EP2583220A1 - Antenna for a moist environment - Google Patents

Antenna for a moist environment

Info

Publication number
EP2583220A1
EP2583220A1 EP11735490.2A EP11735490A EP2583220A1 EP 2583220 A1 EP2583220 A1 EP 2583220A1 EP 11735490 A EP11735490 A EP 11735490A EP 2583220 A1 EP2583220 A1 EP 2583220A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
tracks
subassembly
winding
track
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11735490.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2583220B1 (en
Inventor
Thierry Thomas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA, Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA filed Critical Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Publication of EP2583220A1 publication Critical patent/EP2583220A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2583220B1 publication Critical patent/EP2583220B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
    • G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
    • G06K19/07766—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/04—Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
    • H01Q1/2225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to antennas and, more particularly, to the production of a high frequency inductive antenna.
  • the invention applies more particularly to antennas for radio frequency transmissions rained ⁇ eral MHz wet, for example type transmission systems contactless card, RFID tag, an electromagnetic transponder.
  • FIG. 1 very schematically represents an example of a radio frequency transmission system of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example.
  • Such a system comprises a reader or base station 1 generating an electromagnetic field capable of being picked up by one or more transponders 2 situated in its field.
  • These transponders 2 are, for example, an electronic tag 2 'attached to an object in order to identify it or more generally any electromagnetic transponder (symbolized by a block 2 in FIG. 1).
  • an inductive resonant antenna is generally represented by a series resonant circuit a resistor r, a capacitor C1 and an inductive element L1 or antenna.
  • This circuit is excited by a controlled high frequency generator 12 (HF) (link 14) by other non-represented circuits of the base station 1.
  • HF controlled high frequency generator 12
  • a high frequency carrier is generally modulated (in amplitude and / or in phase) to transmit information to the transponder.
  • Transponder side 2 a resonant generally parallel circuit comprises an inductive element or antenna L2 in parallel with a capacitor C2 and a load R representing the electronic circuitry 22 of the transponder 2.
  • This resonant circuit captures the flow of the high magnetic field fre ⁇ quence produced by the base station, when it is subject to this field.
  • the inductive element L2 is formed of a conductive winding connected to an electronic chip 22.
  • the chip generally contains the capacitor C2.
  • the symbolic representation as a series resonant circuit at the base station and the transponder side is parallel usual even if in practice, we can find series resonant circuits on the transponder side and paral lel ⁇ base station side. On the base station side, one can also find a resonant LC structure where the capacitance is split into a parallel part and a series part. This allows the addition of an impedance change function to, for example, adapt the impedance vis-à-vis the generator.
  • the transponders are generally devoid of self ALIMEN ⁇ tation and recover the energy necessary for their func ⁇ tioning of the magnetic field generated by the base station 1. They transmit information to the base station by changing the load (R) applied to their resonant circuit so as to modulate the current flowing in their inductive antenna L2 and resulting from the electromagnetic force induced by the magnetic field of the base station.
  • the electrical permittivity of the medium encasing the transponder is practically that of the vacuum
  • FIG. 2 very schematically represents an exemplary transmission system in a humid medium. It is a system for detecting pipes 3 buried in the ground S. A base station constituting a detector is placed near the surface 55 of the ground S. This detector emits a radiofrequency magnetic field that can be picked up by transponders 2 associated with pipes 3 buried in the ground. Such a system is generally used to detect the present of pipe during civil works.
  • a problem in this type of application is that the soil is a wetland that can vary from dry soil to waterlogged soil.
  • the parasitic capacitances formed between different parts of the inductive circuit (L2) of the transponder antenna are greatly increased and that dielectric losses are added to the resonator through them.
  • the resonant circuit of the transponder is then no longer granted and its quality factor is degraded, which affects the transmission (remote power and communication).
  • labels must be present at low intervals of less than one meter to a few meters.
  • the cana ⁇ lisations have significant excrescences (housing incorporating the transponder for example).
  • the thickness of the tube is generally sufficient so that the characteristics of the resonator are not disturbed.
  • Figure 3 is a perspective view and partial sectional ⁇ LEMENT of an example of known technique to make a usable electronic tag in a humid environment having a moisture content from dry saturated with water.
  • a label 2 comprising an electronic chip 22 and a plane antenna L2 is attached to the outer surface of the pipe 3.
  • the label is carried by a flexible insulating sheet to be able to be wound on the pipe. Then, all is covered with an insulating layer 35, flexible and for example rectangular. Even taking materials with very low permittivity (equal to or slightly greater than unity in relative value), the reported thickness remains greater than several millimeters.
  • US 2003/080918 discloses a wireless communication device and provides for associating with this device pressure and temperature sensors.
  • WO 2007/084510 discloses various forms of RFID antennas, including a circular ring antenna formed of discontinuous, non-interconnected sections.
  • JP 2004-336198 describes a loop antenna with several turns without electrical discontinuity.
  • An object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide an inductive antenna that overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of conventional antennas.
  • Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide an antenna particularly suitable for use in wet environments.
  • Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a thin inductive antenna (less than a millimeter thick) and does not require additional insulation in a humid environment.
  • Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to propose a solution that does not require modifying the transponder support.
  • an inductive antenna comprising:
  • each pair of first tracks defines, with the pair of second tracks opposite, a resonant subset
  • the first two tracks of the same subset are not connected to each other and are each electrically connected to one and only one other track of another subassembly or terminal of the antenna;
  • each first track is: electrically connected to an end of a second track of the subset concerned; or
  • the substrate is flexible.
  • the antenna has a thickness of less than 1 millimeter.
  • the antenna comprises at least two subsets.
  • the antenna further comprises a half-subset formed of a first track facing a second track and coupled to at least one subset.
  • a resonator comprising an antenna whose terminals are interconnected.
  • an electronic tag adapted to wet environments, comprising an electronic circuit connected to an antenna.
  • an adaptation circuit comprising at least one inductive element and a capacitive element is interposed between the antenna and the electronic circuit.
  • An electromagnetic transponder comprising an electronic tag and a sensor connected to the electronic circuit is also provided.
  • It also provides a pipe with at least one resonator.
  • a package including at least one resonator is also provided.
  • An electromagnetic transponder comprising at least one resonator and a sensor connected to the electronic circuit is also provided.
  • Figure 1 previously described, shows schematically and in block form, an example of a radio frequency transmission system of the type to which the present invention applies;
  • Figure 2 previously described, is a diagrammatic repre ⁇ tation of a facility to which applies more particularly to the present invention
  • Figure 3 described above, is a schematic perspective and partially in section of a known technique
  • Figure 4 is a Réali a user block diagram ⁇ sation of a transponder according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a sectional view along the plane V of Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 is a schematic sectional view of a first type of subassembly of an antenna according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7A shows the electric diagram equiva ⁇ slow the subassembly of Figure 7;
  • Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view of a second type of subassembly of an antenna according to the present invention.
  • Figure 8A shows the electric diagram equiva ⁇ slow the subassembly of Figure 8;
  • FIG. 9 schematically illustrates another example of application of an antenna according to the present invention.
  • the inductance varies as the square of the number of turns. But, the more the number of turns is reduced, the less the voltage recovered at the terminals of the antenna is important (the voltage recovered varies as the number of laps). However, the recovered voltage must be sufficient to extract the energy required to func ⁇ tioning of the chip of the label.
  • the thickness constraint prevents the use of discrete components which may be necessary, in particular to incorporate a capacitive element of high value.
  • each subset having a inductance value sufficiently low that the capacitive element participating in the subset concerned has a value sufficient to make negligible the parasitic capacitances depending on the permittivity of the wet medium, even with a high permittivity.
  • the terminals of the resonant antenna thus produced are connected directly to one another. This results in a simple resonator whose characteristics of tuning frequency and quality factor are not disturbed by a wet medium, such a resonator is likely to meet simple tagging applications.
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of such an embodiment.
  • a resonator 4 consisting of resonant subassemblies, examples of which will be described later, is connected to an electronic chip 22 via an adaptation circuit 5.
  • This matching circuit is, for example consisting of an inductor (for example a plane inductive winding) in series with the windings of the resonator.
  • a capacitive element C2 participates in the adaptation but can be integrated in the chip 22 as shown.
  • the element C2 is in parallel with the electronic circuits of the chip 22.
  • the inductance L2 ' is preferably small in relation to the size of the inductive resonant antenna 4.
  • the inductive element L2' is chosen so that the circuit L2'C2 is tuned to the frequency of the radio frequency field, to obtain an overvoltage effect.
  • the inductive element L2 ' which does not need to recover a voltage induced by the radiofrequency magnetic field, will preferably be chosen to be small, thus the disturbances brought about by the damp medium on the resonance characteristics of the circuit L2'C2. 'influence that little operation of the label.
  • the inductive resonant antenna 4 will be referred to as the antenna.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of an antenna 4 for transponder 2 'in a humid environment.
  • Figure 6 is a sectional view along the plane VI of Figure 5.
  • the antenna 4 is formed of two planar windings 42 and 44 identical conductors on both sides of an insulating substrate 46.
  • the windings are plumb with each other.
  • the substrate is, for example, a flexible insulating sheet of the type commonly used for flat antennas.
  • the windings are interrupted, preferably at regular intervals, to form on each face of the substrate a set of identical and superimposed conductive tracks forming micro-ribbon line sections, these micro-ribbon line sections are grouped in pairs in contiguous manner according to the layout of the windings forming resonant subsets.
  • winding we mean a geometrical figure equivalent to a winding of at least two turns of conductive tracks.
  • the substrate can be flexible so that in the end, the antenna matches the shape of the device (for example, the pipe) on which she is placed.
  • the conductive tracks of the two line sections are connected to the geometrical continuity point according to the layout of the windings according to two embodiments which will be exposed thereafter.
  • the resonant subassemblies are interconnected with each other according to the trace of the windings between an end of a first subassembly connected to a terminal 41 of the antenna 4 and an end of a last subassembly connected to a terminal 43 of the antenna 4.
  • the connections are made by means of electrical connections on the same face or through electrical connections from one side to the other (vias).
  • the antenna is formed of three resonant subassemblies (which are respectively identified by the first two digits 52, 54 and 56 of the references) of two sections of microstrip lines forming a set of four conductive tracks, each subassembly each having two first tracks 522, 524, 542, 544, 562, 564 on the first face of the substrate facing two second tracks 526, 528, 546, 548, 566, 568 on the second face.
  • the first micro-ribbon line sections of each resonant sub-assembly are respectively formed of the pairs of tracks 522 and 526, 542 and 546, 562 and 566, and the second sections are respectively formed of pairs of tracks 524 and 524.
  • the two tracks of the same resonant subassembly and the same face are geometrically one after the other in the winding 42 or 44 corresponding.
  • a first terminal 41 of the antenna 4 is connected to a first end 5222 of a track 522 (by example and arbitrarily describing a half loop) whose second end 5224 faces without being connected to a second end 5244 of a track 524 of a first subassembly 52.
  • the track 524 continues the winding 42 and is connected ( connection 582), at its first end 5242, at the first end 5422 of a track 542 of the second subassembly 54. This structure is reproduced throughout the first winding 42.
  • a first end 5622 of a track 562 of the third subassembly 56 is electrically connected (connection 584) to the end 5442 of the track 544 of the subassembly 54.
  • a second end 5624 of the track 562 faces (without being connected) to the second end 5644 of a track 564 of the subassembly 56.
  • a first end 5642 of the track 564 terminates the winding by a connection to a second terminal 43 of the antenna.
  • Second side side an identical plot is reproduced with the second tracks 526, 528, 546, 548, 566 and 568 subassemblies 52, 54 and 56.
  • the respective second ends 5224, 5424 and 5624 of the tracks 522, 542 and 562 of the first winding 42 are connected (for example by vias, respectively 523, 543 and 563) to the respective second ends.
  • the respective second ends 5244, 5444 and 5644 tracks 524, 544 and 564 of the first winding 42 are connected to the second ends. respective 5264, 5464 and 5664 of the tracks 526, 546 and 566 of the subassembly corre ⁇ ing formed in the second winding 44.
  • connections 582 and 584 are on the winding 44 (respectively connecting the ends 5462 and 5282 and the ends 5662 and 5482) and the second ends 5422, 4622, 4242 and 5442 of the tracks 542, 524, 562 and 544 are left in the air.
  • the terminals of the antenna then correspond to the ends 5262 and 5682 of the tracks 526 and 568.
  • the two faces are covered with an insulating varnish 482, 484 (FIG. 6), after having connected an electro- ⁇ circuit (chip 22), with possible interposition of an adaptation circuit 5.
  • the assembly can then be attached (For example glued) on the outer face of the pipe 3. Finally, an insulating film 49 is reported on the assembly.
  • Fig. 7 is a sectional view of one of the subsets (e.g., the resonant subassembly 54) of Fig. 5 in an unwrapped representation.
  • Figure 7A shows the electric diagram equiva ⁇ slow the subassembly 54 of Figure 7.
  • Each first track 542 or 544 made in the first level or conductive winding is connected, by its second end and by the connection 543, respectively 545, to the second track 548 or 546 in line with the other first track in the other level or winding (cross connection).
  • the first ends of runways 542 and 544 define subset access terminals, respectively connected to the access terminals of the subsets 52 and 56 neighbors.
  • the first ends of tracks 546 and 548 are left in the air.
  • the equivalent electrical diagram of such a subassembly amounts to electrically arranging, in series, a value inductance L54 and a capacitor C54.
  • the inductor L54 represents the inductance of a single conducting track equivalent to the combination of the conductive tracks of the subassembly 54 augmented by the mutual inductances between this equivalent track and the equivalent tracks associated in the same way with the other subassemblies.
  • the capacitor C54 represents the capacitance formed by the tracks of the subset 54 between the tracks 542 and 544 of the first level and the tracks 546 and 548 of the second level (taking into account the electrical permittivity of the insulating substrate 46).
  • the different resonant circuits are electrically connected in series to form the antenna.
  • Figure 8 is a sectional view of a subassembly according to a second embodiment.
  • the respective second ends of the tracks 542 and 544 of the first winding are left in the air (unconnected) and the second respective ends of the tracks 546 and 548 of the second winding of the same subassembly are interconnected
  • connection 57 The remainder is not modified with respect to the first embodiment.
  • FIGS. 8 and 8A From an electrical point of view and as illustrated in FIG. 8A, assuming the tracks of the same length in the two embodiments, that of FIGS. 8 and 8A returns to a series connection of an inductive element of value L54 with a capacitive element of value C54 / 4, where L54 and C54 represent the inductances and capacitances of the subassembly 54 defined in relation to FIG. 7A.
  • This embodiment reduces the equivalent capacity but avoids interconnect vias in each subset.
  • the particular antenna structure proposed makes it possible, for a given tuning frequency, to produce inductive subsets of low value, thus associated with capacitances of high values (thus insensitive to the variation of parasitic capacitances which are sensitive to the medium. wet).
  • LCC.sub.i 1 (L54C540) 2 for the subset 54 depending on the mode of operation.
  • the unit inductance L0 equal to the inductance of a winding is considered equivalent to the parallel association of two windings 42 and 44 divided by the number of turns squared (the number of turns common to the two windings). 42 and 44).
  • the global capacitance C0 is also considered equal to the total capacitance between the tracks of the first level and the tracks of the second level, taking into account the electrical permittivity of the insulating substrate 46.
  • n is subtly distributed resonant per winding turn
  • the equivalent impedance of the antenna 4 is deduced from a series connection of the impedances Z of each subset.
  • the voltage recovered by the antenna 4 when it is placed in a magnetic field can be calculated according to the load connected to the antenna considering that a voltage source is inserted in series with its equivalent impedance.
  • the value of this voltage source corresponds to the electromotive force that would be induced by the radiofrequency magnetic field in a winding equivalent to the parallel association of the two windings 42 and 44.
  • an antenna also allows frac ⁇ OPERATE electrical circuit and avoids the inductive elements of too great length in which the current is not able to circulate homogeneously (amplitude and phase). Indeed, the connection of the pairs together is to connect in series several resonant circuits of the same resonant frequency. The lower the inductances of the circuits, the less the current shunts due to parasitic capacitance will be important.
  • the different subsets do not necessarily have the same lengths, provided that each subset respects, if necessary with the interposition of a capacitor, the resonance relationship. Capacitors may optionally be interposed between different subsets. However, in order not to harm the thickness, it will be preferred to play on the thickness of the substrate 46.
  • the thicknesses involved are preferably the following orders of magnitude:
  • substrate 46 less than 200 ⁇ m
  • conductive layers for producing windings 42 and 44 less than 50 ⁇ m, for example 35 ⁇ m;
  • varnish 482 and 484 of the order of some tens of ym;
  • film 49 at most a few hundred ym, preferably less than 100 ym.
  • the realized transponder is particularly thin (of a thickness of less than 1 mm in the preferred embodiment) while being insensitive to variations in parasitic capacitance due to the presence of the humid environment.
  • an antenna as illustrated in FIG. 5 and adapted to operate at a frequency of 13.56 Mhz has been produced on a substrate of thickness 100 ⁇ m having a capacitance of 42, 5 pF / cm 2, in the form of five rectangular turns on each side of the substrate with the following characteristics (neglecting the length variations between the subsets):
  • coil size about 210 mm by 50 mm; width of the copper tracks reported on the substrate (1.82 mm);
  • inductance L0 300 nH
  • C0 1850 pF
  • ie C54 185 pF in the first embodiment
  • Figure 9 illustrates another example of application of an antenna adapted to wetlands.
  • an electronic tag 2 'comprising such an antenna 4 is reported on a fresh product package (the packages may contain different fresh products with various water contents, be covered with frost or not, the products thus packaged may be stacked or not in an arrangement or in bulk).
  • An advantage of the structures described is that they are compatible from the point of view of receiving a magnetic flux (and emitting a magnetic field by considering the current flowing along the antenna) with coils of a large size. number of revolutions, preferably between 5 and 15 revolutions.
  • FIG 10 is a schematic representation of an antenna according to another embodiment.
  • the antenna comprises at least two subassemblies 50, each formed by two pairs 500 of tracks coupled to each other by a connection 57 or by the connections 543 and 545.
  • This structure is completed by a half-subset 500 consisting of an additional pair of tracks. If necessary, the half-subassembly is not terminating the antenna but is interposed between two subassemblies.
  • the presence of the additional half-subassembly can serve to adjust the length of the antenna, to postpone the terminal terminals of the antenna on the same face of the substrate, etc.
  • Example 1 Inductive antennas respecting the structure described have been made with the following dimensions.
  • Example 1 Inductive antennas respecting the structure described have been made with the following dimensions.
  • Winding rectangular spiral of 5 rectangular turns respectively of 47.5 * 212 mm, 50.5 * 215 mm, 53.5 * 218 mm, 56.5 * 221 mm and 59.5 * 224 mm.
  • Width of the conductive tracks 1.07 mm.
  • Cutting tracks two pairs of tracks per turn (interrupts in the middle of each small side of each turn and middle of the sub-sets in the middle of the long sides).
  • Subassembly type cross connection of the type of connections 543 and 545, i.e. one end of each first track is electrically connected to one end of a second track of the relevant subassembly. Ten subsets in total.
  • Winding rectangular spiral of 6 rectangular turns respectively of 47 * 211.75 mm, 49.5 * 214.25 mm, 52 * 216.75 mm, 54.5 * 219.25 mm, 57 * 221.75 mm and 59 , 5 * 224.25 mm.
  • Width of the conductive tracks 0.89 mm.
  • Cutting tracks one pair of tracks per turn (interrupts in the middle of each small side of each turn and middle of the sub-sets in the middle of the other small side).
  • Type of subsets a straight connection on one side of the type of connections 57, ie one end of each first track is unconnected, the second tracks of each subset being interconnected. Six subsets in total.
  • Winding rectangular spiral of 6 rectangular turns respectively of 20 * 100 mm, 18 * 98 mm, 16 * 96 mm, 14 * 94 mm, 12 * 92 mm and 10 * 90 mm.
  • Width of the conductive tracks 0.66 mm.
  • Cutting tracks a pair of tracks per batch of two turns (interrupts and middle of the subsets in the middle of the same small side of each turn).
  • Type of subassemblies cross connection from one side to the other.
  • one or more sensors of physical quantities for example pres ⁇ sion, temperature, hygrometry, etc., can be connected to the electronic circuit of the transponder, information representative of these quantities being transmitted to a remote reader at average of the antenna.
  • the loop antenna described in document WO 2008/083719 could at most be similar to one of the subassemblies of the inductive antenna described.

Abstract

The invention relates to an inductive antenna, comprising: a first planar conductive winding (42) on a first surface of a substrate, said first winding being cut off at regular intervals so as to form a series of pairs of first conductors (522, 524; 542, 546; 562, 564); and a second planar conductive winding (44) on a second surface of the substrate, said second winding being provided opposite the first winding and cut off in a direction vertically perpendicular to that of the cutoffs of the first winding so as to form a series of pairs of second conductors (526, 528; 546, 548; 66, 568). Each pair of first conductors defines a resonant subassembly with the pair of second conductors opposite thereto, wherein each of the two first conductors of a single subassembly are electrically connected to another first conductor of another subassembly or to a terminal (41, 43) of the antenna, the second conductors of adjacent pairs are not electrically connected to each other, and one end (5224, 244, 5424, 5444, 5624, 5644) of each first conductor is either electrically connected (523, 543, 563, 525, 545, 565) to one end (5284, 5264, 5484, 5464, 5684, 5664) of a second conductor of the subassembly in question or is not connected thereto, in which case the second conductors of the subassembly in question are electrically connected to one another.

Description

ANTENNE POUR MILIEU HUMIDE  ANTENNA FOR WET MEDIA
Domaine de 1 ' invention Field of the invention
La présente invention concerne de façon générale les antennes et, plus particulièrement, la réalisation d'une antenne inductive haute fréquence.  The present invention relates generally to antennas and, more particularly, to the production of a high frequency inductive antenna.
L'invention s'applique plus particulièrement aux antennes destinées à des transmissions radiofréquence de plu¬ sieurs MHz en milieu humide, par exemple pour des systèmes de transmission de type à carte sans contact, à étiquette RFID, à transpondeur électromagnétique. The invention applies more particularly to antennas for radio frequency transmissions rained ¬ eral MHz wet, for example type transmission systems contactless card, RFID tag, an electromagnetic transponder.
Exposé de 1 ' art antérieur Presentation of the prior art
La figure 1 représente, de façon très schématique, un exemple de système de transmission radiofréquence du type auquel s'applique à titre d'exemple la présente invention.  FIG. 1 very schematically represents an example of a radio frequency transmission system of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example.
Un tel système comporte un lecteur ou station de base 1 générant un champ électromagnétique propre à être capté par un ou plusieurs transpondeurs 2 se situant dans son champ. Ces transpondeurs 2 sont, par exemple, une étiquette électronique 2 ' rapportée sur un objet afin de l'identifier ou plus généralement n'importe quel transpondeur électromagnétique (symbolisé par un bloc 2 en figure 1) .  Such a system comprises a reader or base station 1 generating an electromagnetic field capable of being picked up by one or more transponders 2 situated in its field. These transponders 2 are, for example, an electronic tag 2 'attached to an object in order to identify it or more generally any electromagnetic transponder (symbolized by a block 2 in FIG. 1).
Côté lecteur 1, une antenne résonante inductive est généralement représentée par un circuit résonant série constitué d'une résistance r, d'un condensateur Cl et d'un élément inductif Ll ou antenne. Ce circuit est excité par un générateur haute fréquence 12 (HF) commandé (liaison 14) par d'autres circuits non représentés de la station de base 1. Une porteuse haute fréquence est généralement modulée (en amplitude et/ou en phase) pour transmettre des informations au transpondeur. On the reader side 1, an inductive resonant antenna is generally represented by a series resonant circuit a resistor r, a capacitor C1 and an inductive element L1 or antenna. This circuit is excited by a controlled high frequency generator 12 (HF) (link 14) by other non-represented circuits of the base station 1. A high frequency carrier is generally modulated (in amplitude and / or in phase) to transmit information to the transponder.
Côté transpondeur 2, un circuit résonant, généralement parallèle, comporte un élément inductif ou antenne L2 en parallèle avec un condensateur C2 et avec une charge R représentant les circuits électroniques 22 du transpondeur 2. Ce circuit résonant capte le flux du champ magnétique haute fré¬ quence produit par la station de base, lorsqu'il se trouve soumis à ce champ. Dans le cas d'une étiquette électronique 2', l'élément inductif L2 est formé d'un enroulement conducteur relié à une puce électronique 22. La puce renferme généralement le condensateur C2. Transponder side 2, a resonant generally parallel circuit comprises an inductive element or antenna L2 in parallel with a capacitor C2 and a load R representing the electronic circuitry 22 of the transponder 2. This resonant circuit captures the flow of the high magnetic field fre ¬ quence produced by the base station, when it is subject to this field. In the case of an electronic tag 2 ', the inductive element L2 is formed of a conductive winding connected to an electronic chip 22. The chip generally contains the capacitor C2.
La représentation symbolique sous forme de circuit résonant série côté station de base et parallèle côté transpondeur est habituelle même si, en pratique, on pourra trouver des circuits résonants série côté transpondeur et paral¬ lèle côté station de base. Côté station de base, on peut également trouver une structure LC résonante où la capacité est fractionnée en une partie parallèle et une partie série. Ceci permet l'ajout d'une fonction de changement d'impédance pour, par exemple, adapter l'impédance vis-à-vis du générateur. The symbolic representation as a series resonant circuit at the base station and the transponder side is parallel usual even if in practice, we can find series resonant circuits on the transponder side and paral lel ¬ base station side. On the base station side, one can also find a resonant LC structure where the capacitance is split into a parallel part and a series part. This allows the addition of an impedance change function to, for example, adapt the impedance vis-à-vis the generator.
Les transpondeurs sont généralement dépourvus d'alimen¬ tation autonome et récupèrent l'énergie nécessaire à leur fonc¬ tionnement du champ magnétique produit par la station de base 1. Ils transmettent des informations vers la station de base en modifiant la charge (R) appliquée à leur circuit résonant de manière à moduler le courant circulant dans leur antenne induc- tive L2 et résultant de la force électromagnétique induite par le champ magnétique de la station de base. The transponders are generally devoid of self ALIMEN ¬ tation and recover the energy necessary for their func ¬ tioning of the magnetic field generated by the base station 1. They transmit information to the base station by changing the load (R) applied to their resonant circuit so as to modulate the current flowing in their inductive antenna L2 and resulting from the electromagnetic force induced by the magnetic field of the base station.
Les circuits résonants du lecteur et du transpondeur sont généralement accordés sur une même fréquence de résonance Cû (Ll.Cl.Cû^ = L2.C2.G)2 = 1). Quand le transpondeur est placé dans un milieu comme l'air, la permittivité électrique du milieu enrobant le transpondeur est pratiquement celle du vide The resonant circuits of the reader and the transponder are generally tuned to the same resonant frequency. (Ll.Cl.Cu = L2.C2.G) 2 = 1). When the transponder is placed in a medium like air, the electrical permittivity of the medium encasing the transponder is practically that of the vacuum
-12  -12
(εο=8,854.10 Farad par mètre, ou permittivité relative £r=l) . Les caractéristiques du circuit résonant du transpondeur (accord en fréquence, facteur de qualité) sont stables et à leur valeur nominales. Toutefois, ce n'est pas le cas dans un sol (ou dans tout autre milieu humide) où la quantité variable d'eau conduit à une forte variabilité de la permittivité électrique du milieu entourant le transpondeur jusqu'à atteindre des valeurs très importante. L'eau a une permittivité électrique relative £r très élevée d'une valeur d'environ 80. Si le circuit résonant du transpondeur n'est pas suffisamment protégé par une enveloppe d'un matériau de permittivité électrique stable et de faible valeur, les caractéristiques du circuit résonant du transpondeur seront fortement perturbées . Si la permittivité électrique de l'enveloppe de protection éventuellement utilisée n'est pas de faible valeur, on peut régler les caractéristiques du circuit résonant en présence de cette enveloppe, pourvu que cette permittivité soit stable. (εο = 8,854.10 Farad per meter, or relative permittivity £ r = 1). The characteristics of the resonant circuit of the transponder (frequency agreement, quality factor) are stable and at their nominal value. However, this is not the case in a soil (or in any other wet environment) where the variable amount of water leads to a high variability of the electrical permittivity of the environment surrounding the transponder until reaching very important values. The water has a very high relative electrical permittivity r of a value of about 80. If the resonant circuit of the transponder is not sufficiently protected by an envelope of a stable, low-value electrical permittivity material, the The characteristics of the transponder resonant circuit will be strongly disturbed. If the electrical permittivity of the protective envelope possibly used is not of low value, it is possible to adjust the characteristics of the resonant circuit in the presence of this envelope, provided that this permittivity is stable.
La figure 2 représente, de façon très schématique un exemple de système de transmission en milieu humide. Il s'agit d'un système de détection de tuyaux 3 enterrés dans le sol S. Une station de base constituant un détecteur est placé à proximité de la surface 55 du sol S. Ce détecteur émet un champ magnétique radiofréquence susceptible d'être capté par des transpondeurs 2 associés aux tuyaux 3 enterrés dans le sol. Un tel système est généralement utilisé pour détecter la présente de canalisation lors de travaux de génie civil.  FIG. 2 very schematically represents an exemplary transmission system in a humid medium. It is a system for detecting pipes 3 buried in the ground S. A base station constituting a detector is placed near the surface 55 of the ground S. This detector emits a radiofrequency magnetic field that can be picked up by transponders 2 associated with pipes 3 buried in the ground. Such a system is generally used to detect the present of pipe during civil works.
Un problème dans ce genre d'application est que le sol constitue un milieu humide pouvant varier d'un sol sec à un sol saturé en eau. La permittivité électrique £r (pouvant atteindre plusieurs dizaines) n'est alors plus du même ordre de grandeur que l'air (£r=l) . Il en découle que les capacités parasites constituées entre différentes parties du circuit inductif (L2) de 1 ' antenne du transpondeur sont fortement augmentées et que des pertes diélectriques sont ajoutées au résonateur par leur intermédiaire. Le circuit résonant du transpondeur n'est alors plus accordé et son facteur de qualité est dégradé, ce qui nuit à la transmission (télé-alimentation et communication) . A problem in this type of application is that the soil is a wetland that can vary from dry soil to waterlogged soil. The electric permittivity £ r (which can reach several tens) is then no longer of the same order of magnitude as the air (£ r = 1). It follows that the parasitic capacitances formed between different parts of the inductive circuit (L2) of the transponder antenna are greatly increased and that dielectric losses are added to the resonator through them. The resonant circuit of the transponder is then no longer granted and its quality factor is degraded, which affects the transmission (remote power and communication).
Les solutions actuelles consistent à enrober le circuit résonant du transpondeur avec un matériau isolant (permittivité £r de l'ordre de 1 ou allant jusqu'à quelques unités (<5) ) suffisamment épais pour que le milieu humide soit suffisamment éloigné et n'interfère plus avec les carac¬ téristiques du résonateur du transpondeur. Il est aussi possible de régler les caractéristiques du résonateur en présence du matériau de protection. L'épaisseur nécessaire (en pratique quelques millimètres) peut sembler faible mais accroît consi- dérablement le coût des tuyaux. Pour d'autres applications, la finesse du transpondeur utilisé comme étiquette peut également être une contrainte rendant non souhaitable une augmentation d'épaisseur. Current solutions consist in coating the resonant circuit of the transponder with an insulating material (permittivity r of the order of 1 or up to a few units (<5)) sufficiently thick so that the wet medium is sufficiently far away and n ' interferes with charac ¬ transponder resonator acteristics. It is also possible to adjust the characteristics of the resonator in the presence of the protective material. The thickness required (in practice a few millimeters) may seem small but considerably increases the cost of the pipes. For other applications, the fineness of the transponder used as a label may also be a constraint rendering undesirable an increase in thickness.
En particulier, pour que le tracé d'une canalisation puisse être repéré, des étiquettes doivent être présentes à faibles intervalles de moins d'un mètre à quelques mètres.  In particular, for the layout of a pipeline to be located, labels must be present at low intervals of less than one meter to a few meters.
De plus, il n'est pas souhaitable que les cana¬ lisations aient des excroissances importantes (boitier intégrant le transpondeur par exemple) . In addition, it is not desirable that the cana ¬ lisations have significant excrescences (housing incorporating the transponder for example).
Côté interne, même si le tuyau est destiné véhiculer du liquide, l'épaisseur du tube est généralement suffisante pour que les caractéristiques du résonateur ne soient pas perturbées.  On the internal side, even if the pipe is intended to convey liquid, the thickness of the tube is generally sufficient so that the characteristics of the resonator are not disturbed.
La figure 3 est une vue en perspective et partiel¬ lement en coupe d'un exemple de technique connue pour rendre une étiquette électronique utilisable en milieu humide ayant un taux d'humidité allant de sec à saturé en eau. Figure 3 is a perspective view and partial sectional ¬ LEMENT of an example of known technique to make a usable electronic tag in a humid environment having a moisture content from dry saturated with water.
Une étiquette 2 comportant une puce électronique 22 et une antenne plane L2 est rapportée sur la surface externe du tuyau 3. L'étiquette est portée par une feuille isolante souple pour pouvoir être enroulée sur le tuyau. Puis, l'ensemble est recouvert d'une couche isolante 35, souple et par exemple rectangulaire. Même en prenant des matériaux à très faible permittivité (égale ou légèrement supérieure à l'unité en valeur relative), l'épaisseur rapportée reste supérieure à plusieurs millimètres. A label 2 comprising an electronic chip 22 and a plane antenna L2 is attached to the outer surface of the pipe 3. The label is carried by a flexible insulating sheet to be able to be wound on the pipe. Then, all is covered with an insulating layer 35, flexible and for example rectangular. Even taking materials with very low permittivity (equal to or slightly greater than unity in relative value), the reported thickness remains greater than several millimeters.
On pourrait penser noyer les étiquettes dans l'épaisseur du tuyau lors de la fabrication. Toutefois, cela rend la fabrication du tuyau plus complexe, donc plus onéreuse. L'insertion d'un objet dans l'épaisseur peut imposer de fortes contraintes de fabrication pour maintenir/sauvegarder la résistance mécanique du tuyau.  One could think to drown the labels in the thickness of the pipe during the manufacture. However, this makes the manufacture of the pipe more complex and therefore more expensive. The insertion of an object in the thickness can impose strong manufacturing constraints to maintain / save the mechanical resistance of the pipe.
Il existe donc un besoin pour la réalisation d'une antenne inductive adaptée aux milieux humides.  There is therefore a need for the realization of an inductive antenna adapted to wetlands.
Le document WO 2008/083719 décrit une antenne de faible taille constituée d'une première piste circulaire interrompue en un point et entourée d'une seconde piste interrompue dans deux positions diamétralement opposées. Les première et seconde pistes ne forment pas chacune un enroulement au sens d' une figure géométrique équivalente à un bobinage d' au moins deux tours de pistes conductrices.  Document WO 2008/083719 describes a small antenna consisting of a first circular track interrupted at one point and surrounded by a second interrupted track in two diametrically opposite positions. The first and second tracks do not each form a winding in the sense of a geometrical figure equivalent to a winding of at least two turns of conductive tracks.
Le document US 2003/080918 décrit un dispositif de communication sans fil et prévoit d'associer à ce dispositif des capteurs de pression et de température.  US 2003/080918 discloses a wireless communication device and provides for associating with this device pressure and temperature sensors.
Le document WO 2007/084510 décrit diverses formes d'antennes RFID, parmi lesquelles une antenne en anneau circulaire formée de tronçons discontinus, non interconnectés.  WO 2007/084510 discloses various forms of RFID antennas, including a circular ring antenna formed of discontinuous, non-interconnected sections.
L'article "On the résonances and polarizabilities of split ring resonators" de Garcia et al., paru dans Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics en août 2005 (vol. 98, n° 3, pages 033103-033103, décrit différentes formes de circuits résonants formés de paires de pistes.  Garcia et al., Article "On the Resonances and Polarizabilities of Split Ring Resonators", published in the Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics, August 2005 (Vol 98, No. 3, pages 033103-033103, describes various resonant circuit forms formed of pairs of tracks.
Le document JP 2004-336198 décrit une antenne boucle à plusieurs tours sans discontinuité électrique. Résumé JP 2004-336198 describes a loop antenna with several turns without electrical discontinuity. summary
Un objet d'un mode de réalisation de la présente invention est de proposer une antenne inductive qui pallie tout ou partie des inconvénients des antennes classiques.  An object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide an inductive antenna that overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of conventional antennas.
Un autre objet d'un mode de réalisation de la présente invention est de proposer une antenne particulièrement adaptée aux utilisations en milieux humides.  Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide an antenna particularly suitable for use in wet environments.
Un autre objet d'un mode de réalisation de la présente invention est de proposer une antenne inductive peu épaisse (d'épaisseur inférieure au millimètre) et ne nécessitant pas d'isolant supplémentaire en milieu humide.  Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a thin inductive antenna (less than a millimeter thick) and does not require additional insulation in a humid environment.
Un autre objet d'un mode de réalisation de la présente invention est de proposer une solution ne nécessitant pas de modifier le support du transpondeur.  Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to propose a solution that does not require modifying the transponder support.
Pour atteindre tout ou partie de ces objets ainsi que d'autres, il est prévu une antenne inductive comportant :  To achieve all or part of these objects as well as others, there is provided an inductive antenna comprising:
un substrat isolant ;  an insulating substrate;
un premier enroulement conducteur plan sur une première face du substrat, interrompu à intervalles réguliers pour former une succession de paires de premières pistes conduc¬ trices ; a first conductive winding plane on a first face of the substrate, interrupted at regular intervals to form a succession of pairs of first cond ¬ trice tracks;
un second enroulement conducteur plan sur une seconde face du substrat, en regard du premier enroulement et interrompu à 1 ' aplomb des interruptions du premier enroulement pour former une succession de paires de secondes pistes conductrices ; et dans laquelle :  a second conductive winding plane on a second face of the substrate, opposite the first winding and interrupted at one plumb with interruptions of the first winding to form a succession of pairs of second conductive tracks; and wherein:
chaque paire de premières pistes définit, avec la paire de secondes pistes en regard, un sous-ensemble résonant ;  each pair of first tracks defines, with the pair of second tracks opposite, a resonant subset;
les deux premières pistes d'un même sous-ensemble ne sont pas connectées entre elles et sont chacune électriquement connectées à une et une seule autre première piste d'un autre sous ensemble ou à une borne de 1 ' antenne ;  the first two tracks of the same subset are not connected to each other and are each electrically connected to one and only one other track of another subassembly or terminal of the antenna;
les secondes pistes de paires voisines ne sont pas électriquement connectées les unes aux autres ; et  the second tracks of neighboring pairs are not electrically connected to each other; and
une extrémité de chaque première piste est : électriquement connectée à une extrémité d'une seconde piste du sous-ensemble concerné ; ou one end of each first track is: electrically connected to an end of a second track of the subset concerned; or
non connectée, les secondes pistes du sous-ensemble concerné étant alors électriquement interconnectées .  not connected, the second tracks of the subset concerned then being electrically interconnected.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le substrat est souple.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the substrate is flexible.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'antenne présente une épaisseur inférieure à 1 millimètre.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the antenna has a thickness of less than 1 millimeter.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'antenne comporte au moins deux sous-ensembles.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the antenna comprises at least two subsets.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'antenne comporte en outre un demi-sous-ensemble formé d'une première piste en regard d'une seconde piste et couplé à au moins un sous-ensemble.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the antenna further comprises a half-subset formed of a first track facing a second track and coupled to at least one subset.
On prévoit également un résonateur comportant une antenne dont les bornes sont interconnectées .  There is also provided a resonator comprising an antenna whose terminals are interconnected.
On prévoit également une étiquette électronique adaptée aux milieux humides, comportant un circuit électronique connecté à une antenne .  There is also provided an electronic tag adapted to wet environments, comprising an electronic circuit connected to an antenna.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, un circuit d'adaptation comportant au moins un élément inductif et un élément capacitif est intercalé entre l'antenne et le circuit électronique.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, an adaptation circuit comprising at least one inductive element and a capacitive element is interposed between the antenna and the electronic circuit.
On prévoit également une canalisation comportant au moins une étiquette électronique.  It also provides a pipe with at least one electronic tag.
On prévoit également un emballage comportant au moins une étiquette électronique.  There is also a package comprising at least one electronic tag.
On prévoit également un transpondeur électromagnétique comportant une étiquette électronique et un capteur connecté au circuit électronique.  An electromagnetic transponder comprising an electronic tag and a sensor connected to the electronic circuit is also provided.
On prévoit également l'utilisation d'une étiquette dans le sol.  It is also anticipated that a label will be used in the soil.
On prévoit également une canalisation comportant au moins un résonateur. On prévoit également un emballage comportant au moins un résonateur. It also provides a pipe with at least one resonator. A package including at least one resonator is also provided.
On prévoit également un transpondeur électromagnétique comportant au moins un résonateur et un capteur connecté au circuit électronique.  An electromagnetic transponder comprising at least one resonator and a sensor connected to the electronic circuit is also provided.
On prévoit également l'utilisation d'un résonateur dans le sol.  It is also expected to use a resonator in the ground.
Brève description des dessins  Brief description of the drawings
Ces objets, caractéristiques et avantages, ainsi que d'autres seront exposés en détail dans la description suivante de modes de réalisation particuliers faite à titre non-limitatif en relation avec les figures jointes parmi lesquelles :  These and other objects, features, and advantages will be set forth in detail in the following description of particular embodiments in a non-limitative manner with reference to the accompanying figures in which:
la figure 1, décrite précédemment, représente, de façon schématique et sous forme de blocs, un exemple de système de transmission radiofréquence du type auquel s'applique la présente invention ;  Figure 1, previously described, shows schematically and in block form, an example of a radio frequency transmission system of the type to which the present invention applies;
la figure 2, décrite précédemment, est une représen¬ tation schématique d'une installation à laquelle s'applique plus particulièrement la présente invention ; Figure 2, previously described, is a diagrammatic repre ¬ tation of a facility to which applies more particularly to the present invention;
la figure 3, décrite précédemment, est une perspective schématique et partiellement en coupe d'une technique connue ;  Figure 3, described above, is a schematic perspective and partially in section of a known technique;
la figure 4 est un schéma-bloc d'un mode de réali¬ sation d'un transpondeur selon la présente invention ; Figure 4 is a Réali a user block diagram ¬ sation of a transponder according to the present invention;
la figure 5 est une vue en perspective d'une antenne selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention ;  Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention;
la figure 6 est une vue en coupe selon le plan V de la figure 5 ;  Figure 6 is a sectional view along the plane V of Figure 5;
la figure 7 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un premier type de sous-ensemble d'une antenne selon la présente invention ;  Figure 7 is a schematic sectional view of a first type of subassembly of an antenna according to the present invention;
la figure 7A représente le schéma électrique équiva¬ lent du sous-ensemble de la figure 7 ; Figure 7A shows the electric diagram equiva ¬ slow the subassembly of Figure 7;
la figure 8 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un deuxième type de sous-ensemble d'une antenne selon la présente invention ; la figure 8A représente le schéma électrique équiva¬ lent du sous-ensemble de la figure 8 ; et Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view of a second type of subassembly of an antenna according to the present invention; Figure 8A shows the electric diagram equiva ¬ slow the subassembly of Figure 8; and
la figure 9 illustre schématiquement un autre exemple d'application d'une antenne selon la présente invention.  Figure 9 schematically illustrates another example of application of an antenna according to the present invention.
Description détaillée detailed description
De mêmes éléments ont été désignés par de mêmes réfé¬ rences aux différentes figures qui ont été tracées sans respect d'échelle. Par souci de clarté, seuls les éléments utiles à la compréhension de 1 ' invention ont été représentés et seront décrits. En particulier, les stations de base auxquelles sont destinées des antennes de transpondeur qui vont être décrites n'ont pas été détaillées, l'invention étant compatible avec les diverses stations de bases et détecteurs usuels et n'en requiert pas de modification. De plus, les signaux de modulation de la charge constituée par le transpondeur n'ont pas non plus été détaillés, l'invention étant compatible avec les signaux habi¬ tuellement utilisés pour ce genre de transpondeurs. L'invention est par ailleurs compatible avec les puces électroniques actuellement disponibles pour ce genre de transpondeurs . The same elements have been designated with the same refe ¬ ences in the different drawings which have been drawn out of scale. For the sake of clarity, only those elements useful for understanding the invention have been shown and will be described. In particular, the base stations for which transponder antennas are intended to be described have not been detailed, the invention being compatible with the various base stations and conventional detectors and does not require any modification thereof. In addition, the load modulation signals formed by the transponder do not have not been detailed, the invention being compatible with habi ¬ tuellement signals used for such transponders. The invention is also compatible with the electronic chips currently available for this kind of transponders.
Pour rendre l'accord de l'étiquette insensible au milieu humide dans lequel elle est plongée, on prévoit d'aug¬ menter la valeur capacitive de son circuit résonant. Ainsi, les capacités parasites présentes entre les différentes parties du circuit et dépendantes de la permittivité du milieu n'apporte, même avec une permittivité de forte valeur, qu'une contribution négligeable sur l'accord du circuit résonant. Une difficulté réside alors dans la diminution de la valeur de 1 ' inductance nécessaire pour compenser l'augmentation de la capacité pour une fréquence de résonance donnée (dans les applications que vise plus particulièrement la présente invention, entre 10 etTo make the agreement of the insensitive label wet environment in which it is immersed, to aug ¬ is provided Menter the capacitive value of the resonant circuit. Thus, the parasitic capacitances present between the different parts of the circuit and dependent on the permittivity of the medium provides, even with a high value permittivity, only a negligible contribution to the tuning of the resonant circuit. A difficulty therefore lies in reducing the value of the inductance required to compensate for the increase in capacitance for a given resonant frequency (in applications which are more particularly targeted at the present invention, between 10 and
100 MHz). Pour réduire l'inductance, on aurait pu penser réduire le nombre de tours des enroulements plans formant 1 ' antenne (l'inductance varie comme le carré du nombre de tours). Mais, plus on réduit le nombre de tours, moins la tension récupérée aux bornes de l'antenne est importante (la tension récupérée varie comme le nombre de tours) . Or, la tension récupérée doit être suffisante pour extraire l'énergie nécessaire au fonc¬ tionnement de la puce de l'étiquette. 100 MHz). To reduce the inductance, one could think to reduce the number of turns of the planar windings forming the antenna (the inductance varies as the square of the number of turns). But, the more the number of turns is reduced, the less the voltage recovered at the terminals of the antenna is important (the voltage recovered varies as the number of laps). However, the recovered voltage must be sufficient to extract the energy required to func ¬ tioning of the chip of the label.
On aurait pu penser augmenter le format de 1 ' induc- tance (la tension récupérée varie comme le carré du facteur d'échelle) tout en réduisant le nombre de tours (l'inductance varie comme le facteur d'échelle). Mais la taille de l'antenne alors nécessaire serait souvent incompatible avec l'application.  One could have thought of increasing the inductance format (the recovered voltage varies as the square of the scale factor) while reducing the number of revolutions (the inductance varies as the scale factor). But the size of the antenna then needed would often be incompatible with the application.
Par ailleurs, la contrainte d'épaisseur empêche l'uti- lisation de composants discrets qui peut être nécessaire, notamment pour incorporer un élément capacitif de forte valeur.  Moreover, the thickness constraint prevents the use of discrete components which may be necessary, in particular to incorporate a capacitive element of high value.
Ainsi, on prévoit de découper le circuit de l'antenne résonante inductive en sous-ensembles ou en paires de tronçons connectés de façon particulière entre eux pour constituer des sous-ensembles résonants ayant tous la même fréquence de résonance, chaque sous-ensemble ayant une valeur d'inductance suffisamment faible pour que l'élément capacitif participant au sous-ensemble concerné ait une valeur suffisante à rendre négligeable les capacités parasites dépendant de la permittivité du milieu humide, même avec une forte permittivité.  Thus, it is intended to cut the circuit of the inductive resonant antenna into subsets or pairs of sections connected in a particular way to each other to form resonant subsets having all the same resonant frequency, each subset having a inductance value sufficiently low that the capacitive element participating in the subset concerned has a value sufficient to make negligible the parasitic capacitances depending on the permittivity of the wet medium, even with a high permittivity.
Dans un mode de réalisation simplifié, les bornes de l'antenne résonante ainsi réalisée sont connectées directement l'une à l'autre. On obtient alors un résonateur simple dont les caractéristiques de fréquence d'accord et de facteur de qualité ne sont pas perturbées par un milieu humide, un tel résonateur est susceptible de répondre à des applications de simple marquage .  In a simplified embodiment, the terminals of the resonant antenna thus produced are connected directly to one another. This results in a simple resonator whose characteristics of tuning frequency and quality factor are not disturbed by a wet medium, such a resonator is likely to meet simple tagging applications.
Dans un mode de réalisation adapté à fonctionner avec une puce électronique, il peut être nécessaire d'intercaler un circuit d'adaptation entre l'antenne résonante inductive et cette puce électronique.  In an embodiment adapted to operate with an electronic chip, it may be necessary to insert an adaptation circuit between the inductive resonant antenna and this electronic chip.
La figure 4 est un schéma-bloc d'un tel mode de réalisation.  Figure 4 is a block diagram of such an embodiment.
Un résonateur 4 (ANT) formé de sous-ensembles réso- nants dont des exemples seront décrits plus loin est connecté à une puce électronique 22 par l'intermédiaire d'un circuit d'adaptation 5. Ce circuit d'adaptation est, par exemple constitué d'une inductance (par exemple un enroulement inductif plan) en série avec les enroulements du résonateur. Un élément capacitif C2 participe à 1 ' adaptation mais peut être intégré dans la puce 22 comme cela est représenté. L'élément C2 est en parallèle sur les circuits électroniques de la puce 22. L'inductance L2 ' est préférentiellement de petite taille par rapport à la taille de l'antenne résonante inductive 4. L'élément inductif L2 ' est choisi pour que le circuit L2'C2 soit accordé sur la fréquence du champ radiofréquence, pour obtenir un effet de surtension. L'élément inductif L2 ' , n'ayant pas besoin de récupérer une tension induite par le champ magnétique radiofréquence, sera choisi de préférence de petite taille, ainsi les perturbations apportées par le milieu humide sur les caractéristiques de résonance du circuit L2'C2 n'influencent que peu le fonctionnement de l'étiquette. Dans la description qui suit, on appellera antenne l'antenne résonante inductive 4. A resonator 4 (ANT) consisting of resonant subassemblies, examples of which will be described later, is connected to an electronic chip 22 via an adaptation circuit 5. This matching circuit is, for example consisting of an inductor (for example a plane inductive winding) in series with the windings of the resonator. A capacitive element C2 participates in the adaptation but can be integrated in the chip 22 as shown. The element C2 is in parallel with the electronic circuits of the chip 22. The inductance L2 'is preferably small in relation to the size of the inductive resonant antenna 4. The inductive element L2' is chosen so that the circuit L2'C2 is tuned to the frequency of the radio frequency field, to obtain an overvoltage effect. The inductive element L2 ', which does not need to recover a voltage induced by the radiofrequency magnetic field, will preferably be chosen to be small, thus the disturbances brought about by the damp medium on the resonance characteristics of the circuit L2'C2. 'influence that little operation of the label. In the description which follows, the inductive resonant antenna 4 will be referred to as the antenna.
La figure 5 est une vue schématique en perspective d'un mode de réalisation d'une antenne 4 pour transpondeur 2' en milieu humide.  Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of an antenna 4 for transponder 2 'in a humid environment.
La figure 6 est une vue en coupe selon le plan VI de la figure 5.  Figure 6 is a sectional view along the plane VI of Figure 5.
L'antenne 4 est formée de deux enroulements plans 42 et 44 conducteurs identiques sur les deux faces d'un substrat isolant 46. Les enroulements sont à l'aplomb l'un de l'autre. Le substrat est, par exemple, une feuille isolante souple du type de celles habituellement utilisées pour les antennes planes. Les enroulements sont interrompus, de préférence à intervalles réguliers, pour former sur chaque face du substrat un ensemble de pistes conductrices identiques et superposées formant des tronçons de ligne micro-ruban, ces tronçons de ligne micro-ruban sont regroupés par deux de manière contigue suivant le tracé des enroulements formant des sous-ensembles résonants . Lorsque l'on parle d'enroulement on entend une figure géométrique équivalente à un bobinage d' au moins deux tours de pistes conductrices. The antenna 4 is formed of two planar windings 42 and 44 identical conductors on both sides of an insulating substrate 46. The windings are plumb with each other. The substrate is, for example, a flexible insulating sheet of the type commonly used for flat antennas. The windings are interrupted, preferably at regular intervals, to form on each face of the substrate a set of identical and superimposed conductive tracks forming micro-ribbon line sections, these micro-ribbon line sections are grouped in pairs in contiguous manner according to the layout of the windings forming resonant subsets. When we speak of winding we mean a geometrical figure equivalent to a winding of at least two turns of conductive tracks.
Lorsque l'on parle d'un enroulement plan ou d'une antenne plane, cela n'exclut pas que le substrat puisse être souple pour qu'au final, l'antenne épouse la forme du dispositif (par exemple, le tuyau) sur lequel elle est placée.  When speaking of a plane winding or plane antenna, this does not exclude that the substrate can be flexible so that in the end, the antenna matches the shape of the device (for example, the pipe) on which she is placed.
Dans un même sous-ensemble résonant, les pistes conductrices des deux tronçons de ligne sont connectées au point de continuité géométrique suivant le tracé des enroulements selon deux modes de réalisation qui seront exposés par la suite. Les sous-ensembles résonants sont interconnectés entre eux suivant le tracé des enroulements entre une extrémité d'un premier sous-ensemble connectée à une borne 41 de l'antenne 4 et une extrémité d'un dernier sous-ensemble connectée à une borne 43 de l'antenne 4. Les connexions sont réalisées aux moyens de liaisons électriques sur une même face ou de liaisons électriques traversantes d'une face à l'autre (vias) .  In the same resonant subset, the conductive tracks of the two line sections are connected to the geometrical continuity point according to the layout of the windings according to two embodiments which will be exposed thereafter. The resonant subassemblies are interconnected with each other according to the trace of the windings between an end of a first subassembly connected to a terminal 41 of the antenna 4 and an end of a last subassembly connected to a terminal 43 of the antenna 4. The connections are made by means of electrical connections on the same face or through electrical connections from one side to the other (vias).
Selon le mode de réalisation de la figure 5, l'antenne est formée de trois sous-ensembles résonants (qui sont respectivement identifiés par les deux premiers chiffres 52, 54 et 56 des références) de deux tronçons de lignes micro-ruban formant un ensemble de quatre pistes conductrices, chaque sous- ensemble comportant chacun deux premières pistes 522, 524, 542, 544, 562, 564 sur la première face du substrat en regard de deux secondes pistes 526, 528, 546, 548, 566, 568 sur la seconde face. Les premiers tronçons de ligne micro-ruban de chaque sous- ensemble résonant sont formés respectivement des couples de pistes 522 et 526, 542 et 546, 562 et 566, et les seconds tronçons sont formés respectivement des couples de pistes 524 et According to the embodiment of FIG. 5, the antenna is formed of three resonant subassemblies (which are respectively identified by the first two digits 52, 54 and 56 of the references) of two sections of microstrip lines forming a set of four conductive tracks, each subassembly each having two first tracks 522, 524, 542, 544, 562, 564 on the first face of the substrate facing two second tracks 526, 528, 546, 548, 566, 568 on the second face. The first micro-ribbon line sections of each resonant sub-assembly are respectively formed of the pairs of tracks 522 and 526, 542 and 546, 562 and 566, and the second sections are respectively formed of pairs of tracks 524 and 524.
528, 544 et 548, 564 et 568. Les deux pistes d'un même sous- ensemble résonant et d'une même face sont géométriquement l'une à la suite de l'autre dans l'enroulement 42 ou 44 correspondant. 528, 544 and 548, 564 and 568. The two tracks of the same resonant subassembly and the same face are geometrically one after the other in the winding 42 or 44 corresponding.
Ainsi, une première borne 41 de l'antenne 4 est connectée à une première extrémité 5222 d'une piste 522 (par exemple et arbitrairement décrivant une demi-boucle) dont la seconde extrémité 5224 fait face sans être connectée à une seconde extrémité 5244 d'une piste 524 d'un premier sous- ensemble 52. La piste 524 poursuit l'enroulement 42 et est connectée (connexion 582) , par sa première extrémité 5242, à la première extrémité 5422 d'une piste 542 du deuxième sous- ensemble 54. Cette structure est reproduite sur tout le premier enroulement 42. Ainsi, une première extrémité 5622 d'une piste 562 du troisième sous-ensemble 56 est électriquement connectée (connexion 584) à l'extrémité 5442 de la piste 544 du sous- ensemble 54. Une seconde extrémité 5624 de la piste 562 fait face (sans être connectée) à la seconde extrémité 5644 d'une piste 564 du sous-ensemble 56. Une première extrémité 5642 de la piste 564 termine l'enroulement par une connexion à une seconde borne 43 de l'antenne. Thus, a first terminal 41 of the antenna 4 is connected to a first end 5222 of a track 522 (by example and arbitrarily describing a half loop) whose second end 5224 faces without being connected to a second end 5244 of a track 524 of a first subassembly 52. The track 524 continues the winding 42 and is connected ( connection 582), at its first end 5242, at the first end 5422 of a track 542 of the second subassembly 54. This structure is reproduced throughout the first winding 42. Thus, a first end 5622 of a track 562 of the third subassembly 56 is electrically connected (connection 584) to the end 5442 of the track 544 of the subassembly 54. A second end 5624 of the track 562 faces (without being connected) to the second end 5644 of a track 564 of the subassembly 56. A first end 5642 of the track 564 terminates the winding by a connection to a second terminal 43 of the antenna.
Côté seconde face, un tracé identique est reproduit avec les secondes pistes 526, 528, 546, 548, 566 et 568 des sous-ensembles 52, 54 et 56. Les premières bornes respectives 5262, 5462, 5662, 5282, 5482 et 5682 des pistes 526, 546, 566, 528, 248 et 568 sont toutefois laissées en l'air.  Second side side, an identical plot is reproduced with the second tracks 526, 528, 546, 548, 566 and 568 subassemblies 52, 54 and 56. The respective first terminals 5262, 5462, 5662, 5282, 5482 and 5682 of Tracks 526, 546, 566, 528, 248 and 568, however, are left in the air.
Dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 5, les secondes extrémités respectives 5224, 5424 et 5624 des pistes 522, 542 et 562 du premier enroulement 42 sont reliées (par exemple par des vias, respectivement 523, 543 et 563) aux secondes extrémités respectives 5284, 5484 et 5684 des pistes 528, 548 et 568 du sous-ensemble correspondant, formées dans le second enroulement 44. Les secondes extrémités respectives 5244, 5444 et 5644 des pistes 524, 544 et 564 du premier enroulement 42 sont reliées aux secondes extrémités respectives 5264, 5464 et 5664 des pistes 526, 546 et 566 du sous-ensemble correspon¬ dant, formées dans le second enroulement 44. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the respective second ends 5224, 5424 and 5624 of the tracks 522, 542 and 562 of the first winding 42 are connected (for example by vias, respectively 523, 543 and 563) to the respective second ends. 5284, 5484 and 5684 tracks 528, 548 and 568 of the corresponding subassembly formed in the second winding 44. The respective second ends 5244, 5444 and 5644 tracks 524, 544 and 564 of the first winding 42 are connected to the second ends. respective 5264, 5464 and 5664 of the tracks 526, 546 and 566 of the subassembly corre ¬ ing formed in the second winding 44.
En variante, les connexions 582 et 584 sont sur l'enroulement 44 (connectant respectivement les extrémités 5462 et 5282 et les extrémités 5662 et 5482) et les secondes extrémités 5422, 4622, 4242 et 5442 des pistes 542, 524, 562 et 544 sont laissées en l'air. Dans cette variante, les bornes de l'antenne correspondent alors aux extrémités 5262 et 5682 des pistes 526 et 568. In a variant, the connections 582 and 584 are on the winding 44 (respectively connecting the ends 5462 and 5282 and the ends 5662 and 5482) and the second ends 5422, 4622, 4242 and 5442 of the tracks 542, 524, 562 and 544 are left in the air. In this variant, the terminals of the antenna then correspond to the ends 5262 and 5682 of the tracks 526 and 568.
Les deux faces sont recouvertes d'un verni isolant 482, 484 (figure 6) , après avoir rapporté un circuit électro¬ nique (puce 22) , avec interposition éventuelle d'un circuit d'adaptation 5. L'ensemble peut alors être rapporté (par exemple collé) sur la face externe du tuyau 3. Enfin, un film isolant 49 est rapporté sur l'ensemble. The two faces are covered with an insulating varnish 482, 484 (FIG. 6), after having connected an electro- ¬ circuit (chip 22), with possible interposition of an adaptation circuit 5. The assembly can then be attached (For example glued) on the outer face of the pipe 3. Finally, an insulating film 49 is reported on the assembly.
On peut considérer que chaque sous-ensemble résonant We can consider that each resonant subset
52, 54, 56 de pistes représente une connexion de type Moebius entre deux tronçons de ligne (cf. par exemple, l'article "Analysis of the Moebius Loop Magnetic Field Sensor" de P. H. Duncan, paru dans IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility, mai 1974 qui décrit un exemple de connexion de type Moebius avec deux tronçons de ligne coaxiale) . Les différents sous-ensembles résonants sont alors placés géomé¬ triquement bout-à-bout dans une forme enroulée sur elle-même, la connexion électrique entre deux sous-ensembles voisins ne s 'effectuant de préférence que dans un seul niveau conducteur. Il n'y a pas de continuité électrique via un même sous-ensemble entre les deux connexions électriques qui relient ce sous- ensemble aux sous-ensembles voisins ou aux bornes 41, 43 de 1 ' antenne 4. 52, 54, 56 represents a Moebius-type connection between two line sections (see, for example, the article "Analysis of the Moebius Loop Magnetic Field Sensor" by PH Duncan, published in IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility, May 1974 which describes an example of Moebius type connection with two coaxial line sections). The various resonant subassemblies are then placed GEOME ¬ trically end-to-end in a rolled form on itself, the electrical connection between two adjacent sub-assemblies not being carried out preferably in a single conductor layer. There is no electrical continuity via the same subset between the two electrical connections that connect this subset to the neighboring subassemblies or terminals 41, 43 of the antenna 4.
La figure 7 est une vue en coupe d'un des sous- ensembles (par exemple, le sous-ensemble résonant 54) de la figure 5 dans une représentation déroulée.  Fig. 7 is a sectional view of one of the subsets (e.g., the resonant subassembly 54) of Fig. 5 in an unwrapped representation.
La figure 7A représente le schéma-électrique équiva¬ lent du sous-ensemble 54 de la figure 7. Figure 7A shows the electric diagram equiva ¬ slow the subassembly 54 of Figure 7.
Chaque première piste 542 ou 544 réalisée dans le premier niveau ou enroulement conducteur est reliée, par sa seconde extrémité et par la connexion 543, respectivement 545, à la seconde piste 548 ou 546 à l'aplomb de l'autre première piste dans l'autre niveau ou enroulement (connexion croisée). Les premières extrémités des pistes 542 et 544 définissent des bornes d'accès au sous-ensemble, respectivement connectées aux bornes d'accès des sous-ensembles 52 et 56 voisins. Les premières extrémités des pistes 546 et 548 sont laissées en 1 ' air. Each first track 542 or 544 made in the first level or conductive winding is connected, by its second end and by the connection 543, respectively 545, to the second track 548 or 546 in line with the other first track in the other level or winding (cross connection). The first ends of runways 542 and 544 define subset access terminals, respectively connected to the access terminals of the subsets 52 and 56 neighbors. The first ends of tracks 546 and 548 are left in the air.
D'un point de vue électrique et comme l'illustre la figure 7A, Le schéma électrique équivalent d'un tel sous- ensemble revient à disposer électriquement, en série, une inductance de valeur L54 et un condensateur de valeur C54. L'inductance L54 représente l'inductance d'une seule piste conductrice équivalente à l'association des pistes conductrices du sous-ensemble 54 augmentée des mutuelles inductances entre cette piste équivalente et les pistes équivalentes associées de la même manière aux autres sous-ensembles . Le condensateur C54 représente la capacité formée par les pistes du sous-ensemble 54 entre les pistes 542 et 544 du premier niveau et les pistes 546 et 548 du second niveau (en tenant compte de la permittivité électrique du substrat isolant 46) . Les différents circuits résonants sont connectés électriquement en série pour former 1 ' antenne .  From an electrical point of view and as illustrated in FIG. 7A, the equivalent electrical diagram of such a subassembly amounts to electrically arranging, in series, a value inductance L54 and a capacitor C54. The inductor L54 represents the inductance of a single conducting track equivalent to the combination of the conductive tracks of the subassembly 54 augmented by the mutual inductances between this equivalent track and the equivalent tracks associated in the same way with the other subassemblies. The capacitor C54 represents the capacitance formed by the tracks of the subset 54 between the tracks 542 and 544 of the first level and the tracks 546 and 548 of the second level (taking into account the electrical permittivity of the insulating substrate 46). The different resonant circuits are electrically connected in series to form the antenna.
L'impédance du sous-ensemble résonant 54 est, dans ce mode de réalisation (en négligeant les pertes ohmiques dans les pistes conductrices et les pertes diélectriques) , Z = jL54G>l/jC54Cù  The impedance of the resonant subassembly 54 is, in this embodiment (neglecting the ohmic losses in the conductive tracks and the dielectric losses), Z = jL54G> l / jC54Cu
La figure 8 est une vue en coupe d'un sous-ensemble selon un deuxième mode de réalisation.  Figure 8 is a sectional view of a subassembly according to a second embodiment.
Selon ce deuxième mode de réalisation, les secondes extrémités respectives des pistes 542 et 544 du premier enroulement sont laissées en l'air (non connectées) et les deuxièmes extrémités respectives des pistes 546 et 548 du second enroulement d'un même sous-ensemble sont interconnectées According to this second embodiment, the respective second ends of the tracks 542 and 544 of the first winding are left in the air (unconnected) and the second respective ends of the tracks 546 and 548 of the second winding of the same subassembly are interconnected
(connexion 57). Le reste n'est pas modifié par rapport au premier mode de réalisation. (connection 57). The remainder is not modified with respect to the first embodiment.
D'un point de vue électrique et comme l'illustre la figure 8A, en supposant les pistes de même longueur dans les deux modes de réalisation, celui des figures 8 et 8A revient à une connexion en série d'un élément inductif de valeur L54 avec un élément capacitif de valeur C54/4, où L54 et C54 représentent les inductances et capacités du sous-ensemble 54 définies en relation avec la figure 7A. From an electrical point of view and as illustrated in FIG. 8A, assuming the tracks of the same length in the two embodiments, that of FIGS. 8 and 8A returns to a series connection of an inductive element of value L54 with a capacitive element of value C54 / 4, where L54 and C54 represent the inductances and capacitances of the subassembly 54 defined in relation to FIG. 7A.
L'impédance d'une paire de tronçons dans ce mode de réalisation est (en négligeant les pertes ohmiques dans les pistes conductrices et les pertes diélectriques) Z = jL540H-l/j (C54/4)Cû.  The impedance of a pair of sections in this embodiment is (neglecting the ohmic losses in the conductive tracks and the dielectric losses) Z = jL540H-1 / j (C54 / 4) C11.
Ce mode de réalisation réduit la capacité équivalente mais évite les vias d'interconnexion dans chaque sous-ensemble.  This embodiment reduces the equivalent capacity but avoids interconnect vias in each subset.
Les deux modes de réalisation ci-dessus sont combinables .  The two embodiments above are combinable.
La structure particulière d'antenne proposée permet, pour une fréquence d'accord donnée, de réaliser des sous- ensembles inductifs de faible valeur, donc associés à des capa- cités de forte valeurs (donc insensibles à la variation de capacités parasites sensibles au milieu humide) .  The particular antenna structure proposed makes it possible, for a given tuning frequency, to produce inductive subsets of low value, thus associated with capacitances of high values (thus insensitive to the variation of parasitic capacitances which are sensitive to the medium. wet).
On tire alors profit de l'épaisseur du diélectrique qui permet de réaliser une capacité non négligeable (supérieure à 150 pF) .  We then take advantage of the thickness of the dielectric which allows for a significant capacity (greater than 150 pF).
Les longueurs seront adaptées à la fréquence de travail de l'antenne pour que chaque sous-ensemble respecte l'accord, c'est-à-dire que LCCû^ = 1 (L54C540)2 pour le sous- ensemble 54 suivant le mode de réalisation de la figure 7A et L54C54/4C02 pour le sous-ensemble 54 suivant le mode de réalisation de la figure 8A) . The lengths will be adapted to the working frequency of the antenna so that each subset respects the agreement, i.e., LCC.sub.i = 1 (L54C540) 2 for the subset 54 depending on the mode of operation. embodiment of Figure 7A and L54C54 / 4C0 2 for the subassembly 54 according to the embodiment of Figure 8A).
Il est possible d'utiliser une règle approchée pour dimensionner l'antenne. Pour cela, on considère l'inductance unitaire L0 égale à l'inductance d'un enroulement équivalent à l'association en parallèle de deux enroulements 42 et 44 divisée par le nombre de tours élevé au carré (le nombre de tours communs aux deux enroulements 42 et 44) . On considère également la capacité globale C0 égale à la capacité totale comprise entre les pistes du premier niveau et les pistes du second niveau en tenant compte de la permittivité électrique du substrat isolant 46. Si l'on répartit de manière régulière n sous-ensembles résonants par tour d'enroulement, la règle approchée à respecter est L0C0(Cû/n)2 = 1 dans le premier mode de réalisation (figure 7) et L0(C0/4) (Cû/n)2 = 1 dans le second mode de réalisation (figure 8) . Dans le cas où les sous-ensembles résonants occupent plus d'un tour, on tient compte du nombre de tours. Par exemple, pour deux tours, on prendra n = 1/2. It is possible to use an approximate rule to size the antenna. For this, the unit inductance L0 equal to the inductance of a winding is considered equivalent to the parallel association of two windings 42 and 44 divided by the number of turns squared (the number of turns common to the two windings). 42 and 44). The global capacitance C0 is also considered equal to the total capacitance between the tracks of the first level and the tracks of the second level, taking into account the electrical permittivity of the insulating substrate 46. If n is subtly distributed resonant per winding turn, the approximate rule to be respected is L0C0 (C / n) 2 = 1 in the first embodiment (Figure 7) and L0 (C0 / 4) (C / n) 2 = 1 in the second embodiment (Figure 8). In the case where the resonant subassemblies occupy more than one turn, the number of turns is taken into account. For example, for two turns, we will take n = 1/2.
L'impédance équivalente de l'antenne 4 se déduit d'une mise en série des impédances Z de chaque sous-ensemble. La tension récupérée par l'antenne 4, lorsque celle-ci est placée dans un champ magnétique peut être calculée suivant la charge connectée à l'antenne en considérant qu'une source de tension est insérée en série avec son impédance équivalente. La valeur de cette source de tension correspond à la force électromotrice qui serait induite par le champ magnétique radiofréquence dans un enroulement équivalent à l'association en parallèle des deux enroulements 42 et 44.  The equivalent impedance of the antenna 4 is deduced from a series connection of the impedances Z of each subset. The voltage recovered by the antenna 4 when it is placed in a magnetic field can be calculated according to the load connected to the antenna considering that a voltage source is inserted in series with its equivalent impedance. The value of this voltage source corresponds to the electromotive force that would be induced by the radiofrequency magnetic field in a winding equivalent to the parallel association of the two windings 42 and 44.
On voit que l'on peut donc jouer en fonction de la distribution des sous-ensembles de l'un ou l'autre des modes de réalisation sur les longueurs des éléments conducteurs et les valeurs capacitives. Les valeurs des éléments capacitifs ne sont désormais plus négligeables et l'antenne est moins sensible aux perturbations dues à son environnement.  We see that we can play according to the distribution of the subsets of one or the other of the embodiments on the lengths of the conductive elements and the capacitive values. The values of the capacitive elements are no longer negligible and the antenna is less sensitive to disturbances due to its environment.
Former ainsi une antenne permet en outre de frac¬ tionner le circuit électrique et évite les éléments inductifs de trop grande longueur dans lequel le courant ne parviendrait pas à circuler de manière homogène (amplitude et phase) . En effet, la connexion des paires entre-elles revient à connecter en série plusieurs circuits résonants de même fréquence de résonance. Plus les inductances des circuits sont de valeurs faibles, moins les dérivations de courant par effets des capacités parasites seront importantes . Thereby forming an antenna also allows frac ¬ OPERATE electrical circuit and avoids the inductive elements of too great length in which the current is not able to circulate homogeneously (amplitude and phase). Indeed, the connection of the pairs together is to connect in series several resonant circuits of the same resonant frequency. The lower the inductances of the circuits, the less the current shunts due to parasitic capacitance will be important.
Les différents sous-ensembles n'ont pas nécessairement les mêmes longueurs, pourvu que chaque sous-ensemble respecte, le cas échéant avec l'interposition d'un condensateur, la relation de résonance. Des condensateurs peuvent le cas échéant être intercalés entre différents sous-ensembles. Toutefois, pour ne pas nuire à l'épaisseur, on préférera jouer sur l'épaisseur du substrat 46. The different subsets do not necessarily have the same lengths, provided that each subset respects, if necessary with the interposition of a capacitor, the resonance relationship. Capacitors may optionally be interposed between different subsets. However, in order not to harm the thickness, it will be preferred to play on the thickness of the substrate 46.
Dans le mode de réalisation illustré par la figure 5, les épaisseurs mises en jeu sont préférentiellement des ordres de grandeur suivants :  In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the thicknesses involved are preferably the following orders of magnitude:
substrat 46 : moins de 200 ym ;  substrate 46: less than 200 μm;
couches conductrices de réalisation des enroulements 42 et 44 : moins de 50 ym, par exemple 35 ym ;  conductive layers for producing windings 42 and 44: less than 50 μm, for example 35 μm;
vernis 482 et 484 : de l'ordre de quelque dizaines de ym ;  varnish 482 and 484: of the order of some tens of ym;
film 49 : au plus quelques centaines de ym, de préférence, moins de 100 ym.  film 49: at most a few hundred ym, preferably less than 100 ym.
Ces épaisseurs peuvent varier mais on voit que le transpondeur réalisé est particulièrement fin (d'une épaisseur inférieure à 1 mm dans le mode de réalisation préféré) tout en étant insensible aux variations des capacités parasites dues à la présence du milieu environnant humide.  These thicknesses can vary but it is seen that the realized transponder is particularly thin (of a thickness of less than 1 mm in the preferred embodiment) while being insensitive to variations in parasitic capacitance due to the presence of the humid environment.
A titre d'exemple particulier de réalisation, une antenne telle qu'illustrée par la figure 5 et adaptée à un fonctionnement à une fréquence de 13,56 Mhz a été réalisé sur un substrat d'épaisseur de 100 ym ayant une capacité de 42,5 pF/cm2, sous la forme de cinq spires rectangulaires sur chaque face du substrat avec les caractéristiques suivantes (en négligeant les variations de longueur entre les sous-ensembles) :  By way of a particular embodiment, an antenna as illustrated in FIG. 5 and adapted to operate at a frequency of 13.56 Mhz has been produced on a substrate of thickness 100 μm having a capacitance of 42, 5 pF / cm 2, in the form of five rectangular turns on each side of the substrate with the following characteristics (neglecting the length variations between the subsets):
taille des spires : environ 210 mm par 50 mm ; largeur des pistes de cuivre rapportées sur le substrat (1,82 mm) ;  coil size: about 210 mm by 50 mm; width of the copper tracks reported on the substrate (1.82 mm);
inductance L0 = 300 nH ;  inductance L0 = 300 nH;
capacité C0 = 1850 pF, soit C54 =185 pF dans le premier mode de réalisation et C54 = 370 pF (C54/4 = 93 pF) dans le second mode de réalisation.  capacitance C0 = 1850 pF, ie C54 = 185 pF in the first embodiment and C54 = 370 pF (C54 / 4 = 93 pF) in the second embodiment.
La réalisation pratique de l'antenne, donc du trans- pondeur est à la portée de l'homme du métier à partir des indications fonctionnelles données ci-dessus et en utilisant des techniques de fabrications usuelles dans la fabrication des circuits imprimés sur support flexible et fin. En particulier, la réalisation des interconnexions entre les niveaux dans le mode de réalisation des figures 5 et 7 peut requérir un décalage des extrémités respectives des pistes dans chacun des enroulements . The practical realization of the antenna, therefore of the transponder, is within the abilities of those skilled in the art from the functional indications given above and using standard manufacturing techniques in the manufacture of printed circuits on flexible and thin support. In particular, the realization of the interconnections between the levels in the embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 7 may require an offset of the respective ends of the tracks in each of the windings.
La figure 9 illustre un autre exemple d'application d'une antenne adaptée aux milieux humides. Selon cet exemple, une étiquette électronique 2' comportant une telle antenne 4 est rapportée sur un emballage de produit frais (les emballages peuvent contenir différents produits frais ayant des teneurs en eau variées, être recouvert de givre ou non, les produits ainsi emballés peuvent être empilés ou non en respectant un arrangement ou en vrac) .  Figure 9 illustrates another example of application of an antenna adapted to wetlands. According to this example, an electronic tag 2 'comprising such an antenna 4 is reported on a fresh product package (the packages may contain different fresh products with various water contents, be covered with frost or not, the products thus packaged may be stacked or not in an arrangement or in bulk).
Un avantage des structures décrites est qu'elles sont compatibles d'un point de vue réception d'un flux magnétique (et émission d'un champ magnétique en considérant le courant circulant le long de l'antenne) avec des bobinages d'un grand nombre de tours, de préférence entre 5 et 15 tours.  An advantage of the structures described is that they are compatible from the point of view of receiving a magnetic flux (and emitting a magnetic field by considering the current flowing along the antenna) with coils of a large size. number of revolutions, preferably between 5 and 15 revolutions.
La figure 10 est une représentation schématique d'une antenne selon un autre mode de réalisation. Comme dans les autres modes de réalisation, l'antenne comporte au moins deux sous-ensembles 50, formés chacun de deux paires 500 de pistes couplées l'une à l'autre par une connexion 57 ou par les connexions 543 et 545. Cette structure est complétée par un demi-sous-ensemble 500 constitué d'une paire de pistes additionnelle. Le cas échéant, le demi-sous-ensemble n'est pas en terminaison de l'antenne mais est intercalé entre deux sous- ensembles. La présence du demi-sous-ensemble supplémentaire peut servir à ajuster la longueur de l'antenne, à reporter les bornes terminales de l'antenne sur une même face du substrat, etc.  Figure 10 is a schematic representation of an antenna according to another embodiment. As in the other embodiments, the antenna comprises at least two subassemblies 50, each formed by two pairs 500 of tracks coupled to each other by a connection 57 or by the connections 543 and 545. This structure is completed by a half-subset 500 consisting of an additional pair of tracks. If necessary, the half-subassembly is not terminating the antenna but is interposed between two subassemblies. The presence of the additional half-subassembly can serve to adjust the length of the antenna, to postpone the terminal terminals of the antenna on the same face of the substrate, etc.
A titre d'exemples particuliers de réalisation, des antennes inductives respectant la structure décrite ont été réalisées avec les dimensions suivantes. Exemple 1 : As particular embodiments, inductive antennas respecting the structure described have been made with the following dimensions. Example 1
Substrat : matériau connu sous la dénomination commerciale Kapton de 50 ym d'épaisseur (er = 3,3). Substrate: material known under the trade name Kapton 50 ym thick (e r = 3.3).
Enroulement : spirale rectangulaire de 5 spires rectangulaires respectivement de 47,5*212 mm, 50,5*215 mm, 53,5*218 mm, 56,5*221 mm et 59,5*224 mm.  Winding: rectangular spiral of 5 rectangular turns respectively of 47.5 * 212 mm, 50.5 * 215 mm, 53.5 * 218 mm, 56.5 * 221 mm and 59.5 * 224 mm.
Largeur des pistes conductrices : 1,07 mm.  Width of the conductive tracks: 1.07 mm.
Découpe des pistes : deux paires de pistes par spire (interruptions au milieu de chaque petit côté de chaque spire et milieux des sous-ensembles au milieu des grands côtés) .  Cutting tracks: two pairs of tracks per turn (interrupts in the middle of each small side of each turn and middle of the sub-sets in the middle of the long sides).
Type de sous-ensembles : connexion croisée du type des connexions 543 et 545, c'est-à-dire qu'une extrémité de chaque première piste est électriquement connectée à une extrémité d'une seconde piste du sous-ensemble concerné. Dix sous- ensembles au total.  Subassembly type: cross connection of the type of connections 543 and 545, i.e. one end of each first track is electrically connected to one end of a second track of the relevant subassembly. Ten subsets in total.
Exemple 2 :  Example 2
Substrat : matériau connu sous la dénomination commerciale Kapton de 50 ym d'épaisseur (er = 3,3). Substrate: material known under the trade name Kapton 50 ym thick (e r = 3.3).
Enroulement : spirale rectangulaire de 6 spires rectangulaires respectivement de 47*211,75 mm, 49,5*214,25 mm, 52*216,75 mm, 54,5*219,25 mm, 57*221,75 mm et 59,5*224,25 mm.  Winding: rectangular spiral of 6 rectangular turns respectively of 47 * 211.75 mm, 49.5 * 214.25 mm, 52 * 216.75 mm, 54.5 * 219.25 mm, 57 * 221.75 mm and 59 , 5 * 224.25 mm.
Largeur des pistes conductrices : 0.89 mm.  Width of the conductive tracks: 0.89 mm.
Découpe des pistes : une paire de pistes par spire (interruptions au milieu de chaque petit côté de chaque spire et milieux des sous-ensembles au milieu de l'autre petit côté).  Cutting tracks: one pair of tracks per turn (interrupts in the middle of each small side of each turn and middle of the sub-sets in the middle of the other small side).
Type de sous-ensembles : connexion droite sur une face du type des connexions 57, c'est-à-dire qu'une extrémité de chaque première piste est non connectée, les secondes pistes de chaque sous-ensemble étant interconnectées. Six sous-ensembles au total.  Type of subsets: a straight connection on one side of the type of connections 57, ie one end of each first track is unconnected, the second tracks of each subset being interconnected. Six subsets in total.
Exemple 3 :  Example 3
Substrat : matériau connu sous la dénomination commerciale FR4 de 100 ym d'épaisseur (£r = 4,8). Enroulement : spirale rectangulaire de 6 spires rectangulaires respectivement de 20*100 mm, 18*98 mm, 16*96 mm, 14*94 mm, 12*92 mm et 10*90 mm. Substrate: material known under the trade name FR4 of 100 μm thickness ( ε = 4.8). Winding: rectangular spiral of 6 rectangular turns respectively of 20 * 100 mm, 18 * 98 mm, 16 * 96 mm, 14 * 94 mm, 12 * 92 mm and 10 * 90 mm.
Largeur des pistes conductrices : 0, 66 mm.  Width of the conductive tracks: 0.66 mm.
Découpe des pistes : une paire de pistes par lot de deux spires (interruptions et milieu des sous-ensembles au milieu d'un même petit côté de chaque spire) .  Cutting tracks: a pair of tracks per batch of two turns (interrupts and middle of the subsets in the middle of the same small side of each turn).
Type de sous-ensembles : connexion croisée d'une face à 1 ' autre .  Type of subassemblies: cross connection from one side to the other.
D'autres applications d'une telle antenne et d'un tel transpondeur peuvent être envisagées. Par exemple, un ou plusieurs capteurs de grandeurs physiques, par exemple la pres¬ sion, la température, l'hygrométrie, etc., peuvent être connectés au circuit électronique du transpondeur, des informations représentatives de ces grandeurs étant transmises à un lecteur distant au moyen de l'antenne. Other applications of such an antenna and such a transponder can be envisaged. For example, one or more sensors of physical quantities, for example pres ¬ sion, temperature, hygrometry, etc., can be connected to the electronic circuit of the transponder, information representative of these quantities being transmitted to a remote reader at average of the antenna.
L'antenne boucle décrite dans le document WO 2008/083719 pourrait tout au plus s'apparenter à un des sous- ensembles de l'antenne inductive décrite.  The loop antenna described in document WO 2008/083719 could at most be similar to one of the subassemblies of the inductive antenna described.
Divers modes de réalisation ont été décrits, diverses variantes et modifications apparaîtront à l'homme de l'art. En particulier, les dimensions à donner aux pistes conductrices dépendent de 1 ' application et leur calcul est à la portée de l'homme du métier à partir des indications fonctionnelles données ci-dessus et de la fréquence de résonance et de la taille d'antenne souhaitées.  Various embodiments have been described, various variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In particular, the dimensions to be given to the conductive tracks depend on the application and their calculation is within the abilities of those skilled in the art from the functional indications given above and from the resonant frequency and the antenna size. desired.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Antenne inductive comportant : 1. An inductive antenna comprising:
un substrat isolant (46) ;  an insulating substrate (46);
un premier enroulement conducteur plan (42) sur une première face du substrat, interrompu à intervalles réguliers pour former une succession de paires de premières pistes conduc¬ trices (522, 524 ; 542, 544 ; 562, 564) ; a first planar conductive winding (42) on a first face of the substrate, interrupted at regular intervals to form a succession of pairs of first conduc ¬ trices tracks (522, 524; 542, 544; 562, 564);
un second enroulement conducteur plan (44) sur une seconde face du substrat, en regard du premier enroulement et interrompu à l'aplomb des interruptions du premier enroulement pour former une succession de paires de secondes pistes conductrices (526, 528 ; 546, 548 ; 566, 568) ; et  a second planar conductive winding (44) on a second face of the substrate, facing the first winding and interrupted in line with the interruptions of the first winding to form a succession of pairs of second conductive tracks (526, 528, 546, 548; 566, 568); and
dans laquelle :  in which :
chaque paire de premières pistes définit, avec la paire de secondes pistes en regard, un sous-ensemble résonant (52, 54, 56) ;  each pair of first tracks defines, with the pair of second tracks opposite, a resonant subset (52, 54, 56);
les deux premières pistes d'un même sous-ensemble ne sont pas connectées entre elles et sont chacune électriquement connectées à une et une seule autre première piste d'un autre sous-ensemble ou à une borne (41, 43) de l'antenne ;  the first two tracks of the same subassembly are not connected to each other and are each electrically connected to one and only one other track of another subassembly or to a terminal (41, 43) of the antenna ;
les secondes pistes de paires voisines ne sont pas électriquement connectées les unes aux autres ; et  the second tracks of neighboring pairs are not electrically connected to each other; and
une extrémité (5224, 5244, 5424, 5444, 5624, 5644) de chaque première piste est :  one end (5224, 5244, 5424, 5444, 5624, 5644) of each first track is:
électriquement connectée (523, 543, 563, 525, 545, 565) à une extrémité (5284, 5264, 5484, 5464, 5684, 5664) d'une seconde piste du sous-ensemble concerné ; ou  electrically connected (523, 543, 563, 525, 545, 565) at one end (5284, 5264, 5484, 5464, 5684, 5664) of a second track of the relevant subassembly; or
non connectée, les secondes pistes du sous-ensemble concerné étant alors électriquement interconnectées (57) .  unconnected, the second tracks of the subset concerned being then electrically interconnected (57).
2. Antenne selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le substrat (56) est souple.  Antenna according to claim 1, wherein the substrate (56) is flexible.
3. Antenne selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, présentant une épaisseur inférieure à 1 millimètre.  3. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, having a thickness of less than 1 millimeter.
4. Antenne selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, comportant au moins deux sous-ensembles. 4. Antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising at least two subsets.
5. Antenne selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, comportant en outre un demi-sous-ensemble formé d'une première piste en regard d'une seconde piste et couplé à au moins un sous-ensemble. 5. Antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising a half-subassembly formed of a first track facing a second track and coupled to at least one subset.
6. Résonateur comportant une antenne (4) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes dont les bornes (41, 43) sont interconnectées.  6. Resonator comprising an antenna (4) according to any preceding claim whose terminals (41, 43) are interconnected.
7. Etiquette électronique adaptée aux milieux humides, comportant un circuit électronique connecté à une antenne (4), dans laquelle l'antenne est conforme à l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5.  An electronic tag adapted to humid environments, comprising an electronic circuit connected to an antenna (4), wherein the antenna is according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
8. Etiquette électronique selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle un circuit d'adaptation (5) comportant au moins un élément inductif (L2 ' ) et un élément capacitif (C2) est intercalé entre l'antenne et le circuit électronique.  8. Electronic label according to claim 7, wherein a matching circuit (5) comprising at least one inductive element (L2 ') and a capacitive element (C2) is interposed between the antenna and the electronic circuit.
9. Canalisation (3) comportant au moins une étiquette électronique (2') selon la revendication 7 ou 8.  9. Pipe (3) comprising at least one electronic tag (2 ') according to claim 7 or 8.
10. Emballage (9) comportant au moins une étiquette électronique (2 ' ) selon la revendication 7 ou 8.  10. Packaging (9) comprising at least one electronic tag (2 ') according to claim 7 or 8.
11. Transpondeur électromagnétique comportant une étiquette conforme à la revendication 7 ou 8 et un capteur connecté au circuit électronique.  11. Electromagnetic transponder comprising a label according to claim 7 or 8 and a sensor connected to the electronic circuit.
12. Utilisation d'une étiquette conforme à la revendi¬ cation 7 ou 8, dans le sol. 12. Use of a label according to revendi ¬ cation 7 or 8, in the soil.
13. Canalisation (3) comportant au moins un résonateur 13. Channel (3) having at least one resonator
(4) selon la revendication 6. (4) according to claim 6.
14. Emballage (9) comportant au moins un résonateur (4) selon la revendication 6.  14. Package (9) comprising at least one resonator (4) according to claim 6.
15. Transpondeur électromagnétique comportant au moins un résonateur (4) selon la revendication 5 et un capteur connecté au circuit électronique.  15. Electromagnetic transponder comprising at least one resonator (4) according to claim 5 and a sensor connected to the electronic circuit.
16. Utilisation d'un résonateur conforme à la revendication 6, dans le sol.  16. Use of a resonator according to claim 6 in the soil.
EP11735490.2A 2010-06-15 2011-06-14 Antenna for humid ambience Active EP2583220B1 (en)

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FR1054727A FR2961353B1 (en) 2010-06-15 2010-06-15 ANTENNA FOR WET MEDIA
PCT/FR2011/051345 WO2011157941A1 (en) 2010-06-15 2011-06-14 Antenna for a moist environment

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EP2583220B1 (en) 2020-08-05
RU2568942C2 (en) 2015-11-20
JP5619997B2 (en) 2014-11-05
BR112012032275A2 (en) 2019-09-24
CN103069439B (en) 2016-01-20
FR2961353A1 (en) 2011-12-16
TN2012000603A1 (en) 2014-04-01
WO2011157941A4 (en) 2012-02-02
US9379442B2 (en) 2016-06-28
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CA2805082C (en) 2018-05-22
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MX2012014754A (en) 2013-04-03
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WO2011157941A1 (en) 2011-12-22
AU2011266869B2 (en) 2016-07-21

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