EP2625741B1 - Large-area broadband surface-wave antenna - Google Patents
Large-area broadband surface-wave antenna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2625741B1 EP2625741B1 EP11764763.6A EP11764763A EP2625741B1 EP 2625741 B1 EP2625741 B1 EP 2625741B1 EP 11764763 A EP11764763 A EP 11764763A EP 2625741 B1 EP2625741 B1 EP 2625741B1
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- loop
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/04—Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
- H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
- H01Q9/265—Open ring dipoles; Circular dipoles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a large-sized antenna for transmitting and / or receiving surface waves in a wide frequency band including in particular all or part of the low, medium and high frequencies between about 30 kHz and about 30 MHz, or waves. kilometers, MF and HF.
- the antenna can be incorporated for example into a high power transmission system, in particular for the broadcasting of radio or television program signals, a surface wave radar system or a reception and interception system.
- the patent application EP 1 594 186 A1 filed by the Applicant discloses a large-scale ground antenna for radiating a Telec or hectometric surface wave.
- This antenna comprises a metal ground plane, a metal excitation loop, and a metal link element.
- the ground plane is buried horizontally near and under the surface of the ground.
- the excitation loop is longer than approximately 25 m for LF and MF wavelengths and open between two extremities and extends parallel to the ground plane and horizontally above the ground surface at a height greater than About 2 m from the ground plane.
- the metal connecting element is perpendicular to the loop and connects one end of the excitation loop to the ground plane.
- the excitation loop and the connecting element are each constituted by at least one thin cylindrical element.
- the opening of the excitation loop is small relative to the length of the loop to nearly eliminate any horizontal electric field component at the surface of the ground.
- the ground wave is due to the injection of high currents in the ground, a consequence of an ohmic resistance of the weak antenna, without any lateral radiation of a space wave compared to a pylon antenna.
- the patent application EP 1 594 186 A1 aims at clearly favoring surface wave propagation and at minimizing the radiation of a space wave by radiating towers, in particular to avoid couplings of the antenna with structures close to the antenna above the ground, the ground antenna generates a non-negligible space wave for near-normal angles to the ground plane.
- This space wave has a much lower power than that of the surface wave and is evanescent a few tens of kilometers above the surface of the ground.
- the space wave can be reflected on layers of the ionosphere and cause fading phenomena in combination with a surface wave.
- the space wave can disturb useful signals received from the ionosphere by other antennas. Conversely, the operation in reception of the antenna can be disturbed by space wave recovery.
- the ground antenna has a large surface area and a relatively narrow bandwidth.
- the present invention aims to overcome the various problems mentioned above and particularly to provide a large surface wave antenna which has increased ionospheric protection over short and medium distances, and a structure conducive to a reduction in the congestion of the antenna according to at least one dimension of the space and to a widening of the bandwidth.
- a surface wave antenna comprising a metal excitation loop capable of being positioned at a height of at least about 1 m above the surface of a conductive medium and a feeding means capable of to be connected to the conducting medium, the loop having a length of approximately ⁇ / 2 and ⁇ denoting the operating wavelength of the antenna, is characterized in that the excitation loop comprises two approximately parallel portions and at least approximately ⁇ / 50 and able to extend approximately parallel to the surface of the conductive medium in a plane approximately perpendicular to said surface and to be traversed by currents of opposite directions, the most close to said surface having an opening between ends of the loop connected to the supply means.
- Said two portions of the excitation loop according to the invention are lower and upper portions relative to the surface of the conductive medium, such as earth or sea, and can constitute approximately half of the loop, the remaining portions of the loop each having a length of at most ⁇ / 50 approximately.
- the excitation loop is thus composed in large part of one or more pairs of lower and upper portions each extending in a plane approximately perpendicular to the surface of the conductive medium, the lower and upper portions of a pair being arranged in the loop so that they are the seat of currents of opposite directions.
- the opening of the excitation loop is very small compared to the perimeter of the loop to almost eliminate any component of electric field parallel to the surface of the conductive medium, and therefore horizontal.
- the antenna of the invention is very discreet and insensitive to any wind, blast, lightning, earthquake or explosion.
- the antenna also has a very low radar echo area (SER).
- the excitation loop may be flat and contained in a plane approximately perpendicular to the surface of the conductive medium.
- the excitation loop may be rectangular and comprise two long sides formed by the two lower and upper portions and long of at most ⁇ / 4 approximately
- the size of the antenna can be reduced along longitudinal directions of the antenna by one or more folds of long portions of the excitation loop in planes perpendicular to the surface of the conducting medium.
- the excitation loop may be distributed approximately into two half-loops which are superimposed on two planes approximately parallel to the surface of the conducting medium and distant at most ⁇ / 50 and which each have two portions to almost parallel, capable of being traversed by currents of opposite meanings.
- Each of the half-loops may comprise more than two approximately parallel portions, two neighboring portions in each half-loop being able to be traversed by currents of opposite directions and two superposed portions of the half-loops being able to be traversed by currents in opposite directions.
- the excitation loop may be circumscribed to a parallelepiped having large faces approximately parallel to the surface of the conductive medium.
- the parallelepiped can be straight.
- each of the half-loops can be zigzagged on one of the large faces.
- each of the half-loops may comprise two rectangular flat spirals having opposite directions and a common center and extending on one of the large faces.
- the excitation loop is circumscribed to a cylinder having bases approximately parallel to the surface of the conductive medium, and each of the half-loops comprises two circular flat spirals having opposite directions and one common center and extending on one of the bases.
- two portions of the excitation loop are approximately close parallel, superimposed and adjacent may be at least about ⁇ / 200 apart.
- the antenna may comprise at least one metallic intermediate element which is connected to lower and upper portions of the superimposed excitation loop in a plane able to be approximately perpendicular to the surface of the conductive medium and which is located near small sides of the excitation loop approximately perpendicular to the superimposed portions.
- the means for feeding the antenna may comprise a power supply device such as a transmission device if the antenna is transmitting, or a reception device if the antenna operates in reception, and one or two substantially vertical metallic connecting elements connecting the supply means to the propagation medium.
- the supply means comprises only a metal connection element, which may include a terminal impedance, for connecting the excitation loop to the conductive medium; the terminals of the power supply device are connected to the ends of the loop, and the metal connecting element has one end connected to the negative terminal of the supply device and another end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium.
- the supply means comprises two metal connection elements for connecting the excitation loop to the conductive medium; a metal connecting element has one end connected to one end of the loop and another end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium, the power supply device has a positive terminal connected to the other end of the loop , and another metal link element which may include an end impedance at one end connected to a negative terminal of the supply device and another end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium.
- the invention remedies to maintain the surface wave radiation properties of the antenna by burying a metal mass element near and under the surface of the conductive medium and having a surface at less equal to the projection of the surface of the excitation loop on the surface of the conductive medium.
- a metal connecting element which is unique according to the first embodiment, or which is one or the other of the metallic connection elements according to the second embodiment, then has its end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium, which is connected to the metal mass element.
- a surface wave antenna according to the invention is able to operate at a useful wavelength ⁇ of transmission or reception.
- the useful wavelength ⁇ corresponds to the central frequency of the antenna bandwidth, which corresponds at least partially to Telec and / or MF and / or HF wavelengths.
- the antenna according to the first embodiment essentially comprises a metal excitation loop B1 approximately vertical, and a power supply circuit comprising a power supply device A and a metal conductive connecting element L1n, approximately vertical. connecting the excitation loop to a conductive medium M of surface SM.
- the term "approximately vertical" means that the excitation loop or the connecting element may extend in a plane perpendicular to the surface SM or in an oblique plane at an angle of a few degrees with a plane perpendicular to the surface.
- the conducting medium M acts as a surface wave propagation vector transmitted or received by the antenna.
- the medium M can have a high electrical conductivity like the sea, a swamp salt or salt lake, or lower electrical conductivity, such as soil or sand.
- a reference sign to the drawings comprising the letter p, respectively n, designates an element or a portion of element or excitation loop connected to the positive or negative terminal of the power supply device. A or located on the side thereof along the excitation loop.
- the metal excitation loop B1 extends approximately vertically above the surface SM at a height between h and H.
- the loop B1 is rectangular and composed of two large sides I1p-I1n and S1 roughly horizontal and two sides substantially vertical V1p and V1n significantly smaller.
- the large lower side I1p-I1n is located at the height h relative to the surface SM.
- Great. upper side S1 is located at the height H with respect to the surface SM.
- the difference in height H - h is the length of the short sides V1p and V1n which is at least equal to ⁇ / 200 so as to reduce the coupling between the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 of the loop at the origin of the creation of a transmission mode for two-wire line decreasing the performance of the antenna.
- the difference in height H - h is at most equal to ⁇ / 50 so that the large I1p-I1n and S1 sides of the B1 loop are close and the currents in them are in opposite directions.
- the shape of the loop is not limited to a rectangle and is determined according to the purity of the essentially vertical polarization of a surface wave and the omnidirectionality at the SM surface desired for the antenna.
- Height H is at least 2 m for LF and MF and at least 1 m for HF.
- the average distance (H + h) / 2 between the loop B1 and the surface SM must not be too great in order to couple as much radioelectric energy as possible to the surface SM so that the antenna radiates a surface wave over above the SM surface.
- the Heights h and H are not necessarily constant over the length of the loop, just as the difference H - h which is not necessarily constant; consequently the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 are "nearly parallel" to each other and each of them is “nearly parallel” to the surface SM.
- the discontinuity between the air and the conductive medium M at the periphery of the excitation loop favors a vertical polarization of the electric field with respect to which the horizontal electric field component is negligible in the surface wave propagation by the antenna , especially since the excitation loop is regular and almost closed.
- the electric field lines are distributed almost uniformly to all the azimuths around the Z1-Z1 axis of the loop which means that the antenna is omnidirectional.
- the loop has a perimeter equal to the useful half-wavelength ⁇ / 2, to within ⁇ ⁇ / 8, ie a length L / 2 ⁇ / 4 of the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 of the order from 25 m to 250 m for a central hectometric frequency of the useful band.
- the shape of the excitation loop B1 is elongate and polygonal or elliptical so that two long portions such as the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 are approximately parallel in a plane approximately perpendicular to the surface SM of the conductive medium M.
- the profile of the loop is designed so that the portions of the the loop, such as the sides I1p-I1n and S1 of a rectangular loop, located approximately parallel to the SM surface and of dimensions at least greater than approximately ⁇ / 50 are the seat of currents in opposite directions.
- the large lower side I1p-I1n consists of two roughly collinear portions I1p and I1n between the facing ends E1p and E1n of the loop B1 which delimit a small opening E1p-E1n whose width is very small vis-a-vis the wavelength ⁇ .
- the opening E1p-E1n can be practiced anywhere along the long side I1p-I1n. According to figure 1 , the opening E1p-E1n is in the middle of the large lower side I1p-I1n. Given the narrowness of the opening with respect to the length of the loop, the loop is considered "closed".
- the excitation loop B1 can be supported in a plane perpendicular to the surface SM by insulating posts (not shown) regularly distributed along the loop.
- each pole supports both the long sides I1p-I1n and S1.
- the insulating posts may be fixed in the conductive medium M if the depth of the medium lends itself to it, or may be fixed on a support floating on the surface SM if the medium is water.
- the excitation loop B1 is made of tube or multi-strand or single-strand wire.
- the conductive connecting element L1n is approximately vertical and connects one end of the ends of the loop B1 at the opening E1p-E1n to the conductive medium M.
- the element L1n closes the loop B1 on the conductive medium M located under the SM surface.
- the element L1n may consist of a peg or a metal tube of diameter preferably between 5 and 50 mm and having a lower end plunging a few tens of centimeters in the conductive medium M under the surface SM.
- EP 1 594 186 A1 such as a sheet or cage of parallel metal son.
- the link element L1n may include a terminal impedance Zt which is optional and which may be replaced by a simple short circuit.
- Terminal impedance can be reactive or resistive. It can be adjustable as needed to adjust the frequency of operation of the antenna corresponding to ⁇ , adjust the antenna bandwidth or adjust the input impedance of the antenna.
- the influence of the capacitive and / or inductive and / or resistive character of the terminal impedance Zt on the operating characteristics of the antenna, such as the operating frequency, the bandwidth and the impedance matching, is similar to that described in the patent application EP 1 594 186 A1 .
- the power supply device A feeds the loop B1 and can be a transmitting or receiving device depending on whether the antenna operates in transmission or reception.
- the supply device A has positive and negative terminals respectively connected to the ends E1p and E1n of the loop B1 at the opening E1p-E1n, where appropriate by one or two metal intermediate elements L2p and L2n which may be electrical wires or have a constitution similar to that of the connecting element L1n.
- at least one of the intermediate elements L2p and L2n has a zero length and the corresponding terminal of the supply device A is directly connected to one end of the excitation loop B1.
- another conductive connecting element L3n connects the negative terminal of the supply device A to the conducting medium M situated under the surface SM, as the second end of the connecting element L1n opposite the end E1n of the loop of B1 excitation and diving into the conductive medium M under the surface SM.
- the lengths of the connecting elements L2p and L3n are determined so that the real part of the impedance of the antenna brought back to the terminals of the supply device A is equal to the characteristic impedance of the supply device.
- the antenna is operated above an imperfect conductive medium M of low electrical conductivity such as earth or sand, located below the surface SM, as shown in FIGS. Figures 3 and 4 .
- a metallic mass element EM is buried near and under the surface SM.
- the metal mass element EM is connected to the second end of the connecting element L1n according to the figure 3 corresponding to the first embodiment of the supply circuit, or at the ends of the connecting elements L3n and L1n in the medium M according to the figure 4 corresponding to the second embodiment of the supply circuit.
- the depth to which the EM mass element is buried below the SM surface is relatively small, some tens of centimeters, to promote a surface wave above the SM surface and disadvantage any wave under the surface SM.
- the EM mass element may be a metal wire or rod, or a solid or screen plate according to embodiments described in the patent application EP 1 594 186 A1 . It provides excellent electrical continuity to contribute to the omnidirectional nature of the antenna and thus maintain the surface wave radiation properties of the antenna.
- the mass element P can be galvanized metal or coated in a plastic sheath, and be insensitive to chemical attack in the middle M.
- the mass element EM may have various contours of the circular or polygonal type so that it covers a surface at least equal to or even much greater than the projection of the surface of the excitation loop on the surface SM. This feature avoids electric field edge effects between the excitation loop and the ground element and improves the confinement of the electric field lines under the excitation loop.
- the plane element EM has a length at least equal to the length L / 2 of the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 of the loop B1, greater than about half the length of the loop, and a width of at least a few tens of centimeters.
- At least one intermediate metallic element Vip, Vin is connected, for example by welding, to the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 of the excitation loop B1, as shown in FIG. figure 5 .
- the metallic intermediate element is approximately perpendicular to the long sides and may have a constitution similar to that of the loop B1.
- one or more intermediate elements Vip are placed in one side of the loop B1 with respect to the opening E1p-E1n of the loop, and / or one or more intermediate elements Vin are placed in the other side of the loop. loop with respect to the opening.
- the intermediate metal elements Vip and Vin are located near the longitudinal ends of the excitation loop B1, for example a few meters of the short sides V1p and V1n.
- the intermediate elements are intended to widen the bandwidth of the antenna around the resonance frequency of the antenna, without significant changes in the antenna radiation characteristics.
- the antennas described below and shown to Figures 5 to 18 comprise a feed circuit according to the first embodiment shown in figure 1
- the power circuits shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 are able to feed the excitation loops of these antennas.
- Each of these excitation loops may comprise one or more intermediate elements such as the Vip and Vin elements shown in FIG. figure 5 between lower and upper portions of the excitation loop, or more generally between "lower" and lower half-loops of the excitation loop, to widen the bandwidth of the antennas.
- the excitation loop B2 of an antenna is based on a folding of a first half of the excitation loop B1 comprising the portion I1n of the large lower side, the small side V1n and a half of the large upper side S1 towards the second half of the loop B1 around the central zenith axis Z1-Z1 of the loop B1, as indicated by the arrow F2 in the figure 5 .
- the loop B2 thus comprises approximately two "half" -curls on the front faces ( figure 7 ) and back or the lower and upper faces of a long narrow parallelepiped almost straight.
- This parallelepiped enveloping the loop B2 has a length L / 4 approximately and a height H - h.
- the parallelepiped extends not only longitudinally along a vertical plane XOZ ( figure 7 ), but also laterally along a vertical plane YOZ ( figure 8 ) perpendicular to the XOZ plane.
- Two longitudinal upper portions S2p and S2n of the loop B2 corresponding to the two halves of the upper portion S1 of the loop B1 are connected by a short horizontal portion S21p.
- the end of the lower portion 12n of the loop B2 corresponding to the upper portion I1n of the loop B1 folded backwards is connected by a short horizontal portion I21n which is parallel to the portion S21p and located therewith on a side vertical side of the parallelepiped.
- the loop B2 From the end E2p of the excitation loop B2 connected to the positive terminal of the supply device A, the loop B2 comprises a long longitudinal lower portion I2p, a short vertical portion V2p of height H - h, a long upper portion longitudinally S2p located above the portion I2p and delimiting with the portions I2p and V2p the front face of the parallelepiped, a short lateral portion S21 p, a long upper longitudinal portion S2n and delimiting with the portions S2p and S21 p the upper face of the parallelepiped, a short vertical portion V2n of height H - h located with the short portion V2p in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal portions, a long longitudinal lower portion 12n located below the portion S2n and delimiting with the portions S2n and V2n the face rear of the parallelepiped, and a short lateral portion I21n located below the portion S21p, delimiting with the portions I2p and 12n the lower face of the parallelepipe
- the length of the approximately horizontal lateral portions I21n and S21p defines the width W of the loop B2 in a vertical plane YOZ which is much smaller than ⁇ so that the two parallel portions situated in each of the longitudinal faces of the parallelepiped are traversed. closer by currents of opposite meanings. Under these conditions, the secondary components of the electric field generated in horizontal planes are very strongly restricted in directions close to the central zenith axis Z2-Z2 of the B2 loop.
- the length of the lateral portions I21n and S21p is however at least equal to approximately ⁇ / 200 in order to avoid too high couplings between the longitudinal portions I2p and I2n and S2p and S2n which cause a significant reduction in the efficiency of the antenna.
- the involute of the folded excitation loop B2 is longer than the involute of the excitation loop B1.
- the involute length of the B2 folded loop presented to the figure 6 is a function of the length of the portions I21n and S21p.
- the bandwidth is also reduced due to the increase in the quality factor of the antenna. However this bandwidth reduction can be compensated by the addition of intermediate metal elements Vip between the lower portions I2p and upper S2p and / or intermediate metal elements Vin between the lower portions 12n and upper S2n, such as those shown in FIG. figure 5 .
- the excitation loop B3 of an antenna according to the third embodiment is based on folds of the thirds located to the left and right of the loop B1 in the figure 5 respectively forward and backward of the central third of the loop B1.
- the left third of the excitation loop B3 is located in a vertical front plane located in front of the central third of the loop B1 after folding around a zenith axis of the loop B1 located at the left end of the central third, as indicated by the arrow F3p in the figure 5 .
- the right third of the excitation loop B3 is located in a vertical rear plane located behind the central third of the loop B1 after folding around a zenith axis of the loop B1 located at the right end of the central third, as indicated by the arrow F3n in the figure 5 .
- the excitation loop B3 according to the third embodiment thus comprises approximately three thirds 13p-S3p ( figure 11 ), 13cp-13cn-S3c and 13n-S3n of loop on each of the front, central and rear vertical faces of a parallelepiped close approximately straight.
- This parallelepiped enveloping the loop B3 has a length L / 6 approximately and a height H - h.
- Loop B3 consists of approximately two "half" loops I3p-I3cp-I3cn-I3n and S3p-S3c-S3n ( figure 11 ) on each of the large horizontal lower and upper faces of the long parallelepiped.
- a left end of the lower portion before I3p of the loop B2 corresponding to the left third of the lower portion I1p of the loop B1 folded forward and a left end of the upper front portion S3p of the loop B2 corresponding to the left third of the upper portion S1p of the loop B1 folded forwardly are respectively connected by two short horizontal lateral portions I31p and S31p which are parallel and located in a left vertical side of the parallelepiped.
- a right end of the lower rear portion 13n of the loop B2 corresponding to the right third of the lower portion I1n of the loop B1 folded backwards and a right end of the upper rear portion S3n of the loop B2 corresponding to the right third of the upper portion S1p of the loop B1 folded backwards are connected respectively by two short horizontal lateral portions I31n and S31n which are parallel and located in a vertical right side of the parallelepiped.
- the loop B3 From the end E3p of the excitation loop B3 connected to the positive terminal of the power supply device A, the loop B3 comprises the "half" -lower central longitudinal portion I3cp, the short lower lateral portion I31p, the long lower portion longitudinal front I3p, a short vertical portion V3p of height H-h, the long upper longitudinal front portion S3p, the short upper lateral portion S31p, the long upper longitudinal central portion S3c, the short upper lateral portion S31n, the upper long upper portion longitudinally S3n, a short vertical portion V3n of height Hh, the long bottom longitudinal rear portion 13n, the short lower side portion I31n and the "half" -portion horizontal bottom central longitudinal 12n terminated by the other end E3n of the buckle B3 excitation.
- the length of the horizontal lateral portions I31p, I31n, S31p and S31n defines the half-width W of the loop B3 in a vertical plane YOZ which is between ⁇ / 200 and ⁇ / 50 and therefore much smaller than ⁇ so that that the two parallel longitudinal portions located in each of the three longitudinal faces before, intermediate and rear and two parallel longitudinal portions among three located in each of the two central longitudinal faces and upper parallelepiped are traversed closer by currents in opposite directions.
- the length of the superimposed lateral portions I31p and S31p may be different from the length of the superposed lateral portions I31n and S31n, and the face vertical containing the parallel longitudinal portions I3cp, I3cn and S3c may be at different distances from the front and rear faces.
- the excitation loop B4 of an antenna according to the fourth embodiment shown in FIGS. Figures 13 to 15 comprises approximately a "lower" half-loop formed by two rectangular flat spirals 14p and 14n having opposing directions and a common center and an "upper half-loop” formed by two rectangular flat spirals S4p and S4n having opposite directions and a center common.
- the half-loops I4p-I4n and S4p-S4n are respectively circumscribed to the large lower and upper faces of a parallelepiped approximately right height H - h, length 5 ⁇ p1 and width 4xp2 according to the example illustrated in FIG. figure 14 .
- the longitudinal pitch p1 and the lateral pitch p2 of the turns of the spirals may be a priori different and are significantly less than ⁇ , for example between ⁇ / 120 and ⁇ / 80.
- the large upper and lower faces of the parallelepiped are approximately parallel to the surface SM of the conducting medium M.
- the upper spirals S4p and S4n are approximately superimposed vertically respectively on the lower spirals I4p and 14n respectively.
- Short vertical portions V4p and V4n of the excitation loop B4 have a height H - h and respectively connect peripheral ends of the spirals I4p and S4p and the peripheral ends of the spirals 14n and S4n.
- the ends E4p and E4n of the opening of the loop B4 located at the center of the half-loop I4p-I4n, the lower spirals I4p and 14n and the upper spirals S4p and S4n are respectively symmetrical with respect to a central zenith axis Z4 -Z4 of the loop B4 passing through the centers of the spirals and lower and upper faces of the parallelepiped.
- the pitch may be variable for example to form lower and upper logarithmic spirals of the loop.
- a variable pitch for each turn of the half-loops can be chosen insofar as the restrictions on the distance between the turns are respected so as to maintain a significant radiation efficiency of the same order of magnitude as in loops B2 and B3 obtained by folding.
- the B5 loop according to the fifth embodiment shown to Figures 15 to 18 comprises approximately a lower half-loop formed by two circular circular Archimedean spirals I5p and I5n having opposite directions and a common center and a lower half-loop formed by two circular circular Archimedean spirals S5p and S5n having opposite directions and a common center.
- the half loops I5p and I5n and S5p and S5n are respectively circumscribed to the lower and upper bases of a cylinder having a height H - h, a radius p and a zenith axis Z5 - Z5 passing through the centers of the spirals and the opening E5p-E5n of the loop B5 located in the center of the lower half-loop I5p-I5n.
- the bases of the cylinder are approximately parallel to the surface SM of the conducting medium M and are for example circular or elliptical, or the cylinder is replaced by a prism polygonal bases.
- Short vertical portions V5p and V5n of the excitation loop B5 have a height H - h and respectively connect peripheral ends of the spirals I5p and S5p and peripheral ends of the spirals I5n and S5n.
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- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Description
La présente invention concerne une antenne de grande dimension pour émettre et/ou recevoir des ondes de surface dans une large bande de fréquence incluant notamment tout ou partie des fréquences basses, moyennes et hautes comprises entre 30 kHz environ et 30 MHz environ, soit des ondes kilométriques, hectométrique et décamétriques.The present invention relates to a large-sized antenna for transmitting and / or receiving surface waves in a wide frequency band including in particular all or part of the low, medium and high frequencies between about 30 kHz and about 30 MHz, or waves. kilometers, MF and HF.
L'antenne peut être incorporée par exemple dans un système d'émission de forte puissance notamment pour la diffusion de signaux de programmes radiophoniques ou de télévision, un système radar à ondes de surface ou un système de réception et d'interception.The antenna can be incorporated for example into a high power transmission system, in particular for the broadcasting of radio or television program signals, a surface wave radar system or a reception and interception system.
Actuellement, des pylônes rayonnants de grandes dimensions sont utilisés pour émettre de fortes puissances dans les bandes hectométriques. Ces pylônes présentent l'inconvénient d'être coûteux, de nécessiter un important terrain de sécurité pour leur installation, et d'être peu esthétiques et discrets. Ils ne sont pas optimisés pour une diffusion essentiellement par ondes de surface.Currently, large radiating pylons are used to emit high power in the MF bands. These pylons have the disadvantage of being expensive, requiring a large safety ground for their installation, and being unattractive and discreet. They are not optimized for diffusion mainly by surface waves.
Les antennes utilisant uniquement une onde de surface comme vecteur de propagation sont très peu nombreuses. Pour preuve, les systèmes radar à ondes de surface actuels utilisent des antennes de type fouet ou biconiques qui sont mal adaptées pour des applications radar.Antennas using only a surface wave as propagation vector are very few. As proof, current surface wave radar systems use whip or biconical type antennas that are poorly suited for radar applications.
Les pylônes rayonnants et en général toutes les antennes à polarisation verticale par exemple de type fouet ou biconique génèrent essentiellement un champ d'onde d'espace et sont coûteux et très peu discrets.The radiating towers and in general all vertically polarized antennas, for example of the whip or biconical type, essentially generate a space wave field and are expensive and very little discrete.
La demande de brevet
La discontinuité entre l'air et le sol, située sur et dans le sol à la périphérie de l'antenne, entre le couple sol et plan de masse métallique, d'une part, et le sol sans le plan de masse métallique, d'autre part, favorise la propagation d'une onde de sol omnidirectionnelle en polarisation verticale. L'ouverture de la boucle d'excitation est petite par rapport à la longueur de la boucle pour à peu près éliminer toute composante de champ électrique horizontale à la surface du sol. L'onde de sol est due à l'injection de courants élevés dans le sol, conséquence d'une résistance ohmique de l'antenne faible, sans aucun rayonnement latéral d'une onde d'espace comparativement à une antenne pylône.The discontinuity between the air and the ground, located on and in the ground at the periphery of the antenna, between the couple ground and plane of metallic mass, on the one hand, and the ground without the plane of metallic mass, d on the other hand, favors the propagation of an omnidirectional ground wave in vertical polarization. The opening of the excitation loop is small relative to the length of the loop to nearly eliminate any horizontal electric field component at the surface of the ground. The ground wave is due to the injection of high currents in the ground, a consequence of an ohmic resistance of the weak antenna, without any lateral radiation of a space wave compared to a pylon antenna.
Bien que la demande de brevet
En outre, l'antenne de sol présente un encombrement surfacique important et une bande passante relativement étroite.In addition, the ground antenna has a large surface area and a relatively narrow bandwidth.
La présente invention a pour objectif de pallier les différents problèmes précités et particulièrement de fournir une antenne à ondes de surface de grande dimension qui présente une protection ionosphérique accrue sur courte et moyennes distances, et une structure propice à une réduction de l'encombrement de l'antenne suivant au moins une dimension de l'espace et à un élargissement de la bande passante.The present invention aims to overcome the various problems mentioned above and particularly to provide a large surface wave antenna which has increased ionospheric protection over short and medium distances, and a structure conducive to a reduction in the congestion of the antenna according to at least one dimension of the space and to a widening of the bandwidth.
Pour atteindre cet objectif, une antenne à ondes de surface comprenant une boucle d'excitation métallique apte à être positionnée à une hauteur d'au moins 1 m environ au-dessus de la surface d'un milieu conducteur et un moyen d'alimentation apte à être relié au milieu conducteur, la boucle ayant une longueur de λ/2 environ et λ désignant la longueur d'onde de fonctionnement de l'antenne, est caractérisée en ce que la boucle d'excitation comprend deux portions à peu près parallèles et distantes d'au plus λ/50 environ et aptes à s'étendre à peu près parallèlement à la surface du milieu conducteur dans un plan à peu près perpendiculaire à ladite surface et à être parcourues par des courants de sens opposés, la portion la plus proche de ladite surface comportant une ouverture entre des extrémités de la boucle reliées au moyen d'alimentation.To achieve this objective, a surface wave antenna comprising a metal excitation loop capable of being positioned at a height of at least about 1 m above the surface of a conductive medium and a feeding means capable of to be connected to the conducting medium, the loop having a length of approximately λ / 2 and λ denoting the operating wavelength of the antenna, is characterized in that the excitation loop comprises two approximately parallel portions and at least approximately λ / 50 and able to extend approximately parallel to the surface of the conductive medium in a plane approximately perpendicular to said surface and to be traversed by currents of opposite directions, the most close to said surface having an opening between ends of the loop connected to the supply means.
Lesdites deux portions de la boucle d'excitation selon l'invention sont des portions inférieure et supérieure par rapport à la surface du milieu conducteur, tel que de la terre ou la mer, et peuvent constituer approximativement des moitiés de la boucle, les portions restantes de la boucle ayant chacune une longueur d'au plus λ/50 environ. La boucle d'excitation est ainsi composée en très grande partie d'une ou de plusieurs paires de portions inférieure et supérieure s'étendant chacune dans un plan à peu près perpendiculaire à la surface du milieu conducteur, les portions inférieure et supérieure d'une paire étant agencées dans la boucle pour qu'elles soient le siège de courants de sens opposés. Ces conditions favorisent nettement la propagation d'une onde de sol omnidirectionnelle en polarisation verticale, dite onde de surface, à la discontinuité entre l'air et le milieu conducteur, à la périphérie de la boucle, au détriment de toute onde d'espace suivant un axe zénithal central à la boucle. L'antenne rayonne ainsi très peu d'onde d'espace en direction d'un axe zénithal central à l'antenne particulièrement parce que des courants en sens inverse, c'est-à-dire quasiment en opposition de phase, circulent dans des portions inférieure et supérieure parallèles de grande dimension. Ceci réduit très significativement la contribution de composantes de champ horizontales pour des angles proches de l'axe zénithal central à l'antenne.Said two portions of the excitation loop according to the invention are lower and upper portions relative to the surface of the conductive medium, such as earth or sea, and can constitute approximately half of the loop, the remaining portions of the loop each having a length of at most λ / 50 approximately. The excitation loop is thus composed in large part of one or more pairs of lower and upper portions each extending in a plane approximately perpendicular to the surface of the conductive medium, the lower and upper portions of a pair being arranged in the loop so that they are the seat of currents of opposite directions. These conditions clearly favor the propagation of an omnidirectional ground wave in vertical polarization, called surface wave, at the discontinuity between the air and the conducting medium, at the periphery of the loop, to the detriment of any space wave following a central zenith axis at the loop. The antenna thus radiates very little space wave towards a central zenith axis at the antenna, particularly because currents in the opposite direction, that is to say almost in opposition of phase, circulate in Parallel bottom and top portions of large size. This significantly reduces the contribution of horizontal field components at angles near the central zenith axis to the antenna.
L'ouverture de la boucle d'excitation est très petite par rapport au périmètre de la boucle pour à peu près éliminer toute composante de champ électrique parallèle à la surface du milieu conducteur, et donc horizontale.The opening of the excitation loop is very small compared to the perimeter of the loop to almost eliminate any component of electric field parallel to the surface of the conductive medium, and therefore horizontal.
Comme l'antenne selon la demande de brevet
Selon un aspect de l'invention, l'encombrement de l'antenne peut être réduit suivant des directions longitudinales de l'antenne par un ou plusieurs repliements de longues portions de la boucle d'excitation dans des plans perpendiculaires à la surface du milieu conducteur. Dans ce cas, la boucle d'excitation peut être répartie approximativement en deux demi-boucles qui sont superposées sur deux plans à peu près parallèles à la surface du milieu conducteur et distants d'au plus λ/50 et qui ont chacune deux portions à peu près parallèles aptes à être parcourues par des courants de sens opposés. Chacune des demi-boucles peut comprendre plus de deux portions à peu près parallèles, deux portions voisines dans chaque demi-boucle étant aptes à être parcourues par des courants de sens opposés et deux portions superposées des demi-boucles étant aptes à être parcourues par des courants de sens opposés.According to one aspect of the invention, the size of the antenna can be reduced along longitudinal directions of the antenna by one or more folds of long portions of the excitation loop in planes perpendicular to the surface of the conducting medium. . In this case, the excitation loop may be distributed approximately into two half-loops which are superimposed on two planes approximately parallel to the surface of the conducting medium and distant at most λ / 50 and which each have two portions to almost parallel, capable of being traversed by currents of opposite meanings. Each of the half-loops may comprise more than two approximately parallel portions, two neighboring portions in each half-loop being able to be traversed by currents of opposite directions and two superposed portions of the half-loops being able to be traversed by currents in opposite directions.
Selon certaines réalisations d'antenne "repliée", la boucle d'excitation peut être circonscrite à un parallélépipède ayant des grandes faces à peu près parallèles à la surface du milieu conducteur. Le parallélépipède peut être droit. Par exemple, chacune des demi-boucles peut s'étendre en zigzag sur l'une des grandes faces. Selon un autre exemple, chacune des demi-boucles peut comprendre deux spirales plates rectangulaires ayant des sens opposés et un centre commun et s'étendant sur l'une des grandes faces. Selon une autre réalisation d'antenne repliée, la boucle d'excitation est circonscrite à un cylindre ayant des bases à peu près parallèles à la surface du milieu conducteur, et chacune des demi-boucles comprend deux spirales plates circulaires ayant des sens opposés et un centre commun et s'étendant sur l'une des bases.According to some "folded" antenna embodiments, the excitation loop may be circumscribed to a parallelepiped having large faces approximately parallel to the surface of the conductive medium. The parallelepiped can be straight. For example, each of the half-loops can be zigzagged on one of the large faces. In another example, each of the half-loops may comprise two rectangular flat spirals having opposite directions and a common center and extending on one of the large faces. According to another folded antenna embodiment, the excitation loop is circumscribed to a cylinder having bases approximately parallel to the surface of the conductive medium, and each of the half-loops comprises two circular flat spirals having opposite directions and one common center and extending on one of the bases.
Pour réduire le couplage notamment entre des portions inférieure et supérieure à peu près parallèles, ou des portions à peu près parallèles dans une demi-boucle, et donc plus généralement entre les demi-boucles superposées, deux portions de la boucle d'excitation à peu près parallèles, superposées et voisines peuvent être distantes d'au moins λ/200 environ.In order to reduce the coupling, in particular between roughly parallel lower and upper portions, or approximately parallel portions in a half-loop, and therefore more generally between the superposed half-loops, two portions of the excitation loop are approximately close parallel, superimposed and adjacent may be at least about λ / 200 apart.
Afin d'élargir la bande passante de l'antenne, l'antenne peut comprendre au moins un élément intermédiaire métallique qui est relié à des portions inférieure et supérieure de la boucle d'excitation superposées dans un plan apte à être à peu près perpendiculaire à la surface du milieu conducteur et qui est situé à proximité de petits côtés de la boucle d'excitation à peu près perpendiculaires aux portions superposées.In order to widen the bandwidth of the antenna, the antenna may comprise at least one metallic intermediate element which is connected to lower and upper portions of the superimposed excitation loop in a plane able to be approximately perpendicular to the surface of the conductive medium and which is located near small sides of the excitation loop approximately perpendicular to the superimposed portions.
S'agissant du moyen d'alimentation de l'antenne, celui-ci peut comprendre un dispositif d'alimentation en puissance tel qu'un dispositif d'émission si l'antenne fonctionne en émission, ou un dispositif de réception si l'antenne fonctionne en réception, et un ou deux éléments de liaison métalliques à peu près verticaux reliant le moyen d'alimentation au milieu de propagation. Selon une première réalisation, le moyen d'alimentation ne comprend qu'un élément de liaison métallique, pouvant inclure une impédance terminale, pour relier la boucle d'excitation au milieu conducteur; les bornes du dispositif d'alimentation en puissance sont reliées aux extrémités de la boucle, et l'élément de liaison métallique a une extrémité reliée à la borne négative du dispositif d'alimentation et une autre extrémité apte à être reliée au milieu conducteur. Selon une deuxième réalisation, le moyen d'alimentation comprend deux éléments de liaison métallique pour relier la boucle d'excitation au milieu conducteur; un élément de liaison métallique a une extrémité reliée à l'une des extrémités de la boucle et une autre extrémité apte à être reliée au milieu conducteur, le dispositif d'alimentation en puissance a une borne positive reliée à l'autre extrémité de la boucle, et un autre élément de liaison métallique pouvant inclure une impédance terminale a une extrémité reliée à une borne négative du dispositif d'alimentation et une autre extrémité apte à être reliée au milieu conducteur.With regard to the means for feeding the antenna, it may comprise a power supply device such as a transmission device if the antenna is transmitting, or a reception device if the antenna operates in reception, and one or two substantially vertical metallic connecting elements connecting the supply means to the propagation medium. According to a first embodiment, the supply means comprises only a metal connection element, which may include a terminal impedance, for connecting the excitation loop to the conductive medium; the terminals of the power supply device are connected to the ends of the loop, and the metal connecting element has one end connected to the negative terminal of the supply device and another end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium. According to a second embodiment, the supply means comprises two metal connection elements for connecting the excitation loop to the conductive medium; a metal connecting element has one end connected to one end of the loop and another end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium, the power supply device has a positive terminal connected to the other end of the loop , and another metal link element which may include an end impedance at one end connected to a negative terminal of the supply device and another end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium.
Lorsque le milieu conducteur présente une faible conductivité électrique, l'invention y remédie pour conserver les propriétés de rayonnement par ondes de surface de l'antenne en enfouissant un élément de masse métallique à proximité et sous la surface du milieu conducteur et ayant une surface au moins égale à la projection de la surface de la boucle d'excitation sur la surface du milieu conducteur. Un élément de liaison métallique, qui est unique selon la première réalisation, ou qui est l'un ou l'autre des éléments de liaison métallique selon la deuxième réalisation, a alors son extrémité apte à être reliée au milieu conducteur, qui est reliée à l'élément de masse métallique.When the conductive medium has a low electrical conductivity, the invention remedies to maintain the surface wave radiation properties of the antenna by burying a metal mass element near and under the surface of the conductive medium and having a surface at less equal to the projection of the surface of the excitation loop on the surface of the conductive medium. A metal connecting element, which is unique according to the first embodiment, or which is one or the other of the metallic connection elements according to the second embodiment, then has its end adapted to be connected to the conductive medium, which is connected to the metal mass element.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront plus clairement à la lecture de la description suivante de plusieurs réalisations de l'invention, données à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, en référence aux dessins annexés correspondants dans lesquels:
- la
figure 1 est une vue de face verticale schématique d'une antenne avec une boucle rectangulaire et un circuit d'alimentation selon une première réalisation de l'invention, présentant un élément de liaison unique relié à un milieu conducteur de conductivité électrique élevée; - la
figure 2 est une vue de face verticale schématique d'une antenne avec une boucle rectangulaire selon la première réalisation et un circuit d'alimentation selon une deuxième réalisation de l'invention, présentant deux éléments de liaison reliés à un milieu conducteur de conductivité électrique élevée; - les
figures 3 et 4 sont des vues de face verticale schématiques d'une antenne respectivement selon des variantes des réalisations montrées auxfigures 1 et 2 , pour un milieu conducteur de conductivité électrique faible; - la
figure 5 est une vue de face verticale schématique d'une antenne selon une autre variante de l'antenne montrée à lafigure 1 , destinée à élargir la bande passante de l'antenne; - la
figure 6 est une vue en perspective schématique d'une antenne avec une boucle selon une deuxième réalisation de l'invention qui est destinée à réduire l'encombrement longitudinal de l'antenne comparativement à la première réalisation de la boucle, par repliement suivant un axe zénithal central à boucle de lafigure 1 ; - les
figures 7 et 8 sont respectivement une vue de face avant et une vue de côté droit suivant des plans verticaux perpendiculaires XOZ et YOZ de l'antenne montrée à lafigure 6 ; - la
figure 9 est une vue en perspective schématique d'une antenne avec une boucle repliée selon une troisième réalisation de l'invention, destinée à réduire davantage l'encombrement longitudinal de l'antenne; - les
figures 10, 11 et 12 sont respectivement une vue de dessus, une vue de face avant et une vue de côté droit de l'antenne montrée à lafigure 9 ; - la
figure 13 est une vue en perspective schématique d'une antenne avec une boucle contenue dans un parallélépipède et repliée suivant des spirales d'Archimède selon une quatrième réalisation de l'invention; et - les
figures 14 et 15 sont respectivement une vue de dessus et une vue de face avant de l'antenne montrée à lafigure 13 ; - la
figure 16 est une vue en perspective schématique d'une antenne avec une boucle contenue dans un cylindre et repliée suivant des spirales d'Archimède selon une cinquième réalisation de l' invention; et - les
figures 17 et 18 sont respectivement une vue de dessus et une vue de côté de l'antenne montrée à lafigure 16 .
- the
figure 1 is a schematic vertical front view of an antenna with a rectangular loop and a power supply circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention, having a single connecting element connected to a conductive medium of high electrical conductivity; - the
figure 2 is a schematic vertical front view of an antenna with a rectangular loop according to the first embodiment and a supply circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention, having two connecting elements connected to a conductive medium of high electrical conductivity; - the
Figures 3 and 4 are schematic vertical face views of an antenna respectively according to variants of the embodiments shown in FIGS.Figures 1 and 2 for a conductive medium of low electrical conductivity; - the
figure 5 is a schematic vertical front view of an antenna according to another variant of the antenna shown in FIG.figure 1 , intended to widen the bandwidth of the antenna; - the
figure 6 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna with a loop according to a second embodiment of the invention which is intended to reduce the longitudinal size of the antenna compared to the first embodiment of the loop, by folding along a central zenith axis to loop thefigure 1 ; - the
Figures 7 and 8 are respectively a front-end view and a right-side view according to perpendicular vertical planes XOZ and YOZ of the antenna shown in FIG.figure 6 ; - the
figure 9 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna with a folded loop according to a third embodiment of the invention, to further reduce the longitudinal size of the antenna; - the
Figures 10, 11 and 12 are respectively a top view, a front view and a right side view of the antenna shown in FIG.figure 9 ; - the
figure 13 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna with a loop contained in a parallelepiped and folded following Archimedean spirals according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; and - the
Figures 14 and 15 are respectively a top view and a front view of the antenna shown in FIG.figure 13 ; - the
figure 16 is a schematic perspective view of an antenna with a loop contained in a cylinder and folded according to Archimedean spirals according to a fifth embodiment of the invention; and - the
Figures 17 and 18 are respectively a top view and a side view of the antenna shown atfigure 16 .
En référence à la
L'antenne selon la première réalisation, comprend essentiellement une boucle d'excitation métallique B1 à peu près verticale, et un circuit d'alimentation comprenant un dispositif d'alimentation en puissance A et un élément de liaison conducteur métallique L1n, à peu près vertical, reliant la boucle d'excitation à un milieu conducteur M de surface SM. Les termes "à peu près vertical" signifie que la boucle d'excitation ou l'élément de liaison peut s'étendre dans un plan perpendiculaire à la surface SM ou dans un plan oblique faisant un angle de quelques degrés avec un plan perpendiculaire à la surface SM; les termes "à peu près horizontal", ou bien "à peu près parallèle" et "à peu près perpendiculaire" employés dans la présente description ont une signification similaire par rapport à un plan ou une droite horizontal, ou bien par rapport à un plan ou une droite déterminé.The antenna according to the first embodiment, essentially comprises a metal excitation loop B1 approximately vertical, and a power supply circuit comprising a power supply device A and a metal conductive connecting element L1n, approximately vertical. connecting the excitation loop to a conductive medium M of surface SM. The term "approximately vertical" means that the excitation loop or the connecting element may extend in a plane perpendicular to the surface SM or in an oblique plane at an angle of a few degrees with a plane perpendicular to the surface. surface SM; the terms "approximately horizontal", or "roughly parallel" and "approximately perpendicular" used in the present description have a similar meaning with respect to a horizontal plane or line, or with respect to a plane or a determined line.
Le milieu conducteur M fait office de vecteur de propagation d'ondes de surface émises ou reçues par l'antenne. Le milieu M peut avoir une conductivité électrique élevée comme la mer, un marais salant ou un lac salé, ou une conductivité électrique plus faible, comme la terre ou le sable.The conducting medium M acts as a surface wave propagation vector transmitted or received by the antenna. The medium M can have a high electrical conductivity like the sea, a swamp salt or salt lake, or lower electrical conductivity, such as soil or sand.
Dans la suite de la description, un signe de référence aux dessins comportant la lettre p, respectivement n, désigne un élément ou une portion d'élément ou de boucle d'excitation relié à la borne positive, respectivement négative, du dispositif d'alimentation A ou situé du côté de celle-ci le long de la boucle d'excitation.In the remainder of the description, a reference sign to the drawings comprising the letter p, respectively n, designates an element or a portion of element or excitation loop connected to the positive or negative terminal of the power supply device. A or located on the side thereof along the excitation loop.
La boucle d'excitation métallique B1 s'étend à peu près verticalement au-dessus de la surface SM à une hauteur comprise entre h et H. Selon la réalisation illustrée à la
La hauteur H est d'au moins 2 m environ pour les ondes kilométriques et hectométriques et d'au moins 1 m environ pour les ondes décamétriques. La distance moyenne (H + h)/2 entre la boucle B1 et la surface SM ne doit pas être trop grande afin de coupler le plus possible d'énergie radioélectrique à la surface SM pour que l'antenne rayonne une onde de surface au-dessus de la surface SM. Les hauteurs h et H ne sont pas nécessairement constantes sur la longueur de la boucle, tout comme la différence H - h qui n'est pas nécessairement constante; par conséquent les grands côtés I1p-I1n et S1 sont "à peu près parallèles" entre eux et chacun d'eux est "à peu près parallèle" à la surface SM. La discontinuité entre l'air et le milieu conducteur M à la périphérie de la boucle d'excitation favorise une polarisation verticale du champ électrique par rapport à laquelle la composante de champ électrique horizontale est négligeable dans la propagation d'onde surface par l'antenne, d'autant plus que la boucle d'excitation est régulière et quasiment fermée. Les lignes de champ électrique sont distribuées quasiment uniformément vers tous les azimuts autour de l'axe Z1-Z1 de la boucle ce qui signifie que l'antenne est omnidirective.Height H is at least 2 m for LF and MF and at least 1 m for HF. The average distance (H + h) / 2 between the loop B1 and the surface SM must not be too great in order to couple as much radioelectric energy as possible to the surface SM so that the antenna radiates a surface wave over above the SM surface. The Heights h and H are not necessarily constant over the length of the loop, just as the difference H - h which is not necessarily constant; consequently the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 are "nearly parallel" to each other and each of them is "nearly parallel" to the surface SM. The discontinuity between the air and the conductive medium M at the periphery of the excitation loop favors a vertical polarization of the electric field with respect to which the horizontal electric field component is negligible in the surface wave propagation by the antenna , especially since the excitation loop is regular and almost closed. The electric field lines are distributed almost uniformly to all the azimuths around the Z1-Z1 axis of the loop which means that the antenna is omnidirectional.
Typiquement la boucle a un périmètre égal à la demi-longueur d'onde utile λ/2, à ±λ/8 près environ, soit une longueur L/2 ≈λ/4 des grands côtés I1p-I1n et S1 de l'ordre de 25 m à 250 m pour une fréquence centrale hectométrique de la bande utile. Selon d'autres réalisations, la forme de la boucle d'excitation B1 est longiligne et polygonale ou elliptique de sorte que deux longues portions telles que les grands côtés I1p-I1n et S1 soient à peu près parallèles dans un plan à peu près perpendiculaire à la surface SM du milieu conducteur M. Toutefois, pour rayonner très peu d'ondes d'espace en direction d'un axe zénithal central Z1-Z1 de la boucle, le profil de la boucle est conçu de façon à ce que les portions de la boucle, tels que les côtés I1p-I1n et S1 d'une boucle rectangulaire, situées à peu près parallèlement à la surface SM et de dimensions au moins supérieures à λ/50 environ soient le siège de courants de sens opposés.Typically, the loop has a perimeter equal to the useful half-wavelength λ / 2, to within ± λ / 8, ie a length L / 2 ≈λ / 4 of the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 of the order from 25 m to 250 m for a central hectometric frequency of the useful band. According to other embodiments, the shape of the excitation loop B1 is elongate and polygonal or elliptical so that two long portions such as the long sides I1p-I1n and S1 are approximately parallel in a plane approximately perpendicular to the surface SM of the conductive medium M. However, in order to radiate very few space waves in the direction of a central zenith axis Z1-Z1 of the loop, the profile of the loop is designed so that the portions of the the loop, such as the sides I1p-I1n and S1 of a rectangular loop, located approximately parallel to the SM surface and of dimensions at least greater than approximately λ / 50 are the seat of currents in opposite directions.
Le grand côté inférieur I1p-I1n est constitué de deux portions à peu près colinéaires I1p et I1n entre les extrémités en regard E1p et E1n de la boucle B1 qui délimitent une petite ouverture E1p-E1n dont la largeur est très petite vis-à-vis de la longueur d'onde λ. L'ouverture E1p-E1n peut être pratiquée n'importe où le long du grand côté I1p-I1n. Selon la
La boucle d'excitation B1 peut être soutenue dans un plan perpendiculaire à la surface SM par des poteaux isolants (non représentés) régulièrement répartis le long de la boucle. Par exemple chaque poteau soutien à la fois les grands côtés I1p-I1n et S1. Les poteaux isolants peuvent être fixés dans le milieu conducteur M si la profondeur du milieu s'y prête, ou être fixés sur un support flottant sur la surface SM si le milieu est de l'eau.The excitation loop B1 can be supported in a plane perpendicular to the surface SM by insulating posts (not shown) regularly distributed along the loop. For example, each pole supports both the long sides I1p-I1n and S1. The insulating posts may be fixed in the conductive medium M if the depth of the medium lends itself to it, or may be fixed on a support floating on the surface SM if the medium is water.
Selon l'application visée et les puissances d'utilisation, la boucle d'excitation B1 est réalisée en tube ou en fil métallique multibrin ou monobrin.Depending on the intended application and the power of use, the excitation loop B1 is made of tube or multi-strand or single-strand wire.
L'élément de liaison conducteur L1n est à peu près vertical et relie l'une E1n des extrémités de la boucle B1 au niveau de l'ouverture E1p-E1n au milieu conducteur M. L'élément L1n referme la boucle B1 sur le milieu conducteur M situé sous la surface SM. L'élément L1n peut être constitué par un piquet ou un tube métallique de diamètre compris préférentiellement entre 5 et 50 mm et ayant une extrémité inférieure plongeant de quelques dizaines de centimètre dans le milieu conducteur M sous la surface SM.The conductive connecting element L1n is approximately vertical and connects one end of the ends of the loop B1 at the opening E1p-E1n to the conductive medium M. The element L1n closes the loop B1 on the conductive medium M located under the SM surface. The element L1n may consist of a peg or a metal tube of diameter preferably between 5 and 50 mm and having a lower end plunging a few tens of centimeters in the conductive medium M under the surface SM.
La constitution matérielle de la boucle d'excitation et de l'élément de liaison peut aussi être réalisée selon d'autres variantes décrites dans la demande de brevet
L'élément de liaison L1n peut inclure une impédance terminale Zt qui est optionnelle et qui peut être remplacée par un simple court-circuit. L'impédance terminale peut être réactive ou résistive. Elle peut être réglable selon les besoins pour ajuster la fréquence de fonctionnement de l'antenne correspondant à λ, ajuster la bande passante de l'antenne ou ajuster l'impédance d'entrée de l'antenne. L'influence du caractère capacitif et/ou inductif et/ou résistif de l'impédance terminale Zt sur les caractéristiques de fonctionnement de l'antenne, telles que la fréquence de fonctionnement, la bande passante et l'adaptation d'impédance, est similaire à celle décrite dans la demande de brevet
Le dispositif d'alimentation en puissance A alimente la boucle B1 et peut être un dispositif d'émission ou de réception selon que l'antenne fonctionne en émission ou réception. Selon la
Selon la deuxième réalisation montrée
Dans des variantes des réalisations illustrées aux
L'élément de masse EM peut présenter divers contours du type circulaire ou polygonal afin qu'il recouvre une surface au moins égale, voire très supérieure, à la projection de la surface de la boucle d'excitation sur la surface SM. Cette caractéristique évite des effets de bords de champ électrique entre la boucle d'excitation et l'élément de masse et améliore le confinement des lignes de champ électrique sous la boucle d'excitation. Pour une boucle d'excitation s'étendant dans un plan vertical XOZ comme représenté aux
Selon une variante de la première réalisation de la boucle B1, au moins un élément intermédiaire métallique Vip, Vin est relié, par exemple par soudure, aux grands côtés I1p-I1n et S1 de la boucle d'excitation B1, comme montré à la
Bien que les antennes décrites ci-après et montrées aux
En se référant maintenant aux
La longueur des portions latérales à peu près horizontales I21n et S21 p définit la largeur W de la boucle B2 dans un plan vertical YOZ qui très inférieure à λ de manière à ce que les deux portions parallèles situées dans chacune des faces longitudinales du parallélépipède soient parcourues au plus près par des courants de sens opposés. Dans ces conditions, les composantes secondaires du champ électrique générées dans des plans horizontaux sont très fortement restreintes suivant des directions proches de l'axe zénithal central Z2-Z2 de la boucle B2. La longueur des portions latérales I21n et S21p est cependant au moins égale à λ/200 environ afin d'éviter des couplages trop élevés entre les portions longitudinales I2p et I2n et S2p et S2n qui entraînent une diminution importante du rendement de l'antenne. La développante de la boucle d'excitation repliée B2 est dans ce cas plus longue que la développante de la boucle d'excitation B1. Pour une même fréquence de résonance, la longueur de la développante de la boucle repliée B2 présentée à la
Le principe du repliement de la boucle d'excitation sur elle-même, tel que présenté aux
En référence aux
La longueur des portions latérales horizontales I31p, I31n, S31p et S31 n définit la demi-largeur W de la boucle B3 dans un plan vertical YOZ qui est comprise entre λ/200 et λ/50 et donc très inférieure à λ de manière à ce que les deux portions longitudinales parallèles situées dans chacune des trois faces longitudinales avant, intermédiaire et arrière et deux portions longitudinales parallèles voisines parmi trois situées dans chacune des deux faces longitudinales centrale et supérieure du parallélépipède soient parcourues au plus près par des courants de sens opposés. Toutefois en variante, la longueur des portions latérales superposées I31p et S31p peut être différente de la longueur des portions latérales superposées I31n et S31n, et la face verticale contenant les portions longitudinales parallèles I3cp, I3cn et S3c peut être à des distances différentes des faces avant et arrière. Ces conditions optimisent l'efficacité de rayonnement de l'antenne et minimisent l'émission ou la réception du champ électromagnétique dans les directions proches de l'axe zénithal central de l'antenne.The length of the horizontal lateral portions I31p, I31n, S31p and S31n defines the half-width W of the loop B3 in a vertical plane YOZ which is between λ / 200 and λ / 50 and therefore much smaller than λ so that that the two parallel longitudinal portions located in each of the three longitudinal faces before, intermediate and rear and two parallel longitudinal portions among three located in each of the two central longitudinal faces and upper parallelepiped are traversed closer by currents in opposite directions. However, alternatively, the length of the superimposed lateral portions I31p and S31p may be different from the length of the superposed lateral portions I31n and S31n, and the face vertical containing the parallel longitudinal portions I3cp, I3cn and S3c may be at different distances from the front and rear faces. These conditions optimize the radiation efficiency of the antenna and minimize the emission or reception of the electromagnetic field in directions close to the central zenith axis of the antenna.
Au lieu de répartir en zigzag les portions longitudinales dans les faces inférieure et supérieure comme dans la boucle B3, la boucle d'excitation B4 d'une antenne selon la quatrième réalisation montrée aux
Dans chacune , des grandes faces inférieure et supérieure du parallélépipède, la propriété que deux portions voisines longitudinales ou transversales des demi-boucles sont parcourues par des courants de sens opposés est conservée. La réduction de l'encombrement de la boucle d'excitation B4 par enroulement de la boucle sur elle-même est plus réduit que dans les boucles précédentes.In each of the large upper and lower faces of the parallelepiped, the property only two longitudinal neighboring portions or transverse half-loops are traversed by currents in opposite directions is retained. The reduction in the size of the excitation loop B4 by winding the loop on itself is smaller than in the previous loops.
En variante, au lieu que le pas soit constant, le pas peut être variable par exemple pour former des spirales logarithmiques inférieures et supérieures de la boucle. Plus généralement, un pas variable pour chaque spire des demi-boucles peut être choisi dans la mesure où les restrictions sur la distance entre les spires sont respectées de façon à conserver une efficacité de rayonnement significative du même ordre de grandeur que dans les boucles B2 et B3 obtenues par repliement.Alternatively, instead of the pitch being constant, the pitch may be variable for example to form lower and upper logarithmic spirals of the loop. More generally, a variable pitch for each turn of the half-loops can be chosen insofar as the restrictions on the distance between the turns are respected so as to maintain a significant radiation efficiency of the same order of magnitude as in loops B2 and B3 obtained by folding.
La boucle B5 selon la cinquième réalisation montrée aux
Claims (12)
- Surface-wave antenna, comprising a metal excitation loop (B1) which can be positioned at a height (h) of at least 1 m above the surface (SM) of a conducting medium (M) and a supply means (A, L1n) which can be connected to the conducting medium, the loop being of a length of approximately λ/2 and λ representing the operating wavelength of the antenna, characterised in that the excitation loop (B1) comprises two substantially parallel portions (I1p-I1n, S1) which are at most approximately λ/50 apart and can extend substantially parallel to the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M) in a plane substantially perpendicular to said surface and can be flowed through by currents of opposite directions, the portion (I1p-I1n) closest to said surface comprising an opening between ends (E1p, E1n) of the loop (B1) which are connected to the supply means (A, L1n).
- Antenna according to claim 1, wherein the excitation loop (B1) is rectangular and comprises two long sides formed by said two portions (I1p-I1n, S1) and of a length of at most approximately λ/4.
- Antenna according to claim 1, wherein the excitation loop (B2) is divided approximately into two half-loops which are superposed on two planes which are substantially parallel to the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M), are at most λ/50 apart, and each have two substantially parallel portions (I2p, I2n; S2p, S2n) which can be flowed through by currents of opposite directions.
- Antenna according to claim 3, wherein each of the half-loops comprises more than two substantially parallel portions (I3p, I3cp-I3cn, I3n; S3p, S3c, S3n; or I4p, I4n; S4p, S4n; or I5p, I5n; S5p, S5n), it being possible for two adjacent portions in each half-loop to be flowed through by currents of opposite directions and for two superposed portions of the half-loops to be flowed through by currents of opposite directions.
- Antenna according to claim 4, wherein the excitation loop (B3) is circumscribed on a parallelepiped having large faces substantially parallel to the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M), and each of the half loops (I3p-I3cp-I3cn-I3n, S3p-S3c-S3n) extends in a zigzag on one of the large faces.
- Antenna according to claim 4, wherein the excitation loop (B4) is circumscribed on a parallelepiped having large faces substantially parallel to the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M), and each of the half-loops comprises two flat rectangular spirals (I4n, I4n; S4p, S4n) having opposite directions and a shared centre and extending on one of the large faces.
- Antenna according to claim 4, wherein the excitation loop (B5) is circumscribed on a cylinder having bases which are substantially parallel to the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M), and each of the half-loops comprises two flat circular spirals (I5p, I5n; S5p, S5n) having opposite directions and a shared centre and extending on one of the bases.
- Antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein two substantially parallel, superposed and adjacent portions (I1p-I1n; S1; I2p, I2n; S2p, S2n) of the excitation loop (B1; B2) are at least approximately λ/200 apart.
- Antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising at least one metal intermediate element (Vip; Vin) which is connected to portions (I1p-I1n, S1) of the excitation loop (B1), which are superposed in a plane which can be substantially perpendicular to the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M) and is located close to short sides (V1p, V1n) of the excitation loop (B1) which are substantially perpendicular to the superposed portions.
- Antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the supply means comprises a power supply device (A), having positive and negative terminals which are connected to the ends (E1p, E1n) of the loop (B1), and a connection element (L1n), having one end connected to the negative terminal of the supply device and another end which can be connected to the conducting medium (M).
- Antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the supply means comprises a metal connection element (L1n), having one end connected to one (E1n) of the ends of the loop (B1) and another end which can be connected to the conducting medium (M), a power supply device (A) having a positive terminal connected to the other end (E1p) of the loop, and a metal connection element (L3n), having one end connected to a negative terminal of the supply device and another end which can be connected to the conducting medium (M).
- Antenna according to either claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the end of a metal connection element (L1 n; L3n) which can be connected to the conducting medium (M) can be connected to a metal earth element (EM) buried close to and below the surface (SM) of the conducting medium (M) and having a surface area at least equal to the projection of the surface of the excitation loop (B1) onto the surface of the conducting medium.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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FR1058165A FR2965978B1 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2010-10-07 | LARGE BANDWIDE SURFACE WAVE DIMENSIONAL ANTENNA |
PCT/EP2011/067518 WO2012045847A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2011-10-06 | Large-area broadband surface-wave antenna |
Publications (2)
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EP2625741A1 EP2625741A1 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
EP2625741B1 true EP2625741B1 (en) | 2014-07-16 |
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EP11764763.6A Active EP2625741B1 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2011-10-06 | Large-area broadband surface-wave antenna |
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US (1) | US20130241790A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2625741B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103299481B (en) |
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CA (1) | CA2812722C (en) |
ES (1) | ES2509953T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2965978B1 (en) |
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FR3030908B1 (en) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-12-09 | Stmicroelectronics Rousset | ANTENNA FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICE |
FR3036543B1 (en) * | 2015-05-18 | 2017-05-12 | Tdf | SURFACE WAVE ANTENNA SYSTEM |
FR3040111B1 (en) * | 2015-08-10 | 2017-12-01 | Tdf | SURFACE WAVE ANTENNA, ANTENNA NETWORK AND USE OF ANTENNA OR ANTENNA NETWORK |
US10193229B2 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2019-01-29 | Cpg Technologies, Llc | Magnetic coils having cores with high magnetic permeability |
US10408916B2 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2019-09-10 | Cpg Technologies, Llc | Geolocation using guided surface waves |
US10408915B2 (en) | 2015-09-10 | 2019-09-10 | Cpg Technologies, Llc | Geolocation using guided surface waves |
US10396566B2 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2019-08-27 | Cpg Technologies, Llc | Geolocation using guided surface waves |
US10324163B2 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2019-06-18 | Cpg Technologies, Llc | Geolocation using guided surface waves |
US11682841B2 (en) | 2021-09-16 | 2023-06-20 | Eagle Technology, Llc | Communications device with helically wound conductive strip and related antenna devices and methods |
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2010
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AU2011311481A1 (en) | 2013-04-11 |
ES2509953T3 (en) | 2014-10-20 |
CA2812722C (en) | 2020-03-10 |
FR2965978A1 (en) | 2012-04-13 |
CN103299481B (en) | 2015-03-25 |
AU2016204050A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 |
FR2965978B1 (en) | 2012-10-19 |
CN103299481A (en) | 2013-09-11 |
CA2812722A1 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
US20130241790A1 (en) | 2013-09-19 |
EP2625741A1 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
WO2012045847A1 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
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