EP2629604A1 - Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids content - Google Patents
Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids contentInfo
- Publication number
- EP2629604A1 EP2629604A1 EP11774117.3A EP11774117A EP2629604A1 EP 2629604 A1 EP2629604 A1 EP 2629604A1 EP 11774117 A EP11774117 A EP 11774117A EP 2629604 A1 EP2629604 A1 EP 2629604A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fatty acids
- cows
- milk
- fat
- cow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 106
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 131
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000006052 feed supplement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 235000010692 trans-unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims description 71
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 57
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 56
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- JBYXPOFIGCOSSB-GOJKSUSPSA-N 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O JBYXPOFIGCOSSB-GOJKSUSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 101000927974 Homo sapiens Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940108924 conjugated linoleic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 244000144980 herd Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 102100036869 Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000020247 cow milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 101150042222 DGAT1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000004426 flaxseed Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229940012843 omega-3 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 108700028369 Alleles Proteins 0.000 description 5
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000006014 omega-3 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 4
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000004461 grass silage Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004462 maize silage Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000020665 omega-6 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940033080 omega-6 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 235000021081 unsaturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108050004099 Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930003316 Vitamin D Natural products 0.000 description 2
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003217 anti-cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003043 biohydrogenation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QXJJQWWVWRCVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;sodium;phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QXJJQWWVWRCVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020978 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021281 monounsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001467 sodium calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- RVLOMLVNNBWRSR-KNIFDHDWSA-N (2s)-2-aminopropanoic acid;(2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O RVLOMLVNNBWRSR-KNIFDHDWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000023275 Autoimmune disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000927978 Bos taurus Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M Butyrate Chemical compound CCCC([O-])=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000020518 Carthamus tinctorius Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009015 Human TaqMan MicroRNA Assay kit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000758791 Juglandaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000014171 Milk Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004347 Perilla Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000124853 Perilla frutescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012377 Salvia columbariae var. columbariae Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005481 Salvia hispanica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001498 Salvia hispanica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000182022 Salvia sclarea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002911 Salvia sclarea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000020244 animal milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000001465 calcium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014167 chia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000029078 coronary artery disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019784 crude fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N delta1-THC Chemical compound C1=C(C)CC[C@H]2C(C)(C)OC3=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C3[C@@H]21 CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021185 dessert Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011850 desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021235 fat-rich diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012248 genetic selection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003862 health status Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000027866 inflammatory disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006651 lactation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008506 pathogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020185 raw untreated milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003267 reducing disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UWHZIFQPPBDJPM-BQYQJAHWSA-N trans-vaccenic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UWHZIFQPPBDJPM-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021119 whey protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K29/00—Other apparatus for animal husbandry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/20—Dietetic milk products not covered by groups A23C9/12 - A23C9/18
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
- A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
- A23D7/003—Compositions other than spreads
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/01—Animal expressing industrially exogenous proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C2230/00—Aspects relating to animal feed or genotype
- A23C2230/10—Animal milk with modified composition due to a specific feed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C2230/00—Aspects relating to animal feed or genotype
- A23C2230/15—Animal milk with modified composition due to manipulation of the animal, e.g. animal milk comprising antibodies, selection of animals having specific genotypes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/124—Animal traits, i.e. production traits, including athletic performance or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/22—Methane [CH4], e.g. from rice paddies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method to produce milk, and especially milk having an increased unsaturated fatty acids content and a decreased trans fatty acids content.
- the invention relates to a method to select cows for feeding with a fat-rich feed.
- the present invention relates to a method to test a feed supplement.
- the invention relates to a method to reduce methane emission during milk production by cows.
- the invention relates to a milk composition, use thereof and products based thereon.
- Milk and especially cow's milk is an important nutrient and is widely consumed. Milk can further be processed into various milk-based products such as cream, cheese, butter, yogurt, desserts, ice-cream.
- Raw milk contains significant amounts of fat, protein and calcium and its composition varies widely among species.
- milk compositions and especially the fatty acid composition thereof can be adapted with an aim to provide compositions which are healthier to human consumers.
- a cow's milk composition having a total saturated fatty acid content of between 60.30 and 68.15 g/100 g total fatty acids, a total unsaturated fatty acid content between 32.85 and 39.70 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the total content of trans fatty acids (Ci8:i trans 11 and Ci8:2 trans 9,12) is from 3 to 7 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- This milk is obtained from cows fed with a feed supplement comprising 50-99% linseed and having a total fatty matter content between 23 and 30%.
- cow's milk having 37.8-41.4 g total unsaturated fatty acids and the trans fatty acids content (C18:1 trans 10 and C18:1 trans 11) between 3.12 and 3.55 g/100 g total fat.
- This milk is obtained from cows fed with a feed supplement based on linseed and reducing disaccharides.
- trans fatty acids are considered to be detrimental to human health and are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, their amount in milk should be limited.
- An aim of the present invention is to provide a milk composition which is believed to be healthier for a large group of consumers.
- “Healthier” means having one or more of the following advantages: a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids and in particular, of ⁇ -3 fatty acids, a lower trans fatty acids content, a lower saturated fatty acids content, a higher content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).
- an aim of the present invention is to provide a method to produce a milk composition having at the same time a relatively high amount of unsaturated fatty acids and a limited amount of trans fatty acids.
- the present invention is based on the finding that the composition of cow's milk can be altered by the selective feeding based on the genotype of a cow. More in detail, the concerned gene is the bovine diacylglycerol-o- acyltransferase 1 gene, or DGAT1, which is associated with the fatty acid composition of milk. Because of polymorphism (K232A), it has two genetic variants K and A, which result in an amino acid substitution in the DGAT1 protein (lysine -alanine). Two types of alleles K and A result in three genotypes KK, AA and AK.
- the inventors have surprisingly found that the cows with the AA genotype fed with a fat-rich feed produce milk having a fatty acid composition different from that of the milk obtained by genetic selection or by fat-rich diet only.
- the milk according to the present invention is healthier than the milk of cows having the AK or KK genotypes or the milk of cows receiving no feed supplement since it contains more unsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acids than the milk obtained from AK and KK cows.
- the present invention relates to a method to obtain milk comprising the steps of:
- the cows belong to the breed of Holstein or Jersey. More preferably, the cows are Holstein Friesian. In the Netherlands, the frequency of the A allele in Holstein Friesian population is 0.6 and of the K allele 0.4 which makes the frequency of genotypes AA, AK and KK to be 0.36, 0.48 and 0.16, respectively.
- the genotype of a cow can be determined by methods known to a skilled person, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using two primers and two probes per allele to be detected (so-called Taqman assay). For that, cow's blood is normally used.
- PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Cows with the AA genotype are known to produce more milk than other cows.
- this milk has a lower content of fat and proteins than the milk of AK and KK cows.
- the milk obtained from AK and KK cows in contrast, contains relatively much fat and proteins and, thus, has historically a higher value. Therefore, the genotypes with the K allele are frequently chosen for milk production.
- the milk of AA cows can offer considerable health advantages for human consumers compared to the milk of other cows.
- the AA cows are fed with a diet rich in fats.
- the feed generally comprises a base roughage and/or base concentrate, and a feed supplement rich in fat.
- the base roughage can, for example, consist of maize silage or grass silage, yet other suitable base compositions can equally be used. Grass and maize silage are typical components of a winter diet for Dutch cows.
- the base concentrate can be of any type and is a conventional feedstuff typically having a dry matter content higher than 80 wt.% and a crude fat content lower than 10%.
- the feed is preferably rich in fat, which means that the feed comprises more than 4 wt.% of fat, typically between 4 and 6 wt.% of fat.
- the feed normally comprises from 8 to 14, preferably from 10 to 12 wt.% of a feed supplement.
- the feed supplement suitable for use in the present invention typically comprises from 10 to 40 wt.% of fat, preferably, from 20 to 30 wt.% total dry matter.
- the supplement preferably contains unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of 5 to 90 wt.%, more preferably, 10 to 80 wt.% total fatty acids in the supplement.
- at least 20 wt.%, more preferably, at least 30 wt.% of the unsaturated fatty acids present in the feed supplement is Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid.
- Unsaturated fatty acids are preferably supplied in the form of triglycerides, for example, as fat or oil.
- Suitable sources of unsaturated fatty acids are oils containing at least 2 wt.% of unsaturated fatty acids, preferably at least 5 wt.%, for example seed oils, such as those of linseed, rapeseed, soybeans, walnuts, sunflower, cotton seed, safflower, clary sage seed, perilla, chia, and chemp.
- seed oils such as those of linseed, rapeseed, soybeans, walnuts, sunflower, cotton seed, safflower, clary sage seed, perilla, chia, and chemp.
- fish oil algae oil, corn oil, and peanut oil.
- linseed oil is used.
- a suitable feed supplement is, for example, Nutex® described in EP 1 106 077.
- the feed supplement is fed to cows in an amount of 1.6-2 kg dry matter per cow per day, typically about 1.8 kg.
- amount of the supplement given is dependent on a particular cow, the base roughage and/or concentrate used, etc., a skilled man is able to determine a suitable amount of the feed supplement in order to practise the present invention.
- the unsaturated fatty acids in the feed supplement can also be protected against rumen biohydrogenation so these do not convert into trans fatty acids. Such protection is usually achieved by an additional chemical treatment and is for this reason less desired.
- an advantage of the present invention is that the chemical protection of unsaturated fats in the supplement is not needed since the low trans fatty acids content can also be achieved according to the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a milk composition
- a milk composition comprising fatty acids, said composition comprising per 100 g total fatty acids between 35 and 42 g unsaturated fatty acids, between 0.7 and 8.0 g Ci8:3 cis 9, 12, 15 fatty acid and less than 3.5 g trans fatty acids.
- the milk of the invention originates from lactating animals, and especially of dairy cattle such as dairy cows.
- the milk composition of the invention obtained from AA cows is characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. While the content of trans fatty acids is also increased, in proportion to the unsaturated fatty acids it is less increased than in the milk of AK and KK cows.
- the unsat/trans ratio which is the ratio of the total unsaturated fatty acids to the total trans fatty acids.
- the unsat/trans ratio is preferably higher than 12.2, more preferably higher than 13.0 and even more preferably higher than 13.5, such as for example higher than 13.7.
- Milk having a high unsat/trans ratio is beneficial for human health because it is associated with a lower trans fatty acids intake for the same level unsaturated fats. Accordingly, when a recommended daily amount of unsaturated fats, and in particular of Ci8:3, is taken by a consumer, the intake of trans fatty acids is much smaller in case of the milk of AA cows than of other cows.
- the milk composition of the present invention has a considerably lower amount of saturated fatty acids, which has a good effect on the quality of the blood lipids and a corresponding positive effect against cholesterol related diseases and other cardiovascular diseases.
- the saturated fatty acids in milk are here the sum of C4:o + Cs:o + Ce-.o + C 7: o + Cs:o + C&o + Cio:o + Cn :0 + Ci2:o + Cl3:0 + Cl4:0 + Cl4:0 ISO + Cl5:0 + Cl5:0 ISO + Cl5:0 ante ISO + Cl6:0 + Cl6:0 ISO + Cl 7: 0 + Cl 7 :0 ante ISO + Cl8:0 + C20:0.
- the total amount of saturated fatty acids is between 55.0 and 64.0 g, preferably, between 56.0 and 62.0 g, more preferably between 57.0 and 60.0 g per 100 grams total fatty acids.
- the content of Ci2:o fatty acid is between 1.8 and 3.4 g, preferably between 2.0 and 3.0 g, more preferably between 2.4 and 2.8 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the content of Ci4:o fatty acid is between 7.0 and 11.0 g, preferably between 8.0 and 9.5 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the content of Ci6:o fatty acid is between 18 and 28 g, more preferably between 19 and 25 g and most preferably between 21 and 24 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- a fatty acid associated with anti carcinogenic effects is preferably present in an amount between 3.0 and 4.3 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- a number of fatty acids may be present in the milk composition of the present invention without having a particular beneficial effect nor having any adverse effect.
- the following fatty acids belong:
- Unsaturated fatty acids are those having at least one unsaturated bond within the fatty acid chain.
- the fatty acids having one unsaturated bond are called mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), those having two and more unsaturated bonds within the chain are called polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
- MUFA mono-unsaturated fatty acids
- PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
- the milk of the invention is characterized by a total amount of unsaturated fatty acids higher than 33 g, preferably between 35 and 42 g, more preferably between 37 and 41 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the milk composition of the present invention is further characterized by a high amount of ⁇ -3 fatty acids.
- the ⁇ -3 fatty acids are in particular Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 (ALA), C 2 o: 5 cis 5,8,11,14,17 (EPA), C 22 :5 cis 7,10,13,16,19 (DPA) and C 2 2:6 cis 4,7,10,13,16,19 (DHA).
- the milk composition of the invention contains Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 (ALA) in an amount higher than 0.6 g, preferably between 0.7 g and 8.0 g, more preferably between 0.78 g and 4.0 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- Ci8:2 cis 9,12 (linoleic acid) and C22:2 cis 13,16.
- the content of Ci8:2 cis 9,12 is preferably between 1.0 g and 4.0 g, more preferably, between 1.5 and 2.5 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the ratio of ⁇ -6/ ⁇ -3 fatty acids in milk should not be too high as it may promote the pathogenesis of many diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases.
- the milk composition according to the invention has a weight ratio ⁇ -6/ ⁇ -3 fatty acids lower than 3.0, preferably lower than 2.85, more preferably lower than 2.7.
- the milk composition according to the invention contains conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; Ci8:2 trans 11 cis 9) preferentially in an amount between 0.45 g and 8.0 g, preferably between 0.6 g and 4.0 g, more preferably between 0.7 g and 3.0 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- CLA conjugated linoleic acid
- Ci8:2 trans 11 cis 9 conjugated linoleic acid
- Trans fatty acids are not considered particularly healthy and the content of these fatty acid should be kept limited.
- the term "total trans fatty acids" in the present description and the claims means the sum of Ci6:i trans 9 + Ci8:i trans (4+5+6+7+8) + Ciai trans 9 + Ciai trans 10 + Ciai trans.
- Total trans fatty acids is preferably low, that is, less than 4.0 g/100 g total fatty acids, preferably less than 3.5 g and more preferably less than 3 g and yet most preferably less than 2.9 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the identity and the amount of various fatty acids in milk can easily be determined using conventional gas chromatography techniques.
- Milk fat is extracted from milk samples.
- Fatty acid methyl esters are prepared from fat fractions as described in ISO Standard 15884 (ISO-IDF 2002b).
- the methyl esters are analyzed according to ISO Standard 15885 (ISO-IDF 2002a) on a
- the milk of AA cows is also characterised by a decreased content of urea.
- the milk of AA cows can contain 27.4 mg urea /100 g milk, while the milk of AK cows and KK cows can contain 29.1 and 31.9 mg urea /100 g milk, respectively.
- the milk composition of the invention preferably contains between 16.0 and 28.5 mg, more preferably between 18.0 and 28.0 urea /100 g milk.
- the milk composition obtained as a result of feeding of a cow with a specific supplement differs for individual cows and changes during the season.
- the fatty acid composition is also determined by the health status, lactation stage, parity and genetic background of the cow.
- the composition and quantity of the fatty acids supplied by the diet in addition to the supplements also depends on the fatty acid composition and fat percentage of the other components in the diet of the cow ⁇ e.g. the roughage or the concentrate).
- the present invention relates to a method to select a cow to be fed with a fat-rich feed by choosing a cow with the AA genotype of the gene DGAT1.
- Such selection can easily be implemented, for example, in an automated feeding system or in a milk robot system, where cows are identified and recognized by an electronic chip. Giving the feed supplement only to the cows having the AA genotype instead of all cows also saves costs since feed supplements are generally more expensive than regular feed.
- the present invention can also be practiced by feeding all the cows with a fat-rich feed, followed by milking, whereby the milk of AA cows is collected and kept separately.
- the present invention relates to a method to test a feed supplement for cows, comprising the steps of:
- step ii) feeding the cow or cows selected in step i) with a feed supplement to be tested
- cows with the AA genotype represent the best selection for testing various feed supplements, especially those rich in fats.
- these cows produce milk with a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids and are therefore more susceptible to the fatty acids present in a feed supplement.
- the results of the tests carried out only on AA cows are more statistically homogeneous than of the tests wherein cows with any genotype are used. Therefore, a smaller population is needed to obtain statistically reliable results.
- the invention is further related to a herd of cows, wherein at least 60%, preferably at least 80% and more preferably at least 90% of the cows has the AA genotype of the gen DGAT1. More preferably, the herd consists of AA cows only.
- a herd is defined as a group of cattle or other domestic animals of a single kind kept together for a specific purpose.
- the herd comprises at least 10 cows which are kept for the milk they give.
- a typical herd of Holstein Friesian cows in the Netherlands has a frequency of the AA genotype about 36%.
- the frequency of the AA cows in a herd can be increased by selection, in order to obtain a herd with mainly AA cows.
- the cows in the herd belong to the breed of Holstein or Jersey. More preferably, the cows are Holstein Friesian.
- Producing milk according to the invention has a further advantage of reducing the methane emission caused by cows as AA cows emit less methane than the cows of other genotypes. Therefore, the invention relates in a further aspect to a method to reduce methane emission, comprising selecting cows having the AA genotype of the gen DGAT1, and feeding those cows. The reduced methane emission is especially significant when the cows are fed with a fat-rich feed.
- Methane emission is calculated per volume milk produced. It is believed that the decrease of the methane emission of AA cows is partially assigned to a relatively larger volume of milk produced and partially to the improved fatty acid composition of the milk. Estimated methane emission according to the method described in WO 2009/156453 is 9.6 g for the AA, 10.3 g for the AK and 11.6 g methane per 1 1 milk for the KK genotype. In addition to methane emission, much attention has been drawn to the ammonia emission caused by cows. One of the indicators of the ammonia emission is the urea content in cows' milk.
- the present invention presents a method to reduce ammonia emission caused by cows, comprising selecting cows having the AA genotype of the gene DGAT1, and feeding those cows.
- the reduced ammonia emission is especially significant when the cows are fed with a fat-rich feed.
- the present invention relates to the use of the milk composition of the invention for the preparation of a milk based composition, such as a cheese, a yogurt, a cream composition, a dessert product, also including compositions prepared from milk components, such as milk powder, whey proteins, milk fat and so on.
- a milk based composition such as a cheese, a yogurt, a cream composition, a dessert product
- the invention relates to the products produced using the milk composition, e.g. based on or comprising the milk composition of the invention.
- the fatty acid composition of the milk composition is essentially maintained in the final product. These products are for instance suitable for food and feed applications or for food and feed supplements.
- Fat percentage of regular feed as described in table 1 is about 3%.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the milk obtained from the cows of different genotypes fed with the standard feed as described above.
- Table 4 shows the composition of the milk obtained from the cows of different genotypes fed with the described supplemented feed.
- the standard deviation is given in Table 4 in parentheses.
- the AA cows it is significantly different (p ⁇ 0.05) from the AK and KK groups, both during the experiment with the fat- rich supplement as during feeding with a regular ration.
- the cows with the AA genotype fed with the fat supplement shows significantly different results (p ⁇ 0.05) when compared to the results on feeding with a regular ration.
- the milk composition of the cows with the AA genotype has a decreased amount of fat compared to the milk of cows with other genotypes.
- the milk of AA cows has also a lower content of saturated acids compared to other genotypes. It has further a significantly increased amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially of the ⁇ -3 fatty acid Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15.
- the content of trans fatty acids is limited to less than 3 g/100 g total fatty acids.
- the AA milk contains less urea relative to the other cows' milk.
- it can be estimated that the methane emission of AA cows is lower than of the other cows.
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a milk composition having an increased unsaturated fatty acids and a decreased trans fatty acids content. In addition, the invention relates to a method to obtain such milk by feeding the cows having the AA genotype of the gene GDAT1 with a fat-rich feed. Further, the invention relates to a method to select cows for feeding with a fat-rich feed supplement and to a method to test a fat-rich feed supplement. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method to reduce methane emission and to reduce ammonia emission during milk production by cows. In yet another aspect, the inventions relates to the use of the milk composition to prepare milk based products and to products based thereon.
Description
Title: Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids content
The present invention relates to a method to produce milk, and especially milk having an increased unsaturated fatty acids content and a decreased trans fatty acids content. In addition, the invention relates to a method to select cows for feeding with a fat-rich feed. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method to test a feed supplement. In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method to reduce methane emission during milk production by cows. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a milk composition, use thereof and products based thereon.
Animal milk and especially cow's milk is an important nutrient and is widely consumed. Milk can further be processed into various milk-based products such as cream, cheese, butter, yogurt, desserts, ice-cream. Raw milk contains significant amounts of fat, protein and calcium and its composition varies widely among species.
In cow's milk, more than 70 wt.% of the total fat consists of saturated fatty acids, while unsaturated fatty acids constitute less than 30 wt.% of the milk fat. Unsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are known to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In prior art, it has been described that milk compositions and especially the fatty acid composition thereof can be adapted with an aim to provide compositions which are healthier to human consumers.
For instance, in EP-1 106 077 a cow's milk composition is described having a total saturated fatty acid content of between 60.30 and 68.15 g/100 g total fatty acids, a total unsaturated fatty acid content between 32.85 and 39.70 g/100 g total fatty acids. The total content of trans fatty acids (Ci8:i trans 11 and Ci8:2 trans 9,12) is from 3 to 7 g/100 g total fatty acids. This milk is
obtained from cows fed with a feed supplement comprising 50-99% linseed and having a total fatty matter content between 23 and 30%.
In WO 2010/015708 cow's milk is described having 37.8-41.4 g total unsaturated fatty acids and the trans fatty acids content (C18:1 trans 10 and C18:1 trans 11) between 3.12 and 3.55 g/100 g total fat. This milk is obtained from cows fed with a feed supplement based on linseed and reducing disaccharides.
It has been observed that the unsaturated fatty acids in cow's milk mainly originate from the cow's feed. However, feeding a cow with a
supplement rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linseed generally results in the increase of the trans fatty acids content in the milk, formed in the rumen of a cow as a result of biohydrogenation. Trans fatty acids are considered to be detrimental to human health and are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, their amount in milk should be limited.
An aim of the present invention is to provide a milk composition which is believed to be healthier for a large group of consumers. "Healthier" means having one or more of the following advantages: a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids and in particular, of ω-3 fatty acids, a lower trans fatty acids content, a lower saturated fatty acids content, a higher content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In particular, an aim of the present invention is to provide a method to produce a milk composition having at the same time a relatively high amount of unsaturated fatty acids and a limited amount of trans fatty acids.
The present invention is based on the finding that the composition of cow's milk can be altered by the selective feeding based on the genotype of a cow. More in detail, the concerned gene is the bovine diacylglycerol-o- acyltransferase 1 gene, or DGAT1, which is associated with the fatty acid composition of milk. Because of polymorphism (K232A), it has two genetic variants K and A, which result in an amino acid substitution in the DGAT1
protein (lysine -alanine). Two types of alleles K and A result in three genotypes KK, AA and AK.
The inventors have surprisingly found that the cows with the AA genotype fed with a fat-rich feed produce milk having a fatty acid composition different from that of the milk obtained by genetic selection or by fat-rich diet only. In addition, the milk according to the present invention is healthier than the milk of cows having the AK or KK genotypes or the milk of cows receiving no feed supplement since it contains more unsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acids than the milk obtained from AK and KK cows.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method to obtain milk comprising the steps of:
i) feeding of a cow having the AA genotype of the DGAT1 gene, with a feed rich in fats, and
ii) milking of the cow.
Preferably, the cows belong to the breed of Holstein or Jersey. More preferably, the cows are Holstein Friesian. In the Netherlands, the frequency of the A allele in Holstein Friesian population is 0.6 and of the K allele 0.4 which makes the frequency of genotypes AA, AK and KK to be 0.36, 0.48 and 0.16, respectively. The genotype of a cow can be determined by methods known to a skilled person, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using two primers and two probes per allele to be detected (so-called Taqman assay). For that, cow's blood is normally used.
Cows with the AA genotype are known to produce more milk than other cows. However, this milk has a lower content of fat and proteins than the milk of AK and KK cows. This makes the milk of AA cows less valuable for farmers to sell and also relatively expensive in transport due to a larger volume. The milk obtained from AK and KK cows, in contrast, contains relatively much fat and proteins and, thus, has historically a higher value. Therefore, the genotypes with the K allele are frequently chosen for milk production. According to the present invention, however, the milk of AA cows
can offer considerable health advantages for human consumers compared to the milk of other cows.
In accordance with the present invention, the AA cows are fed with a diet rich in fats. The feed generally comprises a base roughage and/or base concentrate, and a feed supplement rich in fat. The base roughage can, for example, consist of maize silage or grass silage, yet other suitable base compositions can equally be used. Grass and maize silage are typical components of a winter diet for Dutch cows. The base concentrate can be of any type and is a conventional feedstuff typically having a dry matter content higher than 80 wt.% and a crude fat content lower than 10%.
The feed is preferably rich in fat, which means that the feed comprises more than 4 wt.% of fat, typically between 4 and 6 wt.% of fat.
Higher amounts of fat in the feed especially of unprotected oils, are less preferable as they can lead to gastric disturbances of a cow.
The feed normally comprises from 8 to 14, preferably from 10 to 12 wt.% of a feed supplement. The feed supplement suitable for use in the present invention typically comprises from 10 to 40 wt.% of fat, preferably, from 20 to 30 wt.% total dry matter. The supplement preferably contains unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of 5 to 90 wt.%, more preferably, 10 to 80 wt.% total fatty acids in the supplement. Preferably, at least 20 wt.%, more preferably, at least 30 wt.% of the unsaturated fatty acids present in the feed supplement is Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid.
Unsaturated fatty acids are preferably supplied in the form of triglycerides, for example, as fat or oil. Suitable sources of unsaturated fatty acids are oils containing at least 2 wt.% of unsaturated fatty acids, preferably at least 5 wt.%, for example seed oils, such as those of linseed, rapeseed, soybeans, walnuts, sunflower, cotton seed, safflower, clary sage seed, perilla, chia, and chemp. Also suitable are fish oil, algae oil, corn oil, and peanut oil. Preferably, linseed oil is used. A suitable feed supplement is, for example, Nutex® described in EP 1 106 077.
In general, the feed supplement is fed to cows in an amount of 1.6-2 kg dry matter per cow per day, typically about 1.8 kg. Although the amount of the supplement given is dependent on a particular cow, the base roughage and/or concentrate used, etc., a skilled man is able to determine a suitable amount of the feed supplement in order to practise the present invention.
The unsaturated fatty acids in the feed supplement can also be protected against rumen biohydrogenation so these do not convert into trans fatty acids. Such protection is usually achieved by an additional chemical treatment and is for this reason less desired. However, an advantage of the present invention is that the chemical protection of unsaturated fats in the supplement is not needed since the low trans fatty acids content can also be achieved according to the present invention.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a milk composition comprising fatty acids, said composition comprising per 100 g total fatty acids between 35 and 42 g unsaturated fatty acids, between 0.7 and 8.0 g Ci8:3 cis 9, 12, 15 fatty acid and less than 3.5 g trans fatty acids. Preferably, the milk of the invention originates from lactating animals, and especially of dairy cattle such as dairy cows.
Compared to regular milk, the milk composition of the invention obtained from AA cows is characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. While the content of trans fatty acids is also increased, in proportion to the unsaturated fatty acids it is less increased than in the milk of AK and KK cows. This is demonstrated by the unsat/trans ratio, which is the ratio of the total unsaturated fatty acids to the total trans fatty acids. The unsat/trans ratio is preferably higher than 12.2, more preferably higher than 13.0 and even more preferably higher than 13.5, such as for example higher than 13.7. Milk having a high unsat/trans ratio is beneficial for human health because it is associated with a lower trans fatty acids intake for the same level unsaturated fats. Accordingly, when a recommended daily amount of unsaturated fats, and
in particular of Ci8:3, is taken by a consumer, the intake of trans fatty acids is much smaller in case of the milk of AA cows than of other cows.
As said above, in regular cow's milk more than 70 wt.% of the fatty acids are saturated, and hence less than 30 wt.% of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The milk composition of the present invention has a considerably lower amount of saturated fatty acids, which has a good effect on the quality of the blood lipids and a corresponding positive effect against cholesterol related diseases and other cardiovascular diseases. The saturated fatty acids in milk are here the sum of C4:o + Cs:o + Ce-.o + C7:o + Cs:o + C&o + Cio:o + Cn:0 + Ci2:o + Cl3:0 + Cl4:0 + Cl4:0 ISO + Cl5:0 + Cl5:0 ISO + Cl5:0 ante ISO + Cl6:0 + Cl6:0 ISO + Cl7:0 + Cl7:0 ISO + Cl7:0 ante ISO + Cl8:0 + C20:0.
In a preferred embodiment, the total amount of saturated fatty acids is between 55.0 and 64.0 g, preferably, between 56.0 and 62.0 g, more preferably between 57.0 and 60.0 g per 100 grams total fatty acids. The content of Ci2:o fatty acid is between 1.8 and 3.4 g, preferably between 2.0 and 3.0 g, more preferably between 2.4 and 2.8 g/100 g total fatty acids. The content of Ci4:o fatty acid is between 7.0 and 11.0 g, preferably between 8.0 and 9.5 g/100 g total fatty acids. The content of Ci6:o fatty acid is between 18 and 28 g, more preferably between 19 and 25 g and most preferably between 21 and 24 g/100 g total fatty acids.
C4:o (Butyrate), a fatty acid associated with anti carcinogenic effects is preferably present in an amount between 3.0 and 4.3 g/100 g total fatty acids.
A number of fatty acids may be present in the milk composition of the present invention without having a particular beneficial effect nor having any adverse effect. To this group of fatty acids, the following fatty acids belong:
C6:0; C8:0; Cl0:0; and Cl8:0.
Unsaturated fatty acids are those having at least one unsaturated bond within the fatty acid chain. The fatty acids having one unsaturated bond are called mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), those having two and more unsaturated bonds within the chain are called polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA). In a preferred embodiment, the milk of the invention is characterized by a total amount of unsaturated fatty acids higher than 33 g, preferably between 35 and 42 g, more preferably between 37 and 41 g/100 g total fatty acids.
The milk composition of the present invention is further characterized by a high amount of ω-3 fatty acids. The ω-3 fatty acids are in particular Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 (ALA), C2o:5 cis 5,8,11,14,17 (EPA), C22:5 cis 7,10,13,16,19 (DPA) and C22:6 cis 4,7,10,13,16,19 (DHA). Preferably, the milk composition of the invention contains Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 (ALA) in an amount higher than 0.6 g, preferably between 0.7 g and 8.0 g, more preferably between 0.78 g and 4.0 g/100 g total fatty acids.
The term "ω-6 fatty acids" describes here Ci8:2 cis 9,12 (linoleic acid) and C22:2 cis 13,16. The content of Ci8:2 cis 9,12 is preferably between 1.0 g and 4.0 g, more preferably, between 1.5 and 2.5 g/100 g total fatty acids.
The ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 fatty acids in milk should not be too high as it may promote the pathogenesis of many diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. In a preferred embodiment, the milk composition according to the invention has a weight ratio ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids lower than 3.0, preferably lower than 2.85, more preferably lower than 2.7.
In a further preferred embodiment, the milk composition according to the invention contains conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; Ci8:2 trans 11 cis 9) preferentially in an amount between 0.45 g and 8.0 g, preferably between 0.6 g and 4.0 g, more preferably between 0.7 g and 3.0 g/100 g total fatty acids. Although CLA contains one trans bond, in the present application it is not comprised in the trans fatty acids amount. CLA is known to have an antiinflammatory and an anti- carcinogenic effect.
Trans fatty acids are not considered particularly healthy and the content of these fatty acid should be kept limited. The term "total trans fatty acids" in the present description and the claims means the sum of Ci6:i trans 9
+ Ci8:i trans (4+5+6+7+8) + Ciai trans 9 + Ciai trans 10 + Ciai trans. Total trans fatty acids is preferably low, that is, less than 4.0 g/100 g total fatty acids, preferably less than 3.5 g and more preferably less than 3 g and yet most preferably less than 2.9 g/100 g total fatty acids.
The identity and the amount of various fatty acids in milk can easily be determined using conventional gas chromatography techniques.
Particularly, the following method is used by the present inventors. Milk fat is extracted from milk samples. Fatty acid methyl esters are prepared from fat fractions as described in ISO Standard 15884 (ISO-IDF 2002b). The methyl esters are analyzed according to ISO Standard 15885 (ISO-IDF 2002a) on a
Trace GC Ultra chromatograph (Thermo Electron Corporation), using a Varian Fame Select column (100 m x 0.25 mm ID; Varian Inc.). The initial
temperature is held at 70°C for 1 minute and raised to 225°C at 3°C/min and held at 225°C for 5 minutes. A volume of Ιμΐ is injected. Each peak is identified and quantified using pure methyl ester samples (Sigma-Aldrich; Larodan). The fatty acids content is expressed as a portion of total fat weight.
In addition to an improved fatty acid composition, the milk of AA cows is also characterised by a decreased content of urea. As can be seen from Table 2, the milk of AA cows can contain 27.4 mg urea /100 g milk, while the milk of AK cows and KK cows can contain 29.1 and 31.9 mg urea /100 g milk, respectively. The milk composition of the invention preferably contains between 16.0 and 28.5 mg, more preferably between 18.0 and 28.0 urea /100 g milk.
The milk composition obtained as a result of feeding of a cow with a specific supplement, for example, such as demonstrated in the Examples, differs for individual cows and changes during the season. The fatty acid composition is also determined by the health status, lactation stage, parity and genetic background of the cow. Furthermore, the composition and quantity of the fatty acids supplied by the diet in addition to the supplements also depends on the fatty acid composition and fat percentage of the other
components in the diet of the cow {e.g. the roughage or the concentrate).
Especially the composition of the roughage varies greatly during the season. With the information provided the skilled person will however be able to prepare the milk composition according to the invention.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method to select a cow to be fed with a fat-rich feed by choosing a cow with the AA genotype of the gene DGAT1.
In one embodiment of this method one can test cows on beforehand to determine the genotype of a cow in case the genotype is not known and further choose cows having the AA genotype to be fed with a fat-rich supplement. Such selection can easily be implemented, for example, in an automated feeding system or in a milk robot system, where cows are identified and recognized by an electronic chip. Giving the feed supplement only to the cows having the AA genotype instead of all cows also saves costs since feed supplements are generally more expensive than regular feed.
The present invention can also be practiced by feeding all the cows with a fat-rich feed, followed by milking, whereby the milk of AA cows is collected and kept separately.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method to test a feed supplement for cows, comprising the steps of:
i) selecting at least one cow having the AA genotype of the gene
DGAT1,
ii) feeding the cow or cows selected in step i) with a feed supplement to be tested,
iii) milking of the cow or cows, and
iv) analysing the composition of the milk.
According to the invention, cows with the AA genotype represent the best selection for testing various feed supplements, especially those rich in fats. First, these cows produce milk with a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids and are therefore more susceptible to the fatty acids present in a feed
supplement. Second, the results of the tests carried out only on AA cows are more statistically homogeneous than of the tests wherein cows with any genotype are used. Therefore, a smaller population is needed to obtain statistically reliable results.
Accordingly, the invention is further related to a herd of cows, wherein at least 60%, preferably at least 80% and more preferably at least 90% of the cows has the AA genotype of the gen DGAT1. More preferably, the herd consists of AA cows only. A herd is defined as a group of cattle or other domestic animals of a single kind kept together for a specific purpose. For the purposes of the present invention, the herd comprises at least 10 cows which are kept for the milk they give. As said above, a typical herd of Holstein Friesian cows in the Netherlands has a frequency of the AA genotype about 36%. In accordance with the present invention, the frequency of the AA cows in a herd can be increased by selection, in order to obtain a herd with mainly AA cows. Preferably, the cows in the herd belong to the breed of Holstein or Jersey. More preferably, the cows are Holstein Friesian.
Producing milk according to the invention has a further advantage of reducing the methane emission caused by cows as AA cows emit less methane than the cows of other genotypes. Therefore, the invention relates in a further aspect to a method to reduce methane emission, comprising selecting cows having the AA genotype of the gen DGAT1, and feeding those cows. The reduced methane emission is especially significant when the cows are fed with a fat-rich feed.
Methane emission is calculated per volume milk produced. It is believed that the decrease of the methane emission of AA cows is partially assigned to a relatively larger volume of milk produced and partially to the improved fatty acid composition of the milk. Estimated methane emission according to the method described in WO 2009/156453 is 9.6 g for the AA, 10.3 g for the AK and 11.6 g methane per 1 1 milk for the KK genotype.
In addition to methane emission, much attention has been drawn to the ammonia emission caused by cows. One of the indicators of the ammonia emission is the urea content in cows' milk. As can be seen from Table 2, the AA cows produce milk with the lowest level of urea compared to the cows with other genotypes and hence emit less ammonia. Therefore, the AA cows are also preferable over the other genotypes because of a lower ammonia emission. Accordingly, the present invention presents a method to reduce ammonia emission caused by cows, comprising selecting cows having the AA genotype of the gene DGAT1, and feeding those cows. The reduced ammonia emission is especially significant when the cows are fed with a fat-rich feed.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the milk composition of the invention for the preparation of a milk based composition, such as a cheese, a yogurt, a cream composition, a dessert product, also including compositions prepared from milk components, such as milk powder, whey proteins, milk fat and so on. Furthermore, the invention relates to the products produced using the milk composition, e.g. based on or comprising the milk composition of the invention. Especially, it relates to products wherein the fatty acid composition of the milk composition is essentially maintained in the final product. These products are for instance suitable for food and feed applications or for food and feed supplements.
The invention will now be illustrated by the following, non-limiting examples.
Example 1 (Comparative)
1762 cows of which 644 had the AA-genotype, 829 the AK-genotype and 289 cows had the KK-genotype of the DGAT1 gene were fed with a standard ration having a composition according to Table 1. The amounts in Table 1 are given per cow per day. The fat percentage of the feed is
approximately 3 wt.%.
Table 1
1 concentrate from linseed
2 concentrate with 960 VEM, 110 DVE, 14 RE
3 commercial product Rindavit 71 ASS-CO, containing (wt.%): 39.6% calcium carbonate, 23.6% sodium chloride, 16.5% calcium sodium phosphate, 13.7% magnesium oxide, 3% molasses, 0.55% copper sulphate, 1000000 IU vitamin A, 80000 IU vitamin D, 1350 mg copper, 100000 μg biotin, 3000 mg vitamin E
Fat percentage of regular feed as described in table 1 is about 3%.
Table 2 shows the composition of the milk obtained from the cows of different genotypes fed with the standard feed as described above.
Table 2
DGAT genotype
Component
AA AK KK
Total fat, wt.% 3.95 4.47 4.91
C4:0 g/100 g total fat 3.5 3.5 3.5
C6:0 g/100 g total fat 2.2 2.2 2.3
C8:0 g/100 g total fat 1.3 1.4 1.4
C10:0 g/100 g total fat 3.0 3.1 3.0
C12:0 g/100 g total fat 4.1 4.1 4.0
C14:0 g/100 g total fat 11.9 11.6 11.2
C16:0, g/100 g total fat 31.42 33.04 33.90
C18:0 g/100 g total fat 8.73 8.66 8.88
Total unsaturated fatty
30.0 (3.0) 28.6 (2.4) 28.0 (2.6) acids, g/100 g total fat
C18:1 cis 9, g/100 g total
24.0 21.8 20.9
fat
C18:2 cis 8, trans 11
0.42 0.38 0.37
(CLA), g/100 g total fat
C18:2 cis 9,12 (ω-6),
1.26 1.18 1.12
g/100 g total fat
C18:3 cis 9,12,15 (ω-3)
0.44 0.40 0.40
(ALA), g/100 g total fat
Total trans fatty acids,
1.48(0.46) 1.38(0.31) 1.38(0.37) g/100 g total fat
Unsat:trans 20.27 20.72 20.29
Urea, mg/100 g milk 29.1 29.3 29.8
Methane emission, g
10.7 11.3 12.5
CH4/L milk
For the total unsaturated fatty acids content, the standard deviation is given in Table 2 in parentheses.
Example 2
73 cows, of which 34 of the AA genotype, 34 of the AK genotype and 5 cows of the KK genotype of the gene DGATl, were fed with a ration rich in fats having a composition according to Table 3. The amounts in Table 3 are given per cow per day. The fat percentage of the feed is 5.1 wt.%.
Table 3
Ration
Grass silage, kg dry matter 4.5
Maize silage, kg dry matter 9.34
Wheat (83% dry matter), kg product 1.5
Brewers grain (25% dry matter), kg dry matter 5
Beet pulp (27% dry matter), kg product 7
Soy (48) (87% dry matter), kg product 2.62
Rapeseed (33) (88% dry matter), kg product 0.88
Nutex®1 (91% dry matter), kg product 2.00
Minerals2 (88% dry matter), kg product 0.27
Total, kg dry matter 23.28
1 Nutex® - a commercially available feed supplement based on linseed, described in EP 1 106 077.
2 commercial product Rindavit 71 ASS-CO, containing (wt.%): 39.6% calcium carbonate, 23.6% sodium chloride, 16.5% calcium sodium phosphate, 13.7% magnesium oxide, 3% molasses, 0.55% copper sulphate, 1000000 IU vitamin A, 80000 IU vitamin D, 1350 mg copper, 100000 μg biotin, 3000 mg vitamin E.
Table 4 shows the composition of the milk obtained from the cows of different genotypes fed with the described supplemented feed.
Table 4
DGAT genotype
Component
AA AK KK
Total fat, wt.% 3.70 4.61 4.71
C4:0 g/100 g total fat 3.4 3.4 3.4
C6:0 g/100 g total fat 2.0 2.1 2.2
C8:0 g/100 g total fat 1.0 1.2 1.2
C10:0 g/100 g total fat 2.4 2.7 2.8
C12:0 g/100 g total fat 2.6 3.0 3.1
C14:0 g/100 g total fat 9.0 9.7 9.8
C16:0, g/100 g total fat 23.87 25.70 26.15
C18:0 g/100 g total fat 12.9 13.1 13.1
Total unsaturated
fatty acids, g/100 g 39.2 (3.5) 34.5 (2.5) 33.5 (3.2) total fat
C18:1 cis 9, g/100 g
24.0 21.8 20.9 total fat
C18:2 cis 8, trans 11
0.75 0.60 0.64
(CLA), g/100 g total fat
C18:2 cis 9,12 (ω-6),
2.12 1.98 1.81 g/100 g total fat
C18:3 cis 9,12,15 (ω-3)
0.80 0.71 0.69
(ALA), g/100 g total fat
Total trans fatty acids,
2.86 (0.15) 2.54 (0.16) 2.77 (0.2) g/100 g total fat
Unsat:trans 13.71 13.58 12.09
Urea, mg/100 g milk 27.4 29.1 31.9
Methane emission, g
9.6 10.3 11.6
CH4/L milk
For the total unsaturated fatty acids content, the standard deviation is given in Table 4 in parentheses. For the AA cows, it is significantly different (p<0.05) from the AK and KK groups, both during the experiment with the fat- rich supplement as during feeding with a regular ration. Also, the cows with the AA genotype fed with the fat supplement shows significantly different results (p<0.05) when compared to the results on feeding with a regular ration.
As can be seen from Table 4, the milk composition of the cows with the AA genotype has a decreased amount of fat compared to the milk of cows with other genotypes. The milk of AA cows has also a lower content of saturated acids compared to other genotypes. It has further a significantly increased amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially of the ω-3 fatty acid Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15. The content of trans fatty acids is limited to less than 3 g/100 g total fatty acids. Further, the AA milk contains less urea relative to the other cows' milk. In addition, it can be estimated that the methane emission of AA cows is lower than of the other cows.
Claims
1. Milk composition comprising fatty acids, and preferably a cow's milk composition comprising fatty acids, said composition comprising per lOOg total fatty acids between 35 and 42 g unsaturated fatty acids, between 0.7 and 8.0 g Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid and less than 3.5 g trans fatty acids.
2. The milk composition according to claim 1, comprising between 37 and 41 g unsaturated fatty acids per 100 g total fatty acids.
3. The milk composition according to claim 1 or 2, comprising between 0.78 and 4.0 g Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid per 100 g total fatty acids.
4. The milk composition according to any one of claims 1-3, comprising less than 2.9 g trans fatty acids per 100 g total fatty acids.
5. The milk composition according to any one of claims 1-4, further comprising conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in an amount between 0.60 and 4.00 g per 100 g total fatty acids.
6. The milk composition according to any one of claims 1-5, further comprising urea in an amount between 16.0 and 28.5 mg per 100 g milk.
7. The milk composition according to any one of claims 1-6, obtainable according to the method of any one of claims 12-16.
8. Use of the milk composition according to any one of claims 1-7 for preparing milk based products.
9. A food product based on or comprising the milk composition according to any one of claims 1-7.
10. A herd of cows comprising at least 10 cows, wherein at least 60% of the cows has the AA genotype of the gen DGAT1.
11. The herd of cows according to claim 10, wherein the cows belong to the breed of Holstein or Jersey.
12. Method to obtain milk, comprising the steps of:
i) feeding of a cow having the AA genotype of the DGAT1 gene, with a feed rich in fats, and
ii) milking of the cow.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the feed comprises between 4 and 6 wt.% of fat.
14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the feed comprises a feed supplement comprising unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of 5 to 90 wt.% of total fat.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein at least 30 wt.% of the unsaturated fatty acids is Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid.
16. The method according to any on of claims 12-15, wherein the cow belongs to the breed of Holstein or Jersey.
17. The method to select a cow to be fed with a fat-rich feed, by choosing a cow having the AA genotype of the gen DGAT1.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the feed comprises between 4 and 6 wt.% of fat.
19. The method according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the feed comprises a feed supplement comprising 10 to 40 wt.% fat, of which 5 to 90 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein at least 30 wt.% of the unsaturated fatty acids is Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid.
21. The method according to any one of claims 17-20, wherein the cow belongs to the breed of Holstein or Jersey.
22. Method to test a feed supplement for cows, comprising the steps of:
i) selecting at least one cow having the AA genotype of the gene
DGAT1,
ii) feeding the cow or cows selected in step i) with a feed supplement to be tested,
iii) milking of the cow or cows, and
iv) analysing the composition of the milk.
23. Method according to claim 22, wherein the feed supplement comprises between 10 and 40 wt.% fat, of which from 5 to 90 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids.
24. Method according to claim 23, wherein at least 30 wt.% of the unsaturated fatty acids is Ci8:3 cis 9,12,15 fatty acid.
25. Method for decreasing methane emission, comprising selecting of cows having the AA genotype of the gene DGATl and feeding those cows with a fat-rich feed.
26. Method according to claim 25, wherein the feed comprises between 4 and 6 wt.% of fat.
27. Method for reducing ammonia emission, comprising selecting of cows having the AA genotype of the gen DGATl and feeding those cows with a fat- rich feed.
28. Method according to claim 27, wherein the feed comprises between 4 and 6 wt.% of fat.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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NL2005543A NL2005543C2 (en) | 2010-10-18 | 2010-10-18 | Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids content. |
PCT/NL2011/050712 WO2012053893A1 (en) | 2010-10-18 | 2011-10-18 | Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids content |
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EP11774117.3A Withdrawn EP2629604A1 (en) | 2010-10-18 | 2011-10-18 | Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids content |
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EP (1) | EP2629604A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103237442A (en) |
NL (1) | NL2005543C2 (en) |
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NZ627378A (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2016-08-26 | Benemilk Ltd | Milk and a process for its preparation |
FI127457B (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2018-06-29 | Raisioagro Oy | Cow milk and food product made of it |
CN105309757A (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2016-02-10 | 呼和浩特职业学院 | Feed for dairy cow |
SG11202109735VA (en) | 2019-03-27 | 2021-10-28 | Frieslandcampina Nederland Bv | Bovine milk having a high n6-polyunsaturated fatty acid content |
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US5770247A (en) * | 1996-10-03 | 1998-06-23 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method of increasing the CLA content of cow's milK |
US6242013B1 (en) * | 1999-07-27 | 2001-06-05 | Land O'lakes, Inc. | Method and composition for enhancing oleic acid content of milk produced by ruminants |
EP1106078A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-13 | Interagri 2001 S.A. | Cows milk and feed for cows to produce this milk |
WO2008100145A2 (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2008-08-21 | Wageningen Universiteit | Method for selection of bovines producing milk with improved fatty acid composition |
FR2933191B1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2010-06-25 | Valorisation Par Extrusion | METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE QUANTITY OF METHANE PRODUCED BY A DAIRY RUMINANT AND METHOD FOR DECREASING AND CONTROLLING SUCH QUANTITY |
BE1018240A3 (en) | 2008-08-08 | 2010-07-06 | Dumoulin | FEED FOR MILK PRODUCING ANIMALS, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, USE THEREOF, AND MILK PRODUCED. |
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