EP2588916B1

EP2588916B1 - Spatially modifying polarization state of light

Info

Publication number: EP2588916B1
Application number: EP11800257.5A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Steven Charles Read; John William Bowron
Original assignee: Imax Corp
Current assignee: Imax Corp
Priority date: 2010-06-29
Filing date: 2011-06-29
Publication date: 2020-02-26
Anticipated expiration: 2031-06-29
Also published as: WO2012001495A3; WO2012001495A2; EP2588916A4; EP2588916A2; US9091860B2; JP2013537641A; CA2802836A1; US20130088688A1; JP6069195B2; CN102971659B; CN102971659A; CA2802836C

Description

Field

This disclosure relates generally to processing light for display and more particularly (although not necessarily exclusively) to systems and methods for spatially modifying a polarization state of light.

Background

Polarization can be used to encode images for stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) displays. Left and right eye images are encoded with orthogonal polarization states, which match the transmissive states of left and right polarized lens eyewear worn by viewers. Since the polarization states are orthogonal, the leakage of the left/right images into the wrong eye can be minimized.
A disadvantage of the polarization method is that a minimum of 50% of light may be lost when a polarizer is used in the path of unpolarized light. A polarized light source, or an efficient conversion of the unpolarized light into polarized light, can be used to eliminate this loss. This can be effective for displays with modulators designed to process polarized light. For displays using modulators that were not designed to process polarized light, however, this may not work because the polarization state is not maintained through the system. Light in display systems using modulators that are not designed to process polarized light is polarized after the light has been modulated; however, less than 50% of the image light is used.
One successful display system that can be used with unpolarized light includes a digital micromirror device (DMD) provided by Texas Instruments Inc. of Dallas, TX. There are a number of reasons why it has not been possible to improve the efficiency of a 3D stereoscopic display using DMDs by polarizing light before the DMD. Stress birefringence in the DMD window may alter the polarization state of the light. Furthermore, the stress varies across the window. Thus, the polarization can change non-uniformly across the active area of the DMD modulator. When the light polarization state has changed to become spatially non-uniform, light output may be reduced and light distribution across the display may be changed, both of which are undesirable. Additional complications arise for systems that employ multiple DMDs since the birefringence may not be the same from one DMD window to another. Additionally, the color prism used to split the light to the DMDs may exhibit a wavelength dependent polarization change.
One approach to recover the unused portion of image light that has been polarized after the DMD splits imaged light into two orthogonally polarized paths of imaged light. One path of polarized imaged light is directed to the screen and the other path of polarized imaged light is passed through a retarder and then reflected towards the screen to be superimposed on the imaged light from the first path on the screen. The retarder changes the polarization state of the imaged light in the second path to match the polarization state of the light in the first path so that all of the imaged light from the DMD is utilized. For this technique to be successful, imaged light from the second path is aligned with the imaged light from the first path on the screen. Any optical magnification, optical offset, or optical keystone effect that is different between the first and second imaged light path can result in a misalignment in the superimposed images on the screen and in a less than optimum presentation. US2007/047043 (Kapellner Yuval et al ) relates to an image projecting device comprising a light source system operable to produce a light beam to impinge onto an active surface of a spatial light modulator (SLM) unit formed by an SLM pixel arrangement; and a magnification optics accommodated at the output side of the SLM unit. The light beam impinging onto the SLM pixel arrangement has a predetermined cross section corresponding to the size of said active surface. The SLM unit comprises first and second lens' arrays at opposite sides of the pixel arrangement, such that each lens in the first array and a respective opposite lens in the second array are associated with a corresponding one of the SLM pixels. US6252712 relates to an optical system includes optical elements which disturb the polarization distribution over the cross-section of a light beam. At least one double-refractive optical element having an irregularly varying thickness over the cross-section is used to at least partially compensate for the disturbance in the polarization distribution. US2007/183017 relates a corrective device for compensating disturbances of polarization distribution across the cross-section of a light beam. The corrective device comprises a corrective member encompassing two double-refractive corrective elements with two substantially parallel surfaces. The thickness (d) of the corrective element is essentially constant between said surfaces . At least one of the surfaces of at least one of the corrective elements is refinished in such a way that local irregularities in thickness are created by means of which the disturbances of polarization distribution are at least nearly compensated. The arrangement, thickness (d), and double-refractory properties of the corrective elements are selected such that the double-refractive effects thereof mutually cancel each other if the local irregularities in thickness are not taken into consideration. US7239446 relates to an optical reduction system with polarization dose sensitive output for use in the photolithographic manufacture of semiconductor devices having variable compensation for reticle retardation before the long conjugate end. The variable compensation component(s) before the reticle provides adjustment of the polarization state at or near the reticle. The variable compensation components can be variable wave plates, layered wave plates, opposing mirrors, a Berek's compensator and/or a Soleil-Babinet compensator. JP2003337301 (Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd relates to a projection type display device provided with; a light source; a light incident side polarizer; a liquid crystal light valve; a light exiting side polarizer; a projection lens; and an optical phase compensation plate on which a reflection preventing film having high moisture absorbing/releasing properties and a low film density is formed. JP2005345864 (Seiko Epson Corp) relates to an image display apparatus for displaying an image by modulating light from a light source based on display image data. The apparatus can include a first light modulator device can modulate light from the light source, a second light modulator device that can modulate the light from the first light modulator device, and a polarization compensation system disposed between the first light modulator device and the second light modulator device for compensating a polarization state of light.
Accordingly, there remains a need for systems and methods that can allow a DMD-based display to operate with polarized light and to "repair" changes to the state of polarization.

Summary

In one aspect, an optical system as recited in independent claim 1 is provided.
In another aspect, methods as recited in independent claims 15 and 16 are provided. Polarized light is received. A polarization state distribution of the polarized light is changed by an optical element from a predetermined polarization state distribution. The polarization state distribution of the polarized light is changed spatially by a PAD based on an amount of change to the polarization state distribution of the polarized light caused by the optical element to cause to the polarized light to have the predetermined polarization state distribution. The polarized light having the predetermined polarization state distribution is outputted.
Additional aspects and features are discussed in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there. Advantages offered by one or more of the various aspects and features may be further understood by examining this specification or by practicing one or more aspects and features presented.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1A is a block diagram of a system configuration for outputting light having a polarization state distribution that is spatially uniform according to one feature.
Figure 1B is a block diagram of an alternative system configuration for outputting light having a polarization state distribution that is spatially uniform according to one feature.
Figure 1C is a block diagram of a second alternative system configuration for outputting light having a polarization state distribution that is spatially uniform according to one feature.
Figure 2 is a block diagram of a reflective projection system configured for outputting light having a polarization state distribution that is spatially uniform according to one feature;
Figure 3 is a block diagram of a three-color channel system configured for displaying light having a polarization state distribution that is spatially uniform according to one feature.
Figure 4 is a block diagram of a system for controlling a polarization-altering optical device (PAD) usable to adjust light to a polarization state distribution that is spatially uniform according to one feature.
Figure 5 is a flow diagram of a process for calibrating a control system for a PAD according to one feature.
Figure 6 is a flow diagram of a process for calibrating a control system for a PAD according to a second feature.
Figure 7 illustrates light passing through a PAD that includes two retardation plates according to one feature.
Figure 8 is a Poincare sphere illustrates how a PAD alters the polarization state distribution of light shown thereon according to one feature.

Detailed Description

Certain features of the present disclosure relate to a system configured for outputting light having a predetermined polarization state distribution by applying a correction to, for example, a beam of light that has had the polarization state distribution altered (unintentionally or otherwise) from the predetermined polarization state distribution. A predetermined polarization state distribution may be a polarization state distribution, such as a uniform polarization state distribution, required for proper display. For example, the system can output light having a polarization state that has an intended uniform polarization state distribution by applying a correction to light in which the polarization state distribution is unintentionally or otherwise altered to have a non-uniform polarization state distribution. A polarization state can be a single polarization state that represents the average polarization state of light in a pixel area. The polarization state can be different from one pixel area to another. A polarization state distribution can represent the different polarization states of the pixels over an area with multiple pixels.
Figures 1A, 1B and 1C depict system configurations 100, 101, 103 according to some aspects. The systems in Figures 1A, 1B and 1C can be used to output a light with a uniform polarization state distribution, or light with a polarization state that is spatially uniform. Although certain implementations are described as processing light to a uniform polarization state distribution, implementations according to various aspects can be apply to output any predetermined or desired polarization state distribution profile. The system in Figure 1A is described first.
The optical system 100 can receive light 102 without a specific state of polarization, which is also known as randomly polarized light. Additional elements (not shown) may be included that can collimate the source light appropriately for downstream optics. The system 100 can also include a light polarizing element 130 that can polarize light to a particular spatially uniform state of polarization. The state of polarization can be linear, circular or elliptical. The system 100 includes an optical element 140, which is a spatial light modulator (SLM) being a digital micromirror device (DMD), that can change the polarization state of the light so that the polarization state is no longer spatially uniform. Birefringent material, optical surface coatings, reflective surfaces, direction selective absorption, birefringence induced by stress or by an electric or magnetic field can all cause the polarization state to change spatially and non-uniformly. The system 100 can output the polarized light.
The system 100 includes a polarization-altering optical device (PAD) 110 disposed between the light polarizing element 130 and the optical element 140. The PAD 110 can adjust the state of polarization of light in a varied amount spatially. The PAD 110 comprises a liquid crystal device which is constructed as a matrix of separately addressable pixels so that the polarization state of light can be controlled by a different amount on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The system 100 also includes a controller 150 that can control the PAD 110 by adjusting the polarization state of light spatially. The controller 150 may be electronic. By adjusting the polarization state of light spatially, the spatially non-uniform polarized state of light caused by optical element 140 can be repaired. The polarization state can be spatially uniform when the system 100 outputs the light. If the optical element 140 changes the polarization state in a fixed manner (i.e. there is a constant phase difference between different portions of a beam passing through optical element 140), then PAD 110 may not need to be positioned at an optical conjugate with respect to optical element 140.
Although Figure 1A depicts the PAD 110 disposed before the optical element 140 that causes the polarization state of light to become spatially non-uniform, the PAD 110 in other implementations can be disposed after the optical element 140. Figure 1B depicts an optical system 101 in which PAD 110 is disposed after optical element 140, which causes the polarization state of light to become spatially non-uniform. Figure 1C depicts an optical system 103 in which optical elements 140a, 140b are disposed on both sides of the PAD 110, respectively. The optical elements 140a, 140b may cause the polarization state of light to become spatially non-uniform.
If the received light 102 is a laser light source in which the light is already polarized, then light polarizing element 130 can be removed in systems 100, 101, and 103.
In systems 100, 101, and 103, the polarized light after light polarizing element 130, in which the global state of polarization or polarization state distribution has changed, is altered to the correct polarization state distribution by the PAD 110.
Figure 2 depicts additional features according to certain implementations of an optical system that is a reflective projection system configured to achieve a higher efficiency stereoscopic 3D display by compensating for changes in polarization state spatial uniformity.
White light can originate from a polarized light source 202. Examples of polarized light source 202 include a combination of polarized lasers, a lamp with a polarization conversion system, and a white light source split into two separate polarized light channels used to drive two projectors. Light from the polarized light source 202 can pass through an illumination section that includes a set of lenses 204, 208 and lenslet arrays 206 to homogenize the light and obtain the correct aspect ratio to illuminate the spatial light modulator (SLM) devices 217, 218, 219, each of which may be a DMD. The SLM devices 217, 218, 219 can each modulate light to produce imaged light based on input image data. Other illumination types to homogenize the light are possible, such as using an integrator rod instead of lenslet arrays 206. Integrator rods can preserve light polarization if the polarization of the input light is linear and is aligned with an edge of the rod. Integrator rods may be unable to preserve light polarization sufficiently if the input polarization of the light is elliptical, which can be correctable by the PAD 210.
The output of the illumination section can be directed to the PAD 210. The PAD 210 can adjust the state of light polarization spatially according to predefined static or dynamic values. Relay optics 212 (which may not be included in some implementations) image the light from the PAD 210 through a total internal reflection (TIR) prism 214 and a separator/combiner color prism 216 onto respective red, green and blue SLM devices 217, 218, 219. Modulated light from the SLM devices 217, 218, 219 can be recombined into one light beam by the separator/combiner color prism 216 and directed through a projection lens 220 to form an image on a screen 224. The PAD 210 may be conjugate to both the SLM devices 217, 218, 219 and the screen 224 when relay optics 212 are used. The system can include a cleanup polarizer 222 at the output of the projection lens. The cleanup polarizer 222 can eliminate any residual variation in polarization. The transmission through the cleanup polarizer 222 may be high because the programming of the PAD 210 may restore polarization uniformity that was lost by polarization disrupting elements, such as the windows of the SLM devices 217, 218, 219. A second projection system (not shown) can be used to transmit the second eye view with an orthogonal output polarization state, but can otherwise have similar components as those depicted in Figure 2. For example, a first projection system can project a left eye image in which the image is encoded with a first polarization state and the second projector system can project the right eye image in which the imaged is encoded with a second polarization state that is orthogonal to the first polarization state. In this setup, the two projectors can form the three dimensional projection system.
The PAD 210 according to one implementation can include two spatially addressable retardation plates with a relatively small separation. The spatially addressable retardation plates can create a specific state of polarization that can be controlled spatially over the cross section of the beam of light that passes through the plates. The spatially addressable retardation plates can be located near a conjugate plane to the SLM devices 217, 218, 219 such that the light associated with each pixel on the spatially addressable retardation plates can map to a local area on the SLM devices 217, 218, 219. The retardation values of the PAD 210 can be selected so that when light is altered by the separator/combiner color prism 216, of one or more of the SLM devices 217, 218, 219, or the projection lens 220, or by any other element in the system, the light can be outputted by the projection lens 220 with a desired spatial polarization state. The PAD 210 may not be restricted to correcting the spatial uniformity of the polarization state due to the element at the optical conjugate. The resolution of the PAD 210 can be the same or much lower than the resolution of the SLM devices 217, 218, 219. Increasing the resolution of the PAD 210 can allow increasingly refined corrections to be made to the spatial non-uniformity. In some implementations, the resolution may be configured to be just high enough to follow the polarization state changes induced by the system. Higher resolution can result in unnecessary cost. To eliminate pixel artifacts caused by the PAD 210, or the imaging of surface defects on the PAD 210 to the SLM devices 217, 218, 219, the PAD 210 can be moved slightly away from the conjugate plane to blur the illumination on the SLM devices 217, 218, 219 and to blur the spatial transition between the different polarization regions of the PAD 210.
Figure 3 depicts an optical system that is a projection system according to some implementations that can account for possible differences in the amount of stress birefringence of three SLM devices 217, 218, 219 such that uniformity of the polarization state for each of the three color channels can be better compensated. For example, the system of Figure 3 can be used for a polarized light source that has been separated into red, green and blue bands. Three separate light sources 342, 352, 362, such as red, green and blue lasers, can be used to separate the polarized light source. Alternatively, for a polarized white light source, dichroic mirrors can be used to separate the white light into three separate colored light paths of red, green and blue (not shown in Figure 3). Each color channel can have its own set of lenses, lenslet array, and PAD. For example, the color channel associated with light source 342 can include set of lenses 344, 348, lenset array 346, and PAD 350. The color channel associated with light source 352 can include set of lenses 354, 358, lenset array 356, and PAD 360. The color channel associated with light source 362 can include a set of lenses 364, 368, lenset array 366, and PAD 370.
Each PAD can be programmed to compensate for polarization changes occurring for each color channel. Differences in birefringence of each SLM device can be corrected.
A color combination prism 375 can receive three colored beams and form a single white beam. The white beam can enter the relay optics 212 and other components as discussed with reference to Figure 2 to become modulated image light that is projected by the projection lens 220 through a cleanup polarizer 222 onto a screen 224. A second projection system (not shown) can be used to transmit the second eye view with an orthogonal output polarization state
In another implementation, a single projector 3D system can be used. A polarization switch device (not shown), such as a z-screen, can be positioned between the SLM and the screen 224 to allow the polarization state of the imaged light to change globally (i.e. over the entire image area) as needed for the corresponding left and right eye image for stereographic 3D projection. The cleanup polarizer may be optional, such as if the polarization state incident on the polarization switch device is of sufficient quality. In this case, the PAD 210 or PADs 350, 360, 370 can allow higher light efficiency to be achieved than would otherwise be possible. If the PAD(s) can operate at sufficiently high frame rate, then the PAD(s) can perform the same function as the switching device and the switch device can be removed.
Certain implementations of systems according to the present disclosure can be used in 3D cinema feature film presentations having projectors that operate based on DMD technology, where it can be difficult to maintain sufficient light levels. Using PAD(s) as described above is not limited to display systems that use a DMD, but the PAD(s) can correct for any optical systems in which the spatial uniformity of the polarization state of the light has been altered by optical elements or otherwise (e.g. coatings on optical components or reflective surfaces, or polarized light sources that initially may have non-uniform spatial polarization state distribution). Examples of other types of optical systems in which PAD(s) can be used include non-reflective projection systems, such as liquid crystal display, and other reflective systems, such as liquid crystal on silicon.
In another implementation, the presence of the cleanup polarizer 222 can allow the system to change the dynamic range of the system globally while maintaining spatial uniformity of the polarization state of light. For dark scenes, a spatially uniform polarization state of light can be created such that the light outputted by the projection lens 220 in combination with the effect of the cleanup polarizer 222 can produce a minimum amount of polarized light from the cleanup polarizer 222 to the screen 224. In this situation, the PAD(s) can be configured to alter the spatial polarization state of the light so that the altered state of polarization is spatially uniform at the output of the projection lens 220 but is orthogonal to the polarization axis of the cleanup polarizer 222. In a similar manner, the PAD(s) can be programmed to alter the spatial polarization state of the light so that the altered state of polarization is spatially uniform at the output of the projection lens 220 but is at a state of polarization that is between the state of polarization that allows the maximum or the minimum amount of polarized light to pass through the clean up polarizer depending upon scene image brightness.
In another implementation, the PAD 210 in Figure 2 in combination with a cleanup polarizer 222 can be used to change the dynamic range of the projection system for various regions of the image area, while maintaining the desired distribution of the polarization state of light. For example, the PAD 210 can be near or at a conjugate plane to the SLM devices 217, 218, 219. Computations based on local image scene content can be used to determine the desired amount of transmission between maximum and minimum through the cleanup polarizer 222 for each region of the SLM devices 217, 218, 219 that corresponds to each pair of PAD 210 pixels. These corrections may change both temporally and spatially based on the scene image content.
In another implementation, the PADs 350, 360, 370 as described in Figure 3, in combination with cleanup polarizer 222, can be used to modify the brightness uniformity of red green and blue and thus modify color uniformity, while maintaining spatial uniformity of the polarization state of light. The PADs 350, 360, 370 can be near or at a conjugate plane to the SLM devices 217, 218, 219. Measurements of color uniformity can be used to determine a correction to produce improved color uniformity. The correction values can be applied to the PADs 350, 360, 370. The correction can be based on internal performance of the projector or it can also include external effects such as environmental lighting influences.
The thermal light load on SLM devices 217,218, 219 may be essentially constant in the system of Figure 2. Other systems that use serial SLM devices to improve contrast can suffer from problems of thermal drift since the variable light output of the first set of modulators can change the amount of thermal load of the light on the second set of modulators. The varying light load, temporally and / or spatially, on the downstream second set of modulators can result in thermal changes on the modulator optics that cause misregistration of pixels with different colors and unacceptable image degradation. In the system of Figure 2, the SLM devices 217, 218, 219 may essentially experience the same amount of light, independent of signal content. The cleanup polarizer 222 can receive a variable amount of light load that leads to a variable amount of heating of the cleanup polarizer, but the cleanup polarizer can be readily cooled such that its affects on pixel registration is minimized or eliminated.
In another implementation, the PAD(s) can be used to improve the light efficiency in any type projection system that uses polarized light and has an SLM device that operates using polarization, but has at least one element in the system that causes the spatial polarization state to become non-uniform.
In another implementation, the PAD can be controlled by a controller such that spatial polarization state can be corrected over time. This may be useful when thermal stress in the optical system (or any other mechanism) of the projector changes the non-uniformity of the polarization state of light over time. The correction by the PAD can also change over time to maintain properly the spatial uniformity of polarization state of the light at the output of the projection lens. A control system as shown in Figure 4 can be used to either calibrate the projection system with the PAD and/or to correct the projection system with the PAD over time either during a projection show or between projection shows. For example, PAD driver values stored in memory can be updated between shows or on a daily or weekly basis.
The PAD control system in Figure 4 can control the PADs 350, 360, 370 with a PAD driver 402. The PADs 350, 360, 370 may each be two retarder plates in which the retardation value of each pixel can be controlled. The two retardation plates may be in series optically so that the pixel of one retarder plate lines up with a pixel from the other retarder plate. Each pixel from the first plate lines up with the corresponding pixel in the second retarder plate, and these pixels can be a pixel pair. The PAD driver 402 can drive each pixel pair by the amount determined by the value computed by the processor 404 or received by the processor 404 from the user interface 410 and stored in memory 408. By controlling each pixel pair in the retarder cells of a PAD, the polarization state of the light passing through the pixel area can be changed so the light at the output of a projection lens is in a polarization state that is spatially uniform for each color. The table of corrective values to apply to the PAD driver 402 can be predetermined by a calibration process such that the determined corrective values are stored in memory 408 and applied to a PAD as needed. If PAD driver values change over time due to changes in the projection system, the change profile can be determined and the stored PAD values updated. One such change may be a result of the projector reaching a thermal steady state condition from powering up. The PAD value change profiles can also be received from the user interface 410 (or other source) and stored into memory 408.
The PAD(s) may implement a variety of corrections, as well as image enhancing functions. Configuring the PAD(s) can depend on specific corrections and functions selected for implementation, and configuring can be implemented using predefined static values and predefined dynamic values that are corrections. In some implementations, the PAD(s) can be configured dynamically. Examples of predefined static values include color uniformity correction, luminance uniformity correction, and efficiency improvement. Examples of predefined dynamic values include polarization switching, global contrast enhancement and local contrast enhancement. The user interface 410 can be used to receive from a user specified values and functions that are to be used in real time. For each value or function, the processor 404 can determine necessary retardation values based in part on the values determined in the calibration process and stored in memory 408. The resulting retardation values can be provided in real time to the PAD driver 402 to run the PAD(s) accordingly.
The control system of Figure 4 can be used to calibrate a PAD. Calibration can be used to characterize the polarization change due to the optical system that has been subdivided into spatial regions that correspond to each PAD pixel pair. This information can be stored in a table and used for controlling the amount of PAD retardation. A camera or sensor 406 can retrieve, by frame grabbing or other suitable method, image information that is projected onto a screen. The initial calibration may be a two-stage process. The first stage can include determining the spatial correspondence between the PAD pixels and the corresponding SLM pixel or pixels for each color of the projection system. This information can be used to determine a SLM/PAD correspondence map. The second stage can include determining the degree of retardation for each set of PAD pixels so that the projected light transmission is maximized or minimized through the cleanup polarizer. The calibration can be performed one color at a time. When calibrating for one color, the other color sources can be disabled. For a pair of PAD pixels, a known pair of retardation values can be applied by the PAD to produce a brightness output. The change to the state of polarization caused by the optical system can be determined based on a collection of known information and corresponding measured brightness.
Figure 5 depicts one example of a second stage process that can be used to calibrate a PAD control system to determine the degree of retardation for each pair of PAD pixels or region of pixels. The method 500 is described for one predetermined pair of pixels. For the next pair of pixels, the method is repeated until all pairs of pixels on the PAD(s) have been calibrated to produce a table of retardation values.
In block 505, a screen light brightness value corresponding to a known retardation pair value of a predetermined PAD pixel pair is received. For example, the predetermined pixel pair on the PAD can be driven by the PAD driver to produce a known change to polarization state so the light of the predetermined pixel region on an SLM device can be projected by the projection lens through the cleanup polarizer of a known orientation, and onto a screen. A camera can capture a screen brightness value corresponding to a predetermined SLM region and known PAD pixel pair retardation value. A processor can receive the measured value.
In block 510, the processor can execute an application stored in memory to determine if a sufficient number of screen light brightness values corresponding to retardation pair values for the PAD pixel pair are received. This process may be similar to determining an unknown state of polarization using polarizers and wave plates. For example, a minimum number of measurements may be used to determine a unique polarization, but additional measurements can be used to increase accuracy. In some implementations, at least four screen light brightness values corresponding to four different retardation values that have been appropriately chosen for the PAD pixel pair or PAD pixel region are received. If an insufficient number are received, the retardation pair value for the PAD pixel pair is changed in block 515 and the process returns to block 505.
If a sufficient number are received, the processor can execute, the application stored in memory to determine, using the received screen brightness values and known PAD pixel pair retardation values, a set of parameters in block 520. The set of parameters may define a polarization state. The set of parameters can be determined by applying a method such as a Jones matrix using the specific configuration of the input polarization, principle axis of the first retarder, principle axis of the second retarder and the orientation of the clean up polarizer.
In block 530, the processor can cause the set of parameters calculated in block 520 for the PAD pixel pair to be stored in memory. The stored set of parameters may be stored as a table of parameters that can be populated for PAD pixel pairs for the three colors of the projection system.
Figure 6 depicts another method that can be used to calibrate the PAD control system to determine the degree of retardation for each pair of PAD pixels. The method 600 is described for one predetermined PAD pixel pair. For the next pair of pixels, the method is repeated until the pairs of pixels on the PAD are calibrated to produce a table of retardation values.
In block 605, a screen light brightness value corresponding to a predetermined PAD pixel pair is received. For example, the predetermined pixel pair on the PAD can be driven by the PAD driver to produce a known amount of polarization state change so the light of the predetermined pixel pair is projected by a projection lens through a cleanup polarizer of a known orientation, and onto a screen. A camera can capture a screen light brightness value corresponding to a predetermined PAD pixel pair. The processor can receive the measured value.
In block 610, the processor executes an application stored in memory to determine if the maximum or minimum screen light brightness level is reached by the screen light brightness value corresponding to the predetermined PAD pixel pair. If the processor executing the application determines that the maximum or minimum level has not been reached, the processor executes the application to change the PAD retardation pair values for the PAD pixel pair in block 615 and the process returns to block 605.
If the processor executing the application determines that the maximum or minimum level has been reached, the processor causes the retardation pair values that correspond to maximizing or minimizing screen light brightness for the PAD pixel pair to be stored memory, in block 620. A retardation table of retardation values can be formulated in memory based on the retardation value pair that produced the screen light brightness to be a maximum or a minimum value. The table of retardation values can be populated for PAD pixel pairs for the three colors of the projection system.
The process of Figure 6 may be implemented to determine retardation values based on a comparative basis without using a calibrated camera or sensor to make the screen light brightness measurements.
In another implementation, the calibration methods 500 and 600 can be performed with a camera that captures the screen light brightness for PAD pixel pairs at the same moment using a frame-grabbing feature. The data can be processed for PAD pixel pairs in parallel using the same methods as described above for one PAD pixel pair.
Implementations according to certain systems and methods described herein can ensure that polarized light outputted by the projection lens has any desired polarization state distribution for example a spatially uniform polarized state that can pass through a cleanup polarizer with a high efficiency. The following describes one example of an implementation according to one system and process to illustrate a PAD and a cleanup polarizer that can result in outputted light having a spatially uniform polarized state. The discussion begins at a projection lens output for a projection system (e.g. Figure 3) that uses DMDs, and follows the light back to a light source (or light sources such as in Figure 3). The example is provided to aid understanding; it should not be used to limit any invention claimed.
A small pencil of white light, outputted from the cleanup polarizer, can converge to a pixel on the theater screen. This light can have a specific polarization since it just emerged from the cleanup polarizer. The light may have substantially the same polarization before it is received by the cleanup polarizer to obtain high efficiency. Following the light in the reverse direction back through the projection system, the light travels through the projection lens where it may change its polarization state slightly. Then, it travels through a TIR prism and color prisms where it is split into red green and blue components that each undergoes further polarization changes. The three pencils of light then converge to three pixels on the respective color DMDs. In traveling to the DMDs, the local stress birefringence of the window further changes the polarization state. This may be different for each of red, green and blue DMDs. The light is reflected from the DMDs and travels back through the DMD window, color prism (where it is converted back to a white beam), TIR prism and relay optics, undergoing further changes to its polarization state. Finally, the white light is split again by the color prism into three pencils of light that converge to three points near each PAD in the respective RGB channels. The light occupies a small area on the output of each PAD with a specific polarization state. The polarization state in the green channel can be labeled as P_a. P_a may be any possible state of polarization. Different portions of the pencil of light may have different polarization states, but P_a may be the resulting sum of the polarization states within the pencil of light. A properly designed green PAD can convert an initial polarization state to the polarization state P_a. With the PAD in place and set accordingly, propagating the light forward through the array and through all the optics can yield the desired polarization state incident upon the cleanup polarizer. Similar arguments are applied to the red light going through the red PAD and blue light going through the blue PAD. Provided the resolution of each PAD array is high enough to account for the variation in polarization state across the field of view of the display, the PAD can match the spatial change in the polarization state. The red, green and blue PAD arrays may not have the same resolution.
The Poincare sphere (Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays, P.Yeh, C. Gu, 1999, section 2.5) can be used as a visualization tool to show that the PAD according to some implementations can output any polarization state from a given input polarization state. Each point on the Poincare sphere represents a distinct polarization state. The surface of the sphere represents a complete set of all possible polarization states. A specific example is provided below, but the PAD can be designed via a variety of different configurations or methods.
In some implementations, the PAD can include two variable retardation plates 704, 706 as shown in Figure 7 and light propagates in the +Z direction. The light received by the PAD can have linear polarization and have a polarization state aligned along the y-axis 702. The first retardation plate 704 can be positioned with principle axes 708 at forty-five degrees with respect to the y-axis. As shown on the Poincare sphere in Figure 8, the input linear polarization along the y-axis is located where the +S1 axis pierces the surface of the sphere 804. The change in polarization state due to the variable retardation on the first retardation plate is a rotation about the principle axis (+S2) of the retardation plate. Segment 801 shows the resulting change in polarization state for a variable retardation ranging from 0 to 60 degrees. The second retardation plate 706 can be positioned with its principle axis 710 along the y-axis. On the Poincare sphere the change in polarization state for the second retardation plate 706 is represented by a rotation about the S1 axis and segment 802 shows the resulting change for a variable retardation ranging from 0 to 360 degrees. Any point on the Poincaré sphere can be reached by means of a retardation of 0 to 180 degrees by the first retardation plate and a retardation of 0 to 360 degrees by the second retardation plate. These two retardation plates can allow a fixed input polarization state to be transformed into any other output polarization state.
If the projection system introduces small changes to the polarization state, then it may not be necessary to have a PAD that can produce every possible polarization state. This can correspond to a smaller region on the surface of the Poincare sphere. In some implementations, using a smaller region can result in more accurate correction of the polarization due to the limited number of bits addressing the variable retardation plates.
While the present subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific aspects, implementations, and features thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily produce alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to such aspects, implementations, and features within the scope of the appended claims.
Furthermore, numerous specific details are set forth herein to provide a thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter.
The system or systems discussed herein are not limited to any particular hardware architecture or configuration. A processor and memory can include any computing device that is a suitable arrangement of tangible components that provide a result conditioned on one or more inputs. Suitable computing devices include multipurpose microprocessor-based computer systems accessing stored software that programs or configures the computing system from a general-purpose computing apparatus to a specialized computing apparatus implementing one or more methods of the present subject matter. Any suitable programming, scripting, or other type of language or combinations of languages may be used to implement the teachings contained herein in software to be used in programming or configuring a computing device.
The methods disclosed herein (and variations thereof) may be performed in the operation of such computing devices. The order of the blocks presented in the examples above can be varied-for example, blocks can be re-ordered, combined, and/or broken into sub-blocks. Certain blocks or processes can be performed in parallel.

Claims

An optical system (100, 101, 103) comprising:
i) an optical element (140, 140a, 140b, 217, 218, 219) configured to cause a polarization state distribution of light to change from a predetermined polarization state distribution, wherein the optical element (140, 140a, 140b, 217, 218, 219) comprises a spatial light modulator (SLM);
and,

ii) a polarization-altering optical device (PAD) (110,210) configured to change the polarization state distribution of the light spatially based on an amount of change to the polarization state distribution caused by the optical element (140, 140a, 140b, 217, 218,219),

iii) a controller (150) for controlling the PAD (110, 210);
wherein the optical system (140, 140a, 140b, 217, 218, 219) is configured to output the light (102) having the predetermined polarization state distribution;
characterized in that:
said SLM is a digital micromirror device (DMD); and

the PAD (110, 210) is positioned at a conjugate plane to the DMD or is offset from the conjugate plane to the DMD and comprises a liquid crystal device constructed as a matrix of separately spatially electronically addressable pixels so that the polarization state of light can be controlled by a different amount on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of claim 1, wherein the optical element (140, 140a, 140b, 217, 218, 219) comprises at least one of the following characteristics configured to change the polarization state distribution of the light in the optical system (100, 101, 103) from the predetermined polarization state distribution:
i) a coating;

ii) a reflective surface;

iii) a birefringement material;

iv) responding to stress by causing birefringence on the light;

v) responding to an electric field by causing birefringence on the light;

vi) responding to a magnetic field by causing birefringence on the light; or,

vii) a direction selective absorption.
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the predetermined polarization state of output light is a uniform distribution.
The optical system of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the polarization-altering optical device (PAD) (110, 210) comprises at least two spatially addressable variable retardation plates (704,706).
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of any of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:
i) a light source (102,202);
and,

ii) a projection lens (220) configured to output the light having the predetermined polarization state distribution that has been changed by the polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210).
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of any the preceding claims, further comprising a cleanup polarizer (222) positioned at the output of the projector lens (220), wherein the cleanup polarizer is configured to receive the predetermined polarization state distribution of light.
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of claim 6, wherein the cleanup polarizer (222) is configured to output a maximum amount of the light in response to the polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210) altering the polarization state distribution of the light;
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of claim 5, wherein the polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210):
i) is positioned between the spatial light modulator SLM (140, 217, 218, 219) and the light source (102,202);
and/or,

ii) is configured to change a global polarization state of the light;
and/or,

iii) is positioned between the spatial light modulator SLM and the projection lens (202);
and/or,

iv) has a resolution that is lower than a resolution of the spatial light modulator SLM;
and/or,

v) is configured to switch polarization of the light.
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of any of the preceding claims, wherein:
i) the spatial light modulator SLM (217, 218, 219) comprises a number of spatial light modulators SLM;
and,

ii) the polarization-altering optical device PAD (210) comprises a number of polarization-altering optical devices PAD, the number of polarization-altering optical device being equal to the number of spatial light modulators SLM.
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of claim 5, wherein the optical system is a three-dimensional projection system:
i) configured for outputting three-dimensional images, the three-dimensional projection system comprising a polarization switch device;
or

ii) having a first projection system configured for outputting left eye images and a second projection system configured for outputting right eye images.
The optical system (100, 101, 103) of any of claims 1 to 10, further comprising a control system configured for controlling the polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210), the control system comprising:
i) a camera (406) configured to measure a brightness of projected light onto a screen (224);
and,

ii) a processor (404) configured to execute an application to compute polarization-altering optical device PAD retardation values for a polarization-altering optical device PAD driver (402) and to store the polarization-altering optical device PAD retardation values in memory (408).
A projection system comprising an optical system of claim 6, wherein the cleanup polarizer is configured to allow a maximum amount of polarized light to be outputted from the projection system.
The projection system of claim 12, wherein the cleanup polarizer is configured to allow a minimum amount of polarized light to be outputted from the projection system.
The projection system of claim 12 or 13, wherein the polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210) is configured to:
i) allow a predetermined amount of polarized light to be outputted that varies spatially according to a resolution of the polarization-altering optical device PAD and temporal and spatial transmission changes through the cleanup polarizer (222) based on signal content for each region of the spatial light modulator SLM (217, 218, 219) that corresponds to each pair of polarization-altering optical device PAD pixels;
or,

ii) allow a predetermined amount of polarized light to be outputted that varies spatially according to a resolution of the polarization-altering optical device PAD, wherein transmission through the cleanup polarizer is configured to change spatially based on correcting color non-uniformity that originates in at least one of the projection system or a projector environment.
A method of spatially modifying the polarization state of light by an optical system (100, 101, 103) as defined in any of the claims 1 to 11, comprising:
i) receiving polarized light;

ii) changing, by an optical element (140), a polarization state distribution of the polarized light from a predetermined polarization state distribution; and,

iii) changing, by a polarization-altering optical device (PAD) (110, 210), the polarization state distribution of the polarized light spatially based on an amount of change to the polarization state distribution of the polarized light caused by the optical element to cause the polarized light to have the predetermined polarization state distribution;

iv) outputting the polarized light having the predetermined polarization state distribution.
A method of calibrating a polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210) control system to determine the degree of retardation for each pair of PAD pixels or region of pixels for spatially modifying the polarization state of light in an optical system (100, 101, 103) as defined in any of the claims 1 to 11, comprising:
i) receiving (605) a screen light brightness value corresponding to a retardation value of a polarization-altering optical device PAD (110,210) pixel pair; and,

ii) either:
a) responsive to determining that an insufficient number of screen light brightness values are received, changing (615) the retardation pair value for the polarization-altering optical device PAD pixel pair and receiving an additional screen light brightness value corresponding to the changed retardation pair value of the polarization-altering optical device PAD pixel pair;

b) responsive to determining that a sufficient number of screen light brightness values are received, determining a set of parameters using the screen light brightness value and retardation pair value;
and,

c) storing the set of parameters in memory;

iii) or:-
a) responsive to determining (605) that at least one of a maximum or a minimum screen light brightness level is not reached, changing (615) polarization-altering optical device PAD retardation pair values for the polarization-altering optical device PAD pixel pair and receiving (605) an additional screen brightness value corresponding to the polarization-altering optical device PAD pixel pair;
and,

b) responsive to determining that at least one of the maximum or the minimum screen light brightness level is reached, storing (620) retardation pair values that correspond to the at least one of the maximum or the minimum screen light brightness level for the PAD pixel pair.