EP2619461A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zum sicheren betreiben eines verdichters an der pumpgrenze - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zum sicheren betreiben eines verdichters an der pumpgrenzeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2619461A1 EP2619461A1 EP11813656.3A EP11813656A EP2619461A1 EP 2619461 A1 EP2619461 A1 EP 2619461A1 EP 11813656 A EP11813656 A EP 11813656A EP 2619461 A1 EP2619461 A1 EP 2619461A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- compressor
- impeller
- blades
- state
- blade
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04D27/001—Testing thereof; Determination or simulation of flow characteristics; Stall or surge detection, e.g. condition monitoring
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04D27/02—Surge control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/01—Purpose of the control system
- F05D2270/10—Purpose of the control system to cope with, or avoid, compressor flow instabilities
- F05D2270/101—Compressor surge or stall
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/70—Type of control algorithm
- F05D2270/708—Type of control algorithm with comparison tables
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for safely operating a compressor at the surge line.
- Compressors are thermal turbomachines and are used for compressing gases, in particular air. Compressors find in engine construction for continuously or periodically operating internal combustion engines far-reaching application and are used for example in reciprocating engines to increase performance, in gas turbines for generating electrical energy or in jet engines for propulsion of aircraft to compress the necessary air for combustion. The drive of the compressor takes place for example by the utilization of the energy contained in the exhaust gas, but can also be done mechanically or electrically.
- the compressor can be designed according to its application, for example, in a jet engine as axial compressor to achieve high mass flows.
- Mass flow is to be understood as an air mass, which is conveyed through the compressor for a certain time.
- geometric can also be used
- Conditions or environmental terms such as throughput or volumetric flow, may be used to characterize the operation of the compressor.
- the air to be compressed flows axially to the compressor from the environment and is transported by the compressor in the jet engine and thereby compressed.
- the compressor is generally composed of an impeller mounted on a shaft
- Compressor blades constructed, which rotates in a housing with corresponding guide vanes and thus forms a compressor stage.
- the provided with a blade root compressor blades are mounted playfully on the impeller, so that the compressor blade center itself at a sufficiently fast rotation of the impeller due to the resulting outward centrifugal force and sit firmly in the impeller.
- the blades are firmly connected to the impeller.
- the Guide vanes are fixed to the housing.
- several compressor stages can be arranged one behind the other in the compressor for jet engines, so as to form a multi-stage compressor.
- the compressor can be preceded by a blower and a second compressor.
- the impeller is driven by the shaft, which is driven by a turbine at the end of the shaft
- Jet engine is driven.
- the compressor capacity is set by the impeller speed and by the mass flow in the compressor. For example, the impeller speed and by the mass flow in the compressor.
- Drive power of the shaft can be changed by the turbine to adjust the speed of the impeller.
- the mass flow in the compressor can be adjusted via
- the pressure ratio of a compressor stage is limited by the fact that the compressed air in the compressor stage can not follow the compressor blade contour arbitrarily, but separates starting from the trailing edge of the compressor blade.
- the maximum step pressure ratio increases with increasing mass flow and represents the outermost limit of the stable operating range as a pumping limit.
- the maximum mass flow of the compressor stage is limited by a plug limit as soon as there is a flow cross section, usually at the compressor inlet
- the operating range of the compressor is thus limited on the one hand by the surge limit and on the other hand by the stuffing limit.
- the pumping limit is an unfavorable for the compressor, unstable operating condition in which it destroys the Compressor can come. This unstable operating condition must be avoided, especially when using the compressor in jet engines, in order to ensure operational safety.
- Pumping limit for example, occur only on some compressor blades, with only individual compressor blades have a stall and this effect continues counter to the direction of rotation of the compressor wheel. Due to the cyclical change of the flow cyclically changing loads of individual compressor blades occur. Due to the increasing stall and the associated alternating load, the compressor blade begins to vibrate, whereby the compressor blades can bend and break due to this alternating load. However, if an unstable operating condition above the surge limit occurs, however, a complete stall occurs and considerable pressure surges in the compressor. In the overall engine, this condition poses a significant risk of extinguishing flames, burning fuel in the compressor, overheating,
- the course of the surge limit of the operating range is subject to operational and aging-related changes.
- the surge limit is due to the changes in ambient conditions during flight operations, flow conditions of
- Intrusion of foreign objects Changes in the top clearance of the compressor blades towards the housing, changes in the bearing clearance due to aging and wear, deformations and deposits of the blade geometries and on the housing have an influence on the surge limit.
- the reduction of the surge limit resulting from the influences to lower pressure ratios should be taken into account.
- the most critical operating condition is achieved in the acceleration of the compressor, in which the surge margin is temporarily reduced.
- the surge margin for new engines is designed to be about 25% of the pressure ratio, so that it has been reduced to 5% by the age-related lowering of the surge limit by the end of the life of the compressor.
- Compressors known with which the compressor to be protected against this dangerous operating condition with optimal compressor impeller For example, bleed valves are used to lower the pressure ratio across a compressor stage.
- an adjustment rotatably mounted vanes is provided with which the pressure ratio or the mass flow can be varied, thus ensuring a safe, stable operating condition.
- an active change of the top clearance of the compressor blade by heating or cooling of the compressor housing is known. As a prerequisite, however, a reliable detection of the operating state of the compressor and accordingly the distance of the current operating point of the compressor to the surge limit is necessary.
- the deflection of the compressor blade tip can be calculated from the time difference of the compressor blade tip
- the published patent application DE 10 2008 036 305 A1 describes a method in which a power consumption of the compressor is determined from the passage times of the individual compressor blades. For this, the real transit times are compared with the ideal model transit times and their difference evaluated as a result of the deflection of the compressor blades. From the deflection of the compressor blades can be calculated a compressor torque and, accordingly, with the compressor speed, a compressor power. In stable operating conditions, a balance between the drive power and the compressor power sets. A disturbance of this power balance is considered to be incipient instability and the approach to the surge line is indicated.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method and a device with which a reliable detection of the operating state of
- Compressor is enabled.
- the detection should be independent of influences from a changed state or a changed position of the compressor blades.
- the state of each individual compressor blade defines a deviation from an ideal state and has an influence on the real measured transit time.
- the transit time is understood as the point in time at which the compressor blade tip is located at least partially in a sensor region of a sensor on the housing of the compressor. In this case, for example, the entry into the sensor area, the passage through the sensor area or the exit from the sensor area can be used to define the transit time.
- each compressor blade on the impeller may change each time it is started. Since the compressor blades are mounted playfully in the impeller and only at startup of the compressor at a minimum speed due to centrifugal self-align and anchor in the leadership, these deviations come from operational use to operational use to conditions. Even with compressors with fixedly attached to the impeller compressor blades, a change in position, for example by assembly work done.
- the ideal passage time is understood to mean the point in time which is at an ideal time Impeller with equidistant compressor blade assembly and infinitely stiff compressor blades would result without deviations from state and location.
- the passage time is the time at which the
- Compressor blade tip located at least partially in the sensor area of the sensor on the housing of the compressor.
- the entry into the compressor is
- Sensor area the passage through the sensor area or the exit from the sensor area are defined to define the passage time.
- the invention provides a method with which a secure detection of the
- Minimum speed for aligning the compressor blades determined. Based on this compressor blade specific deviation can be a correction of the
- the invention further provides a device with which the deviations are determined and a correction of the passage times takes place.
- the device includes at least one sensor for indicating the passage of a
- Compressor bucket henceforth called compressor blade sensor
- at least one sensor for indicating the rotation of the impeller henceforth called impeller sensor.
- the compressor blade sensor outputs a trigger signal as a compressor blade passes. To improve the trigger signal can be at the
- Compressor blade tip a mark or the like may be provided. From the signal, the transit time is determined.
- the impeller sensor outputs a trigger signal corresponding to the rotation of the impeller. This can, for example, the
- Markings be provided. In order to increase the accuracy of the speed detection, several markings may be provided to during a
- the trigger signals of the sensors are related to each other by means of a central time base, so that an accurate assignment of the trigger signals of impeller and
- Compressor blades can be done. Accordingly, on the reference of
- Compressor bucket sensor and impeller sensor made a comparison between the measured and ideal transit time for each individual compressor blade.
- Compressor model is used, which maps the impeller with the compressor blades as an ideal impeller with aquidistanter compressor blade assembly with infinitely stiff ideal compressor blades without deviations from condition and position.
- the compressor nominal model may be depicted as a memory array in which
- Memory cells equal to the number of compressor blade are present. It will be there each individual compressor blade associated with an individual memory cell.
- Compressor nominal model of the measured speed of the impeller adapted in phase, so that a direct comparison between the real impeller and the ideal impeller, as represented by the compressor nominal model, is possible. As a result, a memory cell rotation equal to the rotation of the real impeller is achieved. Alternatively, a synchronized with the rotation of the impeller counter can be used, with which the individual memory cell of the memory array can be addressed.
- the compressor nominal model now provides for each on the compressor blade sensor
- Transit time is equal to zero for the ideal case and is composed in the real case of a conditional and positional deviation and the actual useful signal, ie the flow-mechanical deviation together.
- the flow-mechanical component of the deviation can be regarded as negligible, so that the state and
- Positional deviation predominates.
- This conditional and positional deviation is assigned compressor blade individually to a compressor adaptation model, wherein the compressor adaptation model analogously to the compressor nominal model correspondingly has the same number of memory cells.
- the compressor adaptation model in addition to the compressor nominal model, the compressor adaptation model with a
- Switching unit integrated, which is used to switch between working mode and learning or adaptation mode. If the adaptation mode is enabled, for example by speed thresholds of the impeller, the adaptation can take place. In working mode after startup and operation of the
- Jet engine the compressor shovel individual state
- Compressor bucket is calculated.
- the state and location-related deviations stored in the compressor adaptation model can be stored as a distance or as a factor in the form of a time, a path or an angle and so on. To correct the state and location deviations of each individual
- the measured transit time or the calculated relative transit time can be used. Furthermore, the impeller speed or the tangential speed of
- Compressor blade tips used to calculate an absolute deviation as the path or angle from the ideal state. Furthermore, geometric parameters of the compressor and its components can be included in the evaluation.
- the compressor nominal model with the ideal state can be included in the evaluation.
- the compressor power calculated from the deflection is ambiguous. This problem is solved by observing the change in deflection during operating point changes. In principle, the operating point change can be effected by the forced modulation of the fuel mass flow. However, this is not necessary, since the fuel mass flow both by thrust lever adjustments by the
- Compressor blade deflection and its history together with the knowledge of compressor speed, total engine pressure difference can be based on the current operating point of the compressor and thus the current distance of the compressor
- a sensor configuration can be used, which consists of at least two compressor blade sensors and an impeller sensor. In the presence of only one sensor can
- Blade vibrations with the same or multiple frequency of the impeller frequency not be recognized.
- Sensors with different functions can be used. A combination of throughput sensitivity and
- the calculation of the angle of attack from the available information offers.
- the calculated angle of incidence is continuously entered into a writable map and thus determined and recorded during the operating time of the engine whose operating map. It is also known from experiments on the test bench, at which angle of attack it comes to the flow separation and thus to the compressor pumping, so that the surge limit is firmly stored in the map. Non-volatile memory behavior keeps this information even after the engine has been shut down, so that there is a fixed safety threshold for the stable operation of the jet engine.
- the method according to the invention can be applied to a compressor stage or to several or selected compressor stages, which are particularly affected by the risk of pumping.
- the method of the present invention is capable of not only detecting compressor instabilities by compressor blade viewing, but also distinguishing between rotating separations and compressor blade flutter as rotating separations circulate unlike compressor blade flutter.
- the compressor can thus be operated with optimum efficiency, without having to be driven into the unstable operating state. As a result, the specific consumption is lowered.
- the compressor can be designed, for example, lighter and smaller.
- the method according to the invention does not require the approach to the surge line in order to be able to determine its position. As a result, safety is increased.
- the method according to the invention continuously adapts the operating map, so that the operation of the compressor is continuously adapted to its aging state. As a result, the specific consumption decreases. For example, should it become a
- Compressor instability come, which can be detected by the method, this behavior is corrected in the operating map by adjusting the surge limit.
- the method according to the invention predicts the failure behavior of the compressor so that unplanned maintenance is avoided and the available service life is known. As a result, operating costs, maintenance costs,
- the method according to the invention is also compatible with methods of active gap control, in which the gap between the compressor blade tips and the housing is controlled or regulated. Furthermore, the use of variable vanes and the bleed air take-off can be optimized.
- Fig. 1 a schematic representation of the device for safe operation of a compressor at the surge line.
- the exemplified device consists of a
- Compressor blade sensor (1) which according to the passage of a
- Compressor bucket outputs a trigger signal and an impeller sensor (2), which outputs a trigger signal corresponding to one revolution of the impeller of the compressor.
- the two trigger signals are provided with a time stamp.
- the device is with a
- the controller (6) performs an intervention according to the control deviation.
- the compressor nominal model (4) as well as the compressor adaptation model (5) consists of a plurality of memory cells (4a, 5a), the number of memory cells of each model corresponding to the number of compressor blades. The memory cells become in accordance with the speed of the impeller by the controller (6) in phase addressed.
- the compressor nominal model (4) gives an ideal
- Transit time corresponding to the current compressor blade which is compared in a differentiator (7) with the measured passage time and outputs a relative passage time. Thereafter, adapted in a learning mode state and position deviations of the respective compressor blade from the compressor adaptation model (5) are offset with the relative transit time. So that the compressor adaptation model (5) can be adapted, a switch (8) is provided, which switches over into an adaptation mode when a condition (9) is met. If condition (9) is not fulfilled, the device is operated in working mode. The device outputs at least one operating point information which consists of the corrected relative transit time and further variables in one
- Compressor nominal model (4) are replaced by a function that outputs the ideal transit time in relation to the impeller speed, since this is the same for all compressor blades and the model assumption of the ideal impeller.
- Compressor adaptation model (5) are replaced by a map whose
- Map points can be addressed discretely and spend the deviation of the respective compressor blade.
- the map points can be done for example by means of a synchronized with the impeller counter.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Control Of Positive-Displacement Air Blowers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010046490A DE102010046490A1 (de) | 2010-09-24 | 2010-09-24 | Verfahren zur Regelung des Betriebszustandes von Strömungsarbeitsmaschinen |
PCT/DE2011/001739 WO2012095062A1 (de) | 2010-09-24 | 2011-09-19 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum sicheren betreiben eines verdichters an der pumpgrenze |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2619461A1 true EP2619461A1 (de) | 2013-07-31 |
EP2619461B1 EP2619461B1 (de) | 2016-06-08 |
Family
ID=45540683
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11813656.3A Not-in-force EP2619461B1 (de) | 2010-09-24 | 2011-09-19 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum sicheren betreiben eines verdichters an der pumpgrenze |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9835162B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2619461B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102010046490A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2012095062A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103217280B (zh) * | 2013-03-18 | 2015-10-28 | 西安交通大学 | 航空发动机转子剩余寿命的多变量支持向量机预测方法 |
CN111524439B (zh) * | 2020-04-02 | 2023-02-03 | 青岛海尔空调电子有限公司 | 压缩机模拟工装的控制方法 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4518917A (en) | 1982-08-31 | 1985-05-21 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Plural sensor apparatus for monitoring turbine blading with undesired component elimination |
US4573358A (en) * | 1984-10-22 | 1986-03-04 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Turbine blade vibration detection apparatus |
US4955269A (en) | 1988-02-04 | 1990-09-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Turbine blade fatigue monitor |
US6010303A (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2000-01-04 | United Technologies Corporation | Apparatus and method of predicting aerodynamic and aeromechanical instabilities in turbofan engines |
NO313926B1 (no) | 2000-11-08 | 2002-12-23 | Abb Research Ltd | Kompressorstyring |
US6532433B2 (en) | 2001-04-17 | 2003-03-11 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for continuous prediction, monitoring and control of compressor health via detection of precursors to rotating stall and surge |
US6474935B1 (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2002-11-05 | General Electric Company | Optical stall precursor sensor apparatus and method for application on axial flow compressors |
US20120210694A1 (en) * | 2007-04-11 | 2012-08-23 | Holmquist Eric B | Turbo machine spool parameter detection |
US7775114B2 (en) * | 2007-09-26 | 2010-08-17 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Method of on-line turbine blade slope and sensor position verification |
DE102008036305B4 (de) | 2008-07-31 | 2016-11-03 | Iav Gmbh Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto Und Verkehr | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verdichters |
-
2010
- 2010-09-24 DE DE102010046490A patent/DE102010046490A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2011
- 2011-09-19 EP EP11813656.3A patent/EP2619461B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-09-19 US US13/824,452 patent/US9835162B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-09-19 WO PCT/DE2011/001739 patent/WO2012095062A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2012095062A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2619461B1 (de) | 2016-06-08 |
WO2012095062A1 (de) | 2012-07-19 |
US9835162B2 (en) | 2017-12-05 |
DE102010046490A1 (de) | 2012-03-29 |
US20130223981A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
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