EP2668455B1 - System zur durchführung eines dampfkompressionskältezyklus mit wasser als kältemittel - Google Patents

System zur durchführung eines dampfkompressionskältezyklus mit wasser als kältemittel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2668455B1
EP2668455B1 EP12702694.6A EP12702694A EP2668455B1 EP 2668455 B1 EP2668455 B1 EP 2668455B1 EP 12702694 A EP12702694 A EP 12702694A EP 2668455 B1 EP2668455 B1 EP 2668455B1
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Prior art keywords
pressure
temperature
water vapor
water
refrigerant
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2668455A2 (de
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Joseph J. Sangiovanni
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Carrier Corp
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Carrier Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle

Definitions

  • the subject matter disclosed herein relates to a system to perform a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using water as the refrigerant.
  • Vapor-compression refrigeration is of the many refrigeration cycles available for use. It has been and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of large public buildings, offices, private residences, hotels, hospitals, theaters, restaurants and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services, such as oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas processing plants.
  • Refrigeration may be defined as a lowering of a temperature of an enclosed space by the removal of heat from that space and transferring the heat elsewhere.
  • a typical vapor-compression refrigeration system uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium that absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere. All such systems have four components: a compressor, a condenser, a fluid expansion device (typically a throttling valve but sometimes a work recovery expansion device) and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated or a slightly superheated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well.
  • the hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with typically available cooling water or cooling air. That hot vapor is routed through a condenser where it is cooled and condensed into a liquid by flowing through a coil or tubes with cool water or cool air flowing across the coil or tubes. This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air (whichever may be the case).
  • the condensed liquid refrigerant which is now in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated or a slightly sub-cooled liquid, is next routed through an expansion device where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant.
  • the auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated.
  • the cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator.
  • a fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture.
  • That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture.
  • the circulating air is cooled and, thus, lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature.
  • the evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat from the enclosed space, which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser.
  • the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated or slightly superheated vapor and is routed back into the compressor.
  • refrigerants that have been used up until now are varied and include fluorocarbons and more particularly, chlorofluorocarbons.
  • GWP global warming potential
  • refrigerants are phased out and banned, however, other types of refrigerants are being investigated.
  • water becomes an attractive alternative as water offers zero GWP, high efficiency, high heat of vaporization, low cost, and makes possible the use of direct contact heat exchangers.
  • water requires a high volumetric flow rate and a high compression ratio, which cannot be achieved efficiently by conventional centrifugal or axial compressors.
  • JP 6 257890 A shows a heat pump which uses only water as a safe and low-cost substance (no fluorocarbon) and in which cooling and heating are conducted with the same unit.
  • water is sprayed into a vacuum vessel, part of the water is evaporated, and residual water is cooled therewith to manufacture chilled water of ice, generated vapor is raised to condensible pressure with coolant of a cooling tower by multistage compressors, the pressure is further raised to the vicinity of saturation pressure of a temperature of warm water necessary for heating, and steam is introduced in this sate to a condenser to be condensed.
  • the CPC system increases the coefficient of performance (COP) obtainable with so me refrigerants, the environmentally benign refrigerant 718 (water) being an outstanding example. This is achieved by the controlled alteration of the quality of the suction vapor prior to compression so that the resulting path of compression entails a reduced work requirement relative to the refrigerating effect obtained.
  • the resulting COP is higher than those of the halo carbon refrigerants phased out by international agreement.
  • the heat pump system can be used for heating or cooling or simultaneous heating and cooling; e.g., air conditioning and water heating. It is also readily adaptable to variable compression ratio operation, such as that which would result from providing the higher temperature heat exchanger with the capability of switching between sinks at different temperatures.
  • a system to perform a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using water as the refrigerant includes an evaporator to vaporize liquid water to produce water vapor and to output the water vapor having a water vapor temperature of a first temperature and a water vapor pressure of a first pressure, a condenser to output liquid water at a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, and a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure and a supersonic compressor assembly having a first stage centrifugal compressor and a second stage supersonic compressor, operably disposed downstream from the evaporator and upstream from the condenser, to supersonically compress the water vapor to thereby increase the water vapor temperature from the first temperature and to thereby increase the water vapor pressure from the first pressure by at least a 7:1 ratio and the supersonic compressor assembly is configured such that the first stage centrifugal compressor and the second stage supersonic compressor are counterrotating to each other.
  • the proposed invention adapts the operating principles of the supersonic aircraft inlet to a rotary supersonic compressor to enable the use of water or other low density refrigerants in vapor-compression refrigeration.
  • a system 10 to perform a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using water as the refrigerant includes a compressor 20, a condenser 30, a fluid expansion device 40 (typically a throttling valve but sometimes a work recovery expansion device) and an evaporator 50.
  • circulating water vapor enters the compressor 20 in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated or a slightly superheated vapor and is compressed from a first temperature and a first pressure to a second, higher pressure and a second, higher temperature.
  • the hot, compressed water vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a greater temperature and pressure relative to, for example, ambient conditions, such that it can be condensed with typically available cooling water or cooling air.
  • That hot water vapor is routed through the condenser 30 where it is cooled and condensed into a liquid by flowing through a coil or tubes with cool water or cool air flowing across the coil or tubes.
  • the condensed liquid water which is now in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated or a slightly sub-cooled liquid, is next routed through the expansion device 40, which is operably disposed downstream from the condenser 30 and upstream from the evaporator 50, where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the water.
  • the auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid water to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated.
  • the cold water is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator 50.
  • a fan 55 circulates the warm air in the enclosed space to be cooled across the coil or tubes carrying the cold water. That warm air evaporates the liquid water and, at the same time, the circulating air is cooled. Thus, the temperature of the enclosed space is lowered to the desired temperature.
  • the evaporator 50 is representative of a location where the circulating water absorbs and removes heat from the enclosed space. To complete the refrigeration cycle, the water vapor from the evaporator 50 is again a saturated or a slightly superheated vapor and is routed back into the compressor 20.
  • the compressor 20 With water being used as the refrigerant, the compressor 20 includes a supersonic compressor assembly 21 having a first stage centrifugal compressor 22 and a second stage supersonic compressor 23, where the two stages are counter rotating. As shown in FIG. 1 , the supersonic compressor assembly 21 is operably disposed downstream from the evaporator 50 and upstream from the condenser 30. In this configuration, the system 10 may have an isentropic compression efficiency of about 90% with a reduced number of stages as compared to conventional compressors.
  • the supersonic compressor assembly 21 supersonically compresses the water vapor to thereby increase the water vapor temperature from the first temperature and to thereby increase the water vapor pressure from the first pressure by at least a 7:1 ratio or, in some cases, at least an 8:1 ratio and, in still further cases, at least a 10:1 ratio.
  • the first temperature may be about 45 degrees Fahrenheit and the first pressure may be about 620,53 Pa (0.09 pounds per square inch) on the low side to 690-1380 Pa (0.1-0.2 pounds per square inch) on the high side.
  • the water vapor temperature is increased from the first temperature to about 37,8 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit) and the water vapor pressure is increased from the first pressure to about 690-1380 PA (0.1-0.2 pounds per square inch) on the low side and 6900-13800 Pa (1-2 pounds per square inch) on the high side.
  • the first temperature may be about 7,2 degrees Celsius (45 degrees Fahrenheit) and the first pressure may be about 1040 Pa (0.15 pounds per square inch).
  • the water vapor temperature is increased from the first temperature to about 37,8 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit) or somewhat higher and the water vapor pressure is increased from the first pressure to about 6900-10400 Pa (1.0 - 1.5 pounds per square inch).
  • the system 10 can accommodate a relatively high volumetric flow rate and a high compression ratio as compared to conventional refrigeration system compressors.
  • a compressor inlet specific volume may be 0,059 m 3 /kg (0.953 ft 3 /lbm).
  • the same sized system using water as a refrigerant and supersonic compression may have a compressor inlet specific volume of about 150-156 m 3 /kg (2,400- 2,500 ft 3 /lbm) or approximately 152,57 m 3 /kg (2,444 ft 3 /lbm).
  • water may be substituted for with other similarly low density refrigerants that have no or limited global warming impact.
  • a method of operating a system to perform a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using water as the refrigerant includes operably disposing the compressor 20 downstream from the evaporator 50 and upstream from the condenser 30 (200), providing water vapor output from the evaporator 50 to the compressor 20, the water vapor having a water vapor temperature of a first temperature and a water vapor pressure of a first pressure (201), compressing the water vapor at the compressor 20 to thereby increase the water vapor temperature from the first temperature and to thereby increase the water vapor pressure from the first pressure by at least a 7:1 ratio (202) and providing the water vapor from the compressor 20 to the condenser 30 (203).
  • the compressor 20 may be provided as a supersonic compressor assembly 21 that includes a first stage centrifugal compressor 22 and a second stage supersonic compressor 23.
  • the compressing is achieved by the supersonic compressor assembly 21 supersonically compressing the water vapor.
  • a specific volume of the water vapor at an inlet of the supersonic compressor assembly 21 is about 150-156 m 3 /kg (2,400-2,500 ft 3 /lbm) and the water vapor pressure may be increased by at least a 7:1 ratio, an 8:1 ratio or a 10:1 ratio.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. System zum Durchführen eines Dampfkompressionskältezyklus mit Wasser als Kältemittel, wobei das System Folgendes umfasst:
    einen Verdampfer (50) zum Verdampfen von flüssigem Wasser, um einen Wasserdampf zu produzieren und den Wasserdampf, der eine Wasserdampftemperatur einer ersten Temperatur und einen Wasserdampfdruck eines ersten Drucks aufweist, auszugeben;
    einen Kondensator (30) zum Ausgeben von flüssigem Wasser mit einer zweiten Temperatur, welche höher ist als die erste Temperatur, und einem zweiten Druck, welcher höher ist als der erste Druck; dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    eine Überschallverdichteranordnung (21) bereitgestellt ist, die einen Zentrifugalkompressor (22) als erste Stufe und einen Überschallverdichter (23) als zweite Stufe aufweist, die betriebsmäßig stromabwärts des Verdampfers (50) und stromaufwärts des Kondensators (30) angeordnet sind, um den Wasserdampf überschallmäßig zu komprimieren, um dadurch die Wasserdampftemperatur von der ersten Temperatur zu erhöhen und um dadurch den Wasserdampfdruck von dem ersten Druck um mindestens ein Verhältnis von 7:1 zu erhöhen; und
    wobei die Überschallverdichteranordnung derartig konfiguriert ist, dass der Kreiselverdichter (22) der ersten Stufe und der Überschallverdichter (23) der zweiten Stufe gegenläufig zueinander rotieren.
  2. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei ein spezifisches Volumen des Wasserdampfs an einem Einlass der Überschallverdichteranordnung (21) etwa 150-156 m3/kg (2.400-2.500 ft3/lbm) beträgt.
  3. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Wasserdampfdruck um mindestens ein Verhältnis von 8:1 erhöht wird.
  4. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Wasserdampfdruck um mindestens ein Verhältnis von 10:1 erhöht wird.
  5. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei die erste Temperatur etwa 7,2 Grad Celsius (45 Grad Fahrenheit) beträgt und der erste Druck etwa 690-1380 Pa (0,1-0,2 Pfund pro Quadratzoll) beträgt, und
    wobei die Wasserdampftemperatur von der ersten Temperatur auf etwa 37,8 Grad Celsius (100 Grad Fahrenheit) erhöht wird und der Wasserdampfdruck von dem ersten Druck auf etwa 6900-13800 Pa (1-2 Pfund pro Quadratzoll) erhöht wird.
  6. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei die erste Temperatur etwa 7,2 Grad Celsius (45 Grad Fahrenheit) beträgt und der erste Druck etwa 1040 Pa (0,15 Pfund pro Quadratzoll) beträgt, und
    wobei die Wasserdampftemperatur von der ersten Temperatur auf etwa 37,8 Grad Celsius (100 Grad Fahrenheit) erhöht wird und der Wasserdampfdruck von dem ersten Druck auf etwa 10400 Pa (1,5 Pfund pro Quadratzoll) erhöht wird.
  7. System nach Anspruch 1, ferner umfassend einen Wärmetauscher (35), der an den Kondensator (30) gekoppelt oder stromabwärts von diesem angeordnet ist.
  8. System nach Anspruch 1, ferner umfassend eine Fluidexpansionseinrichtung (40), die betriebsmäßig stromabwärts des Kondensators (30) und stromaufwärts des Verdampfers (50) angeordnet ist, um das flüssige Wasser zu expandieren, um dadurch einen Fluiddruck davon zu verringern.
EP12702694.6A 2011-01-26 2012-01-23 System zur durchführung eines dampfkompressionskältezyklus mit wasser als kältemittel Active EP2668455B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201161436405P 2011-01-26 2011-01-26
PCT/US2012/022180 WO2012102992A2 (en) 2011-01-26 2012-01-23 System to perform a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using water as the refrigerant

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EP2668455A2 EP2668455A2 (de) 2013-12-04
EP2668455B1 true EP2668455B1 (de) 2019-11-20

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US (1) US20130305775A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2668455B1 (de)
CN (1) CN103339449B (de)
RU (1) RU2573726C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2012102992A2 (de)

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EP2341300B1 (de) * 2006-04-04 2017-09-06 Efficient Energy GmbH Wärmepumpe
HK1191507A2 (en) * 2013-12-03 2014-07-25 漢培有限公司 A liquid heating apparatus incorporated with a heat pump and the applications thereof
CN106766354B (zh) * 2017-02-03 2022-05-03 江苏乐科节能科技股份有限公司 机械闪蒸式热泵空调系统及其工作方法
CN107388442A (zh) * 2017-06-17 2017-11-24 安徽南国机电科技发展有限公司 一种水物理变化能量互换供能系统
CN107366891A (zh) * 2017-07-11 2017-11-21 卢振华 一种空气能、电能水蒸汽制作方法
CN107514831A (zh) * 2017-07-20 2017-12-26 卢振华 一种以水为工作物质的热泵及工作方法
WO2022019914A1 (en) * 2020-07-23 2022-01-27 Bechtel Energy Technologies & Solutions, Inc. Systems and methods for utilizing boil-off gas for supplemental cooling in natural gas liquefaction plants
CN112984852B (zh) * 2021-04-29 2024-03-12 立海分子能(河南)科技有限公司 一种以水作制冷剂的热压缩冷剂水蒸汽循环装置

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Publication number Publication date
EP2668455A2 (de) 2013-12-04
CN103339449A (zh) 2013-10-02
WO2012102992A2 (en) 2012-08-02
US20130305775A1 (en) 2013-11-21
WO2012102992A3 (en) 2013-01-17
RU2573726C2 (ru) 2016-01-27
RU2013135652A (ru) 2015-03-10
CN103339449B (zh) 2016-06-22

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