EP2625141A1 - Process and reactor for the plasma transformation of powdery by-products of bauxite processing into a solid, inert and compact product - Google Patents
Process and reactor for the plasma transformation of powdery by-products of bauxite processing into a solid, inert and compact productInfo
- Publication number
- EP2625141A1 EP2625141A1 EP11782686.7A EP11782686A EP2625141A1 EP 2625141 A1 EP2625141 A1 EP 2625141A1 EP 11782686 A EP11782686 A EP 11782686A EP 2625141 A1 EP2625141 A1 EP 2625141A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- inert
- solid
- anode
- plasma
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009870 titanium metallurgy Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011214 refractory ceramic Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000445 field-emission scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000005298 paramagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003818 cinder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004131 Bayer process Methods 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005292 diamagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- YPFNIPKMNMDDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]acetate;iron(3+) Chemical compound [Fe+3].OCCN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O YPFNIPKMNMDDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000619 316 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011038 discontinuous diafiltration by volume reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000622 irritating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000289 melt material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/04—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
- C01F7/06—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom by treating aluminous minerals or waste-like raw materials with alkali hydroxide, e.g. leaching of bauxite according to the Bayer process
- C01F7/066—Treatment of the separated residue
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/20—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste
- B09B3/25—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste using mineral binders or matrix
- B09B3/29—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste using mineral binders or matrix involving a melting or softening step
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0815—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes involving stationary electrodes
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0816—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes involving moving electrodes
- B01J2219/0818—Rotating electrodes
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0816—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes involving moving electrodes
- B01J2219/082—Sliding electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0826—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear
- B01J2219/083—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear cylindrical
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0832—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially toroidal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0835—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes substantially flat
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0837—Details relating to the material of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0839—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0837—Details relating to the material of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0841—Metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0879—Solid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0881—Two or more materials
- B01J2219/0886—Gas-solid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the technical field of transformation of by-products of Bayer process for extraction of bauxite for economical and/or ecological exploitation.
- Red muds are diluted and sent to a pressure filter, wherein some components are recovered: then as sewages, they are pumped away from the system to be discharged within artificial ponds. This technique has a relevant environmental impact since these secondary products are not efficiently disposed and presently have no industrial application. Thus, red muds are really dangerous wastes, the treatment of which is still a serious problem. Although red muds are presently handled in such a way to reduce their impact at the minimum level, they still represent a great hazard for human health; furthermore, some sites still are influenced by inheritance of past wrong managing.
- pyro-metallurgical treatments employed for transformation of dangerous wastes, fusion and/or concentration of metallic minerals, or of solid matrixes containing metals, exploits high temperatures and complex industrial systems in order to obtain metal at a set purity grade or metallic oxides with a lower oxidation state.
- Not reduced fraction of post treatment mineral is a cinder containing inside remarkable amounts of metals, such as iron, titanium and aluminum, as well as magnesium and silicium.
- Red muds are considered a very dangerous waste, the treatment and/or disposal of which is a huge cost for modern society.
- thermodynamic features of the charge to be subjected to treatment e.g. calcium fluoride
- an inert gas for generation of plasma said inert gas being chosen from the group comprising nitrogen and/or argon;
- drying is carried out at a temperature comprised in the range 100-1 15°C.
- agent for increasing the electrical conductivity is selected from the group comprising water and saline aqueous solutions.
- creation of reducing conditions within the reactor can be obtained introducing at least a reducing gas chosen from the group comprising methane, propane, hydrogen and mixtures thereof.
- anode and/or cathode can consist of a bar, of a plate, of a ring or of a plaque within the reactor.
- the invention further concerns a reactor with the crucible in refractory, metallic or ceramic material, or in any case resistant to elevated temperatures, suitable for the plasma transformation of powdery byproducts coming from bauxite processing (red mud) in a solid, inert and compact residue as per the process described in the above, comprising the following parts:
- the anode and/or the cathode consists at least in part of the reactor bottom or of the reactor itself.
- the anode or the cathode in the reactor with the crucible in ceramic refractory material, consists in a conductive material in the form of a bar, of a plaque or of a ring.
- the cathode and/or the anode are made up of a conductive material, preferably stainless steel or graphite, in form of bar optionally perforated for allowing the flowing of at least a gas inside of it.
- the invention further concerns to a solid, inert and compact product, obtainable by the above process, having an aspect similar to a volcanic slag comprising a glass matrix having inside crystalline micro regions consisting of metals contained in the product. It is further subject of the present invention the use in iron metallurgy, in aluminum metallurgy and in titanium metallurgy of iron-, aluminum- and titanium- containing fractions extracted from the solid, inert and compact product, considerably reduced in volume, obtainable from the above process; for example iron-containing fraction extracted from the above product can be advantageously used in the steel-making sector.
- paramagnetic phase can be easily individuated by subjecting the obtained product, finely ground, to a magnetic field.
- Said iron paramagnetic product is a valuable commercial matter for metallurgic industry. Extraction of said iron compounds can be carried out by every one of the known mining and metallurgic techniques:
- a weight and volume reduction with respect to the material not subjected to treatment is obtained, mainly due to separation of water during the process; particularly, process permits reducing water contents of more than 40% in weight; transformation of matrix and its volume and weight reduction permit more rational use of dump basin, thus permitting longer cultivation time and a more easy handling of diffused powder emissions.
- Plasma arc directly acts since from first ignition and reaction zone almost instantaneously reaches operative temperature.
- Plasma arc directly acts on material to be subjected to treatment, thus giving a product resembling volcanic cinder, comprising a glass matrix having inside crystalline micro regions, consisting of metals presents within the product, creating aggregates similar to a metallic alloy.
- Matrix to be subjected to the treatment is subjected to the process that, by temperature, electrical field applied and reducing environment, transforms diamagnetic iron compounds into paramagnetic iron compounds, red mud matrix into a compact matrix, which is no more powdery, into a basaltic-type residual, resembling a volcanic slag with reduced volumetric dimensions.
- Figure 1 represents a block diagram of an embodiment of the process for treatment of red mud according to the invention, within a transferred arc plasma reactor.
- Figure 2 shows an image of red mud before treatment obtained by FEG-SEM (Field Emission Gun - Scanning Electron Microscopy) microscopy.
- Figure 3 shows image of the obtained product, by FEG-SEM microscopy.
- FEG-SEM Field Emission Gun - Scanning Electron Microscopy
- HV tension of the field applied between sample-holder current and beam emitting electrode
- curr represents electronic current of the scanning beam
- mag is magnification with respect to real dimensions
- det is the detector employed
- WD represents system visual field width or extension
- HFW represents treatment field extension.
- Red muds have been employed in the test, the composition of which is the following:
- cathode consists of a metallic bar at about 1 centimeter from anode, while the latter is positioned at the bottom of the reactor body and consists of a steel disc acting as electrode. Cathode is moved at a uniform rotator speed of rotation at about 1 centimeter from wall reactor; thus, besides acting as electrode, it also mixes sample to be subjected to treatment.
- Nitrogen has been used as plasmogenic gas. After having filled in the reactor chamber with nitrogen, its flow has been adjusted for generation of plasma until reaching about 15 slm (standard liters by minute). A potential difference of 1000 volts under alternate current about has been applied between electrodes for 10 minutes. Potential difference application causes discharges, main effect of which is bringing iron compounds present in sample to reduction, and to obtain a volcanic slag aspect.
- Sample before treatment is shown in figure 2.
- Sample is mixed with another substance and/or mixture of substances suitable to give a mix having very high conductivity features; particularly, in this example, water with a saline content of about 3% in weight has been employed.
- Reactor consists of a ceramics crucible, having inside two tungsten bars constituting of cathode and anode. During the treatment, cathode is kept fixed at a distance of about 1 centimeter from anode.
- System can be supplied either by direct or alternate current, with a variability of tension between 10 volts and 10000 volts, and it can provide or not a sample mixing system. Direct current has been used in this example, and a potential difference of 300 volts for 10 minutes has been applied.
- Argon has been employed as plasmogenic gas. After having filled in the reactor chamber with argon, its flow has been adjusted for generation of plasma until reaching about 30 slm (standard liters by minute). Treatment time is reduced in presence of reducing gas, such methane, introduced within argon atmosphere.
- Stable spheroid-shaped discharges are created within the reactor, main effect of which is bringing metallic compounds at reduction, particularly iron, aluminum and titanium, which are present within the sample, giving to the matrix the aspect of a volcanic cinder, figure 3.
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ITRM2010A000523A IT1402152B1 (it) | 2010-10-08 | 2010-10-08 | Procedimento e reattore per la trasformazione allo stato di plasma di sottoprodotti polverulenti, provenienti dalla lavorazione della bauxite, in un residuo inerte e compatto, contenente prodotti di interesse industriale. |
| PCT/IT2011/000343 WO2012049696A1 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2011-10-06 | Process and reactor for the plasma transformation of powdery by-products of bauxite processing into a solid, inert and compact product |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2625141A1 true EP2625141A1 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP11782686.7A Withdrawn EP2625141A1 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2011-10-06 | Process and reactor for the plasma transformation of powdery by-products of bauxite processing into a solid, inert and compact product |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2625141A1 (it) |
| IT (1) | IT1402152B1 (it) |
| WO (1) | WO2012049696A1 (it) |
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| CN110055365A (zh) * | 2019-04-11 | 2019-07-26 | 东北大学 | 一种钙化-碳化高铁赤泥回收铁及尾渣水泥化的方法 |
| CN110695057B (zh) * | 2019-10-20 | 2021-07-27 | 航天神禾(北京)环保有限公司 | 油泥裂解处理方法 |
| CN110695055B (zh) * | 2019-10-20 | 2021-08-13 | 航天神禾(北京)环保有限公司 | 赤泥裂解处理方法 |
| CN110695056B (zh) * | 2019-10-20 | 2021-07-30 | 航天神禾(北京)环保有限公司 | 油泥裂解处理装置 |
| CN112547753B (zh) * | 2020-11-06 | 2022-04-01 | 太原理工大学 | 一种赤泥综合利用方法及装置 |
| CN113174455B (zh) * | 2021-04-28 | 2022-10-04 | 东北大学 | 一种侧顶复合吹熔融还原高铁赤泥的综合利用方法 |
| CN113174456B (zh) * | 2021-04-28 | 2022-10-04 | 东北大学 | 一种底顶复合吹熔融还原高铁赤泥的综合利用方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1402152B1 (it) | 2013-08-28 |
| WO2012049696A1 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
| ITRM20100523A1 (it) | 2012-04-09 |
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