R4, R2 are preferably aligned on the same axis PP 'parallel to the axis of symmetry TT' of the filter,
La configuration du filtre de la
Dans le cas de réalisation des filtres planaires selon l'invention, Il est possible d'utiliser un fil ou un ruban conducteur à la place de l'une 30 ou l'autre 34 ligne HI micro-ruban dans les résonateurs pour réaliser une plus haute impédance. Dans certains cas, cela conduit à des pertes plus faibles. En revanche, cela ne permet pas de pré-visualiser simplement la réponse du filtre par une mesure avant la mise en place des fils de câblage 50, 52, 54. Cette dernière implémentation peut nécessiter deux phases de câblage, ce qui n'est pas optimal d'un point de vue industriel.In the case of making the planar filters according to the invention, it is possible to use a conductive wire or ribbon in place of one or the other of the micro-ribbon HI-line in the resonators to achieve a greater efficiency. high impedance. In some cases, this leads to lower losses. However, this does not allow to simply preview the response of the filter by a measurement before the establishment of the
Dans certaines réalisations de filtres selon l'invention dite intégrée le substrat est un substrat multicouches comportant les tronçons t1, t2,..tq,..tp de lignes de transmission intégrés entre au moins deux couches et donc non accessibles en surface par l'extérieur du filtre. Dans ce cas, le substrat comporte des trous métallisés au niveau des extrémités des tronçons de lignes de transmission reliant des plages métallisés sur la surface du substrat. La liaison électrique par fils de câblage 50, 52, 54 et/ou par lignes HI 30, 34 peut être alors réalisée sur ces plages métallisées.In certain embodiments of filters according to the so-called integrated invention the substrate is a multilayer substrate comprising the sections t1, t2, .. tq, .. tp of integrated transmission lines between at least two layers and therefore not accessible at the surface by the outside the filter. In this case, the substrate comprises metallized holes at the ends of the sections of transmission lines connecting metallized pads on the surface of the substrate. The electrical connection by wiring
La
La
La
Le filtre de la
Le substrat multicouche comporte une face supérieure 13 et une face opposée inférieure 14 métallisée. La face supérieur 13 comporte des plages métallisées 82 reliées par des trous métallisés 80 dans la couche C1 aux extrémités de tronçons de lignes de transmission enfouis dans le substrat 90. Les éléments de réglage ER, soit des fils de câblage 50, 52 sont fixés sur ces plages métallisées 82 sur la face supérieure 13 du substrat 90.The multilayer substrate comprises an
Les autres lignes HI 34 sont sur la même face du substrat (plan principal PL) que les tronçons de lignes enfouis.The
La face supérieure 13 peut également présenter un plan de masse évidé autour des plages métallisées 82.The
La
La
La
Dans le cas du filtre de la
Dans le cas d'un filtre intégré dans un substrat multicouches, il est possible d'ajuster des éléments de réglage ER sur la partie supérieure de l'empilement des couches du substrat de façon à ajuster la réponse du filtre au plus près du résultat attendu. Cet ajustement se faisant cette fois par modification au laser ou bien par gravure, après avoir caractérisé la partie non accessible du filtre.In the case of a filter integrated in a multilayer substrate, it is possible to adjust adjustment elements ER on the upper part of the stack of the layers of the substrate so as to adjust the response of the filter as close as possible to the expected result. . This adjustment is done this time by laser modification or by etching, after having characterized the non-accessible part of the filter.
La principale partie du filtre étant enrobée et déjà réalisée, les incertitudes sur la réalisation de la partie supérieure complémentaire ont un effet très réduit sur le résultat final.The main part of the filter being coated and already realized, the uncertainties on the realization of the complementary upper part have a very small effect on the final result.
Cette partie supérieure peut notamment être mise à profit pour réaliser et ajuster des couplages transverses entre résonateurs non-adjacents et ainsi introduire et contrôler des zéros de transmission ZT supplémentaires.This upper part can in particular be used to make and adjust transverse couplings between non-adjacent resonators and thus introduce and control additional ZT transmission zeros.
La technique proposée dans cette invention, permet d'effectuer des ajustements fins, sur des structures de filtres constitués de lignes de transmission planaires.The technique proposed in this invention allows fine adjustments to filter structures consisting of planar transmission lines.
Les plans de masse ne sont par représentés sur les
Le filtre planaire et son procédé de réglage selon l'invention comporte les avantages suivants :
- une gestion des problèmes de rendement de fabrication liés aux tolérances de fabrication et aux tolérances des caractéristiques électriques des matériaux,
- la réalisation des sous-ensembles hybrides complexes avec des filtres intégrés, sans que les performances de ces filtres ne pénalisent le rendement de fabrication de l'ensemble,
- la réalisation des filtres avec des matériaux ou des procédés très performants, comme des substrats à haute permittivité ou des empilages complexes de substrats qui sont impactés par des tolérances importantes sur leurs dimensions et sur les propriétés des matériaux.
- a management of manufacturing efficiency problems related to manufacturing tolerances and tolerances of the electrical characteristics of materials,
- the realization of complex hybrid subsets with integrated filters, without the performance of these filters penalizing the manufacturing efficiency of the assembly,
- the production of filters with high-performance materials or processes, such as high permittivity substrates or complex stackings of substrates that are impacted by significant tolerances on their dimensions and properties of materials.
Cette technique repose sur des moyens conventionnels de fabrication en microélectronique: Pose de fils de câblage et/ou de rubans conducteurs de longueur déroulée et de positions maitrisées. La réponse du filtre est ajustée en faisant varier les dimensions et les points d'attache des fils de câblage et/ou des rubans conducteurs.This technique is based on conventional means of manufacturing microelectronics: Laying wiring son and / or conductive tapes of unwound length and mastered positions. The response of the filter is adjusted by varying the dimensions and attachment points of the wiring and / or conductive strips.
Cette technique de réglage est bien adaptée aux forts volumes de production car elle peut être complètement automatisée. Elle permet :
- d'ajuster la réponse du filtre au plus près du besoin avec des dispersions résiduelles très faibles liées aux matériaux et à la réalisation.
- d'ajuster le filtrage in situ, c'est à dire en fonction des caractéristiques de son environnement, voire en fonction de plusieurs applications (plusieurs fonctions de filtrage réalisables à partir d'une même structure).
- to adjust the response of the filter as close to the need as possible with very low residual dispersions related to the materials and to the realization.
- to adjust the filtering in situ, that is according to the characteristics of its environment, or even according to several applications (several filtering functions that can be performed from the same structure).
Par ailleurs, le fait de finaliser la réponse du filtre après intégration de l'ensemble permet de libérer la sous-traitance (sur la première partie de réalisation), d'éventuelles contraintes de confidentialité dans le cas de réalisation d'équipements classifiés.Furthermore, the fact of finalizing the response of the filter after integration of the set frees the outsourcing (on the first part of implementation), possible confidentiality constraints in the case of realization of classified equipment.
Les ruptures d'impédance pratiquées dans les résonateurs apportent des degrés de liberté supplémentaires qui permettent d'agir sur la réponse en fréquence avec plus de possibilités. Cela peut conduire à un nombre inférieur de résonateurs par rapport à une structure classique non réglable.The impedance breaks in the resonators provide additional degrees of freedom that can affect the frequency response with more possibilities. This can lead to a lower number of resonators compared to a conventional non-adjustable structure.
Claims (15)
- An adjustable radio frequency filter in planar technology comprising a dielectric substrate (8, 90) and n resonators R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn integrated into the substrate,
each resonator comprising, on a main plane PL of the substrate, a succession of segments t1, t2,..tq,..tp of planar transmission lines that each have two ends, p being the number of segments of planar transmission lines of the resonator Ri in question, p being equal to or greater than 2, q being the position of the segment, one end of a segment tq of a resonator Ri being opposite and separated by a distance d from an end of the following segment t(q+1) of the same resonator Ri, the opposite ends of the successive segments of a resonator Ri being linked by an electrical link (30, 34, 50, 52, 54) which locally raises the characteristic impedance (Zc) of the resonator Ri in question, characterised in that said electrical link comprises a high impedance HI line (30, 34) connected in parallel to at least one adjustment element (50, 52, 54). - The radio frequency filter according to the preceding claim, characterised in that the length of at least one adjustable element can be altered.
- The radio frequency filter according to either of the preceding claims, characterised in that the position of at least one adjustable element can be altered.
- The radio frequency filter according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the HI line (30, 34) is a planar transmission line of greater characteristic impedance than the characteristic impedance (Zc) of the resonator Ri in question.
- The radio frequency filter according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the length of the planar transmission HI line (34) is greater than the distance d between the opposite ends of two successive segments of transmission lines tq, t(q+1) such as to increase the electric length of the resonators R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn.
- The radio frequency filter according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the electrical link of the successive segments of transmission lines comprises at least one cabling wire (50, 52, 54) in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate.
- The radio frequency filter according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the electrical link between the successive segments of transmission lines comprises at least one micro-wired conductive strip in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate.
- The radio frequency filter according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the electrical link between two successive segments of transmission lines tq, t(q+1) of the resonators R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn comprises several adjustment elements (50, 52, 54) in parallel, each adjustment element being in a respective plane perpendicular to the main plane PL.
- The radio frequency filter according to either of Claims 6 or 7, characterised in that the ends linked by an adjustment element (52, 54) of two successive line segments tq, t(q+1) of a resonator Rj are close to the ends of two other successive segments of transmission lines linked by another adjustment element of another resonator Rk such that the surfaces formed by the adjustment elements of the two said resonators Rj and Rk with the main plane PL are facing one another in order to obtain coupling between the two resonators Rj and Rk.
- The radio frequency filter according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the substrate (90) comprises several layers (C1, C2), the main plane PL comprising the segments of transmission lines of the resonators that are between at least two superposed layers (C1, C2).
- A method of adjusting the adjustable filter according to any of the preceding claims, of the type comprising a dielectric substrate (8, 90) and n resonators R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn integrated into the substrate, each resonator comprising, on a main plane PL of the substrate, a succession of segments t1, t2,..tq,..tp of planar transmission lines each having two ends, p being the number of segments of planar transmission lines of the resonator Ri in question, p being equal to or greater than 2, q being the position of the segment, one end of a segment tq of a resonator Ri being opposite and separated by a distance d from an end of the following segment (t(q+1) of the same resonator Ri, the opposite ends of the successive segments of a resonator Rq being linked by a planar transmission HI line (30, 34) intended to locally raise the characteristic impedance (Zc) of the resonator Ri in question,
characterised in that it comprises at least one step of cabling, between the opposite ends of two successive line segments tq, t(q+1) to the terminals of the planar transmission HI lines (30, 34), of at least one adjustment element, in a plane P perpendicular to the main plane PL of the substrate, the lengths of the adjustment elements and their connection points on the ends of the segments of transmission lines having been previously determined in order to obtain the desired resonance frequency of the resonators. - The method of adjusting a radio frequency filter according to the preceding claim, the adjustable filter being a bandpass filter comprising at least one resonator Rj and one resonator Rk, the resonator Rj having the opposite ends of two consecutive segments of transmission lines tq, t(q+1) linked by an adjustment element close to the ends of two other consecutive segments of transmission line of the other resonator RK linked by another adjustment element such that the surfaces formed by said adjustment elements with the main plane PL of the two said resonators Rj and Rk are facing one another, the method of adjustment consisting of modifying the distance and the position between one and the other adjustment element of the respective resonators Rj and Rk so as to obtain, by modifying the coupling between resonator Rj and resonator Rk, the desired pass band.
- The method of adjusting a radio frequency filter according to either of Claims 11 or 12 according to which at least one adjustment element is a cabling wire.
- The method of adjusting a radio frequency filter according to any of Claims 11 to 13 according to which at least one adjustment element is a micro-wired conductive strip.
- The method of adjusting a radio frequency filter according to any of Claims 11 to 14, according to which the length of the planar transmission HI line (34) is greater than the distance d between the opposite ends of two segments of successive transmission lines tq, t(q+1) such as to increase the electric length of the resonators R1, R2,..Ri,...Rj,...Rk,..Rn.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1100408A FR2971629A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 | 2011-02-10 | ADJUSTABLE RADIO FREQUENCY FILTER IN COPLANAR TECHNOLOGY AND FILTER ADJUSTMENT METHOD |
PCT/EP2012/052271 WO2012107543A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 | 2012-02-10 | Adjustable radiofrequency filter in planar technology and method of adjusting the filter |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2673831A1 EP2673831A1 (en) | 2013-12-18 |
EP2673831B1 true EP2673831B1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
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EP12703121.9A Active EP2673831B1 (en) | 2011-02-10 | 2012-02-10 | Adjustable radiofrequency filter in planar technology and method of adjusting the filter |
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US (1) | US9362604B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2673831B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2627835T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2971629A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012107543A1 (en) |
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US9536758B1 (en) | 2016-05-26 | 2017-01-03 | Anand Deo | Time-varying frequency powered semiconductor substrate heat source |
US11152232B2 (en) | 2016-05-26 | 2021-10-19 | Anand Deo | Frequency and phase controlled transducers and sensing |
EP3818586A4 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2021-09-15 | Deo, Anand | Planar transmission line resonator frequency control of localized transducers |
EP4417015A1 (en) | 2021-10-13 | 2024-08-21 | Deo, Anand | Conformable polymer for frequency-selectable heating locations |
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JPS6041881B2 (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1985-09-19 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Bandpass “ro” wave device |
US5187459A (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1993-02-16 | Raytheon Company | Compact coupled line filter circuit |
JP3866231B2 (en) * | 2003-09-04 | 2007-01-10 | Tdk株式会社 | Multilayer bandpass filter |
KR100576773B1 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2006-05-08 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Microstrip band pass filter using end-coupled SIRs |
-
2011
- 2011-02-10 FR FR1100408A patent/FR2971629A1/en active Pending
-
2012
- 2012-02-10 WO PCT/EP2012/052271 patent/WO2012107543A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-02-10 ES ES12703121.9T patent/ES2627835T3/en active Active
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Also Published As
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WO2012107543A1 (en) | 2012-08-16 |
FR2971629A1 (en) | 2012-08-17 |
ES2627835T3 (en) | 2017-07-31 |
US20140159834A1 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
EP2673831A1 (en) | 2013-12-18 |
US9362604B2 (en) | 2016-06-07 |
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