EP2625510A1 - Procede pour faciliter la localisation de taches de diffraction - Google Patents
Procede pour faciliter la localisation de taches de diffractionInfo
- Publication number
- EP2625510A1 EP2625510A1 EP11764196.9A EP11764196A EP2625510A1 EP 2625510 A1 EP2625510 A1 EP 2625510A1 EP 11764196 A EP11764196 A EP 11764196A EP 2625510 A1 EP2625510 A1 EP 2625510A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- diffraction
- sample
- spots
- pattern
- shape
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 45
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 241001507928 Aria Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004494 Sorbus aria Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005162 X-ray Laue diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010018961 N(5)-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000009310 astigmatism Diseases 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/20—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materials; by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
- G01N23/20008—Constructional details of analysers, e.g. characterised by X-ray source, detector or optical system; Accessories therefor; Preparing specimens therefor
Definitions
- the invention relates to a particular method for facilitating the location of diffraction spots in a diffraction pattern.
- Such a method has various technological applications, such as, for example, the measurement, at the microscopic or lower scale, of the deformations in a crystalline sample or the measurement of the precise orientation of a crystalline sample.
- the distribution of diffraction spots makes it possible to determine the nature of the crystalline system by providing the values of the mesh parameters (a, b, c) and the values of the angles ( ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ).
- the position of the diffraction spots is determined by locating the position of the intensity peak, and more precisely the position of the maximum intensity, for each of the diffraction spots. This is usually achieved by adjusting a mathematical function (parabola or Gaussian or Lorenztian ...) to the intensity of the diffraction peak. The maximum intensity of the adjusted function then determines the position of the maximum intensity peak. It can thus be seen that the accuracy of the intensity peak measurement is essentially dictated by the width of the diffraction spots.
- a polychromatic incident beam of diameter d
- a detector behind the sample at a distance L from it.
- the divergence of the beam being small (typically less than 17 mrad)
- the size of the spots diffraction is of the same order of magnitude as the diameter of the incident beam.
- a diffraction pattern is simply made in the focal plane (or any plane conjugated to this focal plane) of the first lens located after the sample (so-called lens). goal) .
- the size of the diffraction spot is not related to the size of the incident beam but to the size of the condenser diaphragm located in a plane conjugated to the focal plane of the objective lens. Point diffraction spots are then obtained by decreasing the opening size of the condenser diaphragm.
- the position of the intensity maxima is sensitive to dynamic effects, especially in the case where the beams are electron beams.
- the increase of the dynamic effects therefore has the consequence of deteriorating the accuracy of the measurements of the positions of the intensity maxima.
- Another problem that may arise is that by reducing the size of the diffraction spots, it may happen that the size of the spot is smaller than the size of the pixel of the detector, so that the location of the diffraction spots is not more determined with great precision since it is then dictated by the size of the pixels.
- the inventor has therefore set itself the goal of designing a method to facilitate the location of diffraction spots, so as not to encounter the disadvantages mentioned above.
- This object is achieved by a method for facilitating the location of diffraction spots present on a diffraction pattern, said method comprising the following successive steps:
- step b) the location of the diffraction spots present on the diffraction pattern obtained in step a), by determining the spatial coordinates of these spots on the detector;
- step b) is facilitated by using, in step a), means for modifying the shape and increasing the contour length of the diffraction spots forming on said shot .
- the spatial coordinates of the diffraction spots can be determined by locating the contour of the diffraction spots. It is understood that the modification of the shape and the increase of the contour length of the diffraction spots are to be considered with respect to the shape and the contour length that said diffraction spots would have presented in the absence of said means.
- the incident beam may be, for example, a light beam, an X-ray beam, neutrons or ions, or even an electron beam.
- Obtaining a diffraction pattern is done by illuminating at least a part of the sample, this part containing at least one periodic zone, but it is understood that it is also possible to illuminate the entire sample. .
- the periodic zone of the sample may for example be a crystal lattice.
- steps a) and b) above can be repeated at several points in the sample, thus obtaining several diffraction patterns. This is particularly useful for mapping orientation or deformation of the sample.
- the contour of a (two-dimensional) body is constituted by the line or lines which mark (s) the limit of this body.
- the contour length of a body therefore corresponds to the perimeter of this body.
- a hollow body as shown in FIG. 1D for example, to obtain the outline of this body, it is necessary to take into account the outside line (s) and the inside line (s).
- diffraction of a beam by a crystalline sample provides a diffraction pattern with diffraction spots having a dot-like or solid disc shape. or less uniform.
- the object of the invention is, through the use of means which make it possible to modify the shape and to increase the contour length of the diffraction spots, to give a characteristic and recognizable shape to the diffraction spots so that they can easily be identified and distinguished from any other spots present on the diffraction pattern (noise), but which do not come from the diffraction of the sample.
- the key point of the invention is that all the diffraction spots will have the same shape, corresponding for example to the pattern of the opening or openings in a plate placed between the source of the incident beam and the sample and serving as a diaphragm or, according to another example, corresponding to rings in the case of a precession of the incident beam of a constant angle.
- the spots are more easily localizable.
- they can be identified by algorithms developed to recognize and locate a particular shape corresponding to the shape of the diffraction spots.
- the means which make it possible to modify the shape and to increase the contour length of the diffraction spots are a plate comprising at least one opening, said plate being placed on the path of the incident beam between the source of said incident beam and the sample so that the incident beam passes through said at least one aperture before reaching the face of the sample, said at least one aperture forming a pattern that is reproduced in each of the diffraction spots of the snapshot obtained in step b).
- Each spot of the diffraction pattern will thus be the copy or replica of the pattern present on the plate and formed by the single opening or by all the openings.
- the pattern is a five-pointed star
- each spot will have the shape of that five-pointed star.
- the pattern and the diffraction spots have the same shape, at a factor of proportion.
- certain parts of the pattern may be of low intensity and not easily visible.
- the plate may be a planar or curved element. This is actually what is commonly called a diaphragm.
- each opening of said at least one opening has a contour which is constituted by an alternation of concave portions and convex portions.
- the concave and convex portions may be curve segments or line segments.
- the opening or openings may thus be polygons.
- the outline of the openings may also be a series of straight, concave and convex portions alternating on a circumference.
- the pattern comprises an angular symmetry.
- the pattern is constituted by an opening having the shape of a regular four-pointed star.
- the pattern when the pattern is formed of a single opening, the pattern may represent any planar geometric element having a surface S and whose contour length is greater than the contour length of a circle of the same surface S.
- the contour length will be greater than the perimeter of this surface circle S, that is to say greater than 2-v / 1s ' .
- the pattern when the pattern is formed of several openings, the pattern may represent a set of planar geometrical elements separated from each other, the sum of the contour lengths of the elements of the assembly being greater than the length of a circle whose surface is equal to the sum of the surfaces of the elements of the assembly, that is to say greater than 2-v / 1s ' .
- the pattern consists not of a single large aperture, but of several small apertures, this makes it possible to further increase the length of the outline of the pattern without increasing its size, that is to say the greatest distance. large between the farthest parts (what would be called the diameter in the case of a circular opening).
- the pattern has a shape selected from a circle completely or partially barred, a star, a star completely or partially barred.
- the means for modifying the shape and increasing the contour length of the diffraction spots apply translational and / or rotational movement to the incident beam, to the sample, to the diffracted beam or to the detector.
- the application of a translation and / or rotation movement to the incident beam may possibly result in a distortion of said incident beam.
- the means for modifying the shape and increasing the contour length of the diffraction spots apply a rotational movement to the incident beam so that it precedes an angle a p around an axis u p through the source and the sample.
- a precession movement to the incident beam around a determined axis.
- this axis is perpendicular to the plane in which the sample is located.
- this axis is perpendicular to the face of the sample on which the beam is incident.
- the means making it possible to modify the shape and to increase the contour length of the diffraction spots apply a rotational movement to the sample so that the sample precesses an angle a p around an axis. u p through the source and detector.
- the angle a p of precession (of the sample or of the incident beam) is constant
- the angle a p of precession can also vary according to an angle ⁇ , the angle ⁇ corresponding to the angular orientation of the incident beam in a plane perpendicular to the axis u p with respect to a fixed line located in this plane. plan.
- the angle p of precession is less than the Bragg angles of the diffracted beams.
- the smallest Bragg angles are of the order of 0.5 ° and precession angles of 0.01 to 0.3 ° are well suited.
- the sample is prepared so that it is in the form of a blade with substantially parallel faces.
- the sample may be completely crystalline or, on the contrary, contain only one or more crystalline regions more or less extended (these regions can have a very small size of the order of a few cubic nanometers).
- the sample may be a polycrystalline sample. It can also be composed of powders or small particles deposited on a membrane. In this case, the sample can be prepared and placed so that the incident beam successively reaches these different crystalline regions to achieve point-by-point mappings of the sample (a diffraction pattern at each point).
- the means for modifying the shape and increasing the contour length of the diffraction spots uses one or more electromagnetic lenses.
- FIGS. 2A to 2C respectively represent a diffraction spot obtained in a normal case with a beam not undergoing precession (comparison case not belonging to the invention) and two particular cases according to the invention which show the spot. diffraction obtained, in one case, when the beam undergoes a precession at a constant angle and, in a second case, when the beam undergoes a precession of a varying angle depending on the orientation of said beam;
- FIGS. 3A to 3C respectively represent a diffraction spot obtained in a normal case with a beam without translation of the detector (FIG. 3A) (comparison case not belonging to the invention) and two particular cases according to the invention which show the diffraction spot obtained, in one case, when the detector is translated to describe a circle ( Figure 3B), a circle part ( Figure 3D) or a more complex figure (Figure 3C) where the length of the contour is increased.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B are respectively a diffraction pattern obtained according to the prior art and a diffraction pattern such as could be obtained according to the invention by translational movement of the detector;
- FIG. 5A shows a simulation of a traditional diffraction pattern for a silicon sample and giving diffraction spots in the form of disks
- FIG. 5B shows a simulation of a diffraction pattern obtained according to one embodiment of the invention by precessing the incident beam by a given angle and giving diffraction spots in the form of rings;
- FIG. 5C represents the strain values measured on diffraction patterns of silicon samples of different thicknesses, depending on whether the diffraction patterns are obtained in a conventional manner or according to the method of the invention.
- the method according to the invention proposes a different way of locating the diffraction spots, based not on the location of a maximum of intensity, but on the location of the particular shape of the spots or, if a thresholding is applied to each diffraction spot, at each isocontour diffraction spots.
- the incident beam may be a beam of X-rays, neutrons or ions.
- the incident beam will be an electron beam.
- the beam will preferably be a white beam, that is to say one comprising several wavelengths, so as to obtain diffraction patterns containing many diffraction spots.
- diffraction patterns are generally obtained with a spatially coherent incident beam.
- a spatially coherent incident beam means, as the person skilled in the art knows that the beams constituting the beam are in phase and that their wave functions (and not their intensity) add up when the beams are superimposed.
- the method according to the invention also applies to a periodic sample illuminated by a spatially incoherent beam. For example, as soon as an image of a periodic sample is made with a lens system, a cliché formed of spot spots - that is to say, diffraction spots - is obtained in the focal plane of the lens system. which indicates the periodicity of the structure, whether the incident beam is coherent or not. It thus turns out that the increase in the length of the contour of the diffraction spots is also interesting in the case of a spatially incoherent incident beam.
- the method according to the invention applies to any diffraction technique, such as, for example, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, neutron diffraction, etc.
- the diffraction patterns can therefore be obtained for example using an electron microscope. scanning or transmission.
- Source diffraction consists of recording the image of a point source and images of the source reflected by the different crystallographic planes of the sample.
- the diaphragm When one seeks to modify the shape and to increase the contour length of the diffraction spots by using a diaphragm according to one of the possibilities of the invention, it is ideal to place the diaphragm in the image of the source in order to obtain a source diffraction.
- the diaphragm For conventional diffraction, the diaphragm should ideally be placed in a plane conjugated to the focal plane of the image lens.
- the location of the diffraction spots is facilitated, on the one hand, by the fact that, since the diffraction spots are no longer punctual or in the form of disks, but instead have a recognizable shape, the diffraction spots can easily be identified and are no longer confused with spots corresponding to noise.
- the location of the diffraction spots can now be obtained by using algorithms that will recognize and locate a particular shape corresponding to the shape of the diffraction spots.
- the diffraction spots obtained have, according to the invention, a particular shape and contour.
- the contour of the diffraction spots may be unclear; to locate the diffraction spots, we can choose to locate an isocontour, that is to say, a contour having the same light intensity. For example, it is possible to choose an isocontour having as its value the maximum intensity divided by 2.
- the diffraction spots having very different intensities, the value of the isocontour is specific to each diffraction spot. It will thus be possible to use correlation algorithms to precisely locate either globally or individually the contours of the diffraction spots.
- correlation algorithms to precisely locate either globally or individually the contours of the diffraction spots.
- diaphragm having one or more openings forming a particular pattern.
- FIGs 1A to 1G are shown different diaphragms 1 each having a pattern 2 made by creating one or more openings 3 of various shapes.
- the patterns 2 illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1G represent patterns belonging to diaphragms (plate comprising one or more openings 3), but the patterns of each of these figures could also each represent a diffraction spot, since the shape of each diffraction spot is the "true copy" of pattern 2 of the diaphragm used.
- This effect is even more marked if the diaphragm is placed in the plane conjugate to the focal plane of the objective lens, in the case of conventional diffraction, or conversely in the plane conjugated to the image of the source in the case source diffraction. It is important to point out that in some Laue (white beam) diffraction variants, there may be a homothety between different diffraction spots.
- the diaphragm according to the invention has one or more openings 3.
- each diffraction spot will have , to a factor of proportion, the same shape and the same contour as the pattern of the diaphragm.
- FIG. 1E instead of having an outline length equal to the perimeter of a circle, there is a contour length which is the sum of the contours of each of the three portions forming the pattern, that is, ie the outer parts in an arc, but also the inner parts (in Figure 1E, there are two inner parts for each arc).
- the pattern may also consist of several openings 3. As the openings are spaced apart from each other but a relatively small distance from the total surface of the diaphragm, this is like one had a single perforated aperture. For example, in FIG. 1D, there are three openings, but the five-pointed star of FIG. 1B can be recognized, which here is separated into three distinct parts, each having a contour 4a, 4b, 4c.
- the contour 4 of Figure 1A is formed of four convex and concave portions alternating on a circumference. This outline has two planes of symmetry.
- Figure 1B The outline of Figure 1B is formed of five convex and concave portions alternate.
- Figure 1C The outline of Figure 1C is formed of four alternating convex and concave portions and has no plane of symmetry.
- the aperture shown in Figure 1C is a polygon.
- the possible pattern forms are multiple.
- a star-shaped aperture a star with regular or irregular branches, any polygon, two semicircles facing each other, corresponding to a crossed circle, that is to say a circle on which one would have disposed a rod through the circle from side to side, a partially barred circle (the rod 5 from an edge of the circle without joining the opposite edge).
- a partially barred circle the rod 5 from an edge of the circle without joining the opposite edge.
- stars totally barred or partially barred for example, in Figures 1E and 1F, there is respectively a separate circle in three portions and a separate circle in two portions.
- FIG 1G it is the star of Figure 1B separated into two portions. The separation in portions can for example be done by arranging a filament 5 across the aperture of the diaphragm.
- Existing material can be used to modify the shape and increase the contour length of the diffraction spots.
- certain microscopes such as TITAN microscopes from FEI, comprise one or more condenser diaphragm holders, in which it is possible to have one or more diaphragms, which generally have a circular opening. It is possible to use two circular diaphragms placed in two condenser diaphragm holders and to superimpose the two diaphragms so as to obtain diffraction spots having a particular shape (increased contour). It is also possible to replace one of the two circular diaphragms with an original star shape or a nanometric wire that is placed across the opening of the remaining diaphragm. The pattern illustrated in FIG. 1F (wire passing right through the circle of the diaphragm) is then obtained.
- the diaphragm when using a diaphragm to change the shape and the contour length of the diffraction spots, it is necessary to place the diaphragm between the source of the beam and the sample.
- a lens lens conventional diffraction
- the diaphragm in the image plane of the source.
- the image of the source is generally so small (a few tens of nanometers) that it is difficult to machine a diaphragm of this size.
- lenses for example the lenses of a spherical aberration corrector probe
- a triangular shape can for example be obtained by introducing astigmatism of order 3 (coefficient A2 in the software of the company CEOS) at the level of the probe.
- the modification of the shape and the increase of the contour length of the diffraction spots can also be obtained by precessing the incident beam, or what is equivalent, the sample of a fixed angle about an axis.
- Figure 2A is shown the classic case of the projection of a beam on a plane from a source. We see that we get a circle.
- FIG. 2B the precession beam around the axis u p of an angle a p . This gives a diffraction spot in the form of a ring.
- the precession angle a p will be, for example, equal to 0.2 °. It is also possible that the precession of the incident beam varies depending on the angular location of the beam.
- FIG. 2C it can be seen that the precession changes as a function of the angle ⁇ of the beam: a diffraction spot having the shape of a star whose center is hollowed out is thus obtained.
- the modification of the shape and the lengthening of the contour length of the diffraction spots can be obtained by applying a translation movement to the diffracted beam or the detector. It is possible, for example, to obtain diffraction spots in the form of a star-shaped ring (star whose center is hollowed out) shown in FIG. 3C by applying a translation movement to the detector, for example, for a predetermined period of time according to guidelines 200 , 300, 400 ... which, put end to end, would form here the outline of a star. We will thus form a diffraction spot of circular or point shape that will be displaced by translation.
- the translation of the detector is particularly suitable for X-ray diffraction.
- the translation can also be obtained by using deflection coils which will move the diffracted beam rather than translating the detector.
- diffraction spots are possible. For example, it is quite possible not to perform the precession to the end and thus not to close the circle shown in Figure 3B, thus obtaining diffraction spots having a shape equivalent to the letter C or a shape comma.
- FIG. 4A By applying a set of translations to FIG. 4A (which amounts to applying translations to the detector), we obtain the snapshot illustrated in Figure 4B.
- the elementary translations have been chosen so as to describe in this example a circle. It can be seen that all the points of FIG. 4A, noise or diffraction spot, give a more or less intense circle in FIG. 4B, since the translations were carried out after the acquisition of the diffraction diagrams.
- the random spots in time that is to say what is called noise, will produce no pattern.
- the diffraction spots which are constant during the translation of the beam, will describe the chosen pattern by the set of translations. The invention thus makes it possible to differentiate the noise from the real signal.
- FIG. 5A shows the simulation of a typical diffraction pattern obtained when using a small electron probe (typically 3 nm in diameter) on a silicon sample observed in a [011] direction. It can be seen that the diffraction pattern does not consist of spot diffraction spots, but rather disks that are not uniform because the size of the incident beam is very small and also because of the multiple scattering of electrons in the beam. silicon (dynamic effect).
- FIG. 5B shows the simulation of a diffraction pattern obtained by precessing the incident beam around the direction [011] at an angle of 0.05 °. It is found that the diffraction spots, although they are still not uniform, have a ring shape, which makes them more easily detectable than the disks of FIG. 5A and which makes it possible to find the parameters very precisely. mesh of simulated crystal.
- FIG. 5C are reported deformation values (vertical axis) measured on diffraction patterns simulated from silicon samples of different thicknesses and different crystalline parameters (horizontal axis), these deformation values being determined either from diffraction patterns of the type of FIG. 5A with disk-shaped diffraction spots (curve whose measurement points are represented by squares), or from diffraction patterns of the type of FIG. 5B with ring-shaped diffraction spots (curve whose measurement points are represented by solid circles), the actual strain being represented by a line in broken lines. Comparing the different curves of FIG. 5C, the advantage of increasing the length of the contour of the diffraction spots when it is desired to accurately measure the crystalline parameters of a sample by using the diffraction of electrons.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1058031A FR2965617B1 (fr) | 2010-10-04 | 2010-10-04 | Procede pour faciliter la localisation de taches de diffraction |
| PCT/EP2011/067291 WO2012045728A1 (fr) | 2010-10-04 | 2011-10-04 | Procede pour faciliter la localisation de taches de diffraction |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2625510A1 true EP2625510A1 (fr) | 2013-08-14 |
Family
ID=43708834
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11764196.9A Withdrawn EP2625510A1 (fr) | 2010-10-04 | 2011-10-04 | Procede pour faciliter la localisation de taches de diffraction |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130206968A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2625510A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2965617B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012045728A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9279777B2 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2016-03-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Analyzing strain distribution in semiconductor structures using nano-beam diffraction |
| FR3055969B1 (fr) | 2016-09-14 | 2020-02-07 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Methode de determination de la deflexion d'un faisceau d'electrons resultant d'un champ electrique et/ou d'un champ magnetique |
| FR3103897B1 (fr) * | 2019-12-02 | 2022-04-01 | Safran | Dispositif et procédé de mesure des angles d’orientation d’un système d’imagerie x |
| CN115165944A (zh) * | 2022-07-15 | 2022-10-11 | 上海交通大学 | 实现精准控制衍射条件下电子通道衬度成像方法及系统 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3943531A (en) * | 1974-07-18 | 1976-03-09 | Sun Ventures, Inc. | Apparatus and method for producing ring patterns from electron diffraction spot patterns |
| CA1004375A (en) * | 1975-02-28 | 1977-01-25 | Gabrielle Donnay | Resolving cone-axis camera |
-
2010
- 2010-10-04 FR FR1058031A patent/FR2965617B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-10-04 US US13/877,904 patent/US20130206968A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-10-04 EP EP11764196.9A patent/EP2625510A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-10-04 WO PCT/EP2011/067291 patent/WO2012045728A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2012045728A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2965617A1 (fr) | 2012-04-06 |
| WO2012045728A1 (fr) | 2012-04-12 |
| US20130206968A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
| FR2965617B1 (fr) | 2015-08-07 |
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