EP2661597A1 - Heat exchanger made of polymer and composite materials - Google Patents
Heat exchanger made of polymer and composite materialsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2661597A1 EP2661597A1 EP11802449.6A EP11802449A EP2661597A1 EP 2661597 A1 EP2661597 A1 EP 2661597A1 EP 11802449 A EP11802449 A EP 11802449A EP 2661597 A1 EP2661597 A1 EP 2661597A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plates
- space
- flow
- heat exchanger
- plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004801 Chlorinated PVC Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical class ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000457 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D9/0081—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by a single plate-like element ; the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being integrated in one single plate-like element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/06—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
- F28F21/065—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material the heat-exchange apparatus employing plate-like or laminated conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
- F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
- F28F3/025—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being corrugated, plate-like elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2255/00—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes
- F28F2255/06—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes composite, e.g. polymers with fillers or fibres
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2255/00—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes
- F28F2255/16—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes extruded
Definitions
- the invention provides a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a stream of liquid or vapor and a gas stream, which is made from polymeric materials.
- Heat exchangers made from metal such as for example stainless steel or aluminum, are well known, and it is also known to realize them in many forms.
- the use of a polymer material makes it possible to reduce the mass and the weight of the exchanger and makes it less susceptible to corrosion, compared to a metal exchanger.
- the material used is a composite polymer material, that is to say one which comprises a base of polymer material and a fiber additive which is incorporated in said polymeric material.
- the heat exchangers described in these documents are particularly suitable for exchanges of heat between two streams of fluids of the same kind, because the exchange surfaces between each flow and the plates or the ribs, are substantially similar.
- the coefficient of heat exchange between a polymer material and a liquid or vapor is greater than the heat exchange coefficient between the polymer material and a gas flow.
- the liquid pressure is relatively large. This pressure, combined with a non-continuous use of the exchanger, causing a succession of heating-cooling cycles of the exchanger, can cause a deterioration of the connection of the plates and the ribs between them and consequently generate leaks between both flows.
- the invention aims to provide a heat exchanger particularly suitable for heat exchange between a first flow of gas or steam, and a second flow of liquid.
- the main object of the invention is a heat exchanger between a first gas stream and a second stream of liquid and / or vapor, which comprises a plurality of plates parallel to a longitudinal direction made of polymer material which are superimposed on each other. one above the other and at a distance from each other, and each plate of which has a plurality of parallel longitudinal ducts which pass through said plate and which are intended to be traversed by the second flow,
- each fin comprises at least one layer of pyrolytic carbon fibers and at least two layers of polymeric material on either side of the layer of carbon-based material and in that the fins which are arranged in a said space delimited by two adjacent plates, are made in one piece from an embossed plate of composite polymer material.
- each horizontal plate to be traversed by the liquid of the second flow, and sealed to the first flow of gas.
- each plate is made in one piece by extrusion of polymeric material.
- each plate is made from a polymeric material and fibers of another material incorporated in said polymeric material.
- each fin is connected to the two faces opposite the associated adjacent plates delimiting said space so as to allow a heat exchange between said fin and the horizontal plates.
- the heat exchanger comprises a closure plate which covers an outer face of each of the two plates which are located at the ends of the exchanger, in the stacking direction of the plates.
- each space is closed at its lateral ends, according to the direction of flow of the first flow in said space, by ribs parallel to the fins and each of which is fixed to the faces facing the plates delimiting said space. gas and / or steam tight.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation in partial perspective of a heat exchanger according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a section along a vertical longitudinal plane of the heat exchanger shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a section along a transverse vertical plane of the heat exchanger shown in FIG.
- FIG. 1 shows a heat exchanger 10 of mixed type, that is to say for exchanging heat between a first gas flow and a second stream of liquid and / or vapor, for example 'water.
- a heat exchanger 10 of mixed type that is to say for exchanging heat between a first gas flow and a second stream of liquid and / or vapor, for example 'water.
- Such an exchanger makes it possible, for example, to cool the first flow.
- the second flow can thus consist of a liquid, such as water, steam of said liquid, or a two-phase fluid comprising the liquid and steam.
- the exchanger 10 comprises a plurality of parallel plates 12 which are here parallel to the horizontal longitudinal directions L and transverse T, which are stacked in the vertical direction V at a distance from each other.
- Each plate 12 is made from a polymer material of the PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) type, PPO (polyphenylene oxide), PP (polypropylene), CPVC (polychlorinated vinylchloride), PA (polyamide), PPS (Polysulfide Phenylene), PEI (Polyetherimide), PSU (Polysulfone), PBI (Polybenzidimazole), PFA (Perfluoroalkoxy), PEEK (Polyetheretherketone), PMMA (Polymethacrylate Methyl).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PPO polyphenylene oxide
- PP polypropylene
- CPVC polychlorinated vinylchloride
- PA polyamide
- PPS Polysulfide Phenylene
- PEI Polyetherimide
- PSU Polysulfone
- PBI Polybenzidimazole
- PFA Perfluoroalkoxy
- charges of composite material for example carbon fibers or glass fibers, are incorporated into the polymeric material, to give this material special thermal conductivity properties and also to improve the mechanical properties of the material.
- 1 exchanger 10 charges of composite material, for example carbon fibers or glass fibers
- Such composite polymer material will be called a polymeric material mixture with composite material charges.
- fillers to the polymeric material generally makes it possible to give the element obtained from the composite polymer material isotropic properties, that is to say that the heat transfer is substantially uniform in all directions, or anisotropic, that is to say that the heat transfer is favored in least one direction relative to at least one other direction.
- the charges are mixed with the composite material so as to give the plates 12 isotropic properties of heat transfer.
- the space 14 separating two adjacent plates 12 is intended to be traversed by the first flow, that is to say here by the gas flow.
- This space 14 receives fins 16 which are parallel to the direction of flow of the first gas flow in the heat exchanger 10, that is to say that they are parallel to the transverse orientation T.
- the fins 16 are made from a composite polymer material.
- the fins 16 are of the multilayer type, that is to say that each fin comprises at least one layer of composite material which is interposed between two layers of polymeric material.
- the layer of composite material consists of a carbon fiber sheet, preferably pyrolytic carbon fiber, which is optionally in the form of a non-woven graphite-based felt, or a woven graphite fiber fabric.
- a layer based on graphite has good thermal conductivity in the direction of the plane of the fin 16, of the order of 1000 W / (mK) and a lower thermal conductivity in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the fin 16 .
- the polymeric materials used to make the plates 12 and fins 16 are generally hydrophobic.
- Such materials make it possible in particular to promote the formation of drops of the flow of a moist gas by condensation, and also make it possible to improve the performance of the exchanger.
- the first flow is a flow of vapor that can condense on the fins 16
- this condensed liquid can flow easily along the fins 16.
- the set of fins 16 which are located in the same space 14 are made in one piece from a single plate 18 of composite polymer material.
- This single plate 18 has been shaped, for example by embossing so as to present an aliasing as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the plate 18 has transverse vertical sections corresponding to the fins 16 and upper and lower horizontal sections 20 connecting the fins 16 between them alternately at their upper and lower ends.
- the invention is not limited to this embodiment and that the plate 18 can be embossed differently.
- the embossing is performed such that the fins 16 are inclined alternately on one side and then on the other forming a sawtooth profile.
- the second stream of liquid and / or vapor passes through each plate 12.
- each plate 12 comprises a plurality of parallel longitudinal ducts 22 which pass through said plate 12 and which are intended to be traversed by the second stream of liquid and / or steam.
- Each plate 12 is made in one piece. According to the invention, the plate 12 is made by extrusion through a die for forming the ducts 22.
- This embodiment of the plates 12 makes it possible to ensure a good seal between the two flows, whatever the method of assembly of the plates 12 with the fins 16.
- each duct 22 is relatively small, which makes it possible to limit the forces in each plate 12 originating from the pressure of the liquid on the internal walls of the ducts 22.
- each fin 16 is not subjected to any mechanical stress from the pressure of the second liquid stream and / or steam.
- the pressure of the first gas flow is substantially homogeneous in all the spaces 14 so that it is exerted substantially identically on the two horizontal faces of each plate 12.
- each plate 12 does not undergo mechanical stress produced by the first gas flow.
- This pressure on one side may cause deformation of these end plates 12 and produce stresses on the fins 16 connected to these horizontal plates.
- the exchanger 10 comprises reinforcing plates 24 each of which is located at the ends of the vertical stack of plates 12, which cover the upper or lower outer face 12a of each of the plates 12 located at the ends of the stack of plates, that is to say here at the upper or lower vertical ends, respectively, of the exchanger 10.
- each space 14 delimited by two plates 12 is closed at its longitudinal ends by ribs 26, each of which is parallel to the direction of flow of the first gas flow, that is to say here of transverse main orientation and is set of gas-tight and / or steam-tight manner, at each face 12a of the associated plates 12.
- each fin 16 is in contact with the lower horizontal face 12a or upper 12a, respectively, plates 12 delimiting the associated space 14.
- each fin 16 or where appropriate the horizontal sections 20 are connected to the plates 12 by any means known.
- This connection between the ends of the fins 16 and the plates 12 is made so as to limit the separation between the surfaces in contact to promote the conduction of heat between the fins 16 and the plates 12.
- connection is preferably made so as to have continuity of material, that is to say no separation between each fin 16 and a plate 12.
- the bonding is carried out by partial fusion welding of the constituent polymer material of the fins 16 or plates 12, by ultrasonic welding, by gluing by means of an adhesive or by means of a solvent causing local dissolution of the polymer material. .
- the exchanger 10 which has been described and shown is a cross-flow type exchanger, that is to say for which the first flow of gas flows. in a first direction, here the transverse direction T and the second flow of liquid and / or vapor flows in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, that is to say here the longitudinal direction L.
- the invention is not limited to this type of exchanger and that the exchanger 10 according to the invention can be made so that the two flows flow in the same direction, and in opposite directions, in which case the exchanger 10 is of the counter-current type, or in the same direction and in the same direction, in which case the exchanger 10 is of the co-current type.
- the exchanger 10 can be traversed by several gas flows or by several streams of water and / or steam.
- the exchanger comprises flow distribution casings (not shown) arranged at the ends of the exchanger.
- An exchanger 10 according to the invention can be used in a large number of applications because of the ease of assembly of its components as well as the high strength of such polymeric materials.
- the exchanger according to the invention can be used in the field of land, sea or aeronautical transport, for air conditioning systems, for condensing vapors with a gas, for heating or cooling gas. tablets, chemical or biological products or for fuel cell exchangers.
- An embodiment of a heat exchanger between a first flow of hot air and a second flow of cooling water is given below.
- the plates 12 are made of PPS thermoplastic loaded with carbon fibers in order to improve its thermal and mechanical properties, the thermal conductivity reaches 1 W / (m.K) in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the plates.
- the plates 12 are furthermore made by extrusion.
- the fins 16 are made from a composite structure consisting of a graphite felt interposed between two layers of PPS loaded with carbon fibers.
- the thermal conductivity of each fin 16 is about 10 W / (m.K) in the direction of the plane of the fin 16.
- the fins 16 are connected to the plates 12 by a hot plate welding process.
- the volume of a heat exchanger of the same power that is to say here of 96,000 W, for exchanging heat between air and water according to the same characteristics as data previously, which is made from copper tubes and aluminum fins, is about 36 1, which is significantly higher than the volume of 27.3 1 of the exchanger made according to the teachings of the invention.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1150043A FR2970070A1 (en) | 2011-01-04 | 2011-01-04 | HEAT EXCHANGER IN POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES |
PCT/EP2011/074205 WO2012093063A1 (en) | 2011-01-04 | 2011-12-29 | Heat exchanger made of polymer and composite materials |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2661597A1 true EP2661597A1 (en) | 2013-11-13 |
EP2661597B1 EP2661597B1 (en) | 2014-11-12 |
Family
ID=43920365
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11802449.6A Active EP2661597B1 (en) | 2011-01-04 | 2011-12-29 | Heat exchanger in polymer and composite materials |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2661597B1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2970070A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012093063A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3054309B1 (en) * | 2016-07-22 | 2018-07-13 | Safran Electronics & Defense | THERMAL EXCHANGER IN COMPOSITE MATERIAL COMPRISING THE OVERLAPPING OF A PLANAR PLI AND A WRAP |
DE102017108079B4 (en) * | 2017-04-13 | 2022-09-01 | Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg | Carbon fiber reinforced plastic plate, method for its production and plate heat exchanger |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5031464A (en) * | 1973-05-25 | 1975-03-27 | ||
DE2851316A1 (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1980-05-29 | Balcke Duerr Ag | ELEMENT FOR DIRECT AND / OR INDIRECT HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN FLUIDS |
JPS55146394A (en) * | 1979-05-01 | 1980-11-14 | Du Pont | Heat exchanger and heat exchanger element |
FR2469684A1 (en) * | 1979-11-13 | 1981-05-22 | Thermo Electronique France Sa | Heat exchanger for two fluids - has modular construction of stacked flat plastics sheets with interposed partitions to form passages |
US5628363A (en) | 1995-04-13 | 1997-05-13 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Composite continuous sheet fin heat exchanger |
US5655600A (en) * | 1995-06-05 | 1997-08-12 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Composite plate pin or ribbon heat exchanger |
US6408941B1 (en) | 2001-06-29 | 2002-06-25 | Thermal Corp. | Folded fin plate heat-exchanger |
US7220390B2 (en) * | 2003-05-16 | 2007-05-22 | Velocys, Inc. | Microchannel with internal fin support for catalyst or sorption medium |
US7331381B2 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2008-02-19 | Allcomp, Inc. | Hybrid heat exchangers |
-
2011
- 2011-01-04 FR FR1150043A patent/FR2970070A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-12-29 WO PCT/EP2011/074205 patent/WO2012093063A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-12-29 EP EP11802449.6A patent/EP2661597B1/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2012093063A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2012093063A1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
EP2661597B1 (en) | 2014-11-12 |
FR2970070A1 (en) | 2012-07-06 |
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